Garna (Indian antelope). Species: Antilope cervicapra Linnaeus \u003d Harna, markhorned antelope

Antelopes are one of the most important species in environmental ties formed by nature. If they were not there, then all predatory beasts Africa would die out, because antelopes are the main food of lions, cheetahs, hyenas and other predators.

light-eyed animals

The antelope got its name from the Greek "antolope", which means light-eyed in translation. Thanks to the special properties of her eyes, she sees almost everything around her. Nowadays, almost all types of antelopes, and there are about 80 of them, can be found in the savannas of Africa. They live in different climatic conditions. While some can survive in bushes, forests, or savannah, others live in treeless steppes or arid deserts.

Here only short list antelopes. There are about 100 species in the world.

Antelope species:

Antelope Kudu

photo Piet Grobler

Kudu(Tragelaphus strepsiceros) - one of the largest African antelope. The wool of these graceful animals is colored in Brown color with 6-10 vertical light stripes along the body. Males have impressive spiral horns about 1.5 meters long on their heads.

photo Fons Buts

He proudly wears his luxurious kudu horns, and on occasion he menacingly demonstrates them to his opponent. As soon as the enemy tries to get around the antelope, the kudu again turns its horns towards him. And when a small herd of antelopes is resting in a meadow, they lie down on the grass in a special way: as if forming big star, always looking in different directions, so as not to miss the danger.

Antelope Springbok

photo Klaus Lang

springbok(Antidorcas marsupialis) in Dutch means antelope that jumps. These animals are capable of jumping up to 3.5 meters in height and up to 15 meters in length. In addition, springboks are celebrated with incredible sports achievements: they not only skillfully jump, but also rush with all their might, reaching speeds of up to 90 km / h.

photo Sheau Torng Lim

common dikdik

common dikdik(Madoqua kirkii) is a miniature antelope that lives in forests East Africa. The height of the animal does not exceed 40 cm, and dikdik can easily fit on a human hand.

Antelopes get their name from their loud “dick-dick” call. They use their whistling voice to find a mate or to warn their relatives of an approaching enemy.

Antelope addax

photo Josh More

Antelope addax(Addax nasomaculatus) boasts amazing property: she can not drink for months, being content with the moisture she receives from feed. In the ability of the body to do without moisture for months, the antelope even bypassed the camel.

blackbuck antelope

photo Roopesh M P

Graceful and thin blackbuck antelope(Antilope cervicapra) of medium size: body length up to 120 cm, horns 46 - 69 cm, weight 32 - 43 kg. Garns live in herds of 5 to 50 individuals. Today the species is found mainly in India, with a small population still existing in Nepal.

Antelope dibatag

Preferred Habitat dibataga(Ammodorcas clarkei) consists of sandy areas with scattered shrubs and grasses on dry, low-lying plains. One of the very rare dibatag antelopes lives exclusively in the Ogaden region of eastern Ethiopia and adjacent parts of northern and central Somalia.

Saiga or saiga

The species is on the verge of extinction saiga or saiga(Saiga tatarica). Saigas form herds of 30-40 animals. However, during the migratory season, tens of thousands of saigas will travel together, part of one of the most spectacular migrations in the world.

Beira Antelope

beira(Dorcatragus megalotis) is a dwarf antelope that lives only in a relatively small area that covers northern regions Somalia and Djibouti. With a body length of 80 cm and a weight of 10 kg, the beira is colored reddish brown. Only males have horns, about 9 cm long and straight. The habitat of these antelopes is a rocky semi-desert. In the mountainous regions, the beiras live in small herds of up to seven animals, which are grouped around the male.

Antelope Grisbuck

Despite the fact that Grisbuck(Raphiserus melanotis) quite common in some parts South Africa, small and secretive, it is rare. Grisbuck is primarily nocturnal and relies on a keen sense of smell and hearing to navigate safely and efficiently at night. During the day he rests, sometimes active in the early morning or late evening.

Roe deer antelope, or pelea

Roe deer antelope, or pelea(Pelea capreolus) native to South Africa. It has a length of 1.15 to 1.25 m and weighs 20 to 30 kg. Roe deer are active during the day, trying to rest in the shade at noon. These antelopes can form two types of social groups. The first consists of females and one dominant male (usually about 8 animals, but can be up to 30). Other social group consists of single males. During mating, fights often occur between dominant and lone males, and often one of the combatants can be killed.

white oryx

Perfectly adapted to life in the deserts of Asia white(Oryx leucoryx) is a medium-sized antelope. Apart from humans, it is the only enemy of the white oryx. His average duration life up to 20 years. Both sexes have long, straight or slightly curved annular horns 50 to 75 cm long.

impala antelope

Widespread in African savannas impala(Aepyceros melampus). In this species, only males have S-shaped horns 45 to 90 cm long. These horns are heavily ribbed, thin, and the tips are far apart.

Wildebeest

Wildebeest(Connochaetes taurinus), which are often found in eastern and southern parts Africa from Kenya to eastern Namibia, can be found in a wide variety of habitats, from dense scrub to open floodplain forests. However, these antelopes seem to prefer savannas and plains with fast growing grasses, as well as soil with moderate moisture levels. The weight of the wildebeest ranges from 118 kg to 270 kg. Adult males are usually darker than females. Wildebeest are marked with dark vertical stripes on the shoulders and back. They also have a mane and beard, usually white.

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Garna, or markhorn antelope (Antilope cervicapra)

Class - Mammals

Squad - Artiodactyls

Family - Bovids

Genus - Garni

Appearance

The markhorned antelope has a rather modest size: the body length does not exceed 120 centimeters, and the height at the withers is 75-83 centimeters.

Males weigh about 35-45 kilograms, and females total less - 30-40 kilograms.

Horns on the head grow only in males. The length of the horns is 45-65 centimeters. But in some representatives of the genus, the horns can reach much large sizes- 70-72 centimeters. The horns are thin, curling in a spiral. In such a spiral, there are from 3 to 5 turns.

The tail of the blackbuck is short, its shape is compressed. The Indian antelope has a white belly, and white hair grows around the eyes, nose, on the underside of the jaw, and on the insides of the legs. The rest of the body has a yellowish-yellow color. This color is inherent in females and young animals. And in males, the upper body has a black-brown color. With age, their coat becomes even darker.

Albinos among Indian antelopes are rare, since it is white animals that are the first to become victims of predators.

Habitat

It lives in the national parks of Nepal, India and Pakistan. Indian antelopes live in flat areas.

In nature

Garns live on open plains, and woodlands avoid. These animals run great, they can reach speeds of up to 80 kilometers per hour. Indian antelopes can jump up to 2 meters in height and up to 7 meters in length. Markhorn antelopes feed on grass. Animals need water on a daily basis, so they can travel long distances in search of water bodies. Activity occurs during the daytime.

reproduction

At the beginning of the breeding season, males mark the territory. At this time, conflicts may arise between the males of the garn, ending in fights. The winner gets the territory, and the loser is forced to look for a new habitat. When females enter the site of a male, small herds are formed with one dominant male. In such herds there can be from 5 to 50 animals. The gestation period lasts 5.5 months. Females, in general, give birth to one cub. Childbirth takes place in tall grass, in which the females remain almost invisible due to the light color of the skin. While the mother is grazing, the baby curls up and lies silently. Sexual maturity in garn occurs in the third year of life. Young females do not leave their mothers all their lives, and males leave and form their own herds. AT wild nature Indian antelopes live for about 12 years, and centenarians live up to 16 years of age.

Feed with hay and fresh grass, chopped carrots and apples, lettuce and compound feed. All enclosures should have mineral blocks and small flow pools at all times.

Garna - Indian antelope A that forms a genus that contains one species. It is sometimes called the markhorn antelope due to the helical shape of the horns. These representatives of the bovid family live on flat terrain in the protected national parks of India, Nepal and Pakistan. The most large population located in india national park in the west of the country in Gujarat. There are about one and a half thousand animals. About 200 antelopes live in Nepal. The total number of representatives of this species is about 50 thousand individuals.

Representatives of the species cannot boast large size. The height at the withers reaches 75-83 cm. The body length is no more than 120 cm. The weight ranges from 35 to 45 kg in males and from 30 to 40 kg in females. Horns grow only in males. Their normal length is 45-65 cm. In some specimens, the horns grow to 70-72 cm. They are thin and curl in a spiral. There are 3 to 5 turns of the spiral.

The tail is short and compressed. Both females and males have a white belly. White hair also grows on the insides of the legs, around the eyes, nose, and on the underside of the muzzle. Top part the body of females and young animals has a yellowish-yellow color. In mature males, the upper body is black-brown. It darkens noticeably with age. White albinos are rare and primarily prey to predators.

Reproduction and lifespan

Since the beginning mating season males mark their territory. At the same time, conflicts can arise between them, which end in fights. The winner stays land plot, and the vanquished goes to look for another place. Females wander into such areas and a herd is formed with one dominant male. In total, the herd can have from 5 to 50 animals.

Pregnancy in a female lasts 5.5 months. As a rule, 1 cub is born. The female gives birth in tall grass. In it, the light skin is almost invisible. The cub curls up and lies quietly, and the mother grazes. Young adult males leave their mothers and form separate herds. And young females stay with their mothers for life. Sexual maturity occurs at the age of 3 years. The blackbuck lives in the wild for an average of 12 years. Some centenarians live up to 16 years.

Species: Antilope cervicapra Linnaeus \u003d Harna, markhorned antelope

There is only one species in the genus: blackbuck - A. cervicapra Linnaeus, 1758. Sizes are small and medium. Body length 100-150 cm, tail length 10-17 cm, height at the withers 60-85 cm. Weight 25-45 kg. Males are significantly larger than females. The physique is graceful. The body at the nape is slightly lower than at the sacrum. The body is round in diameter. The limbs are long and slender. Neck middle length. The head is small with narrow muzzle, large eyes, rather long narrow ears. At the end of the muzzle there is a small patch of bare skin. Medium hooves are small, narrow, pointed. The lateral hooves are short and wide. Only males have horns 35-73 cm long. At the base, the horns are thick and located next to each other. They are spirally twisted, starting from the base back, up and to the sides. Almost the entire length of the horns have annular protrusions.

The hairline is thick and smooth. Its color changes depending on age, sex and season. The color of the dorsal side of the body of females and young animals is light or dark yellow-brown, the ventral side is white. Males on the dorsal side of the body change color with age from yellow-brown, black-brown to black with a bluish tint. Adult males are brown in summer and black-brown or black in winter. Males and females have a white tail "mirror" and white rings around the eyes. Juveniles do not have such rings around the eyes.

There are specific skin glands: carpal, preorbital and interdigital on the front and hind legs. One pair of nipples. The skull is of medium length, widened to the sides due to the protruding edges of the eye sockets. The latter are medium in size. The surface of the forehead is strongly depressed between the orbits. The medulla of the skull is short; it is about a third of the length of the facial region. The nasal bones are of medium length. The pits of the preorbital glands on the lacrimal bones are large, but not deep. The ethmoid openings are narrow. The cheek teeth are hypselodont. The second premolar tooth in the lower jaw is often absent, and rarely in the upper jaw. The width of the crown of the first "lower incisor" is twice the width of the crowns of the second and third lower incisors and canine combined. The diploid number of chromosomes is 30.

The garn is widespread in Western India south of the Himalayas almost to Cape Kumari and from the Punjab east to Assam. In many places, numbers due to hunting and disturbance natural environment habitats are reduced or garns have disappeared altogether. Inhabits plains and hills with low grassy vegetation and areas of agricultural crops. It keeps in small herds of 10-50 heads, consisting mostly of females with young ones and one adult male. Sometimes they unite in large herds of many hundreds and even thousands of animals.

Active mainly in the morning and evening. During games often do high jumps through each other. The running speed is very high. It feeds on herbaceous plants, to a lesser extent leaves and shoots of shrubs. Can go long periods without water. The mating period for most individuals is confined to spring (February - March). The duration of pregnancy is 6 months.

Body length 100-150cm / 3.3-5ft Shoulder Height: 60-85cm / 2-2.8ft Tail length: 10-17cm / 4-6.8in Weight: 25-35kg / 55-77lb One of the few antelopes , which has pronounced sexual dimorphism, the sexes in blackbuck are easily distinguishable. Both sexes have a white underside, including the insides of the legs and underparts chest as well as a white ring surrounding the eyes and a white chin. Females and juveniles are yellowish-fawn on the back and head, and are generally hornless. Males gradually darken from tan to dark brown or black with age, starting after 2 years. The build is slender, and the tail is short. Horns found only in men and speaking in front of them abrupt change colors, twisted in a tight spiral up to five turns. Gable on the sides, they can grow 35-73 cm / 14-29 inches. Ontogeny and reproduction Pregnancy: 5-6 months. Young at birth: 1 Weaning: 5-6 months. Sexual maturity: 1.5-2 years. Lifespan: 10-12 years, rarely up to 18. Although breeding can occur throughout the year, there are peak periods in March-May and August-October. Ecology and Behavior During cool times, blackbucks are diurnal, and active intermittently throughout daylight hours. As temperatures rise, however, they are more often seen grazing in the open in the early morning and late evening, hiding from the sun for the rest of the day. When a potential threat is noticed, alert women are usually the first to sound the alarm, with one person jumping in the air. This movement follows the whole herd, although after a few large borders the herd reduces its pace to a normal gallop. One of the fastest land mammals, blackbuck were frequency going over 80 km / h / 48 miles / h. The population density is about 1 animal in 2 hectares. During the breeding season, the males become territorial, defending an area usually ranging in size from 1 to 17 hectares from rival males, and trying to keep large group women in his longest period of time. This territoriality can last anywhere from two weeks to eight months. Male dominance within a herd is achieved primarily with posturing and threatening gestures: fights with sharp horns are rare. Family group: mixed herds with 5-50 animals, usually with three or fewer males. Bachelor of the herd are known. Diet: Herbs, leaves, buds, fruit field. Main predators: cheetah, wolf, rarely tigers and leopards. Distribution Dry forest and glades in India and eastern Pakistan. Maintaining Blackbuck status is considered vulnerable by the IUCN (1996). Notes Formerly one of the most common wild ungulate species in the Indian subcontinent, the blackbuck has been extirpated due to over-hunting for meat and sporting trophies, as well as habitat loss. However, introduced populations thrive in Texas and Argentina, with over 20,000 animals in between. The name blackbuck is a reference to the color of mature men. Anthalops (Greek) a horned animal, probably from Anthos (Greek) flower and ops (Greek) eye, which refers to beautiful eyes antelope. Cervus (lat.) deer; Capra (lat.) goat.

Antilope cervicapra

DESCRIPTION. Height at withers 55-65 cm (22-25 inches). Weight 35-50 kg (75-110 lb), with an average of about 40 kg (90 lb). Females are about a third smaller than males.

A slender, graceful, very beautiful antelope with a contrasting black and white coloration. By all accounts, this is the most attractive and elegant of all the gazelles. This is one of the few antelopes that have developed sexual dimorphism in color. The upper part and underside of the legs in adult males are rich, dark brown, sometimes almost black, and Bottom part, inner side legs and circles around the eyes are sharply contrasting white. Females, respectively, are dark yellow with white. Young males are colored like females, with age they gradually darken to full maturity, which occurs at 4-5 years.

(surprisingly, some males do not completely darken, although they are otherwise common). Horns (only in males) are long, with closely spaced rings, spirally twisted, with 3-5 turns.

BEHAVIOR. Social animal, forms large mixed herds, consisting of both males and females; there are also smaller harems with one adult male and bachelor groups of immature males. It feeds mainly on cereals, but from time to time it can also eat branches of trees and bushes. It is active all day, but rests in the shade during the hot part of the day. Usually prefers open spaces, but it can also be found in sparse forests. During the rut period, males have their own individual territories, which they mark and protect from other males. Mating can occur at any time of the year, but the rut peaks in March-April and August-October; the only calf in the female is born after 6 months of pregnancy. It happens that some females have three offspring within two years. Very alert, sharp eyesight. Runs fast, reaching speeds up to 80-88 km per hour. In India, she can easily run away when hunted with greyhounds, runs away even from trained hunting cheetahs, if he manages to dodge their first decisive throw. Life expectancy in captivity is up to 1 year.

LOCATION. Open plains, as well as thorn bushes and dry deciduous forests.

SPREAD. Eastern Pakistan and India. In addition to Asia, the Indian antelope is introduced in Argentina and Australia, and is bred on private property in the USA.

TAXONOMICAL NOTES. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott) list four subspecies: A. with. cervicapra, A. c. rupicapra (United Provinces), A. c. rajputanae (Rajahstan and Punjab) and A. s. centralis. Here we consider them together.

NOTES. In the wild, it lives on the plains of India and Pakistan, where until the last century it was the most common ungulate, its number reached almost 4 million heads. Favorite prey of the Maharaj, who hunted her with firearms, driving her with the help of trained cheetahs. She was valued for meat and as a trophy animal. interesting object sport hunting, as she is cautious and shy.

TROPHY SIZES. The record belongs to S. J. McElroy, who mined a garn in February 1969 in India. Registered by the SCI Book of Records.