Presentation making fire making a fire. Memo on making a fire and rules of conduct in case of forest fires. Exotic types of campfires

No matter how romantic it may seem to be in the woods by the fire, you should come to terms with the fact that the desire for romance can cause a serious tragedy -. In 2016, the damage from such fires in the Russian Federation is estimated at about 15 billion rubles. On the whole planet in the same year there were 300 thousand forest fires. If we consider a five-year period, the largest territorial incident was observed in Canada (504.4 thousand ha). Not only in Russia, but also in North America, Finland, Portugal, Spain, Australia, significant forest areas burned down.

Equipping special areas with public grills and campfire sites is much easier in those countries where forests do not grow in such vast areas as in Russia. Therefore, in the Russian Federation, they clearly operate and prevent fires in forests and park areas during the entire fire hazard period, which can be defined differently in different regions, depending on weather and climatic conditions.

Picnic lovers should remember about the fire hazard of a fire and what are the dimensions administrative fines for a fire lit in nature. Safety is the main condition for staying in the forest, because each burned hectare of forest is commensurate with a loss of 1 million rubles, not to mention how irresponsible it is in relation to the dead inhabitants of the forest and the owners of buildings caught in the path of the fire.

If the actions of vacationers who kindled a fire did not cause significant damage, citizens can get off with a warning. But most often their punishment is a fine in the amount of 2-4 thousand rubles. Officials may be punished with a fine of 15-30 thousand rubles, legal entities- 250-500 thousand rubles.

Since the regions and individual territories have their own legislative acts, the amount of fines in the Russian Federation fluctuates. For example, the Administrative Code of Moscow defines a penalty in the amount of 5,000 rubles for placing a barbecue in the courtyard of a house or in park area. Anyone who kindles a fire in the wrong place is fined 4.5 thousand rubles. The spread of garbage (500 rubles) and damage to plants (4.5 thousand rubles) are strictly punished. In Moscow, there are special zones reserved for barbecue lovers.

Requirements

If someone is going to make a fire in the forest during a non-fire period, he must know and follow certain safety requirements (measures):

1. The choice of a place for a camp hearth depends on the availability of natural shelter from rain and wind. It may be a rock, but in no case the crowns of trees. It is desirable that there is a reservoir near the fire, and the fire itself is 15-20 m away from the edge of the forest. The perfect place- sandy spit of the river.
2. Next steps fire safety when making a fire in the forest, it is recommended that there are no risk factors nearby, such as dead wood and newly emerged young growth, accumulations of debris between stones, as well as huts, sheds, tents.
3. Tourist accommodation points should be located no closer than 3 m from the fire, on the windward side.
4. In order to avoid (and just spread the fire) it is better to remove the top layer of turf from an area slightly larger than the intended hearth (from 30 to 40 cm in each direction). If it turns out that in the chosen place there are peaty marshy soils, even dried ones, it is better to look for another place. Peat fires do not appear immediately and can last for decades deep in the ground.
5. When a fire is kindled in the snow, a thin layer of snow is cleared, a deep layer is trampled down, it is not forbidden to make a floor from wet logs.
6. A proper campfire depends on properly collected fuel. The main thing that is required for the hearth in your camp is the ability to warm and cook, while not forcing you to hide from the abundant smoke. It is this heat that dry firewood from such hardwoods as oak, birch gives.
7. Experienced fishermen and hunters, knowing that healthy trees are not allowed to be cut down in young forests, bring fuel with them.
8. Dry brushwood will burn quickly and will not provide enough calories for cooking. In places with sparse vegetation in the form of trees, you can use dry grass twisted into bundles, dried droppings, peat, and animal fat for hunting.
9. If the river is nearby, you can collect a fin. If you are in the desert, any shrub will do.
10. How more sizes fire, the more fuel you need. And if there is not enough firewood, you should think in advance about the size of the fire, a fire 30-40 cm high is sufficient for cooking tea and food.
11. Fuel is collected in advance, and not when the fire is already lit. Keep the collected firewood dry, cover with bark, needles, polyethylene.
12. Wet, rotten pieces of trees are placed in the fire only when it is necessary to signal for help with thick, abundant smoke.

rules

In order for the fire to flare up quickly, there are special rules fire safety when making fires:

• pre-prepared kindling, consisting of flammable substances, preferably of origin (birch bark, rot found in a hollow, bark coniferous trees with resin), gasoline, diesel fuel and other petroleum products are prohibited during the fire hazard period and are not recommended at other times, as they can cause scorched faces and eyebrows;
• a pyramid made of pieces of kindling is guaranteed to catch fire if a lit match is inserted into one of the holes in its base, another way to kindle a fire is dry chocks laid parallel to each other and perpendicular to the direction of the wind, kindling is formed between them, which may include a newspaper , and from above the structure is covered with brushwood;
• around the fire, raw firewood can be laid out to dry; a campfire must be on duty at the hearth all the time until the fire is extinguished;
• so that a lost or wet match does not have to maintain a fire around the clock, you should take care of this in advance;
• the top of the match with the head is dipped in molten wax and then dried;
• a fragment of an ignition box and processed matches are best stored in a hermetically sealed tin case;
• to light a fire with the help of lenses, you need a bright sun and collected bird fluff, dry dust of leaves, moss;
• before leaving the parking lot, make sure that the fire is extinguished well, it is best to touch the fire with your hands, and do not leave garbage in it and around it.

Knowing the requirements of fire safety when making a fire in nature, it is impossible to ignore the generally accepted conditions of behavior in the forest during a fire hazard period:

Forbidden:

• scatter burning matches, cigarette butts, pieces of glass;
• clear fields and summer cottages the method of "burning";
• make fires;
• move around forest roads on vehicles not equipped with a spark arrester;
• use wads from flammable raw materials;
• leave used cleaning material outside special areas;
• to carry out refueling of aircraft engines that are in operating mode;
• light matches, smoke near refueling cars.

If a fire started

In addition to the above prohibitions, there are also recommendations calling for action to those who were in the area of ​​the fire:

• call the fire and rescue services (numbers "01", "112", district mobiles, if you know the numbers of forestry workers, you can call the police - "02"), be sure to tell if you have decided to hide or put out the fire;
• use the existing reservoir for getting wet (yourself + clothes for wrapping);
• breathing through a wet cloth and moving as close to the ground as possible is required to prevent oxygen deficiency;
• the best way to move in relation to the direction of the wind is transverse, but it is worth looking around how the fire spreads;
• wait out in places where the grass has already burned out;
• before the arrival of fire brigades, it is advisable when the fire has not spread to a significant area and does not threaten your life;
• as fire-fighting objects, you can use: water from a reservoir, bundles of branches, from 1.5-2 m long, with a wet cloth;
• fire can be trampled down, thrown with sand, knocked down with a shovel, sharply sprinkled with earth.

The most fire hazardous regions of Russia are considered Far East, Siberia, Ural, Volga region. Residents of these territories have to show special awareness.

Lessonlife safety fundamentalsin 6- mclassroom

Teata " Breeding a fire. Bonfire types"

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

Introduce children to different types campfires;
- teach students how to properly make fires;
- develop the ability to work in groups,
- educate respect for nature.
- At the end of the study of the topic, students should have the skills of making a fire.

Lesson progress:

1. Message of the topic and purpose of the lesson

Sl.1 Today we have an unusual activity. The topic of our lesson on the screen is “Building a fire. Bonfire types»

Sl.2 .Now we will go to the magical forest, which will teach us how to make fires correctly, introduce us to the types and types of fires. And of course, having come to the forest, we should not forget about caring attitude to nature.

2. Study of new material.

1. Bonfire functions.

Sometimes it is very important to make a fire in time.

What do you think the fire is for?

Let's see if you guessed correctly.

Sl.3

Sl.4

The functions of the fire are multifaceted:

cooking food;

drying clothes;

lighting;

• repelling insects and animals;

  signaling.

Sl.5

2. Place for a fire.

So you're about to start a fire. Where do we start?

find a clearing protected from the wind;

clean the place for a fire from dry grass, foliage and overlay it with stones;

on deep snow, a swamp to make a flooring.

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3. Breeding a fire.

Prepare kindling (small dry twigs, dry grass, birch bark)

Put kindling on the ground;

Light a fire with 2-3 matches;

Put thicker branches on kindling;

Comply with fire safety regulations.

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4. What can not be done when making a fire?

Do not build a fire near trees;

Do not use live trees for a fire;

Do not make a fire in peat bogs;

Do not leave a burning fire unattended.

Sl.8.

6. Types of fires.

It is necessary to choose the type and type of fire according to the circumstances.

General rule: firewood must be stocked in advance and more.

Bonfires are of three main types:

fiery- for illumination of a place of a halt and cooking of food.

Flame - for cooking, drying things, you can keep warm if you spend the night by the fire.

Smoke- to drive away mosquitoes and midges, as well as to signal your location.

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DC 10

7. Types of fires (practical part)

Getting acquainted with the types of fires, we will build them practically from sticks lying on your tables.

Imagine that our sticks are logs, or even ancient.

So:

1. Well - put 2 logs in parallel at a certain distance; across them are two more. This design provides good air access to the fire, and the logs will burn evenly along the entire length. This fire is good in wet weather.

Sl.11.

2. Star - lay the logs along the radii from the center. Burning occurs mainly in the center, and as the firewood burns, move it to the middle. This type of fire requires constant supervision or it will go out.

Sl.12.

3. Hut - short dry firewood is stacked obliquely towards the center, they partially lean against each other. With this design, the firewood burns out mainly from above, and the flame turns out to be hot. This type of fire is handy if you need to boil water or cook something in one bucket or pot. If you need to use several dishes, then it is better to use a "well".

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4 .Taiga - consists of several logs laid along or under acute angle to each other. It does not require frequent lining of firewood.

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5. Nodia - this fire is made up of 3 large logs, 2-2.5 m long. Put two logs (the thicker the better) close, achieving a minimum gap between them. Kindling is placed on this gap. After the kindling flares up well, put the third log on top. It is desirable that this log be thicker than the lower ones, as it will burn out faster. A node made of thick logs can burn for several hours.

Each of these types of fires can be both flame and fiery.It depends not only on how the fire is built, but also on the quality of the firewood:

- resinous or not;

- completely dry or with damp bark.

What types of fires do you remember?

Put some type of fire in your house now, say the name and what it is for.

Sl.17.

10. Tricks for campfire.

In the absence of small dry branches for kindling, it is good to use “noodles” made of rubber cut from the heels of shoes;

Damp matches are best dried on the head: there is the least humidity;

It is not necessary to try to make a fire with one match, it is more reliable to set fire to kindling with two matches put together, and sometimes even three.

11. Reflection

- What do you think, in what life situation can we use the skills learned in our lesson?

Experienced tourists, fishermen, hunters are well aware of how important fire is in extreme conditions and are perfectly able to get it and maintain it. There are many types of bonfires with different purposes and breeding methods. Some are ideal for heating, some for cooking and each has its own tricks for breeding.

Bonfires can be divided into three types:

— fiery. They create a large flame and burn out quickly.

— Flame. They burn for a long time and create a good heat. Suitable for heating and drying.

— Signal. Designed for signaling. It can also be used to repel mosquitoes.

The main types of fires

People away from travel and active rest, may not realize that there are a considerable number of types of fires with different characteristics and purpose. In different weather conditions and situations, one or another type of fire may be needed, so you need to know and be able to make them.

Bonfire "hut"

This type the fire is known to many. The most affordable fire that can be built for cooking or heating.

To make such a fire, firewood is laid out in a hut. In the middle of such a fire, where the kindling will be placed, thin branches are placed, and then thick ones. The campfire "hut" is ideal for warming up, cooking, drying.

The fire flares up quickly, gives a good heat, but it is not very economical, you will need a fairly large amount of firewood. This is one of the reasons why it is not suitable for an overnight stay.

The fire "hut" can be used to give a signal. To do this, put raw grass, branches on top to get a lot of smoke. It can also be used to create a smoke screen or to repel mosquitoes and midges.

Another type of bonfire "hut" is the "pyramid". It is an enlarged copy. For construction, two large logs are taken and laid parallel to each other. Why do they begin to lay smaller logs across until a pyramid is formed. Such a fire gives a lot of light.

Taiga bonfire

This type of fire burns for a long time up to 6-8 hours. "Taiga bonfire" is common name for such fires as "gun" and "hunter's hearth". These fires are mainly used for heating.

The fire "gun" is laid out as follows:
- on a large log (the so-called subyurlock) lay out several smaller logs
- stack the upper logs like a fan and slightly push them above the main log, while on the log they should be together and on the ground apart
- as it burns, it pushes the upper logs forward so that the fire does not go out

The “hearth of the hunter” is arranged with a slightly different way. Between two large logs lays out thinner firewood. It turns out something similar to a brazier. Large logs limit the burning of small ones.

Bonfire "nodya"

This type of fire is ideal for heating. It is laid out from several large logs. Thick logs can burn up to 36 hours.

The fire is placed next to the bed. To do this, lay next to 2 dry logs with a diameter of 30 cm and a few meters long. Be sure to leave a small space of 10 cm between the logs. Kindling is placed in this space - dry leaves, branches, brushwood. Sometimes logs can be secured with pegs to keep them from coming apart.

When the main logs flare up, another one is placed on top. If necessary, a reflective screen can be built on one side. For this, snow, an awning, a foil blanket are suitable.
"Nodya" can be made up of 1, 2, 3, 4 and more logs.

Special types of fires

In addition to the main bonfires listed above, there are special ones. They can be a combination of fires or very specific designs.

Made from large logs. It makes cuts with a depth of 3/4 of the length of the log. The core is cleaned and a fire is kindled in it.

There is another option for preparing a “Finnish candle”. The log is sawn into 4 parts and the core is scraped out. In the lower part, at the junction of logs, you can make a chute, it is needed to feed the fire with oxygen. Logs are tied with wire. Kindling is placed in the core and set on fire.

"Kamelek"

This type of fire is used in conditions where there is little good firewood, but stones or bricks are present. Firewood from 3 sides is covered with stones or bricks. This type of fire is suitable for boiling water.

"Trench"

This type of fire is used to obtain coals for subsequent cooking on them. For the preparation of coal, they dig a ditch 1m * 0.5m and a depth of about 30 cm. Line the bottom of the pit with stones. Firewood is placed in the hole and set on fire. The resulting coals are used for cooking. You can also fill up the trench and place your overnight stay above it.

Exotic types of campfires

Not the most common types of fires. They may not be used in all situations and are often not particularly effective.

Bonfire "well"

Short logs are folded in a rectangle, forming a semblance of a well. Kindling and small branches, logs are placed inside. Such a fire is suitable for cooking, drying. Over time, it fails, so the bowler must be hung up.

Bonfire "star"

To prepare such a fire, the logs are stacked with a star. You may need 3-5 logs. The structure takes up a lot of space. It burns slowly, gives but without heat. As the burnout, the logs are pushed inward.

Polynesian bonfire

On the territory of Russia, a rather exotic version of the fire. For cooking, you need a hole 30 cm deep. The walls are lined with stones. Firewood is stacked in the middle, it can be a hut. Such a fire burns for a long time.

TEACHER: BELYANSKAYA S.I.

slide 2

PURPOSE OF THE FIRE