Griboyedov - a short biography. Literary and historical notes of a young technician Message about Griboedov biography
The famous Russian poet, playwright, composer and diplomat Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was born in Moscow on January 15 (4), 1795 in a wealthy noble family of Sergei Ivanovich and Anastasia Fedorovna Griboyedov.
There were two more children in the family. Brother Pavel died in infancy, and sister Maria became a famous pianist.
Childhood and youth
White spots. There were many of them in the biography of Griboyedov, summary which includes whole line events that still need further research.
Despite his fame and belonging to a noble noble family, some facts from the life and work of Griboedov do not have strict documentary evidence. Not only are the details of the death of the poet unknown, but even the year of his birth is not exactly determined. According to some versions, A.S. Griboyedov was not born in 1795 at all. In various documents, the dates of birth do not match and are in the range between 1790 and 1795.
With early childhood Alexander showed extraordinary talent and versatile abilities. Thanks to his mother, he first received an excellent education at home, and then spent several years at the Noble Boarding School of Moscow University. In 1806, Griboyedov entered the verbal department of Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1808.
Classes at the university were completed in the summer of 1812. By this time he was already one of the most educated people in the country. According to some reports, Alexander also graduated from the moral and political, and also studied for some time at the physics and mathematics department of the university. In addition, he spoke several foreign languages and played the piano perfectly. By the age of 33, he will speak ten foreign languages:
Service in the cavalry
After the start Patriotic War In 1812, Griboedov volunteered for the cavalry and served for several years as a cornet in a hussar regiment. He did not have to participate in hostilities, and the service took place in a pleasant company, consisting of young hussar officers of noble birth. The regiment was in reserve, the youth was bored and looking for entertainment, including a very dubious one.
The beginning of literary activity
Over time, this began to weigh Griboyedov. The war is over, the military career has lost its appeal. In 1816, he retired and moved to St. Petersburg, where he began serving in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. Around the same time, the first works of Griboyedov were published. Basically, these were critical and. A little later, several comedies were written in collaboration with other writers.
At the same time, acquaintances with Pushkin and Kuchelbecker took place. Soon Alexander is already a full member of two Masonic lodges, but an active public life in the capital ends for him after participating in the well-known "quadruple duel". The reason was a quarrel over the famous ballerina Avdotya Istomina. One of the duelists died, the rest, including Griboedov, who was a second, received new appointments outside St. Petersburg as punishment.
in the diplomatic service
In 1818, Griboyedov received the post of secretary at the Russian mission in Persia and departed for Tehran in the fall. On the way to Persia, he makes a stop in Tiflis, where he meets with another participant in the "quadruple duel" - an officer, writer and future Decembrist A. I. Yakubovich. The postponed duel took place, Alexander was injured on the left hand. On this basis, he was identified after the murder.
In Persia, Griboedov works in Tabriz and Tehran, performing his official diplomatic duties. He keeps detailed travel diaries throughout his journey from St. Petersburg to Tiflis, Tabriz, Tehran. At the end of 1821, Alexander Sergeevich sought a transfer to Tiflis and for a year served as secretary for diplomatic affairs under General A.P. Yermolov, commander of Russian troops in the Caucasus.
Fulfilling numerous duties of a diplomat, Griboedov continues his literary activity. It was at this time that he began work on the comedy Woe from Wit. So far, these are just rough sketches of the first edition. Years will pass. and this main work of his life will be included in the curriculum for study in the 9th grade.
Life in Russia
At the beginning of 1823, Griboyedov temporarily left the Caucasus and returned to his native places. Lives in Moscow, St. Petersburg, the estate of S. N. Begichev in the Tula province. Here he not only continues to work on the text of "Woe from Wit", but also writes articles, poems, epigrams, vaudeville. His interests are multifaceted. It is not only literature, but also music. His waltzes, which later became famous.
In 1824, Griboedov finished Woe from Wit. All attempts to obtain permission to publish fail, no connections and petitions helped. The censorship was relentless. Readers, however, accepted the comedy with delight. The text of the play quickly spread in the lists, the success was complete. The work has become a real phenomenon of Russian culture.
The author never managed to see his work printed. The first full publication of the play in Russia took place only in 1862. By this time, as A. S. Pushkin predicted, the comedy "dispersed into quotes", which have long become proverbs.
Here are just a few of them.
In May 1825, Alexander Sergeevich returned to the Caucasus, but did not stay there for long. In January 1826, he was arrested on suspicion of belonging to the Decembrists and brought to the capital. Griboyedov was indeed familiar with many participants in the uprising, many of the arrested Decembrists were found handwritten comedy text, but the investigation failed to find any evidence of his participation in the conspiracy.
Return to the Caucasus
As a result, he was fully acquitted, in June he returned to the diplomatic service, and in September of the same year he returned to the Caucasus, to Tiflis.
In February 1828, the Turkmanchay peace treaty was signed. between Russia and Persia, which ended the Russian-Persian war that lasted almost two years. A. S. Griboyedov participated in the work on the treaty and achieved for Russia exclusively favorable conditions.
In Russia, Griboyedov's diplomatic activity was highly appreciated. He was appointed ambassador to Persia, but the high position did not please Alexander Sergeevich. The brilliant diplomat perceived this appointment as a link, he had completely different creative ideas.
In June 1828, his last journey to the Caucasus began. On the way to Persia, Griboedov, as always, made a stop in Tiflis. A few years earlier he had already met this young girl, Nina Chavchavadze, the daughter of his friend, the poet Alexander Chavchavadze. Then she was still a girl, now her beauty shocked Alexander Sergeevich. He made an offer to Nina and received consent. They got married.
Tragic death
Happiness did not last long. Soon the Russian diplomatic mission went to Tehran. On January 30 (February 11), 1829, a large angry mob of religious fanatics killed almost the entire mission, only one person accidentally escaped. Griboyedov's body was mutilated beyond recognition, he was identified only by the hand that had been injured during the duel.
There are several versions this sad event, but true reason tragedy is unknown. There were no witnesses to how Griboyedov died, and the Persian authorities did not conduct a serious investigation.
The brilliant playwright and diplomat is buried in Tbilisi, in the Pantheon on Mount Mtatsminda. His creations are brilliant, his memory is immortal.
Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov - a famous Russian writer, poet, playwright, brilliant diplomat, state councilor, author of the legendary play in verse "Woe from Wit", was a descendant of an old noble family. Born in Moscow on January 15 (January 4, O.S.), 1795, from early years showed himself to be an extremely developed, and versatile, child. Wealthy parents tried to give him a wonderful home education, and in 1803 Alexander became a pupil of the Moscow University noble boarding school. At the age of eleven, he was already a student at Moscow University (verbal department). Having become a candidate of verbal sciences in 1808, Griboedov graduated from two more departments - moral-political and physical-mathematical. Alexander Sergeevich became one of the most educated people among his contemporaries, he knew about a dozen foreign languages, was very gifted musically.
With the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Griboyedov joined the ranks of volunteers, but he did not have to participate directly in hostilities. With the rank of cornet, Griboedov in 1815 served in a cavalry regiment that was in reserve. The first literary experiments date back to this time - the comedy "Young Spouses", which was a translation of a French play, the article "On the Cavalry Reserves", "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher".
At the beginning of 1816, A. Griboedov retired and came to live in St. Petersburg. Working in the College of Foreign Affairs, he continues his studies in a new field of writing for himself, makes translations, joins theatrical and literary circles. It was in this city that fate gave him an acquaintance with A. Pushkin. In 1817, A. Griboyedov tried his hand at dramaturgy, writing the comedies "Own Family" and "Student".
In 1818, Griboedov was appointed to the post of secretary of the tsar's attorney, who headed the Russian mission in Tehran, and this radically changed him further biography. The expulsion to a foreign land of Alexander Sergeevich was regarded as a punishment for the fact that he acted as a second in a scandalous duel with fatal. Staying in Iranian Tabriz (Tavriz) was really painful for the beginning writer.
In the winter of 1822, Tiflis became Griboyedov's new place of service, and General A.P. Yermolov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Tehran, commander of the Russian troops in the Caucasus, under whom Griboedov was secretary for diplomatic affairs. It was in Georgia that he wrote the first and second acts of the comedy Woe from Wit. The third and fourth acts were already composed in Russia: in the spring of 1823, Griboedov left the Caucasus on leave for his homeland. In 1824, a last point in a work whose path to fame turned out to be thorny. The comedy could not be published due to the prohibition of censorship and diverged in handwritten lists. Only small fragments "slip" into the press: in 1825 they were included in the issue of the Russian Thalia almanac. The brainchild of Griboyedov was highly appreciated by A.S. Pushkin.
Griboyedov planned to take a trip to Europe, but in May 1825 he had to urgently return to his service in Tiflis. In January 1826, in connection with the case of the Decembrists, he was arrested, kept in a fortress, and then taken to St. Petersburg: the writer's name came up several times during interrogations, and during searches, handwritten copies of his comedy were found. Nevertheless, due to lack of evidence, the investigation had to release Griboedov, and in September 1826 he returned to his official duties.
In 1828, the Turkmanchay peace treaty was signed, which corresponded to the interests of Russia. He played a certain role in the biography of the writer: Griboyedov took part in its conclusion and delivered the text of the agreement to St. Petersburg. For merits, the talented diplomat was granted new position- Plenipotentiary Minister (Ambassador) of Russia in Persia. In his appointment, Alexander Sergeevich saw a "political exile", plans for the implementation of numerous creative ideas collapsed. With a heavy heart in June 1828, Griboyedov left St. Petersburg.
Getting to the place of service, for several months he lived in Tiflis, where in August he was married to 16-year-old Nina Chavchavadze. He left for Persia with his young wife. There were forces in the country and beyond its borders that were not satisfied with the growing influence of Russia, which cultivated hostility towards its representatives in the minds of the local population. On February 11, 1829, the Russian embassy in Tehran was brutally attacked by a brutal mob, and A.S. became one of its victims. Griboyedov, who was mutilated to such an extent that they were later identified only by a characteristic scar on his arm. The body was taken to Tiflis, where the grotto at the church of St. David became its last refuge.
Alexander Griboyedov
Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov (1795-1829) - poet, playwright, pianist, composer, diplomat.
Gifted with many talents and not developing any of them, Griboyedov remained for us the author of the only play "Woe from Wit".
Lifetime portrait of Griboedov by P.A. Karatygin was published in 1858. More precisely, not the portrait itself, but a lithograph by Munster from a drawing by P.F. Borel. The second reliable portrait of Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov is considered to be a portrait painted in colored pencil in 1824 by the artist M.I. Terebenev (1795-1864). It was engraved by N.I. Utkin.
 Alexander Griboyedov, 1858 |
 Alexander Griboedov, 1829 |
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The most famous portrait of A.S. Griboyedov was written in 1873 by I.N. Kramskoy by order of P.M. Tretyakov for his art gallery.
The history of its creation was left to us by a close friend of Kramskoy, the publisher of the magazine "Russian Antiquity" M.I. Semevsky: “Guided by P.A. Karatygin’s oral story about Griboedov’s appearance, Kramskoy wrote as if “under dictation” and resurrected the glorious writer’s appearance with a talented brush. He showed the portrait on the easel to some people who personally knew Griboedov, and they were all struck by the amazing resemblance and the expression of intelligence and grace that Griboyedov's features breathed.
Years of life: from 01/15/1795 to 02/11/1829
Russian playwright, poet and diplomat, composer, pianist. Griboedov is known as homo unius libri, the writer of one book, the brilliant rhymed play Woe from Wit.
Griboyedov was born in Moscow into a well-born family. The first Griboyedovs have been known since 1614: Mikhail Efimovich Griboedov received land from Mikhail Romanov in the Vyazemsky Voivodeship that very year. It is noteworthy that the writer's mother also came from the same family of Griboedovs, from its other branch. The founder of this branch, Lukyan Griboyedov, owned a small village in Vladimir land. The maternal grandfather of the writer, although a military man, but with amazing taste and abilities, turned the Khmelity family estate into a real Russian estate, an island of culture. Here, in addition to French, Russian writers were read, Russian magazines were subscribed to, a theater was created, children received an excellent education for those times. The second, paternal branch of the Griboyedovs, was not so lucky. Griboyedov's father, Sergei Ivanovich, is a gambler and spendthrift, a desperate dragoon of the Yaroslavl Infantry Regiment.
In 1802, Griboedov was sent to the Noble Boarding School. Moreover, in French, German and music, he was immediately enrolled in the middle classes. In music and languages, he will remain strong throughout his life. Since childhood, knowing French, English, German and Italian, during his studies at the university he studied Greek and Latin, later - Persian, Arabic and Turkish and many other languages. He was also musically gifted: he played the piano, flute, he composed music himself. Until now, two of his waltzes are known (“Griboyedov Waltz”).
A year later, the boarding school had to be left due to illness, switching to home education. In 1806, A.S. Griboedov (at the age of 11) was already a student at Moscow University, who successfully graduated in 1808, receiving the title of candidate of literature, and in 1812, Alexander Sergeevich entered the ethical and legal department , and then to the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.
During the Patriotic War of 1812, when the enemy approached the Russian border, Griboyedov joined (against his mother's wishes) the Moscow Hussar Regiment of Count Saltykov, who received permission to form it. Young people were seduced not only by the ideas of patriotism, but also by the beautiful black uniform, decorated with cords and gold embroidery (even Chaadaev moved from the Semenovsky regiment to the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment, carried away by the beauty of the uniform). However, due to illness, he long time absent from the regiment. Only at the end of June 1814 did he catch up with his regiment, renamed the Irkutsk Hussar Regiment, in the city of Kobrin, in the Kingdom of Poland. In July 1813, he will be seconded to the headquarters of the commander of the cavalry reserves, General A. S. Kologrivov, where he will serve until 1816 with the rank of cornet. It was in this service that Griboedov began to show his remarkable abilities in the field of diplomacy: he ensured friendly relations with the Polish nobility, settled conflicts that arose between the army and the local population, showing diplomatic tact. His first literary experiments also appeared here: “Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher”, essay “On the Cavalry Reserves” and the comedy “The Young Spouses” (translation of the French comedy “Le secret du Ménage”) - refer to 1814. In the article "On Cavalry Reserves" Griboyedov acted as a historical publicist.
In 1815, after the death of her father, her mother, Nastasya Fedorovna, in order to settle the faltering and complicated affairs of her late husband, offers A.S. Griboyedov to renounce the inheritance in favor of his sister Maria, whom the future writer dearly loved. Having signed the refusal, Griboedov is left without a livelihood. From now on, he will have to earn ranks and a fortune by his labor. New literary acquaintances Petersburg, acquired during the holidays, literary success (Shakhovskaya himself was delighted with his first play, it was successfully staged in Moscow), lack of prospects for military service- all this served as a pretext for the fact that Griboedov began to fuss about his resignation. However, when he was transferred to the civil service, none of his merits were taken into account (he did not participate in hostilities), and instead of the rank of collegiate assessor (8 in the Table of Ranks), which he petitioned for, he receives the rank of provincial secretary, one of the lowest ranks (12) in the Table of Ranks (for comparison: A.S. Pushkin will enter the service of the College of Foreign Affairs with the rank of collegiate secretary (10), which was considered a very modest achievement).
Since 1817 he served in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg, got acquainted with A.S. Pushkin and V.K. Kuchelbecker.
In 1818, Griboedov accepted the appointment of the secretary of the Russian diplomatic mission under the Persian Shah (1818 - 1821, Tiflis, Tabriz, Tehran) and did a lot to bring Russian prisoners home. This appointment was essentially a reference, the reason for which was the participation of Griboedov in a quadruple duel over the artist Istomina. A.P. Zavadovsky kills V.V. Sheremetev. The duel between Griboedov and A.I. Yakubovich has been postponed. Later, in 1818, in the Caucasus, this duel will take place. On it, Griboyedov will be wounded in the arm. It is by the little finger of the left hand that the corpse of the writer mutilated by the Persians will subsequently be identified.
Upon returning from Persia in November 1821, he served as a diplomatic secretary under the commander of the Russian troops in the Caucasus, General A.P. Yermolov, surrounded by many members of the Decembrist societies. Lives in Tiflis, works on the first two acts of Woe from Wit. However, this work requires more solitude, greater freedom from service, and therefore asks Yermolov for a long vacation. Having received a vacation, he spends it first in the Tula province, then in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
In January 1826, after the Decembrist uprising, Griboyedov was arrested on suspicion of being involved in a conspiracy. A few months later, he was not only released, but also received another rank, as well as an allowance in the amount of an annual salary. There really was no serious evidence against him, and even now there is no documentary evidence that the writer somehow participated in the activities secret societies. On the contrary, he is credited with a disparaging characterization of the conspiracy: “One hundred ensigns want to turn Russia over!” But, perhaps, Griboedov owes such a complete justification to the intercession of a relative - General I.F. Paskevich, a favorite of Nicholas I, who was appointed instead of Yermolov as commander-in-chief of the Caucasian Corps and commander-in-chief of Georgia.
During this period, A.S. Griboyedov manages to do a lot. He takes charge of diplomatic relations with Georgia and Persia, reorganizes Russian policy in Transcaucasia, develops the "Regulations on the management of Azerbaijan", with his participation the "Tiflis Vedomosti" was founded in 1828, a "working house" was opened for women serving sentences. A.S. Griboyedov, together with P. D. Zaveleysky, draws up a project on the "Establishment of the Russian Transcaucasian Company" in order to raise the industry of the region. He negotiates with Abbas Mirza on the terms of the Russian-Persian peace, participates in peace negotiations in the village of Turkmanchay. It is he who draws up the final version of the peace treaty, which is extremely beneficial for Russia. In the spring of 1828, Alexander Sergeevich was sent to St. Petersburg with the text of the treaty. Appointed as Resident Minister (Ambassador) to Iran; on the way to his destination, he spent several months in Tiflis, where he married Princess Nina Chavchavadze, daughter of the head of the Erivan region and the Georgian poet Alexander Chavchavadze.
On January 30, 1829, the Persian authorities provoked an attack on the Russian embassy in Tehran. A mob of Muslims, incited by fanatics, burst into the embassy building and massacred everyone who was there, including Griboyedov. The Russian government, not wanting a new military conflict with Persia, was satisfied with the Shah's apology. The Shah of Persia sent his son to Petersburg to settle the diplomatic scandal. In compensation for the spilled blood, he brought rich gifts to Nicholas I, among which was the Shah diamond. Once this diamond, framed by many rubies and emeralds, adorned the throne of the Great Mughals. Now it is in the collection of the Diamond Fund of the Moscow Kremlin. Griboyedov's body was brought to Tiflis (now Tbilisi) and buried in the monastery of St. David.
Griboyedov's date of birth is a special issue. The playwright himself indicated the year of birth as 1790. Judging by the confession books of the Church of the Nine Martyrs, in whose parish the Gribredovs were for many years, the year of his birth is 1795. There is also a version that he was born in 1794.
The son of A.S. Griboedov and N.A. Chavchavadze was born prematurely after the death of his father, was baptized Alexander, but died an hour after birth.
The wife of A.S. Griboyedov left on his tombstone following words:
“Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory,
But why did my love survive you!
Bibliography
Dramaturgy Griboyedov:
Dmitry Dryanskoy (comic tragedy) (1812)
Young Spouses (comedy in one act, in verse) (1814)
Your family, or a married bride (5 scenes for Shakhovsky's comedy) (1817)
Student (comedy in three acts, written together with P. A. Katenin) (1817)
Feigned Infidelity (comedy in one act in verse) (1817)
Interlude test (interlude in one act) (1818)
Who is brother, who is sister, or deception after deception (new vaudeville opera in 1 act together with P.A. Vyazemsky) (1823)
Woe from Wit (comedy in four acts in verse) (1824)
Georgian Night (excerpts from a tragedy) (1828)
Publicism Griboyedov:
Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher" (1814)
On Cavalry Reserves (1814)
On the analysis of the free translation of the Burgher's ballad "Lenora" (1816)
Particular cases of the St. Petersburg flood (1824)
Country trip (1826)
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Biography, life story of Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich
Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich, a famous Russian diplomat and writer, was born in 1795 on January 4 in Moscow. His father was a guards officer. The family owned rich estates and two thousand souls of serfs. Griboyedov was educated at home, then studied at the Noble Boarding School in Moscow from 1802 to 1805. In 1806 he entered the Faculty of Philosophy at Moscow University. Four years later he graduated from it (in 1810) verbal and legal departments. Then he continued his studies at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. Alexander Griboedov was a very gifted student and stood out for his versatile abilities. He studied music and played the piano superbly, knew languages: Italian, French, German and English. Until the end of his life, Griboyedov had scientific interests. In 1812 he entered the army as a volunteer. He was in the cavalry unit, which was in reserve. Griboedov published in 1814 his correspondence about the cavalry units in the reserve, which was published in the journal Vestnik Evropy. There was also published another work of this time - "Letter from Brest-Litovsk". Already in next year Griboedov published the comedy "The Young Spouses" - a remake of the French comedy. It provoked criticism from Mr. Zagoskin.
Griboyedov retired in 1816, and in 1817 he began to serve in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. All this time he did not give up literary works and met all the writers of that time, he shared the literary views of Katenin and Kuchelbecker. Griboedov was in a group of "archaists" who were members of the society of writers "Conversation of lovers of the Russian word." Griboyedov in 1818 was appointed secretary of the diplomatic mission to Persia. This appointment was punishment or exile.
During the trip, he was engaged in composing the poem "The Wayfarer". Later he was in the service of General Yermolov in Tiflis. There he wrote the first two acts of his comedy Woe from Wit. Comedy was conceived as early as 1816. Then, in the period 1823-1825, Griboedov was on a long vacation. In 1823, he wrote a vaudeville with Vyazemsky while visiting his friend Begichev at his Tula estate. The third and fourth acts of the famous comedy "Woe from Wit" were also completed there. Then Griboyedov returned to the Caucasus. Only the intentions of Griboyedov's works and partial fragments have come down to us. He decided to write the drama "1812". The idea of the drama was to depict the fate of a soldier, a former serf, who after the war was to return to the serf landowner, the soldier was to commit suicide.
CONTINUED BELOW
Anti-serfdom thought pervaded the tragedy, which came down only in an excerpt, "Georgian Night". Griboyedov in his works paid tribute to history, but also constantly returned to the problems of the present, reflecting on the role of the people and the royal power.
Griboyedov was brought under investigation after the Decembrist uprising in 1826. He was under investigation from January 22 to June 5, but charges were not brought. It turned out that even before the December putsch, Griboedov left the Masonic lodge and did not cooperate with the Decembrists at all. In 1826 he appeared as an eminent statesman and diplomat in the Caucasus. He was ordered to be responsible for diplomatic relations with Persia and Turkey. Griboyedov took an active part in the project of raising the industry of Transcaucasia. Under him, "Tiflis Vedomosti" was created, he compiled the "Regulations on the Administration of Azerbaijan". He also took part in the conclusion of a peace treaty with Persia. Griboedov perceived his appointment to Persia not as a favor, but as a forthcoming cup of suffering. Before leaving for Persia, he married Nina Chavchavadze and left his wife pregnant.
Griboyedov became a victim of a conspiracy by Fet-Ali Shah, who was bribed by England. He was killed by a mob of Persian fanatics who smashed the Russian embassy. They and the embassy staff defended themselves from the crowd for a long time. He even tried to hide in a chimney, but was discovered and killed on January 30, 1829. The body of the already killed Griboyedov was mutilated by the brutalized crowd. His body was transported to Tiflis and it was buried on Mount St. David. The remains were taken to Tiflis for a very long time. There is a known meeting with the arba that carried the body of Griboyedov. The Persian government apologized to Russia for the murder of Griboyedov and other Russians. A huge diamond "Shah" was presented as a token of apology. Nina Chavchavadze erected a monument to Griboyedov.
The brilliant mind of Griboyedov is visible in the comedy "Woe from Wit", it is largely autobiographical. Comedy is still relevant, bright popular expressions still exist in speech. During Griboedov's lifetime, the comedy was rejected by the censors and circulated in numerous handwritten lists. Excerpts were published in the almanac "Russian Thalia" in 1825.