Incentive interjections. Emotional interjections. Studying the topic of the lesson
Hello! Today I want to tell you about little words, which are called interjections. Interjection
- This Part of speech, which expresses feelings speaker, but not calls their. If you read literature in Russian, then you’ve probably already noticed that Russians really like to use various little words (interjections): oh, a, ah, oh, eh, well, wow, fie, alas, na, etc.
There are so many interjections in the Russian language that I don’tI dare you all of them list, it will take a lot of time. After all, I not only need to list them, but also explain what emotions they express and how to use them correctly, and this is not so simple, because the same interjection can express the mostvariousemotions. For example, the interjection “Oh!” can expressdelight, astonishment, disturbance, regret, joy etc.
I I'll share interjections by groups depending on the what feelings they express and I will only name most interjections used and I will also try to give at least a few examples so that it would be easier for you to understand in what situation you can use certain interjections.
1 group. admiration, satisfaction, joy, fun, approval, delight (positive feelings): Hurray! Bravo! That's it! Oh! A! Wow! God! God bless!
Examples:
Oh, how good.
Hooray! Our Goal scored.
Bravo!- he shouted in delight.
God! What a beauty!
A! It's you! I `ve been waiting for you for so long.
2nd group. Interjections expressing grief, melancholy, sadness, regret: Alas! Oh! Eh! Oh oh oh!
Examples:
I should have finished work but- Alas!- It was impossible.
Eh, there is no truth in this world.
Oh, I was wrong!
3rd group. Interjections that help express feelings surprise, scared, bewilderment, mistrust: A! ABOUT! Wow! Well well! Bah! Oh! Fathers! Mother! God!
Examples:
Fathers! What happened to your face?
Bah! What people! What are you doing here?
Wow, How is he sang!
4th group. annoyance, anger, displeasure, protest: A! Oh! Oh you! Damn it! Hell no! What the hell! Here you go!
Examples:
Oh you, scoundrel!
Hell no! You won't get anything, I won't give you anything!
Here you go! Again everything failed b!
What the hell! What is happening?
5 group. Interjections that express gloat, sarcasm, contempt, irony, disgust: Ugh! Fi! Ugh! Look!
Examples:
Fi, abomination! And how I was before all this nasty things did not notice.
Ugh, tired of it!
Ugh, I don’t even want to look at you.
Look, Which impudent!
I could go on and on, because there really are a lot of interjections. But I think that's enough, I don't want you upload unnecessary information.
In parting, I want to demonstrate the effectiveness of interjections and how they simplify our everyday life. For example, if you met your friend in some place where you did not expect to meet him, then you can express your surprise in sentences: Who do I see! Are you here too? What people! , or you can use one interjection: Bah!
E.V. MIDNIGHT,
Moscow
Etiquette interjections The issue of grammatical qualification of etiquette words and expressions still remains controversial. In domestic linguistics there are three points of view:
1) etiquette words and expressions are a separate group of interjections;
2) these are particles;
3) words thank you please do not qualify as parts of speech.
Etiquette speech formulas serve to express various communicative meanings, and on this basis they can be divided into several semantic groups. Etiquette formulas are used for:
1) greetings:Hello! Hello)! Welcome! Good afternoon (evening)! Good morning! Greetings! Etc.;
2) farewells and wishes: Bye! Hello! Happily! Happy stay! Farewell)! See you soon! See you soon! Till tomorrow! Good luck! Bon voyage! Bon Voyage! With God blessing! Etc.;
3) requests: Please! For God's sake! Be kind (be kind)! Be kind (be kind)! Be a friend!
4) And so on.; thanks: Etc.;
5) Thank you! Thank you (to them)! apologies: Sorry)! Sorry)!
Etc.
The above etiquette formulas are typical for literary language. Most of these words and expressions have colloquial or slang phonetic variants, for example:"Hello to you"
- said Senka and took off his cap. Walk past the door again, behind which the eyeless corpses lie? Thank you
We don't need it. Just in case, Senka took off his cap and also said:"Good health"
. Even though he was a bird, he apparently had a concept. He whispered and ran away, whistling mockingly:"Pokedova,
lucky!". Prokha said which of the boys wants to make easy money - this for God's sake
– but to forcibly desecrate the boys, no, no. (B. Akunin. Lover of Death) Thank you
Why is it so difficult to determine the place of these words in the system of parts of speech of the modern Russian language? To a large extent due to the fact that the sources of replenishment of etiquette formulas are words and expressions originating from different part-speech systems.
Most of this semantic group consists of frozen forms of the imperative mood of the so-called etiquette verbs (Sorry! Sorry! Hello! Goodbye!). Forms of the 1st person present tense of the indicative mood of the corresponding verbs are also used as etiquette formulas (Greetings! Thank you!).
Adverbs also act as etiquette expressions (Bye! Happily!) and substantive forms (Good luck! Bon voyage! See you later!). Etc. The group of etiquette words in the Russian language can also be replenished by foreign borrowings. In some cases, such borrowings are written in Cyrillic, for example, adju, mercy, sorry,– these are mainly Gallicisms that entered the Russian language at the turn of the 17th–19th centuries. and no longer perceived as barbarism:
Well, hello! Paris is waiting for us!(B. Akunin. Special assignments); But you and I didn’t drink during brotherhood! - Sorry!(A. and B. Strugatsky. Monday begins on Saturday); – And now, perhaps, you want me to thank you? - Varya snorted contemptuously - Thank you. Thank you. Well, really merci!(B. Akunin. Turkish Gambit)
These borrowed words, along with Russian etiquette expressions, can be part of stable combinations, such as make adya (make adya with a pen)- say goodbye casually; say mercy- thank (cf. say thanks) and so on. As a rule, the use of these borrowings is stylistically marked, and, unlike analogues of the Russian language, they have an additional negative or ironic connotation.
Foreign politeness formulas borrowed by Russian speakers are also used, written in writing according to the laws of the source language ( danke, merci, thanks and so on.). An interesting fact is that in youth speech and slang one can find examples of a kind of Russification of such etiquette forms when using Russian affixes, for example: Pass the salt, please. Oh, sankayu very-very(from English thank you very much); or: Sorry, I have to go(from French. pardon). I blame you for everything and run away(from Polish Dziekuje).
Such borrowings are very close to barbarisms, but it should be noted that their use in the modern Russian language is always stylistically colored and determined by the specifics of each specific linguistic situation. Unborrowed etiquette formulas can have synchronous connections with significant parts of speech on the basis of which they were formed. However, the main group consists of words that have most lost their synchronous connection with the significant parts of speech. These are the words Thank you And
Please, Unborrowed etiquette formulas can have synchronous connections with significant parts of speech on the basis of which they were formed. different in origin, but containing in their structure a common thing - a verbal component at the base. Having lost synchronous connections with the original verbal system, words And
Please ceased to be words-names and began to depend more on the communicative act.
Desemantization has led to an increased role of intonation and a change in place in the sentence.“Hello,” Rakhmet said quietly.
- Thank you. Thanks for coming.(B. Akunin. State Councilor) - expression of gratitude; “And now you probably want me to thank you?” – Varya snorted contemptuously. - Thank you. Thank you. Well, just merci.(B. Akunin. Turkish Gambit) - an ironic, deliberate expression of gratitude (exclusively etiquette, formal function). Everything flies, falls, beats... Well, just... Thank you. Just... Thank you so much! Only this was not enough for complete happiness! (M. Zhvanetsky. Complete happiness) - a negative expression of formal gratitude, replacement of abusive language; Sorry)! Sorry)!
decomposition., can be replaced with an evaluative word, for example: Having lost synchronous connections with the original verbal system, words Great! Wonderful! Shine! Beauty!
– or an emotional interjection, for example: Bravo! Oh!
Please don’t leave me here,” the little bunny cried.(G. Karaslavov. Stories for children) - in the preposition there is an expression of a sincere, serious request; the semantic emphasis is placed precisely on the first word - (in this position it is more comparable to a syntactically independent indivisible sentence).“Tell me, please,” Zhenya asked loudly, but very politely, without opening the door. - How can I get to the post office from here? hello, look, oops, oops etc.
Interjections hello, thank you, please and etiquette interjections formed from adverbs can be doubled, for example:
- Will I sit down?
“Please, please...” Bashmakov stammered, but his consent, in fact, was not required. (Yu. Polyakov. I planned an escape)
In a number of cases, supported by gestures (which is expressed in writing by passing remarks), these etiquette interjections acquire new shades of meaning in oral speech, allowing the sentence formed by these words to displace (replace) a “full-valued” sentence, for example:
- Please! – he moved the chair closer.(The Weiner Brothers. The Age of Retribution) - here the etiquette word replaced the one-part sentence Sit down; the semantics of motivation switches to interjection.
– Maybe you'd like to have some tea with me?
“Thank you, thank you,” Fandorin refused, shaking his head vigorously.(B. Akunin) – the meaning of polite refusal.
Participating in the communicative process in the role of a passing remark, an etiquette remark, and other etiquette formulas more or less lose their lexical meaning.
These are the greeting formulas used when meeting: Hello different in origin, but containing in their structure a common thing - a verbal component at the base. Hello are not recognized by speakers as significant verbal or substantive forms - their lexical meaning is the most weakened. The same situation is observed with etiquette formulas for farewells. bye, hello, happy, see you, goodbye and the tracing expression see you(from English See you). Characteristic of television announcers, this expression of farewell has clearly undergone desemantization, since in this situation the joint action expressed in the form of the 2nd letter. pl.
part of the verb, impossible: television is a one-way visual process. In expressions good morning, good afternoon, good evening (or inversion: good morning, good afternoon, good evening ) there is only a partial loss of lexical meaning, since their use corresponds to a specific time of day. In these greeting formulas, the emphasis is on the noun included in them, while the word Kind
has lost its meaning and is not perceived by the speaker as a lexically significant element. The meaning of the etiquette word Goodbye Goodbye- a neutral expression of farewell and is used even if a “date” may not follow, but it does not have any significant meaning.
Stable combination Bon Voyage and word form with God are also tied to a certain situation: they are pronounced if one of the participants in the conversation goes on a long journey or the person leaving is expected to resolve a serious issue or matter. However, the original lexical meaning of these expressions fades into the background and is partially lost - they have the character of a rhetorical statement that helps to create (maintain) a positive mood at the end of a meeting or conversation.
The process of desemantization, characteristic of a given semantic group, is fundamental for determining the status of these words and expressions: it brings etiquette words and expressions closer to such a part of speech as an interjection. On this basis, etiquette formulas are defined as etiquette interjections, but it would be premature to include them in typical interjections.
Speaking about the process of desemantization of etiquette interjections, it should also be noted that there may be cases of revitalization of the semantics of etiquette formulas and the revival of significantness in examples of an occasional nature, for example:
Then a crash was heard in the alder forest behind him, and Winnie the Pooh appeared.
- Good morning, Eeyore! - said Pooh.
“Good morning, Pooh Bear,” Eeyore answered sadly. - If it's good morning. Which I personally doubt. (A. Milne. Winnie the Pooh and everything, everything, everything. Translated by B. Zakhoder)
- Well, goodbye, Rodya... Although no, no - see you tomorrow. I don't like to say goodbye. And goodbye... Oh, again. Why is it really me! (F. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment)
“I’m disturbing you, leading you astray,” she interrupted, not listening. – The sisters have been calling me to the Boris and Gleb Convent for a long time.<...>I will watch you from afar... And pray to God for you. Do as your soul shows you. With God blessing. (B. Akunin. Decorator)
Etiquette interjections are capable of forming so-called interjection sentences (primarily this applies to words Unborrowed etiquette formulas can have synchronous connections with significant parts of speech on the basis of which they were formed. different in origin, but containing in their structure a common thing - a verbal component at the base. Having lost synchronous connections with the original verbal system, words). In addition, the preservation of connections with homonymous significant words, as well as the potential (etymological) ability of these words to have dependent words, allows such sentences to have secondary members. For example:
– Everyone“Good afternoon,” Green greeted dryly, without looking at the crowd.(B. Akunin); Happily to you, guys,” he told the mechanics(I. Gerasimov); Happily and you, comrades! God bless you all the best! Thank you to you, our dear ones!(A. Tvardovsky)
The sentences formed by these interjections occupy an intermediate position between “single-component and indivisible sentences.” Mostly they are built according to the schemes of one-component sentences with varying degrees of logical-semantic and syntactic articulation; in them, “direct syntactic connections are either absent or obscured.” (P.A. Lekant)
Among them (based on morphological characteristics) two varieties can be distinguished: 1) sentences formed by etiquette verbal interjections (for example, thank you, welcome, sorry and so on.); 2) sentences formed by etiquette substantive interjections (for example, goodbye good Luck etc.).
Each of these varieties is represented by both single interjections and interjection set expressions, which partially retain their lexical meaning and have connections with the original significant words.
Offers, formed by verbal etiquette interjections, are comparable to single-component definite-personal sentences and in some cases can even be characterized by a certain degree of articulation, which makes it possible to restore the connection of the now indivisible interjection sentence with the original syntactic system (in such cases, the verbal semantics in these words is revived). For example, compare:
- Excuse me, serviceman, I don’t really understand your uniform. What is your rank? – the Jedi clarified.(Yu. Polyakov. I planned an escape).
- Sorry for yesterday.
- Come on. Do you think I myself remember what happened yesterday? (M. Weller. But those are shish).
Anatolich answered his cautious call. Judging by his narrowed eyes, he had already settled down.
- Sorry.
- Okay... Have you had a walk?
- From the heart. (Yu. Polyakov. I planned an escape)
Sentences from stable combinations formed on the basis of verbs can be comparable not only with single-component definite-personal sentences (this applies to the above forms and to such combinations as be healthy, be kind, be kind etc.), but also with one-part impersonal sentences (welcome, happy to stay and so on.).
Offers, formed from substantive etiquette interjections, can also be comparable to various types of one-part sentences. Some of these interjection constructions are the result of ellipsis of the verbal part of definite-personal sentences (cf., for example, Goodbye= we part until the next date, Good luck= I wish you good luck, etc.). In most cases, for such interjections it is possible to build a chain of transition (ellipsis of the grammatical basis of a sentence, leading to partial desemantization of the word), for example: I wish you good luck! - Wish you luck! - Good luck! - Good luck!
Other interjection expressions are more comparable to nominative sentences (cf.: good morning, good afternoon, good evening, good journey).
The described morphological and syntactic features of etiquette words and expressions give grounds to assert that, according to a predominant number of characteristics, etiquette formulas are close to such a part of speech as an interjection, namely:
a) etiquette formulas in most cases are devoid of nominative meaning, or their semantics is weakened; These are not words-names, but words-relationships, in some cases capable of even acting as unique incentives (for example: Please! - he moved the chair closer);
b) they are formed, like emotional and imperative interjections, by transitioning words from significant parts of speech, including borrowed words, although there are no general rules for these transitions;
c) most etiquette formulas are frozen (unchangeable) forms and only some words have more than one form (for example, hello - hello);
d) can, like emotional and imperative interjections, have forms formed by repetition (ah-ah-ah, chick-chick-chick, thank you, thank you, please, please), although the meanings of such formations are different;
e) the semantics of etiquette formulas necessarily contain elements of emotionality, and this semantics is expressed by intonation; additional reinforcement with gestures allows some etiquette words to even replace sentences and take on new shades of meaning ( “Perhaps you’d like to have some tea with me?” “Thank you, thank you,” Fandorin refused, shaking his head vigorously.(B. Akunin).
The listed features allow us to qualify etiquette words and expressions as a special category of interjections along with emotional and imperative interjections.
Topic:_Interjection___MUNGALOVA MUVADA SYRYMOVNA
Instructions for the teacher: “Bridge” tasks to review the material covered
Answer the questions:
1.How do we express various feelings of delight, surprise, fear?
- ah, ah, oh, eh, hey, alas, hurray.
2.How do we express different impulses?:
away, out, well, quit.
3. These words : Ah, oh, ba, oh, oh, eh, hey, alas, hurray, fu, fi What part of speech are they?
Instructions for the teacher: to master theory tic part of the topic and To form new knowledge on a new topic, you need to create tasks that include the following questions:
ІІ - . Group work. Students’ independent learning of a new topic: “Interjection”
A) Students complete the following tasks themselves. The answers are analyzed together with the teacher.
Guys, at the first stage we talked about interjections.
1. Define interjection
-An interjection is a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and motives.
2.Which part of speech does not include interjections? ?
– Interjections are not included in either independent or auxiliary parts of speech.
3.Interjections change ? - No
4. Are interjections part of a sentence? ? - They are not.
5.How are punctuation marks used in interjections?
A) If the interjection is at the beginning of a sentence, then a comma is placed after it.
B) If it is in the middle of a sentence, then the comma is placed on both sides.
C) When interjections are pronounced with a special intonation, then after them is placed Exclamation point.
Add definitions:
There are interjections derivatives and non-derivatives.
Interjections express different feelings: delight, contempt, surprise, fear.
Interjections express various motives: desire to remove, stop conversation or noise, urge to action.
Interjections express generally accepted formulas of greeting and gratitude.
Tasks for independent mastery of a new topic
1. "Recognition" Find in the text new words, terms, concepts, expressions (for each paragraph) that answer the questions: who? What? Where? When? Which? and other informational tasks. Tasks for:
« remember a thread..., compound list..., highlight ..... , tell O..., show .. name ....
Explain the reason:
1.Why does the interjection have no lexical meaning?
Because an interjection is a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and motives.
2.Why are interjections used in speech?
To express various feelings, to motivate action, to greet, to thank
3.What are the types of interjections?
Interjections can be derived or non-derivative.
Derivatives: -Horror! Give it up! Sorry!
Non-derivatives: -ah, uh, ah, well, alas, ugh.
2. "Understanding" ( ) . Must be 3. "Analysis" (1) compare, 2) identify differences,
3) find commonality between
Using a Venn diagram, compare interjections expressing: 1) different feelings. 2) expressing in an emotional form the impulse to action. 3) expressing generally accepted formulas of greeting and gratitude.
Interjections expressing interjections
expressing various motives for action
feelings Out! Away! Down with!
A! Oh! Ay! Hooray!
Interjections they don't change
and are not members
offers.
interjections expressing
generally accepted formulas
greetings, thanks.
Thank you! Thank you!
What is the main idea of the topic? Interjections are not included in either independent or auxiliary parts of speech. Interjections are divided into three types: they express various feelings, motives, and generally accepted greeting formulas.
4. "Synthesis":
A)
b)
V) Give a definition, write a general formula, etc.
Indicate the idea of the above topic in the diagram:
Non-derivatives: interjections are not derivatives, that is
Ah, eh, well, the terms of the sentence that arose from the self-
because they don’t have literal parts of speech
values Give it up! Horror!
Find the interjection in these sentences and fill in the table.
Oh, guys, sing, just build the harps.
Bah, all the faces are familiar.
Alas, he does not seek happiness and does not run from happiness.
Hey, coachman, look: what is that black thing there?
Well, master,” the coachman shouted, “there’s trouble: a snowstorm.”
To consolidate in practice and the formation of skills, work is carried out with the textbook:
5. "Application" ( Complete the following tasks ( № .... № .... № .... , or exercises) from a textbook, collection, other sources (author......, page.....,
Interjections expressing different feelings
Interjections expressing various motives
Interjections expressing
generally accepted formulas
greetings, thanks
Ah, bah, alas
Hey, well
Hello, goodbye.
1..............................................
2...............................................
Answer:....................................
3.........................................
6. "Grade"(reflection) Express your opinion in relation to the events taking place in the text: a) What do you think? b) What would you do? c) Why is this needed in life? d) What application can it find?in a life situation. ?
What do you think, if an interjection does not have a lexical meaning, then why is it necessary as a part of speech?
Although the interjection does not have a lexical meaning, sometimes the interjection is used to mean other parts of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence, for example: Oh yes honey! - oh yes in the meaning of a definition conveying a feeling of admiration, delight.
III - feedback stage (evaluation stage)
1 - level (5 points)
Theory:
1. "Recognition"
Find in the text new words, terms, concepts, expressions (for each paragraph) that answer the questions: who? What? Where? When? Which? and other informational tasks. Tasks for: distinguishing, recognizing, remembering, making a list, highlighting, telling, showing, naming, etc.
Stage 3. Individual work. Level 1 (5 points)
Give examples with interjections that express feelings
A). Interjections that serve to express satisfaction, admiration, joy, fun, delight, approval.
Oh! ………………………………………………………………………………
A! …………………………………………………………………………………
Well! …………………………………………………………………………………
Bravo! …………………………………………………………………………………………..
Hooray! ……………………………………………………………………………….
B). Interjections that express longing, grief, regret, sadness.
Alas! ……………………………………………………………………………….
Oh! ……………………………………………………………………………….
Eh! ……………………………………………………………………………….
C.) Interjections that express bewilderment, disbelief, surprise, fear, amazement.
Uh! ……………………………………………………………………………….
Bah! ……………………………………………………………………………….
Well well! ……………………………………………………………………………….
Hmmm! ……………………………………………………………………………….
Fathers! ……………………………………………………………………………….
God! ……………………………………………………………………………….
G). Interjections that express protest, displeasure, censure, annoyance, anger.
Oh you! ……………………………………………………………………………….
Ah, the villain! ……………………………………………………………………………….
No matter how it is! ……………………………………………………………………………….
Yes, the hell with it!........................................ ........................................................ ............ .
Punctuation marks for interjections
Interjections are separated by a comma if they are at the beginning or end of a sentence; Hey , tie a knot for memory. How I love the sea Oh how I love the sea!
Exclamation mark , if it is at the beginning of a sentence and is pronounced with increased intonation;Hooray! We're on vacation. God! What happened to you?
Practice 5."Application"
(following the example) Papplication in a similar situation: complete tasks, illustrate, solve according to the model the following tasks: №….№….or exercises from a textbook, collection (author’s name, page…)
Interjection
1. In what situations are interjections used to express different feelings? Interjections expressing different feelings are used when a person is delighted (delight), surprised (astonishment) when he is in grief (sadness) (fear). For example: Oh, what a miracle! Oh How you scared me!
2. If you want to delete, stop the conversation or noise, what interjections
are they used? Interjections expressing various motives, for example:
Oh, there, there, this is a cloud. Well, what do you think of it? Well, stop that already!
.
Comma,
Exclamation point.
5. In what cases is a hyphen used in interjections? Interjections,
formed by repeating the basics, are written with a hyphen.
6. Put in the missing punctuation marks and connect them with lines in the correct order.
Feelings of delight
Oh, how beautiful it is all around!
Feelings of surprise
Oh well done, you said everything correctly.
Encouraging speech
Oh, you stepped on my feet.
Incitement to action
7. Write what interjections you use in speech
A) if you find out the good news Well, come quickly!
B) if you are very scared Oh, how hard it is for me.
C) if you get very tired Phew, everything worked out.
D) if you are contacting someone Hurray! We're on vacation.
D) if you rush someone Alas! Please make a request
to you.
Come on, guys, write down the sentences and determine the role of interjections in sentences.
Baby crying hard for mother bye-bye Does not help.
But it’s high time for the child bye Bye.
In the first sentence, bye-bye subject.
In the second sentence, bye-bye predicate.
Result: Formation 1-level competence
2 - level (+ 4 points)
« Understanding" ( describe, explain, identify characteristics, formulate differently ) . Must be exercises using questions: why? For what? explain, find the reason..., prove, invent, etc.
3. "Analysis"
(1) …..compare, 2)…….identify differences,
3) find commonality between….
4) highlight the main idea on the topic)
Tasks 1), 2), 3) can be replaced with one task like: “Fill in the Venn diagram”
Interjection- special part of speech , which expresses various feelings, motives for action, words of etiquette, But doesn't name them.
Interjection - does not answer to questions,
Doesn't name subject, signs, does not denote an action or state.
They are not members of the sentence, although in some cases they can go to other parts of speech.
Interjections that express generally accepted formulas of greeting and gratitude.
Interjections are actively used in oral speech and in works of art they are more often used in dialogues.
Interjections are adjacent to onomatopoeic words .
The interjection does not refer to an independent or auxiliary part of speech.
Expressed feelings or expressions of will conveyed with a special intonation.
Oh, how much interesting material I have!
Morphological characteristics have neither lexical nor grammatical meanings and cannot act as any proposal.
However they are basis for the formation of other parts speech.
Syntactic function: sometimes interjections can act as functions various members of the sentence, be used in the meaning of other parts of speech.
Words denoting instant actions should not be included: bang, clap, slap, words imitating various sounds and voices of animals, birds tra-ta-ta to interjections
What do you think, if an interjection does not have a lexical meaning, then why is it necessary as a part of speech?
Although the interjection does not have a lexical meaning, sometimes the interjection can be used to mean other parts of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence, for example: Oh yes honey! - oh yes in the meaning of a definition conveying a feeling of admiration, delight.
“I,” said the Interjection, “is interested in living in the world.”
I express encouragement, praise, reproach, prohibition,
gratitude, admiration, indignation, hello...
Those who are overcome by fear say the word Ah!
Those who have a heavy sigh say the word Oh!
Whoever encounters trouble says the word Oy!
Whoever lags behind his friends says the word Hey!
Whoever takes your breath away says the word Wow!
Oh! How difficult it is to live in the world without mastering interjections
Theory:
4. "Synthesis"
A ) Tasks forsynthesis (connecting parts in a new way: create, come up with a design, develop, make a plan). Bring into the system..., classify (fill out a table, draw a supporting flowchart, fill out a crossword puzzle, solve, make a rebus, etc.)b) Draw a conclusion, a generalization based on the entire content of the text.V) Give a definition, write a general formula, etc.
Practice:
6. Grade
(reflection)(reflection) Express your opinion regarding the events taking place in the text:
what do you think?
b) What would you do?
c) Why is this needed in life?
d) What application can it find?
1. In what situations are interjections used to express different feelings?
Interjections expressing different feelings are used when a person is delighted (delight), surprised (astonishment) when he is in grief (sadness) when fear prevails (fear) . For example: Oh , what a miracle! Oh How you scared me!
2. If you want to delete, stop a conversation or noise, what interjections are used?
Interjections expressing various motives, for example: Oh, there, there , this is a cloud. Well, what do you think of it? Well, stop that already!
3. What two types are interjections divided into? There are interjections derivatives and non-derivatives .
4. What punctuation marks are used after the interjection? Comma, exclamation mark.
Replace interjections with synonyms
1.Spruce-paly (well, fir trees)
2. Kopec(end)
3. Kranty(collapse)
4. Horror(paragraph)
Among the interjections expressing the will of an impulse to some action, the following stand out:
1 Interjections, which are a kind of call -Aw! -Hello! -Hey!
2 Interjections that express a command, an order, a signal to begin or end an action, a call for attention, for agreement, for silence, a call for help: Come on! March! Shh! Guard! Tsits! Shh! Chur! Give examples:
Hello!
Come on!.
March!.....................................................................................................................
Shh!..
Guard!...................................................................................................................
Tsits!.......................................................................................................................
Shh!.........................................................................................................................
Chur!.........................................................................................................................
1.What interjections can you use when asking for help?
2.What words of etiquette, words of greeting and gratitude do you use in your speech?
3.What interjections should not be used when communicating?
Make up a dialogue using the following situation
You invite your friend to go with you to the village or city in the summer.
Express a feeling of delight at the beauty of nature in the countryside or the beauty of the city.
Your friend cannot go and expresses his feelings of regret
Result: Formation 3- level of competence (9+3=12 points = “excellent”) =
= full competence on the topic
"HELLO!"
Etiquette interjection Hello! (Hello!) the most common form of greeting when meeting. It is almost universal, in the sense that its use is appropriate in almost any greeting situation. This is how adults and children, men and women, rich and poor, urban and rural, educated and not so educated, familiar and unfamiliar, equal and unequal in age and social status greet each other. This greeting is appropriate at any time of the day, in any place: on the road, on the street, at home - regardless of whether the addressee is busy with something or not.
We say “almost universal” because there are still restrictions on the use of this greeting in common communication between people who have known each other closely and for a long time.
A typical example from Vladimir Tendryakov’s story “Apostolic Mission” is given by Prof. :
- Hello, - the woman with the buckets, lives three houses away from Aunt Dusya, her name is Nastya, in the mornings we meet like this on the street.
- Hello…
This doesn't mean we know each other. We just know each other by sight. But even if she had never seen me, she would still say hello. A polite “hello” is for strangers.<…> The woman with buckets I meet on the way says “hello” to me not because she recognizes me as one of her own. She would have exchanged more than one word with hers; for hers, she would have had a question: “Where are you going to stick your skis, honey?” or a joke: “You’re a fast guy, guy, your pants look painfully smart.” Or some simple request: “Tell Duska to bring the saw.” In Krasnoglinka, everyone is neighbors, everyone is close, life is so closely intertwined that when you meet, you can always say something that doesn’t fit into one word. Even silence means much more than the usual “hello”; He greeted me and kept silent - for a reason, it means he’s angry, doesn’t want to know, shows resentment. And “hello” is - we notice you, man, there is neither joy nor sorrow at the sight of you, walk by. “Hello” is a greeting here for strangers.
Common in everyday life: “Hello” - “Hello” is a dialogue either between unfamiliar people or those who are not inclined to continue communication, a kind of tribute to routine politeness - nothing more.
The Mitrofanovs are new people in the village, they have only been living for two years; consider them complete strangers. But at the same time, neighbors. However, the neighbors are not the closest, not the ones to whom you run for every little thing, and so “Hello” - “Hello” - and they went their separate ways. V. Kuropatov. Rusty nails.
But still Hello remains the most common form of greeting for many centuries.
Origin of the sign of speech etiquette Hello! the authors of different etymological dictionaries define it differently. M. Vasmer believes that this is an abbreviated form of the 1st person unit. part of the verb hello(with the disappearance of the final sound [у]) in the meaning of “greet”. From Church Slavonic hello to smb., i.e. to greet smb. [M. Vasmer]. The boyars greeted the sovereign(i.e. the boyars greeted the sovereign). I will meet Terentische, Merry buffoons, Buffoons are polite people, Honorable buffoons, with their foreheads on Terentisch’s hand: “Hello, rich guest And by the name of Terentishche!” Guest Terentishche. Bylina. From the collection Kirshi Danilova.
and, without rejecting this point of view, they admit the possibility of forming the verbal interjection “Hello!” from the imperative form Hello(i.e. wishes “be healthy”) and consider this interjection to be originally Russian.
Materials from the Dictionary of Russian Speech Etiquette of the 19th – 20th centuries. generally provide evidence in favor of the second point of view.
In Russian dialects and vernacular, forms of etiquette interrogative addresses during a meeting are noted: Hello (hello)? i.e. How is your health? Is everything okay (good luck)? Having left the porch, Manefa, who was walking ahead of everyone, stopped, letting the rows of nuns pass by, and when Marya Gavrilovna followed them, she took three steps towards her. Both bowed deeply to each other. “Hello, madam Marya Gavrilovna? – Manefa’s mother asked her affectionately. “How the Lord God has mercy on you, will everything be fine?” “With your holy prayers, mother,” answered Marya Gavrilovna. “How did you go?”
No question intonation hello (you're welcome)! used as a form of greeting at a meeting or in a letter. Communication usually begins with this greeting: They're coming[well done] in the white stone chambers, the cross is placed in the written way, And bows are conducted in a learned way, They bow on all sides, to princes, boyars - to individuals. “Hello, Vladimir the Prince And with my darling princess!” Dobrynya Nikitich and Vasily Kazimirovich. Bylina. Zap. in 1871. “Come in, come in!” - said Lisa.<…> You are not entering someone else's house. Previously, he seemed to be fearless.” She, not without effort, of course, laughed, and then - know ours - she wiped her hands on a towel and went straight to him.[to ex-husband] with his hand: “Well, hello, Yegor Matveevich! Welcome to your native land.” F. Abramov. House. Kuzma drove up to the stream. “Hello... those,” he said and smiled. “Hello.” – Marya smiled too. V. Shukshin. Lubavins. Hello, mom, I’m writing to your son...(SRNG).
Similar usage examples Hello both in the meaning of a wish (not necessarily at a meeting) and in the meaning of a greeting:
And after getting drunk[at the royal wedding] , the people are tearing up their teeth: “Hello, our king and queen!” P. Ershov. The Little Humpbacked Horse. Here Hello– wish to the newlyweds “be healthy and prosperous.” In dialects, by the way, there is an unambiguous etiquette expression Hello New Year! – wishes to the birthday boy.
ends the letter to A. N. Wulf in an archaic and humorous tone: With this sure opportunity, I inform you that Marya Vasilievna Borisova is a flower in the desert, a nightingale in the forest game, a pearl in the sea, and that one of these days I intend to fall in love with her. / Hello; My bow to Anna Petrovna, a friendly handshake to the Baroness, etc.(27 Oct. 1828). Here Hello- a farewell wish.
Duke came into God's church, He lays a cross in a written way, He bows in a learned way. He strikes with his forehead in all directions, especially to Vladimir the Prince: “Hello, darling Vladimir the Prince!” Vladimir spoke the following word: “Hello, brave, good fellow! What land are you from, what horde are you from, what father and mother are you from?” Duke Stepanovic and Churila Plenkovic. Bylina. Zap. in 1871. In this example the form hello you- a greeting at the meeting.
From frequent use precisely in a meeting situation Hello the meaning of greeting was fixed. Let's compare the old humorous greetings and jokes in which the verbal meaning is still retained: Hello, I have lived for many years, let me spend the night at your mercy! Hello you, hello me, hello my dear! as well as a humorous response to a greeting: “Hello!” – I'm good, how are you?
Hello in Christ Jesus! An outdated greeting used in the speech of believers (mainly Old Believers). Manefa's mother struck the candia, and everything fell silent. “Hello in Christ Jesus,” she said, addressing the orphans. They immediately bowed to her to the ground. “God sent you mercy,” Manefa continued, “and Potap Maksimych Chapurin ordered us to bow.” P. Melnikov (Pechersky). In forests.
Hello you too (Hello you too). Regional and vernacular return greeting. I looked back.<…> Several people with lanterns were approaching us. “Hello,” they said, approaching and looking at us. “Hello, you too,” Yakub answered laconically. V. Korolenko. Episodes from the life of a seeker.
Hello for many summers (centuries) (many years)! A regional, sublimely respectful greeting and at the same time a wish for well-being. As Tsar Peter came to Voronezh, he sent a bow to Sidorka: “Hello, ataman, for many years to come!” Thank you for your truth, for the fact that you brought order to me in Voronezh.” Folk. Zap. in 1827. I looked around and... fell at the feet of them, my old squad<…> . “Dear ones... The only ones... Sorry.” They stood up, all as one, and bowed to me with a big bow: “Hello for many years, dear feedman and friend Yegor Vasilyevich!” B. Shergin. Yegor was having fun at sea. Feast in the palace!<…> The king and queen got into the chariot, the earth trembles, the people run: “Hello,” they shout, “for many centuries!” The Tale of a Silver Saucer and a Liquid Apple (From the collection of A. N. Afanasyev).
Hello, chat. Regional greeting to those speaking. The peasant, approaching others talking, says to them: “Hello chat!” SRNG.
Hello, anyone you haven't seen (haven't seen, anyone you haven't seen)! Conversational greeting to those present as they enter. Then the door burst open and Fedorok Selyutan burst in, slamming his boots. “Hello, anyone you haven't met! – he thundered from the threshold. “Whom they are waiting for, and who comes himself.” “We don’t have extra ones,” the owner responded. “Have a seat, Fedor.” B. Mozhaev. Men and women.
Hello to you (you). An outdated vernacular and regional polite greeting. “Hello to you.” “Hello to you too, maiden,” Baba Shura moved closer to Semyon Grigorievich, making room for Lisa. “Sit down next to us.” V. Kuropatov. Tomorrow in Chudinov Bor. – Yes you ah shot her[Katya] ? You see, hello. And the huntress is not talking to our brother. But then always: “Hello” - “Hello to you.” And in the shop, again, everything is silent, but courteous. At least someone will say, politely. I. Akulov. Parents day.
The above material, in our opinion, convincingly shows the way of formation of a sign of speech etiquette as a transition of the form of the imperative mood of the verb hello(“to be in health, well-being”)<I wish you good health< Hello into an etiquette interjection Hello. In ordinary cases of greeting, interjection connection Hello with verb Hello is no longer realized. However, in some cases this connection is still noticeable: Hello you too. Hello about Christ Jesus. Hello many years.
An example of the revival and restoration of this historical connection is the famous poem by V. Soloukhin “Hello!”:
I came across a peasant woman,
Elderly,
All in scarves (even criss-crossed at the back).
Letting her pass along the path, I took a sharp step to the side,
Knee-deep in the snow.
- Hello! –
Having bowed, we said to each other,
Even though they were complete strangers.
« Hello!" –
What special things did we say to each other?
Just “hello!”, we didn’t say anything else.
Why is there a drop of sunshine in the world?
Why has there been a little more happiness in the world?
Why has life become a little more joyful?
<…>"Hello!" - that is, be in good health,
This is the main thing in life.
I wish you the most important thing, the best in life.
« Hello!" – I met you for the first time.
But I am a man, and you are a man -
We are people on this earth.
Let us bow to each other when we meet
And let's give way to each other
(Even if there is snow there, Even if there is knee-deep mud).
« Hello!"
I'm so glad
What can I tell you!
10th grade
"Unfortunate misunderstanding",
or Interjections
Lesson objectives: to awaken students' interest in interjections, to teach the appropriate use of interjections in speech, to form an attentive and thoughtful attitude to ongoing linguistic processes, and the ability to analyze linguistic phenomena.
DURING THE CLASSES
Teacher's opening speech.
Interjections are the least studied class of words in the modern Russian language. Academician L.V. Shcherba called the interjection “an unclear and foggy category”, “an unfortunate misunderstanding,” meaning the confusion of views on this part of speech. In the history of the study of interjections, two opposing concepts can be distinguished.
The first concept is associated with the name M.V. Lomonosov. It was she who laid the foundation for the scientific interpretation of interjections. A.Kh. subsequently worked in this direction. Vostokov, F.I. Buslaev, A.A. Shakhmatov, V.V. Vinogradov. These scientists consider interjections to be words, recognize these words as part of speech, study their structure, functions in speech, and the history of education. Academician V.V. made a great contribution to the study of interjections. Vinogradov. He believed that the study of interjections is important in terms of studying the syntax of living oral speech. The originality of interjections by V.V. Vinogradov saw that they serve as a subjective means of expressing emotions, feelings and are functionally close to different classes of words, occupying a special place in the system of parts of speech: this is neither a significant nor an auxiliary part of speech.
N.I. Grech, D.N. Kudryavsky, D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A.M. Peshkovsky are supporters of the opposite concept, who do not consider interjections to be words and exclude them from parts of speech.
In the school course of the Russian language, interjections are considered as a special part of speech.
Updating basic knowledge. – What is the name of the section of grammar in which words are studied as parts of speech?
(Morphology.) – What does the concept mean?? parts of speech
(Parts of speech are the main lexical and grammatical categories into which words of a language are distributed based on certain characteristics.) – What are these signs?
(Firstly, this is a semantic feature (generalized meaning of an object, action, state, attribute, etc.); secondly, morphological features (morphological categories of a word); thirdly, syntactic features (syntactic functions of a word).) – What two groups are parts of speech divided into?
(Parts of speech are divided into independent (significant) and auxiliary.) – Which part of speech occupies a special place, not relating to either independent parts of speech or auxiliary ones?
(This is an interjection. Interjections do not name objects, signs, or actions and do not serve to connect words. They convey our feelings.)
Studying the topic of the lesson. (An interjection is a part of speech that includes sound complexes that serve to express feelings and volitional impulses. Interjections are on the periphery of the grammatical and lexical systems of the language and differ significantly from both independent and auxiliary parts of speech in their semantic, morphological and syntactic features.)
– How do you understand the expression sound complexes? (An interjection is a class of grammatically unchangeable words and phrases, which is why the concept uses the expression sound complexes.)
– So, interjections are devoid of nominative meaning. However, Academician V.V. Vinogradov noted that interjections “have a semantic content realized by the collective.” How do you understand the words of V.V. Vinogradova? (This means that each interjection expresses certain feelings and emotions, which, with the support of intonation, facial expressions and gestures, are understandable to both the speaker and the listener. For example, an interjection fi expresses contempt, disgust (Fee, what disgusting!), interjection ugh expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust (Ugh, I'm tired!) interjection hey expresses disbelief, ridicule (Hey, how tired of you!).)
– Right. The attachment of a certain content to one or another interjection is convincingly expressed in M. Tsvetaeva’s poem “Rumor”:
More powerful than an organ and louder than a tambourine
Word of mouth - and one for everyone:
Oh - when it’s difficult and ah - when it’s wonderful,
But it’s not given - oh!
What is the difference between interjections and functional parts of speech? (Unlike conjunctions, interjections do not perform the function of connecting members of a sentence or parts of a complex sentence. Unlike prepositions, they do not express the dependence of one word on another. Unlike particles, they do not add additional semantic shades to words or sentences.)
– Name the morphological and syntactic features of interjections. (From a morphological point of view, interjections are lexical units that do not have inflectional forms. The main syntactic feature of interjections is that they do not interact with other words in a sentence, but can act as independent sentences. As part of a sentence, interjections always remain separately, which is emphasized by placing a comma or exclamation point on the letter.)
– Analyze the following two groups of interjections: ah, eh, oh, ha; Fathers, that's it, however. What do you think: what is their difference? (The first group of interjections are non-derivative lexemes, and the second are derivatives, i.e. formed on the basis of other parts of speech.)
– Give linguistic commentary to the following examples:
1) Oh oh oh; Oh well;
2) wow, ege-ge;
3) ooh-ho-ho;
4) wow, wow, come on.
1) Repetitions are an important grammatical means of forming interjections.
2) The repetition may be incomplete.
3) In the first part of the interjection, there may be a reversal of the vowel and consonant.
4) Individual interjections can be combined with a pronominal you, imperative plural ending those, with a verb particle -ka.)
– What phonetic features of interjections are evidenced by the following examples: yeah, wow, shoo, kys-kys, um, shh, whoa. (In interjections yeah, wow pronounced alien to the literary language [] fricative. In interjections shoo, kys-kys there is a combination alien to the Russian language ky. In interjections hmm, shh there are no vowel sounds. In interjection Whoa there is a combination of three consonants.)
– Although interjections occupy a separate position in the language system, they retain a connection with other elements of this system. How is it shown? Give examples. (Interjections can arise on the basis of significant and function words. And on the basis of interjections significant words can be formed: gasp, akanye, gasp, nook, nook etc.)
– According to semantics, scientists distinguish two categories of interjections. Try dividing the interjections below into two groups and establishing a certain pattern: bis, oh, ah, damn, ba, oh, wow, down, bravo, brr, march, let's go, fie, hurray, fathers, hello, Lord, shh, fi, away. (Interjections oh, ah, oh, wow, ah, ugh, fathers, Lord, fi, damn, bravo, hurray, brr, ba express various emotions, both positive and negative, and serve to identify a person’s attitude to reality and to the speech of the interlocutor.
Interjections bis, down, march, let's go, hello, shh, away express various types and shades of motivation to action.)
- Right. Interjections belonging to the first group are emotional interjections; those belonging to the second group are motivating interjections. Incentive interjections also have other names: imperative, imperative. different in origin, but containing in their structure a common thing - a verbal component at the base. Try comparing two emotional interjections: Ouch ba. (Interjection Incentive interjections also have other names: imperative, imperative. ba Incentive interjections also have other names: imperative, imperative. unambiguous, but interjection Ouch ambiguous. Depending on the situation of speech and intonation, the interjection
can express a complex range of feelings: pain, fear, surprise, admiration, regret, warning, grief, joy. Interjection
– Try to guess whether the same interjection can express both emotion and motivation. Try to include interjection in various speech situations Well. (Yes maybe. Well, get out of here! Well, flowers!
In the first example, the interjection expresses motivation, in the second - surprise, admiration.) – Some linguists identify well-known sound complexes as a special category of interjections – etiquette ones: hello, goodbye, thank you, goodbye, good night, happy holidays, good health, all the best etc. The main argument of these scientists: these sound complexes convey the corresponding content in the most general, undivided form. Let's try to challenge this point of view. Let's start by thinking about whether these expressions have the semantics inherent in interjections.
(These sound complexes do not express feelings and motives, which means they do not have the semantics inherent in interjections. The main feature of interjections is the absence of a nominative meaning. Expressions of the same type see you, all the best, good night, good morning
retain the direct nominative meanings of their components. Expressions goodbye (those), forgive (those), sorry (those), hello (those) are verbs in the imperative mood. Only in special cases, for example, the word Hello
expresses surprise, dissatisfaction:
– I won’t go to the cinema today.
- Hello, you promised. Let's take the floor Sorry). This word can express protest or disagreement:)
Should I go to the store again? No, sorry. - Well done! And now I will name several verbal complexes. You've certainly heard them: Lord my God, Mother Queen of Heaven, please tell me... What do they express?
(Feelings and emotions.) – Scientists note their structural dismemberment, phraseology, and semantic integrity. Try to continue this series of examples.
(My father, my God, the devil knows what, that’s it, it’s a waste of time, that’s a miracle, damn it, pray tell, that’s a pound, etc.)
– Make up sentences using these examples. Prove that interjections serve the purpose of saving linguistic resources. (For example, you did not expect to see or meet your friend in some place. Surprise about this can be expressed in sentences: And are you here?, How did you get here? You didn't intend to come here. Who do I see?!, Bah!
or maybe with one interjection: You can call for silence and calm down with the following sentences: Quiet please, I can't hear anything or maybe with one interjection:)
Shh!
Practical part of the lesson. Vocabulary dictation crossword puzzle on the topic “Feelings”. The teacher reads the lexical meaning of the word, students write down the word corresponding to this lexical meaning.
Supreme satisfaction, delight. – Delight.
Feeling of strong indignation, indignation. – Anger.
The impression of something unexpected and strange, incomprehensible. – Astonishment.
A state of doubt, hesitation due to the inability to understand what is going on. – Confusion.
Feeling of irritation, displeasure due to failure, resentment. – Annoyance.
A feeling of annoyance caused by the well-being or success of another. – Envy.
A feeling of joy from pleasant sensations, experiences, thoughts. – Pleasure.
A strong objection to something. – Protest.
Expression of disapproval, condemnation. – Censure.
Task 2 . Insert suitable interjections into the table opposite the indicated values. Students were given sheets of paper with a table in which the second and fourth columns were not filled in. Interjections to choose from: ehma, chur, uh, fu, uf, oh, sha, chu, uh, uh, hy, chick, eh.
Come up with examples of using interjections in speech.
| When finished, the table will look like this: | Interjection | No. Expressed |
interjection meaning Examples use |
| 1 | in speech | Sha | An exclamation meaning “it’s time to finish, that’s enough” |
| 2 | Let's run - and sha! | Hey | Expresses distrust and ridicule |
| 3 | Hey, what did you want! | Chu | Expresses a call to pay attention to a low, unclear or distant sound |
| 4 | Chu! Something crackled in the garden. | E | Expresses bewilderment, surprise, distrust and other various feelings |
| 5 | Eh, how did you end up here? Eh, I don't agree. | Wow | Expresses surprise, appreciation, admiration and other similar feelings |
| 6 | Wow, fidget! Wow, you'll get it from your grandmother! | Chur | 1. An exclamation that demands compliance with some condition. 2. An exclamation (usually in children's games), which is forbidden to touch something or go beyond some limit. |
| 7 | Just don't touch me! It's not me! | U | Expresses reproach or threat, as well as surprise, fear and other emotions |
| 8 | Wow, how tanned you are! Ooh, shameless! | Tsyts | A shout expressing a prohibition, an order to stop something or be silent |
| 9 | Eh | Tsits, Valentin! | Expresses regret, reproach, concern |
| 10 | Eh, what can I tell you after everything! | Ugh | Expresses tiredness, weariness, or relief |
| 11 | Phew, how hard! | Ehma | Expresses regret, surprise, determination and other similar feelings |
| 12 | Ugh | Ehma, I didn't expect this. | Expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust |
| 13 | Ugh, I'm tired of it! | Oh | Expresses regret, sadness, pain and other feelings |
Oh, I can't stand it anymore! Determine the part-speech affiliation of the highlighted words.
1) Justify your answer. AND I won't give you a penny. 2) AND, full! 3) Hopes arose And
he became cheerful again. A 1) Write with a pen, not with a pencil. 2) A, A?
Gotcha! 3) Let's go for a walk, Task 4. In offer Hurt!
try inserting various interjections.
(Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts!) Task 5. Make a linguistic commentary on the following examples:
Come on, come on, let's go to the river, go to the room. Many motivating interjections are close to forms of the imperative mood; this closeness is confirmed by the fact that interjections can acquire a plural indicator-those(completeness). Interjections can be combined with a particle-ka(take that), able to manipulate other words
(come on, go to the river, go to the room). Task 6.
Remember proverbs that contain interjections.
It’s too much for one to give it to anyone.
Ay-ay, the month of May is warm but cold.
Oh, oh, but there’s nothing to help with.
Oh, what melancholy! I wouldn’t let go of a piece of food, I would eat everything and sing songs.
Oh-ho-ho-ho-honnyushki, it’s bad for Afonushka to live. Task 7.
Determine what syntactic functions interjections perform in the following sentences. Comment on your answer. 2) If the guy in the mountains doesn’t Oh, if you immediately become limp and down, step onto the glacier and wilt...
(V. Vysotsky) 3) All these hee hee, ha ha, singing, cowardly talk - an abomination!
(A. Tolstoy) 4) He could not remain silent, could not smile condescendingly or get away with his disgusting"A!" – he had to say something.
(Yu. Kazakov) 5) What happened to the people -! ah-ah
(D. Furmanov) Answer.
The interjection is not syntactically related to other elements of the sentence. But in these examples, interjections act as various members of the sentence. Examples 1, 2 – predicate, example 3 – subject, example 4 – object, example 5 – adverbial. If the interjection acts as a subject and an object (examples 3, 4), then it gains the ability to have a definition. Task 8.
Linguistic scientists distinguish three groups of interjections among emotional ones:
a) interjections expressing satisfaction - approval, pleasure, joy, admiration, etc., a positive assessment of the facts of reality;
b) interjections expressing dissatisfaction - reproach, censure, protest, annoyance, anger, anger, etc., a negative assessment of the facts of reality;
c) interjections expressing surprise, bewilderment, fear, doubt, etc.
Try to give as many examples as possible for each group of interjections. Aha!, ay!, ah!, bravo!, oh!, hurray! etc.;
b) a!, ah!, here's another!, brr!, fie!, fu!, eh! etc.;
V) bah!, fathers!, mothers!, well, well!, so cranberry!, just think!, alas!, hmm! etc.
The same interjections, depending on the expression of emotions, are included in different groups. These are interjections a!, ah!, ay!, oh!, oh!, fu!, eh! and etc.
Find interjections in the following sentences and determine their belonging to one group or another.
1) Someone, driving her, said over her ear: “Oh, my eyes!” singing, cowardly talk - an abomination!
2) Oh, turn them back! – the nervous lady moaned. - Ugh, how stupid you all are! (A. Kuprin)
3) Fathers! – the thin one was amazed. - Misha! Childhood friend! (A. Chekhov)
4) Panteley Prokofievich busily looked at the black head sticking out of a heap of diapers, and not without pride he confirmed: “Our blood... Ek-hm. Look!" (M. Sholokhov)
5) - That's it! – Romashov widened his eyes and sat down slightly. (A. Kuprin)
Sentences 1, 4 – interjections ah, ek-um express satisfaction (admiration, pleasure) - which means they belong to the first group.
Sentence 2 – interjections ah, ugh express dissatisfaction (annoyance, anger, anger) - therefore, they belong to the second group.
Sentences 3, 5 – interjections fathers, just like that express surprise and bewilderment, therefore they belong to the third group.
Task 9. Read the interjections: ay!, let's go!, scatter!, hello!, hey!, hop!, out!, but!, guard!, shh!, well!, chick!, choo!, shh! What are these interjections?
Try grouping them. What do you think: is this possible? Incentive (imperative). These interjections can be combined into two groups: interjections expressing a command, an order, a call to some action, etc.(come on!, scatter!, hop!, out!, but!, shh!, well!, chick!, chu!, shh!), and interjections expressing a call to respond, serving as a means of attracting attention, etc..
(ay!, hello!, guard!, hey!)
Determine what the interjections in the following sentences express. (A. Chekhov)
1) – Don’t play! - the elders waved to the musicians. (A. Chekhov)
- Shh... Yegor Nilych is sleeping. 2) – Guard! They're cutting! - he shouted.
3) Guys! It's so warm, let's go for a swim. (Vs. Ivanov)
4) – Hey! - Grigoriev shouted and waved. The cart turned into a field road and soon arrived. (V. Ketlinskaya)
5) “Well,” I said, “tell me what you need?”
(K. Paustovsky) In examples 2, 4, interjections express a call to respond and serve as a means of attracting attention. In examples 1, 3, 5, interjections express a call to some action. Task 10. Match the following examples: Rewrite! Quickly, come on!(Vs. Ivanov)
(D. Furmanov) In the first example, the interjection Well! is emotional, in the second – motivating.
Answer. Interjections are widely used in colloquial and artistic speech. They serve as a means of conveying a person’s varied feelings and his attitude to the facts of reality. In addition, in works of fiction they enhance the emotionality of the statement. Often interjections seem to absorb the meaning of several words, which increases the laconicism of the phrase, for example: Let it not succeed, let nothing come of it, nothing. If it succeeds - Wow! (D. Furmanov) The use of interjections conveys the characteristics of live speech, rich in emotions, gives the text liveliness, ease, and expression.
Interjections play an important role in characterizing a character.. Task 12
Have you all read the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". Why do you think Repetilov’s speech is full of interjections? Repetilov, as follows from his own words, is only capable of “making noise.” His empty enthusiasm naturally results in exclamations interspersed with interjections.
(Oh! Meet him; Oh! Marvel!; ...Ah! Skalozub, my soul...)
Answer. Remember the famous Ellochka Shchukina from the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov “The Twelve Chairs”. How many interjections does her vocabulary include? What does this indicate? Ellochka easily managed thirty words, of which three were interjections.(ho-ho!, big deal!, wow!)
. This indicates the character's linguistic and mental wretchedness. Task 13.
| Comment on punctuation marks. Students receive a table consisting of two columns. The first column contains examples. |