How to find a separate definition. Isolation of agreed upon definitions. Is it necessary to separate gerunds and participial phrases?

17.05.2024

Agreed definitions can be common or single. They can refer to nouns, pronouns, substantive words, i.e. an adjective that has become a noun (living room, scientist).

Separating agreed definitions

Common definitions expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them (participial or adjectival phrase) appearing after the defined noun are isolated:

Her face, red from the frost, seemed very cute to me.

The person who delivered the bad news has already disappeared.

Instead of a noun, a qualified word can also serve pronominal noun or numeral:

In the light of the lantern, something blocking our path turned out to be a fallen tree.

The two who tried to escape were also here.

Definitions of this type are not isolated if the defined noun in this sentence Not carries quite a pronounced meaning and needs to be defined:

He took on the appearance of a man saddened by something.

Also, common definitions that appear after the word being defined are not isolated if their meaning is connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, thereby performing two functions - attributive and predicative:

He stood motionless for a couple more minutes.

If such a double bond is not formed, then the definition is isolated:

I walked, busy with my thoughts, and did not immediately recognize him.

The connection with the predicate is also observed in agreed definitions relating to minor members of the sentence. Sometimes this connection is strong enough, sometimes not; in the first case, the definitions are isolated, in the second - not:

Just yesterday I saw her, completely healthy. - He sat ready to take off and go.

Two or more uncommon definitions appearing after the word being defined are distinguished:

The evening came, calm, quiet, cool.

However, the separation of two uncommon definitions is only necessary if there is another definition in front of the word being defined:

Tomorrow will be a wild day, busy and fast. - A gray-haired and stocky man sat down on a bench.

A single circumstance, standing after the word being defined, is isolated in the case when it indicates a state, reason, etc.:

He finally arrived, calm as always.

The common definition, separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence, is also isolated: And again, having haunted us all day, this man appeared. (cf. The man who had been chasing us all day appeared again)

A single definition standing immediately before the defined noun is isolated if, in addition to the attributive meaning, it also carries an adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive):

Frustrated, I did not notice that we had arrived.

Definitions related to personal pronouns are separated, because Such definitions always have an additional adverbial meaning:

He turned red with anger and walked out.

Separating inconsistent definitions

The isolation of inconsistent definitions is associated with the degree of their prevalence (the number of words dependent on them included in the isolated group), the lexical meaning of the word being defined, as well as the context.

Definitions expressed in indirect cases of nouns (usually with prepositions) are separated if they contain, in addition to the main one, an additional message:

The doctor, with a scalpel in his hands, approached the table.

Most often, inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun are isolated prepositional case:

1. With a proper name; since it points to a fairly definite object, the definition has the character of an additional feature: Paphnutius, looking sleepy, left the room.

2. With a noun indicating the degree of relationship, profession, position, etc.: The father, with his sleeves rolled up, was again sitting in the office.

3. With personal pronouns, which are specified in context: He, wearing a new shirt, came in with a terribly pleased look.

4. When combined as homogeneous members with separate agreed definitions: A guy came in, cheerful, with a bouquet of flowers, all radiant.

Usually, common inconsistent definitions are isolated, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective: Another employee came in, taller than the previous one, and also climbed into the attic.

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Separation(emphasis added by commas) agreed upon definitions depend on several factors:

a) from the part of speech of the defined (main) word;
b) from the position of the definition in relation to the defined (main) word - before the main word, after the main word;
c) from the presence of additional shades of meaning in the definition (adverbial, explanatory);
d) on the degree of distribution and method of expression of the definition.

Conditions for separating agreed definitions

A) The word being defined is a pronoun

1. Definitions that refer to personal pronouns ( I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they), are separated. The degree of distribution of the definition, the method of its expression (participle, adjective), position in relation to the main word usually do not play a role:

I , taught by experience, I will be more attentive to her. She's tired she fell silent and looked around. AND, tired of your happiness, He fell asleep immediately.

2. Definitions that refer to negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing), indefinite pronouns ( someone, something, someone, something), are usually not isolated, since they form a single whole with pronouns:

Can't compare to this novel nothing previously written by the author. There was a flash on his face something similar to a smile.

Notes

1) With a less close connection, if there is a pause after an indefinite pronoun, the attributive phrase is isolated. For example: AND somebody , sweaty and out of breath, runs from store to store(Panova).

2) Adjectives or participles with or without dependent words, associated with the attributive pronoun all, are not isolated if the adjective or participle acts as the main word, and the pronoun all acts as a dependent attribute. For example: Everyone who was late for the lecture stood in the corridor. (cf.: Late to the lecture stood in the corridor). If the main word is the pronoun all, and the attributive phrase explains or clarifies it, then such a phrase is isolated. For example: All , railway related, is still covered in the poetry of travel for me(cf.: All still filled with the poetry of travel for me).

B) The word being defined is a noun

1. A common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated if they appear after the noun being defined. Such definitions are usually not isolated if they appear before the noun being defined.

Wed: Glades, strewn with leaves, were full of sun. - Leaf-strewn meadows were full of sun; I especially liked eyes big and sad. - I especially liked big and sad eyes.

Notes

1) Common and homogeneous single definitions that appear after a noun are not isolated if the noun needs a definition, if without this definition the statement does not have a complete meaning. In oral speech, it is these definitions that the logical emphasis falls on, and there is no pause between the defined word and the definition. For example: Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited me off to the side, deaf and distant (Pushkin). Somewhere in this world there is life pure, elegant, poetic (Chekhov).

2) A single adjective after a noun is usually not isolated. For example: To a young man the old man's worries are incomprehensible. A single definition can be isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning (it can be replaced with a subordinate clause with conjunctions if, when, because, although and etc.). In oral speech, isolated single definitions are necessarily pronounced with pauses. For example: Young a person in love, it’s impossible not to spill the beans(Turgenev). - It is impossible for a young man, if he is in love, not to spill the beans; People, amazed, became like stones(M. Gorky). - People have become like stones, because they were amazed. However, such a selection is always the author’s (!).

2. Before the defined noun there is a common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated only if they have an additional adverbial meaning (you can ask questions about them Why? in spite of what? and etc.; they can be replaced with adverbial clauses with conjunctions because although and etc.). In oral speech, such definitions are necessarily distinguished by pauses.

Wed: Always cheerful and lively, nurses Now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya (Cossacks). - Although the nurses were always cheerful and lively, now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya.

However, such separation is usually optional and not mandatory. And depending on the intonation (the presence of pauses or their absence), the same definition in the position before the main word - the noun will be isolated or not isolated.

Wed: Wounded in the head, scout couldn't crawl (Since the scout was wounded in the head, he couldn't crawl- pause after a noun to the head). - Scout wounded in the head couldn't crawl(pause after noun scout).

3. Common and single definitions are isolated if they are torn off from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether they are located before the main word or after it).

For example:

1. angry, gloomy, walked around the room(Chekhov). Homogeneous single definitions angry, gloomy refer to a noun Kashtanka and separated from it by predicates stretched, yawned.

2. To meet me clean and clear,, the sound of a bell came(Turgenev). Definitions clean and clear, as if washed by the morning coolness come before the noun sounds, but separated from it by other members of the sentence - the predicate brought.

Note!

1) If a separate definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides.

Glades, strewn with leaves, were full of sun.

2) The attributive phrase that comes after the coordinating conjunction ( and, or, a, but etc.), but not related to it, is separated by a comma from the conjunction according to the general rule.

Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry, gloomy, walked around the room.

The conjunction connects homogeneous predicates and has nothing to do with separate definitions. Definitions can be removed, but the union can be retained: Kashtanka stretched, yawned and walked around the room. Therefore, a comma is placed after the conjunction and.

But a comma is not placed between the conjunction (usually the conjunction a) and the attributive phrase if, when omitting the clause, a restructuring of the sentence is required.

The ball rests on the surface of the pool, A submerged, pops up quickly.

In this case, it is impossible to remove the attributive phrase without the conjunction a.

The ball floats on the surface of the pool and floats up quickly.

3) The adjective and participle associated with the predicate verb are not definitions, but the nominal part of the predicate. Such adjectives and participles do not obey the rules mentioned above.

Wed: To the hut we got there wet; She came running from the club excited and joyful.

In Russian, a sentence consists of main and secondary members. The subject and predicate are the basis of any statement, however, without circumstances, additions and definitions, it does not so widely reveal the idea that the author wants to convey. To make the sentence more voluminous and fully convey the meaning, it combines the grammatical basis and secondary members of the sentence, which have the ability to be isolated. What does it mean? Isolation is the separation of minor members from the context by meaning and intonation, in which words acquire syntactic independence. This article will look at separate definitions.

Definition

So, first you need to remember what a simple definition is, and then start studying the separate ones. So, definitions are the secondary members of a sentence that answer the questions “Which?” and “Whose?” They indicate a sign of the subject being discussed in the statement, are distinguished by punctuation marks and depend on the grammatical basis. But isolated definitions acquire a certain syntactic independence. In writing they are distinguished by commas, and in oral speech - by intonation. Such definitions, as well as simple ones, are of two types: consistent and inconsistent. Each type has its own characteristics of isolation.

Agreed Definitions

An isolated agreed definition, just like a simple one, always depends on the noun, which is the defining word for it. Such definitions are formed by adjectives and participles. They can be single or have dependent words and stand in a sentence immediately after the noun or be separated from it by other members of the sentence. As a rule, such definitions have a semi-predicative meaning; it is especially clearly visible in the case when the sentence construction contains adverbial words that are distributive for this definition. Single definitions are also distinguished if they appear after a noun or pronoun and clearly indicate their characteristics. For example: the child, embarrassed, stood near his mother; pale, tired, he lay down on the bed. Definitions expressed by short passive participles and short adjectives are necessarily excluded. For example: then the beast appeared, shaggy and tall; our world is burning, spiritual and transparent, and it will become truly good.

Inconsistent definitions

Like simple inconsistent definitions, conditional in a sentence, they are expressed by nouns in indirect case forms. In a statement, they are almost always an additional message and are meaningfully associated with personal pronouns and proper names. The definition in this case is always isolated if it has a semi-predicative meaning and is temporary. This condition is mandatory, because proper names are sufficiently specific and do not require constant features, and the pronoun is not lexically combined with features. For example: Seryozhka, with a worn spoon in his hands, took his place by the fire; Today he, in a new jacket, looked especially good. In the case of a common noun, a characterizing meaning is required to isolate the definition. For example: In the middle of the village stood an old abandoned house with a massive tall chimney on the roof.

Which definitions are not excluded?

In some cases, even in the presence of relevant factors, the definitions are not isolated:

In the case when definitions are used together with words that do not have an inferior lexical meaning (Father looked angry and menacing.) In this example there is a defining word “appearance”, but the definition is not isolated.
Common definitions cannot be isolated when connected with the two main members of a sentence. (After mowing, the hay lay folded in bins.)
If the definition is expressed in a complex comparative form or has a superlative adjective. (More popular songs appeared.)
If the so-called attributive phrase stands after an indefinite, attributive, demonstrative or possessive pronoun and forms a single whole with it.
If the adjective comes after a negative pronoun, such as no one, no one, no one. (No one admitted to the exams was able to answer the additional question.)

Punctuation marks

When writing sentences with separate definitions, they should be separated by commas in the following cases:

If the isolated definitions are a participle or an adjective and come after the qualifying word. (The perfume given to her (which one?) had a divine aroma, reminiscent of spring freshness.) This sentence has two definitions, expressed by participial phrases. For the first turn, the defining word is perfume, and for the second, aroma.
If two or more definitions are used after a defining word, they are separated. (And this sun, kind, gentle, was shining right through my window.) This rule also applies in cases of using inconsistent definitions. (Father, wearing a hat and a black coat, walked quietly along the park alley.)
If in a sentence the definition indicates an additional circumstance (concessive, conditional or causal). (Tired by the hot day (reason), she fell on the bed exhausted.)
If in a statement the definition depends on the personal pronoun. (Dreaming of a vacation at sea, he continued to work.)
A separate definition is always separated by commas if it is separated from the defining word by other members of the sentence or stands in front of it. (And in the sky, accustomed to the rain, a raven circled senselessly.)

How to find isolated definitions in a sentence

In order to find a sentence with a separate definition, you should pay attention to punctuation marks. Then highlight the grammatical basis. By asking questions from the subject and predicate, establish connections between words and find definitions in the sentence. If these minor members are separated by commas, then this is the desired construction of the statement. Quite often, isolated definitions are expressed by participial phrases, which, as a rule, come after the defining word. Also, such definitions can be expressed by adjectives and participles with dependent words and single ones. Quite often there are isolated homogeneous definitions in a sentence. It is not difficult to identify them; in a sentence they are expressed by homogeneous participles and adjectives.

Exercises for consolidation

To better understand the topic, you need to consolidate the acquired knowledge in practice. To do this, you should complete exercises in which you need to find sentences with separate definitions, place punctuation marks in them and explain each comma. You can also take dictation and write down sentences. By performing this exercise, you will develop the ability to identify isolated definitions by ear and write them down correctly. The ability to place commas correctly will come in handy both during your studies and during entrance exams to a higher educational institution.

A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality, property of an object and answers the questions WHAT? WHOSE? WHICH? When parsing sentences, definitions are underlined with a wavy line.

Definitions usually appear as dependent words in phrases with nouns and can be associated with them by means of agreement (for example: BIG HOUSE, BEAUTIFUL GARDEN) or by means of control and adjacency (for example: MAN (what?) IN A HAT, KNOWLEDGE (what?) TO PLAY) . Definitions connected to nouns using agreement are called agreed upon, using control or connection – inconsistent.

Agreed definitions can be expressed by adjectives (NEW ROUTE), participles (PREVENTED ROUTE), possessive pronouns (OUR ROUTE) and ordinal numbers (FIFTH ROUTE). An inconsistent definition can be expressed by a noun in oblique cases (HOUSE - what? - ON THE MOUNTAIN), a comparative degree of an adjective (I DIDN'T SEE THE STORM - what? - STRONGER), an infinitive (OPPORTUNITY - what? - TO STUDY) and a pronoun (HIS BOOK) .

Inconsistent definitions may combine their meaning with the meaning of circumstances and additions. Compare: HOUSE (where?) ON THE MOUNTAIN and HOUSE (which?) ON THE MOUNTAIN. Both questions are entirely appropriate, and ON THE MOUNTAIN can be considered both a circumstance and a definition. Another example: MEETING (with whom?) WITH FRIENDS and MEETING (what?) WITH FRIENDS. In these phrases, WITH FRIENDS will be both an addition and a definition.

Separation- this is the highlighting on both sides of a letter with punctuation marks (commas, dashes, parentheses) of some part of the sentence.

Definitions are distinguished in accordance with the following rules.

1. An agreed definition consisting of several words and relating to the preceding noun is isolated. Compare two sentences:

Path, overgrown with grass, led to the river.
Overgrown with grass path led to the river.

2. The agreed definition relating to the personal pronoun is isolated, regardless of its place in the sentence and prevalence. For example:

Happy he is
He, happy, told me about his successes.
Pleased with your success, he told me about them.
He, happy with his successes, told me about them.

Please note: in the example from the first paragraph of the rule, the phrase OVERGROWING WITH GRASS is highlighted with commas. If a definition has dependent words, then together they make up attributive phrase.

This rule has three notes:

1. An agreed definition (both single-word and consisting of several words), relating to a noun and standing in front of it, can be isolated if it has an additional meaning of reason (that is, it combines the meanings of the definition and the circumstances of the reason). For example:

Tired, tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.
Tired after a sleepless night, tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.

(In both sentences the definition explains reason refusal to climb again.)

2. Definitions that appear after the word being defined, but are closely related in meaning to it or to other members of the sentence, are not isolated. In such cases, if the definition is removed from the sentence, the phrase loses its meaning. For example:

He could hear things are quite unpleasant for yourself (Lermontov). Sea at his feet lay silent and white(Paustovsky).

3. The definition is isolated, wherever it appears, if it is separated from the word being defined by other words. For example:

In the end of January, covered in the first thaw, Cherries smell good gardens(Sholokhov).

Exercise

They drank coffee in a gazebo on the shore of a wide lake dotted with islands (Pushkin).

Deeply offended, she sat down under the window and sat until late at night without undressing (Pushkin).

The old woman, looking at him from behind the partition, could not know whether he had fallen asleep or was just thinking (Pushkin).

Foolovites, who were not strong enough in self-government, began to attribute this phenomenon to the mediation of some unknown force (Shchedrin).

The waves of the sea, encased in granite, are suppressed by enormous weights sliding along their ridges, hitting the sides of ships, the shores, beating and grumbling, foamed, polluted with various rubbish (Gorky).

In its long beak, curved at the end, the seagull held a small fish.

And either he made a grimace - blinded by the setting sun - or his face was generally characterized by some strangeness, only his lips seemed too short... (Mann).

The curious and inquisitive children immediately noticed that something incomprehensible was going on in the city.

His father met him with a gloomy and surprised look.

He opened his notebook and drew two segments parallel to each other.

Draw an equilateral triangle with a side equal to five centimeters.

But now they did not speak for long, - the wise one, who did not interfere with their judgment, spoke himself: “Stop! There is punishment. This is a terrible punishment; You wouldn’t invent something like this in a thousand years!” (Bitter).

A small night_bird_ silently and low rushing on its soft wings_ almost stumbled upon me and timidly dived to the side (Turgenev).

Maybe it was a thorn or the tip of a nail that had come out of the felt padding of the clamp (Aitmatov).
Lying on his armour-hard back, he saw, as soon as he raised his head, his brown, convex belly, divided by arched scales, on the top of which the blanket, ready to finally slide off, was barely holding on (Kafka).
In the bright dawn, the black tops of birches were outlined, thin as letters (Pasternak).
The princess absolutely hates me, two or three epigrams about me have already been retold to me - quite caustic, but at the same time very flattering (Lermontov).
I am still trying to explain to myself what kind of feeling was boiling in my chest then: it was the annoyance of offended pride, and contempt, and anger - born at the thought - that this man was now looking at me with such confidence, with such calm insolence - two minutes ago ago, without exposing himself to any danger, he wanted to kill me like a dog, because wounded in the leg a little more severely, I would certainly have fallen off the cliff (Lermontov).
Grease the mold to prevent it from rusting, and remove the kitchen table, make a sauce from oxylithium hydrate_ diluted in a glass of fresh milk (Vian).
Staggering and gasping for breath, he finally went ashore, saw a robe lying on the ground, picked it up and mechanically rubbed himself with it until his numb body warmed up (Hesse).
My father's elder brother, who died in 1813, with the intention of setting up a village hospital, gave him as a boy to some doctor he knew to study the art of paramedics (Herzen).
Who told you that there is no true, faithful, eternal love in the world? (Bulgakov).
But that’s not all: the third in this company was a cat that had come from nowhere, huge, like a hog, black, like soot or a rook... (Bulgakov).
Winter evening on December 14th_ thick_ dark_ frosty (Tynyanov).
The fields, all the fields, stretched right up to the sky, now rising slightly, then falling again; here and there small forests could be seen, and ravines dotted with sparse and low bushes... (Turgenev).
One, black, large and shabby, was very similar to those rats that he saw on ships during his travels (Tournier).
The strangest incidents are those that happen on Nevsky Prospekt! (Gogol).
Doctor Budakh_ washed up_ dressed in everything clean_ carefully shaved_ looked very impressive (Strugatskys).

What is a SEPARATE DEFINITION?

A standalone definition is a definition that is distinguished by intonation and commas.

Definitions answer the questions WHAT? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? and etc.

Definitions are either CONSENTED or UNAGREED.

AGREED definitions can be expressed:

· participle phrase (A path overgrown with grass led to the river.)

· adjective with dependent words (Satisfied with his successes, he told me about them.)

· single adjective or participle (Happy, he told me about his successes. Tired, the tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.)

· homogeneous single adjectives (Night, cloudy and foggy, enveloped the earth.)

What is an APPLICATION?

Application is a definition that is expressed by a noun.

The application characterizes the item in a new way, gives it a different name or indicates the degree of relationship, nationality, rank, profession, age, etc.

The appendix is always used in the same case as the noun to which it refers.

A clause can be common (consisting of a single noun) or common (consisting of a noun with a dependent word or words).

For example:

Following Deev, Sapozhkov (I.p.), a railway worker (I.p.), walked to the sleigh. (the railway worker application is not common, it refers to the noun Sapozhkov)

The owner (I. p.), a stern man (I. p.), was not happy with either guests or profit.

(the stern man application is widespread,

refers to the noun owner)

Some applications can be used with the conjunction AS.

For example: Like any literary innovator, Nekrasov was tightly bound by the traditions of his great predecessors.

Cases of application segregation

Separated:

1. A common application relating to a common noun is always isolated (regardless of the place in relation to the word being defined): 1) Misfortune’s faithful sister, hope in a dark dungeon will awaken joy and fun... (A. Pushkin). 2) And the raven, a smart bird, sat down and sat on a tree near the fire (N. Nekrasov). 3) The wind, the breaker of silence, makes noise, sliding in the darkness along the wall (M. Lermontov). 4) So, two respectable men, the honor and adornment of Mirgorod, quarreled among themselves!.. (N. Gogol).

3. A common application relating to a proper name is isolated if it comes after it: 1) Onegin, my good friend, was born on the banks of the Neva... (A. Pushkin). 2) Kornev brought his cousin Moiseenko, a university student (N. Garin-Mikhailovsky), to Berenda. 3) Ksyusha, the youngest girl, handed him a clean long towel (I. Bunin).

3. An application (common or uncommon), expressed by a proper noun and standing after a common noun, is isolated if it serves for clarification. In this case, it can be attached using the words first name, last name, nickname, nickname, etc.:

1) My father, Andrei Petrovich Grinev, served under Count Minich (A. Pushkin). 2) He got himself a bear cub named Yasha (K. Paustovsky). 3) I had a long friendship with the eldest, Verochka (I. Bunin). 4) The owner himself, Philip Ivanovich, nicknamed Uncle (A. Chekhov), lives on the ground floor with his family.

4. An uncommon application expressed by a common noun is isolated in the following cases:

a) if it refers to a proper noun and comes after it: There was a captain, a lieutenant, and Onisim Mikhailovich, sergeant major (L. Tolstoy); Following Deev, Sapozhkov, a railway worker (S. Krutilin), walked to the sleigh;

b) if it refers to a common noun, common in dependent words: Here on the wide street I met General Zhukov’s chef, an old man (A. Chekhov); My owner, the doctor, was an always busy, silent man (Yu. Kazakov); Her father, a botanist, was sent to the Canary Islands... (M. Gorky).

5. Applications joined by the union as are isolated if they have an additional meaning of reason, for example:

1) Like any literary innovator, Nekrasov was tightly bound by the traditions of his great predecessors (K. Chukovsky) (= since he was an innovator).

2) As a true artist, Pushkin did not need to choose poetic means for his works, but for him all objects were equally filled with poetry (V. Belinsky) (= being a true artist). 3) Pierre, as a legitimate son, received everything (L. Tolstoy).

But: Applications with the conjunction as, meaning “in quality, in role,” are not isolated: Krylov wrote very remarkable comedies, but his fame as a fabulist could not help but overshadow his fame as a comedian (V. Belinsky).

6. Instead of a comma when separating applications, a dash is used in the following cases:

a) before the application, which stands at the end of the sentence and is an explanation of what has been said (as a rule, before such an application you can insert a conjunction, namely): 1) At the door, in the sun, with his eyes closed, lay his father’s favorite greyhound dog, Milka (L. Tolstoy ). 2) Only the watchman lived at the lighthouse - an old deaf Swede, a former skipper (K. Paustovsky). 3) My path went past the Berdskaya settlement - Pugachev’s refuge (A. Pushkin);

2) if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members, so as not to confuse the application with a homogeneous member: The mistress of the house, her sister - my wife’s friend, two strangers to me, my wife and I, were sitting at the table;

3) to highlight applications from both sides that have explanatory meaning: 1) My grandmother - a devout, somewhat romantic Catholic - loved to visit cemeteries in different cities and then talked about them (K. Paustovsky). 2) Some kind of unnatural greenery - the creation of boring incessant rains - covered the fields and fields with a liquid network (N. Gogol);

4) in order to separate homogeneous applications from the defined word: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature's horror - pestilence rages in the forests (I. Krylov).

Applications are not isolated in the following cases: 1. If the application comes before a proper name (in this position it is isolated only when it has an additional adverbial meaning): On the eve of the difficult and great twentieth century, I met a dear eccentric and poet Andersen and taught me to believe in victory of the sun over darkness... (K. Paustovsky).

2. If a one-word application and the noun it defines are nouns, then a hyphen is placed between them, for example: 1) Most often I met with a grumpy grandfather-basket-man (K. Paustovsky). 2) The snake street winds (V. Mayakovsky). 3) Teenage girls on the other corner of the square were already performing round dances (L. Tolstoy). 4) Wave-walls rose all around, fell, foamed again... (N. Gumilyov).

3. A hyphen is also placed in the case when a common noun comes after a proper name and closely merges with it in meaning, for example: 1) Go to the courtyard hut, or else to Agrafena the housekeeper (I. Turgenev). 2) Stenka Razin went to Astrakhan-city (A. Pushkin). 3) Vladimir recognized Arkhip the blacksmith (A. Pushkin). 4) ...I came from Moscow to the Neva River (A. Pushkin). (But: Neva River.)

4. There is no hyphen:

a) after the words comrade, citizen, master, etc., for example: Citizen financial inspector! Sorry to bother you (V. Mayakovsky);

b) if the application preceding the word being defined is close in meaning to the agreed definition expressed by a single-root qualitative adjective, for example: And they dream of a beautiful, clear beauty of spring in the smiles of the sun (S. Yesenin).

But: Ippolit struck with his extraordinary resemblance to his beautiful sister (L. Tolstoy) (the appendix comes after the noun being defined);

5. Inconsistent applications (names of newspapers, magazines and books, enterprises, etc.) are enclosed in quotation marks, for example: the magazine “Science and Life”, the ballet “Swan Lake”, work at the “Chaika” plant.

The application can be separated not only by a comma, but also by a dash:

a) if it stands at the end of a sentence and is an explanation of what was said (you can insert a conjunction before such an application, namely)

For example: At the lighthouse there lived only a watchman - an old deaf Swede.

b) if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members, so as not to confuse the application with a homogeneous member:

For example: The mistress of the house, her sister - my wife’s friend, two strangers to me, my wife and I, were sitting at the table.

c) to highlight applications on both sides that have explanatory meaning

For example: Some kind of unnatural greenery - the creation of boring incessant rains - covered the fields and fields with a liquid network.

d) in order to separate homogeneous applications from the defined word: For example: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature's horror - pestilence rages in the forests.

Attention!Applications written with a hyphen and enclosed in quotation marks are separated THEY ARE NOT!

For example: Teenage girls on the other corner of the square were already performing round dances. We watched the ballet “Swan Lake”.