Communion in Russian. Classes of participles in the Russian language. How to determine the rank of the participle? Participle categories in Russian
In the Russian literary language, as is known, the following groups of participles are distinguished:
1) active voice of the present tense (leading, sleeping);
2) active voice of the past tense (gave, descended);
3) passive voice of the present tense (given away, demolished);
4) passive voice of the past tense (removed, clogged, put).
The participles of these groups have different usage in different styles of literary language. The participles of the first three groups are characteristic of a codified literary language, written speech; the participles of the fourth group are also used in spoken language.
Conversations are generally not characterized by present participles of either active or passive voice. The corresponding formations used here are, as a rule, forms either substantivized (manager, manager) or adjectivated (cf.: native land, i.e. ‘fertile’, unknown person, i.e. ‘stranger’). In dialects in general, past participles of the active voice are used relatively rarely. Thus, this category of verb forms is represented in dialects almost exclusively by passive past participles.
For the general characteristics of participles in dialects, two features of their functioning are essential, one of which applies to all dialects, the other - only to a certain part of them:
1) unlike the literary language, where the full forms of all participles usually appear in the attributive function, dialects are characterized by the predicative use of past participles in the full form: he is recently and buried; he was taken into the army; husband and son - both dead;
2) in some Northern Russian and Central Russian dialects, short passive participles are characterized by a tendency to transform into unchangeable forms (raspberries collected; holes dug).
Russian dialectology / Ed. Kasatkina L.L. - M., 2005
Participle ranks
Educational dictations
1. Olympian Zeus - one of the wonders of the world
Zeus sat majestically on his luxurious throne. In his right hand he held a small figurine of the winged goddess Nike, which seemed to have just flown from the top of Olympus. With his left hand he rested on a staff decorated with the figure of a sacred eagle. On the head of Zeus a golden crown made of olive tree branches shone. Flowing hair and beard set off his calm, beautiful face. A golden cloak, decorated with images of lilies, stars and animals, was thrown over the naked torso. The cloak fell in loose folds to his knees. Zeus's feet, dressed in sandals, rested on a stool supported at the edges by golden lions. The head, torso, arms of Zeus and the figure of Nike were made of ivory.
Everything else: the crown, clothes, sandals of Zeus, the sacred eagle, Nike’s wreath - made of the purest gold. (AD homemade, T. Drozdova.)
(112 words. Capital letter. Prefixes. Homogeneous members after the generalizing word.)
Assignment Write down combinations of participles with defined words. Indicate all morphological features of participles. What verbs are they formed from? Underline the participial phrases as parts of the sentence. Reference. Torso is the body of a person.
2. The Belly of Moscow
Okhotny Ryad got its name back in the days when it was allowed to trade in game brought by hunters near Moscow.
In front of the shops, in the square, along the wide sidewalk, there were portable tents and a crowd of traders with baskets and bags filled with various products. Hunters walked around, hung with ducks, grouse, and hares. The heads of hens and chicks were sticking out of the women's baskets; piglets were squealing in the bags, which the sellers, taking out of the bag to show to the buyer, certainly raised them above their heads, holding them by their tied hind legs. On the pavement in front of the tents, there were pie makers, pancake makers, and sellers of buckwheat fried in vegetable oil. The sbiten workers poured, at a penny per glass, hot sbiten - a favorite honey drink at that time, which warmed the cab drivers and employees who were freezing in the cold shops. (V. Gilyarovsky.)
(107 words. Suffixes of nouns. Adverbs. Participial phrases.)
Assignment Identify the suffixes of participles and indicate from which verbs they are formed. Underline the participial phrases. Specify the conditions for their isolation.
Control dictation
At two o'clock sharp, a carriage drawn by six horses drove into the yard and rolled around the thick green turf circle. Old Berestov climbed onto the porch with the help of two lackeys of Muromsky. Following him, his son arrived on horseback and together with him entered the dining room, where the table was already set. Muromsky received his neighbors as kindly as possible, invited them to examine the garden and menagerie before dinner, and led them along paths carefully swept and strewn with sand. Old Berestov internally regretted the lost labor and time on such useless whims, but remained silent out of politeness. (A. Pushkin.)
(87 words. Prefixes. Unstressed verified and unchecked vowels in roots. Suffixes of participles. Participial phrases.)
Short participles
Educational dictations
Not all vegetable gardens in the countryside are strict, businesslike, and unshakable. If the peasant hut resembled its owner in its face, then the vegetable garden resembled the mistress: it testified to her character and dexterity.
A good housewife has a garden like a bright room. Beds to beds are laid out with even, elegant rugs. The carrot beds are sprinkled with sawdust to prevent any aphids from spoiling them, and they rise like butter pies. The furrows between the ridges are deep, everything is planted in the right place, everything is in a row and in order. If vegetables are water-loving, then they are planted closer to the gates; and those that grow from the rain, keep them away, so as not to crush them again, not to trample the ground and furrows in vain. (According to V. Astafiev.)
(90 words. Double consonants. Prefixes. Voiced consonants before voiceless ones. Case endings. Dash in an incomplete sentence.)
Task Find participles in a short form, determine their syntactic function. Label the spelling "N in short passive participles."
5. Mausoleum at Halicarnassus - one of the seven wonders of the world
Imagine a huge stepped pyramid made of luxurious snow-white marble, located on a wide rectangular hill. Imagine also that the pyramid is cut by a horizontal plane about half its height, its upper part is raised, and a Greek temple is built between both parts. Thus, the bottom of the pyramid serves as a kind of huge base, and its top serves as a pyramidal roof.
The lower part, consisting of twenty-three wide steps, was a solemn, grand staircase leading from all four sides to the temple. Thirty slender, dazzling white columns surrounded the sanctuary of the temple and carried its pyramidal roof. At its very top stood a huge stone quadriga carved by Pythias - a chariot drawn by four horses. It was empty... This meant that the controller of the quadriga was no longer in this world, that he was already in the kingdom of shadows. (According to A. Domashnev, T. Drozdova.)
(123 words. Prefixes. Vowels after sibilants and c. Compound adjectives. Letters nn in adjectives. Numerals. Participial phrases.)
Task Underline the short passive participles and determine their syntactic function. Write down combinations of nouns with full passive participles and transform them into combinations with short passive participles. What has changed with the participles?
nn in participles and adjectives
Educational dictations
6. Rescued starling
One day, the tavern owner’s pampered cat, a cunning sweet-seeker and a sycophant, a smoky, golden-headed favorite of the whole yard, brought a starling from the garden. The grandmother took the exhausted bird away and began to reproach the cat: “You are not afraid of God, you vile villain!”
The grandmother cut off the broken wing of the starling, taken from the cat, and cleverly placed a piece of wood in the place of the bitten off leg and, having cured the bird, began to teach it to speak. (According to M. Gorky.)
(54 words. Prefix pre-. Unstressed vowels in roots. Suffixes of nouns and adjectives.)
Assignment Indicate the spelling "neither in participles and verbal adjectives." What verbs are these words formed from? Determine the gender of the noun sweet in the text.
7. Games room
The children's rooms in the house of Count Listomirov were located on the south side and overlooked the garden. In one of the rooms, the entire southern part of the walls was lined with toys.
Colorful English colored notebooks and books, cribs with dolls, pictures, chests of drawers, small kitchens, porcelain sets, sheep and dogs on spools marked the girls' possessions. Tables with tin soldiers, a cardboard troika of gray horses with terribly bulging eyes, hung with bells and harnessed to a carriage, a large white goat, a Cossack on horseback, a drum and a copper pipe marked the boys' possessions. This room was called the playing room.
On Wednesday, Maslenitsa, the games room was especially fun. (D. Grigorovich.)
(94 words. Prefixes. Suffixes of nouns and verbs.)
Assignment Label the spelling “nn in participles and adjectives.” Determine how words with this spelling are formed.
8. Springs
Some springs were very strong and burst out from the middle of the mountain, others bubbled and boiled at its base, some were located on slopes and were decorated with wooden frames with a roof. Wide linden logs were dug into the log houses, filled with such clear water that they seemed empty. The water overflowed all over the deck, falling down the sides like a glass fringe. I saw peasant women come with buckets, unplug a wooden nail located at the end of the log, and place the bucket on large stone slabs under running water. In one minute both buckets were filled. (According to S. Aksakov.)
(84 words. Prefixes. Suffixes of nouns and adjectives. Participial phrase. Complex sentences.)
Assignment Label the spelling “nn in participles and adjectives.” Determine from what stems words with this spelling are formed.
Test dictations
9. Lubyanskaya Square
The huge courtyard was lined with wholesale shops where they sold seasonal goods: in the spring - cucumbers and herbs, in the summer - berries, in the fall - fruits, and in the winter - frozen fish and all year round - live crayfish, which were brought from the Don in huge wicker baskets.
Once upon a time, back in serfdom, a wooden booth with a simple menagerie and a huge elephant appeared on Lubyanka Square. Suddenly, in the spring, the elephant went berserk, tore out the logs from the wall to which it was chained, and began to destroy the building, trumpeting victoriously and striking fear into the crowds of people surrounding the square. The elephant, irritated by the shouts of the crowd, tried to escape. The police had to intervene.
Now the Polytechnic Museum is located on this site. (According to V. Gilyarovsky.)
(100 words. Prefixes. Suffixes of nouns and adjectives. Verbs. Complex sentences.)
Assignment Label the spelling “N and nn in participles and adjectives.” Determine how words with this spelling are formed.
10. Emerald City
The next morning, after several hours of travel, the friends saw a faint green glow on the horizon. “This must be the Emerald City,” Ellie said.
As they walked, the glow became brighter and brighter, but only after noon did the travelers approach a high stone wall of bright green color. Directly in front of them was a large gate, decorated with huge emeralds, sparkling so brightly that they blinded even the Scarecrow's painted eyes. At this gate ended the road paved with yellow brick, which had led them faithfully for so many days and finally led them to their long-awaited goal.
There was a bell hanging at the gate. Ellie pulled the rope, and the bell answered with a deep silvery ringing. The large gates slowly opened, and the travelers entered a vaulted room, on the walls of which countless emeralds glittered. (A. Volkov.)
(114 words. Prefixes. Roots with alternating vowels. Vowels after sibilants. Adjective suffixes. Compound adjectives. Compound sentences.)
Assignment Label all the studied spellings in adjectives and participles.
Control dictation
11. Home yard
Ten minutes later he [Vladimir] drove into the master's courtyard. He looked around him with indescribable excitement. He had not seen his homeland for twelve years. The birches that had just been planted along the fence during his time had grown and now became tall, branchy trees. The yard, once decorated with three regular flower beds, between which there was a wide road, carefully swept, turned into an unmown meadow on which a tangled horse was grazing. (A. Pushkin.)
(62 words, b and ъ. Suffixes of adjectives and participles. Numerals. Not with adjectives.)
Not with participles
Educational dictation
12. Unsuccessful hunt
At this time, the hare jumped out of the forest and ran across the field. Berestov and the stirrup shouted at the top of their lungs, released the dogs and galloped after them at full speed. Muromsky's horse, which had never been hunting, got scared and bolted. Muromsky, who proclaimed himself an excellent rider, gave her free rein and was internally pleased with the opportunity that saved him from an unpleasant interlocutor. But the horse, having galloped to a ravine that it had not previously noticed, suddenly rushed to the side, and Muromsky did not sit still. Having fallen rather heavily on the frozen ground, he lay cursing his short filly, who, as if coming to her senses, immediately stopped as soon as she felt herself without a rider. (A. Pushkin.)
(94 words. Roots - skak-, - skoch-. Not with adjectives. Participial phrases. Complex sentences.)
Assignment Label the spelling “Not with participles and adjectives.” Explain punctuation marks for participial phrases.
Reference.
Stirrup and stirrup - a groom-servant who looked after his master's riding horse, as well as a servant who accompanied the master during the hunt.
Control dictations
13. In a thunderstorm
The slanting rain, driven by a strong wind, poured down like buckets. Streams of muddy water flowed from Vasily’s back into the puddle that had formed on the apron. At first, the dust knocked down by the pellets turned into liquid mud, which was kneaded by the wheels. The tremors became smaller, and muddy streams flowed along the clay ruts. The lightning shone wider and paler, and the peals of thunder were no longer so striking behind the uniform sound of the rain. (L. Tolstoy.)
(59 words. Prefixes. Complex sentence.)
Assignment Graphically indicate the syntactic function of participial phrases and explain the conditions for their isolation.
14. Prankster Raven
In the reserve I heard many stories about the pranks of the prankster Petka. They said that once he stole money from a lady’s handbag, and another time, during lunch break, he scattered and stole the documents of some commission that came for an audit. Petka hid the stolen things above the roof, in an empty nest of storks, which he managed to survive. Knives, spoons and forks were found here. Petka was especially annoying to visiting drivers. As soon as the car stops, the driver lays out his tools - Petka is right there! The driver grabs it, but the most necessary nut is missing.
They said that Petka does not like women. He will sit on the shoulder of a dressed-up girl and tangle her festive hairstyle or pinch her ear painfully.
Petka was not liked by wild crows and ravens, which he sometimes tried to approach. They beat him and drove him away, as if not wanting to forgive his betrayal. (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov.)
(123 words. Prefixes. Vowels after hissing words at the root of the word. Case endings of adjectives and participles. nn in adjectives and participles.)
15. Moscow signs
Signs in the capital appeared in time immemorial, but were different from those familiar to us. A common sign above trade shops was samples of goods hung above the entrance on a pole. Not everyone knew how to read and write and could read written text. Therefore, a large gilded or yellow pretzel was hung above the bakery, and a painted tin boot was hung above the shoe store. There were unique signs in pharmacies. Spherical vessels filled with multi-colored liquids were displayed in showcases. In the evening they were illuminated from behind with light bulbs. Carefully combed and curled wax heads of women and men were displayed in the windows of hairdressing salons.
By the end of the nineteenth century, the number of letter signs increased. On the outskirts of the city there were often semi-literate and funny signs: “Rabbits, squirrels, chickens and other songbirds.” (According to V. Bokova.)
(110 words. Prefixes. Suffixes of nouns and adjectives, in participles and verbal adjectives. Not with different parts of speech. Participial phrases.)
16.Night by the fire
Late in the evening we stop for the night in the mountains. Old fir trees grow near the fontanel oozing from the ground, and gnarled birches supported by fir trees stretch out. A bright star lit up over the mountains. In summer, shepherds lived under tall fir trees. Previously, there was a booth made of fir shingles here. Wind and bad weather have long scattered the light shepherd's dwelling. We set about restoring the destroyed booth. Among hunters and travelers there are people who are especially invaluable in travel. My friend skillfully fans the fire. His face is illuminated by flashes of fire. Red sparks are carried into the invisible sky and cool down. At night, we, awakened by the cold and the unusual nature of our overnight stay, will get up to add fuel to the fire. Here I put the prepared wood on the fire. The flame begins to hotly lick the dry logs. How beautiful, how wonderful the starry night over the mountains!
(119 words) (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
Task: Indicate active and passive participles, determine the type, and identify suffixes. Underline the verbs in the present and future tenses, indicate the conjugation.
17. Enjoy reading
Reading Pushkin is a true pleasure. In early childhood, we follow the fate of Tsarevich Guidon with excitement, anxiety, and sympathy, expecting a miracle, and it happens before our eyes. Everything he tells us about seems genuine, absorbs us completely.
Over the years, a deeper understanding of poetry comes, we again read the familiar lines, illuminated by Pushkin’s love for all living things, imbued with hatred of slavery.
There is no artificiality in his poems; they are written naturally and vividly. Sometimes these are ancient legends, sometimes poems dedicated to exiled friends, or descriptions of autumn nature. The poet, who sensitively notices the slightest changes in nature, also has an excellent knowledge of folk customs.
His poems combine simplicity of presentation with amazing depth of thought. There is no one who does not love Pushkin. His poetry is imbued with deep faith in man.
Task Draw a diagram of the second sentence. Write out the passive participle, possessive pronoun, and verb in the indicative mood from the text. Make a morphological analysis of the participle.
18. Birth of a book
One day Stevenson drew a map for his stepson Lloyd. It was beautifully painted, latitudes and longitudes were indicated on it, bays and bays were indicated. The curves of the shore of the island he invented captivated Stevenson’s imagination and transported him to a piece of land lost in the ocean. Stevenson, in the grip of fiction, fascinated by the coves he marked on the map, wrote their names. Casting a thoughtful glance at the outline of the island, whose contours resembled a dragon, he saw among the bays and hills he had invented, the heroes of his future book. At first, Stevenson did not even think about creating a book aimed at the mass reader. The manuscript was intended to be read to Lloyd. The boy was delighted with his stepfather's idea, who decided to write a story about sailing on a schooner in search of treasure buried by pirates. With unflagging attention he listened to the story of the journey around the island born of Stevenson’s imagination.
In the course of studying morphology, schoolchildren study the topic “Suffixes of real and passive participles.” Let’s take a closer look at the intricacies and features of this group.
Participle
What is this interesting phenomenon? To this day, disputes between linguists have not subsided. Opinions are divided: some consider the sacrament because it has a number of its own characteristics. Others are sure that this is just a verb form. If you look at the history of its origin, you can find out that it was formed precisely from the verb. True, outwardly it looks more like an adjective. Yes, and it borrowed some functions from him: they both answer the same question (which one?), and their syntactic role is the same (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and cannot come to a common decision.
Various educational and methodological complexes, according to which the Russian language is taught at school, also approach this situation differently. For example, M. M. Razumovskaya classifies the participle as a verbal form, and V. V. Babaytseva - as an independent part of speech. But both textbooks say that it is still not clear to which category it should be classified.
Valid
Before considering the suffixes of active and passive participles, you need to know that this part of speech is usually divided into two large groups according to meaning. The first is called real. They received this name due to their purpose: to name the signs of objects that themselves perform an action.
Consider an example: “The wind blowing from the sea was furious.”
As we can see, the wind blew independently from the sea, without resorting to anyone’s help and without being subject to any influence. It is these forms that are called real.
Another example: “The dog guarding the house was a large breed.”
The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, it performs the action on its own. Thus, the participle “guarded” belongs to the category of active ones.
Passive
The next group, which has a slightly different purpose, is the category of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform the action, but are subject to it.
Let's look at an example: “The parents, called to school by the teacher, were worried.”
In this sentence we see the participle “called out.” It was formed from the verb “to call.” Let’s make sure that the parents did not decide to come to school on their own, but at the request of the teacher. We see that the action is not performed by them themselves, it is performed on them. That is why such participles are classified as passive. That is, parents seem to “suffer”, experiencing someone’s influence on themselves.
Suffixes of active and passive present participles
Now that we have understood the intricacies of this morphological group, we can move on to the main topic. Each of the categories will have its own word formation characteristics.
The suffixes of active and passive participles will differ depending on the tense. So, in the present tense the following are distinguished: -ushch and -yushch, as well as -ashch and -yashch. Example: rebelling, singing, holding, speaking. As you can see, all of them are valid. For the passive they are different: -om, -im, -em. Example: attracted, persecuted, condemned.
In the active present participle, all suffixes have special spelling features.
If you don't know the rules, many questions arise. For example, how should you write: struggling or fighting? The verb from which this word is formed will help us with this - to fight. Let's determine its conjugation. Since its stem ends in -ot, this is 1 conjugation. Now you need to use the following rule: if the word belongs to 1 conjugation, we write -ushch or -yushch. If to the second - then -ashch or -yashch. Thus, we found out that in the word “struggling” it is necessary to write -yush. The main thing is to know how to determine the conjugation of verbs.
The table helps you remember the suffixes of active and passive participles better. And besides, you can always turn to her if a rule suddenly slips out of your head.
Suffixes of active and passive past participles
Now, having examined the features of the formation of this part of speech in the present tense, we can move on to the next stage. It is worth remembering that participles cannot be used in the future tense, so we will continue to talk about the past. They borrowed this feature from the verb.
In the past tense, the suffixes -вш and -ш are distinguished. For example: melted, sprouted.
The passives have more of them: -nn, -enn, -t. For example: seeded, attached, pinned.
And again, the table will help us remember the suffixes of active and passive participles.
With the first category everything is clear, no difficulties arise, but with the passive it is more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be highlighted: -nn or -enn. Let's consider the word “offended.” It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -enn, we will not make a mistake. But that's not true. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in -at, -yat, -et, then we select the suffix -nn.
In this example, the stem of the verb “offend” ends in -et, so we define the suffix -nn in the participle.
Let's take another example: "dressed up." And again, remember the rule: if the verb ends in -it, -ti or -ch, then in this case we will only use the suffix -enn.
We will do the same in the words “baked” (bake), “brought” (bring), “asked” (ask).
Tasks
In Russian language lessons, the teacher pays special attention to how and when suffixes of active and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help you understand it more fully.
First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the children to determine their conjugation. Then you should give the task to form participles of different grades and tenses from them.
For example:
- prick (1 sp.) - stabbing (actual, present tense), stabbing (actual, past tense);
- speak (2 sp.) - speaker (actual, present tense), speaker (actual, past tense);
- shave (1 sp., ex.) - shaving (actual, present time), shaved (actual, past tense), shaved (suffering, past tense);
- offend (2 sp., ex.) - offended (sufferer, present tense), offended (sufferer, past tense).
Participles are one of the most important topics in the basic Russian language course. Its knowledge is also tested in exams, so it is simply necessary to master it well. In this article we will look at what a participle is, why it should be used, and also find out what categories of participles exist in the Russian language.
Definition of participle
What is a communion? First of all, this is a special form of the verb, denoting the attribute of an object by action. The participle answers the questions of an adjective and can have gender, number and case. From the verb it received the following characteristics: aspect, voice, tense. Participles can be formed exclusively from verbs. Examples: run - running, lie - lying, read - reading, read - read, etc.
How to distinguish a participle from an adjective?
The biggest difficulty for many students is the ability to see the difference between an adjective and a participle. Both answer the question “which?”, “which?” etc. So how to distinguish them?
It is worth remembering that a participle can only be formed from a verb. Other parts of speech cannot take part in its formation. Adjectives are most often formed from nouns and adverbs. Examples: speed - fast, quickly - fast.
However, there are also verbal adjectives. They can easily be mistaken for participles if you don't know what the differences are. First of all, an adjective cannot have the characteristics of a verb, that is, it does not have a voice meaning or tense. Also, a participle can have dependent words, unlike a verbal adjective. This ability for this part of speech is called verbal control.
Why use participles?
Of course, in everyday speech and simple communication on everyday topics, we are unlikely to use participle phrases. They will be too bulky, long, and difficult to understand. However, in written speech and in various author’s works they will be quite appropriate.
Participles add greater expressiveness to the text and help in describing various phenomena and events. Schoolchildren often have to write various essays and essays. There, participial phrases will also be necessary.
Participle ranks
But before you start actively introducing participial phrases into your speech, you need to understand what they are. There are two categories of participles: active and passive. What is the difference? To understand how to determine the participle category, let's consider them separately.
Active participles
Examples
The cat independently performed a certain action (ran), therefore, the participle “running” is valid.
The girl walking in the park was pretty.
The girl independently performs the action (walk), therefore, the participle belongs to the category of real.
Passive participles
If the participle indicates a sign of an object on which someone performs certain actions, then it will be passive. That is, if the object itself does not perform the action, then the dependent participle will be passive.
Examples
There were scattered beads on the table.
Someone scattered the beads, that is, an action was performed on this object. The participle “scattered” will be classified as passive.
The flowers he had arranged remained on the windowsill.
The flowers did not arrange themselves, that is, someone performed this action on them. From this we can conclude that the participle “arranged” is passive.
How are active participles formed?
Now let's look at ways to form real participles. First of all, it is necessary to determine the type of verb and its conjugation. Further, the formation of real participles occurs by adding certain suffixes. They are formed from the infinitive. In the past tense, the suffixes -вш/ш must be added to the stem of the verb. Examples: shout - shouted, stand - stood, read - read, etc.
In the present tense, the participle is formed with the help of the suffixes -уш/уж, if the basis was a verb of the first conjugation. Examples: draw - drawing, moan - moaning, drown - drowning, etc.
From verbs of the second conjugation, participles will be formed using the suffixes -ash/yash. Examples: flying - flying, circling - circling, ringing - ringing, etc.
How are passive forms formed?
When forming passive participles, as in the case of active ones, it is necessary to pay attention to the type of verb and its conjugation.
Past participles are also formed from the infinitive using the following suffixes: -NN/ENN/ENN/t. Examples: draw - drawn, teach - taught, surround - surrounded, reveal - revealed, etc.
In order to form a present participle from a verb of the first conjugation, it is necessary to use the suffixes -em/om. Examples: close - closed, reflect - reflected, etc.
From verbs of the second conjugation, the present participle will be formed using the suffix -im. Example: stored - stored.
Table
To make it easy to assimilate all of the above data and turn it into some kind of system, let’s present the categories of participles in a table. Examples of the formation of participles were given above.
| Discharge | Active participles | Passive participles | ||
| Time | Past tense | Real | Past tense | Real |
| Suffixes | Infinitive stem + | 1 conjugation: 2nd conjugation: | Infinitive stem + -nn/-enn/-enn/-t | 1 conjugation: 2nd conjugation: |
This table of participle ranks will help determine which suffix should be used in a situation where there is doubt about this.
Short participles
Since participles can answer the question “which?”, “which?” etc., then they also have some characteristics of an adjective. Therefore, like them, participles can have a short form. Moreover, it is necessary to remember that only passive participles can take this form.
The short form is formed from the full form using the following endings: -а, -о, -ы or zero.
Examples: drawn - drawn, drawn, drawn, drawn.
The short form, like the full form, can vary by gender and number. In sentences, short participles act as predicates. You should also remember that “not” with the short form is written separately: not drawn.
In order to confidently use participial phrases in oral and written speech, it is necessary to distinguish between the categories of participles, and also to understand from which verb conjugation they are formed.
The form of the verb will directly influence the choice of suffixes. It should also be remembered that only passive participles take a short form.
III. Updating knowledge
Torn off we dried herbs for the herbarium inlarge books.
Teacher question:
Are there any words in this sentence that answer the same question? What parts of the sentence are they? Determine their morphological characteristics.
Teacher question:
How are they different from each other?
Suggested answer:
There are: these are the words “plucked” and “big”. They answer the question: which?
In a sentence, these words are definitions.
Words change according to numbers ( torn off - torn off, large - big), by birth
(plucked - torn off, torn off), by case (big - big).
-Large indicates the size of an object.
And the word torn off indicates a sign of action (someone tore them off). Well done!
The word RIPPED is a participle.
What verb do you think it was formed from?
From the verb to tear off using the suffix НН.
Draw a conclusion.
A participle is a part of speech. A participle is similar to an adjective (they have common questions and perform the same role in a sentence). The meaning of a participle is similar to a verb.
1.What exactly does the participle mean?
2.How does the participle change?
3. What does a participle have in common with a verb, and what with an adjective?
4.What parts of the sentence are participles?
5. How and from what are participles formed?
1. The participle denotes the attribute of an object by action.
2. The participle changes according to numbers, cases, genders (in singular).
3. Participles, like verbs, can be perfect. and imperfect type, present and past time (the participle has no active time), can be reflexive, have dependent words. Like adjectives, participles change by number, gender, case, have a full and short form, depend on nouns, and perform one role in a sentence.
4. Participles are usually modifiers, less often predicates (in written form).
5. Participles are formed from verbs using suffixes.
New information (that was not requested)
1. The initial form of the participle is I.P. singular masculine.
2. Participles are found not only in Russian, but also in Indo-European and other languages.
3. In Russian, the participle is used mainly in literary speech.
IV. Motivation. Creating a problematic situation.
Working with the class (solving a crossword puzzle):
1. which boils;
2. which we illuminate;
3. which can be distinguished;
4. which was noticed;
5. who gave it;
6. which is stocked;
7. who were tested;
8. which was spilled;
9. which have faded.
Underline the suffixes.
V. Solving educational problems.
The slide shows a hand-drawn tree. Many students cannot find participles and gerunds in texts, and if they do, they cannot distinguish participles from gerunds. We will learn to distinguish participles from gerunds with the help of a fruit tree. The teacher explains: a mighty tree is growing, which is called “verb”. This tree begins to grow branches, i.e. new parts of speech. On one side a branch grows, to which signs of an adjective are added, i.e. answer the questions what? which? ,in sentences are expressed by definitions, but suffixes are added to the root of the verb - ush, -yushch, -ashch, -yashch, -nn, etc. I draw a branch on a tree and a new fruit ripens. new part of speech – participle – “ pear»
On the other side, a branch grows, to which the signs of an adverb are added, i.e. answer questions how? what by doing? what by doing? in sentences they are expressed by circumstances, but the suffixes -a, -ya, -v, -s are added to the root of the verb. I draw a branch on a tree and a new fruit ripens. new part of speech – gerund – “ apple" This means that we come to the conclusion that both the participle and the gerund come from the stem of the verb, i.e. tree with roots "verb".
For example:
The word “play” is playing (participle), playing (gerund), “jump” - jumping (participle), jumping (gerund). Let’s try to verbally form participles and gerunds from verbs: believe, draw, glue. :
1. Tense (present and past) 1. Indicates the attribute of an object
and resp. to the question Which?
2.Has the form (perfect, imperfect) 2.Varies according to
3.Denotes the attribute of an object
by action. genders, numbers,
4. Can be predicates in a sentence 3. Can have
short form.
4.In a sentence
is the definition.
Each form of participles has its own suffixes. Let's analyze the table.
| Active participles | Passive participles |
|||
| Present tense | Past tense | Present tense | Past tense |
|
| Usch, -yush, -ush, -yush | Om-,-eat-,-im- | Enn-, -nn-, -t- Glue-glued offended Prick-prick |
||
| Calling-calling Sing-singing Fly-flying | Non-bearing Walked and walked | Know-unknown Despised-despised Love-beloved |
||
We conclude. The active participles of the present tense are ush, -yush, -ash, -yash.
Active past participles - - w-, -vsh-
Passive participles of the present tense - -om-, -em -, -im-
Passive past participles - -enn-, -nn-, -t-
Open your notebooks and write down the forms of participles and their suffixes.