Kim O.M. To the morphology of Korean surnames in Russian // Anthroponymy. Sat. Art. / Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - M.: Nauka, 1970. S. 147-149.

According to the author of this article, the materials of periodicals, fiction and scientific literature, as well as observations of oral speech testify to anarchy in the practice of using Korean surnames in Russian. Especially widespread is the unauthorized tendency not to inflect Korean surnames. The author reveals the main, in her opinion, reason for the discord and sees a way out in establishing uniform rules for the use of this group of words in the Russian language, based on the principle of preserving the norms of the Russian language.

Olga Mikhailovna Kim, Doctor of Philology, Professor

To the morphology of Korean surnames in Russian

O. M. Kim

In the motley and immense variety of names, patronymics and surnames used in modern Russian, one can also find anthroponyms such as O, No, Lee, Pak, Kim, etc. All of them are very simple in structure. These are monosyllabic words ending in a vowel (Ni, Nu, O, etc.) or a consonant (Nam, Kim, Ten, Don, etc.) and two-syllable words in “yot” (Khegai, Ogai, Kogai, etc.). ) . The carriers of these surnames are Koreans.

The materials of the periodical press, fiction and scientific literature, as well as observations of oral speech testify to an extraordinary anarchy in the practice of using Korean surnames in Russian. Especially widespread is the unauthorized tendency not to inflect Korean surnames, including those that do not contradict the norm and possibilities of Russian declension: the brigade of Georgy Pak, Sergei Tsoi; Kim's letter to Petr Ivanovich.

Here are the figures obtained when analyzing the answers to the question: “Underline (without referring to manuals and reference books) the correct option, in your opinion: Letter to Sergey (Pak or Pak), I’m waiting for (Pak or Pak) Sergey Ivanovich, etc.

A factor contributing to some extent to liberation from the tendency not to inflect Korean surnames is, according to our observation, the education of the speaker. Here are some numbers:

Declension or non-declension of Korean surnames in written and oral speech to a large extent also depends on the environment in which the surname is used, that is, on its distribution. Surnames without first names or in combination with initials are declined more often than the "F + I" or "F + I + O" models. Wed: Comrade Speech. Kim at the XVI Congress of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan; Particularly distinguished were the links of complex mechanization, headed by V. Ogai, F. Pak, but: The brigades of Sergey Kwon, Maxim Kim, Georgy Pak (Pravda Vostoka, 1961-1962) grew the highest crop.

The main reason for the discord and anarchy of the use of Korean surnames in the Russian language should be sought in the complete absence of any orderly tradition in this area. Now current rule that “in compound names and surnames of Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese, only the last part, if it ends in a consonant" , is only suitable for the "F + Korean name" model [Pak Da Ir, Choi Yong Gyong, etc.). The non-declension of surnames in such combinations is explained by the fact that, getting into the Russian language, they undergo a kind of simplification: a speaker of another language, in particular Russian, does not understand the boundary between the components, the boundary between the name and surname, and the whole complex is perceived by him as one

complex whole. The question of inclining or not inclining Korean surnames would be settled by the indicated rule, if it were not for the fact that, in addition to the Koreans of Korea, the surnames Kim, Nam, Lee, etc. are also worn by thousands of citizens of the USSR, who in their absolute majority adopted European names and the Russian way of calling a person by name and patronymic. And for them, the issue of declension of Korean surnames claims to be the priority of some kind of normalization work. It is put forward by the needs of the practice of printing, teaching at school and in universities, etc.

The task of Russianists is to establish uniform rules the use of this group of words in the Russian language, based on the principle of preserving the norms of the Russian language. Korean male and female surnames do not differ in endings. The surnames Nam, Choi, Ten are worn by both men and women, as well as the surnames Li, Ni, No. With such features of Korean anthroponymy, the declension or non-declension of Korean surnames (as well as given names and nicknames) in Russian should act as an important differential feature that determines the gender of the bearer of a given surname. All Korean surnames ending in a consonant or "yot" if they denote males must be inflected. Used without declension, the same surnames indicate that they belong to females. Korean surnames like Liu, Li, Ni, etc. both qualitatively and quantitatively do not fit the models of Russian nouns, therefore they are outside the declension types in the Russian language.

Surnames like Ogai., Kogai are typical only for the Koreans of the USSR. Linguistically, they are variants of the surnames O, Ko, etc., although legally No and Nogai, O and Ogai, etc., are thought of as different pairs. The phonetic design of Korean surnames in Russian (a very interesting question in itself) is not subject to consideration in this article.

D. E. Rozental. Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing. M., 1967, pp. 224-225.

1. Place names

1.1. If the geographical name is not inflected, then it is marked neskl. In other cases, for each toponym, the form genus is given. pad. It is given in full:

1) with monosyllabic names: Belz, Belza; Gzhel, Gzhe;

2) in non-single-word names, which are ordinary phrases: Stary Oskol, Stary Oskol;

3) in compound words written with a hyphen: Baba -Durma s, Baba -Durma for; Ba den - Ba den, Ba den - Ba dena [de].

In other cases, the form genus. pad. given in a truncated form: Badhy s, -a; Babad g, -a; Bavle ny, -e n; Badajo s, -a.

1.2. With some toponyms, forms of other cases are also given: with geographical names on - evo, -ovo, -ino, -yno forms are given genus., creative. and suggestion. pad., since in speech practice, in the press, in television and radio programs, these names are sometimes not declined, which contradicts the traditional norm of Russian literary language, for example: Ba gerovo, -a, -om, in Ba gerovo (town, Ukraine); Ko sovo, -a, -om, in Kosov (Rep. Serbia); Gabrovo, -a, -om, in Gabrow (gor., Bulgaria).

1.3. East Slavic names ending in - about with a preceding consonant, do not decline: Dubno, neskl. (gor., Ukraine); Ro no, neskl. (gor., Ukraine); Gro bottom, neskl. (gor., Belarus).

1.4. In geographical names on - ev, -yov, -ov, -in genitive and instrumental forms are given: Belev, -a, -om (city, Tula region, RF); Bobro in, -a, -om (city, Voronezh region, RF); Bardejov, -a, -om (gor., Slovakia); Babi n, -a, -om (lake, Canada).

1.5. Foreign toponyms ending in a vowel - a, experience significant fluctuations in inclination:

many borrowed geographical names, mastered by the Russian language, are inclined according to the type of noun. female kind on - a percussion, for example: Bukhara, -s; Bugulma, -s; Ankara, -s;

do not inflect toponyms French in origin with final stress: Jura, neskl. (mountains - France; Switzerland);

inflected Japanese place names ending in - a unstressed: O saka, -i; Yoko bitch, -i [yo];

do not inflect Estonian and Finnish names ending in - a, -I unstressed: Sa wonlinna, neskl. (mountains, Finland); Yu vaskyla, neskl. (mountains, Finland); Sa aremaa, neskl. (islands, Estonia);

Abkhazian and Georgian toponyms ending in unstressed - experience fluctuations in declension - a. In the Dictionary, the names are given in a declined version: Шха pa, -ы (city - on the border of Georgia and Kabardino-Balkaria, RF); Ochamchi ra, -s (gor., Rep. Abkhazia); Gudau ta, -s (gor., Rep. Abkhazia);

complex geographical names are not inclined to - a unstressed, borrowed from Spanish and other Romance languages: Bai ya Blanca, neskl. (mountains, Argentina); Bai ya-la ypa, neskl. (mountains, Argentina); Here s - de la Fronte ra [re, de, te], neskl. (mountains, Spain);

decline as nouns compound Slavic names that are nouns in the presence of derivational signs of adjectives, for example: Bya la-Podlya ska, Bya la-Podlya ski (gor., Poland); Banska-Bi Strica, Banska-Bi Stritsy (gor., Slovakia); Zielona-Gura, Zielona-Gura (mountains, Poland);

both parts are inclined in names with the word river, for example: Moscow river, Moscow river, on the Moscow river, etc. But in colloquial speech there are cases of indeclination of the first part of these combinations: beyond the Moscow River, on the Moscow River, etc. However, such use does not correspond to the standard of the literary language.

1.6. Toponyms ending in vowels - and, -s and not perceived in Russian as plural forms. numbers are given in indeclinable form, for example: Burli, neskl. (s., Kazakhstan); Karshi, neskl. (s., Turkmenistan); Ismayilli, neskl., (gor., Azerbaijan); Mary, neskl. (gor., Turkmenistan); Dzhusaly , neskl. (town, Kazakhstan).

1.7. With monosyllabic names ending in a soft consonant, the forms of genus, dates are given. and suggestion. pad., since they experience fluctuations when declining: Rus, Rus, to Rus, in Rus; Ob, Ob, to the Ob, to the Ob; Perm, Perm, to Perm, about Perm; Kerch, Kerch, to Kerch, to Kerch. In the latter case, the stress was fixed on the base.

1.8. With names ending in consonants - and, -c, -sh, the forms of the genus are indicated. and creativity. pad., as in creative. pad. under stress is written - about, and without the accent - e, for example: Fate w, -a, -em (gor., Kursk region, RF); Kirzha h, -a, -o m (city, Vladimir region, RF).

1.9. Some do not bow foreign names type Saint-Catarins [se], neskl., (mountain, Canada); Pe r-Lache s [pe], neskl. (cemetery in Paris); Pla ya-Hiro n (Pla ya-Hiro n), neskl. (pos., Cuba).

1.10. In an indeclinable form, some foreign-language names from the area of ​​​​urban nomenclature are given with the second part - straight, -square: Wall Street, neskl.; Washington n-square, neskl. etc.

about, -e, -and, -at, -Yu, are presented in the Dictionary in an indeclinable form, for example: SHI LO Nikolay i, Shi lo Nikolay i (Russian geologist); Craft Vasily, Craft Vasily (Russian breeder); Durnovo Ivan, Durnovo Ivan (Russian statesman); VA YKULE Laima, Vaikule Laima (Latvian pop singer); VESKY And anna, neskl. (Est. pop singer); BASILASHVI LI Ole g, Basilashvi li Ole ha (Russian actor); ILIIE SCU Io n, Ilie sku Io na (Rom. statesman); BENTO yu Pasca l, Bento yu Pasca la (rum. Composer).

3. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in -ah, -ya, -ya, -ya, -oy

Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - a, -I, -and I, -and I, -oya are usually inclined. But there are also cases of their non-declension, which is associated with the place of stress in the word and the tradition of their use in Russian:

3.1. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - a, -I unstressed, as a rule, bow; for example: TO MA Svetlana, That we are Svetlana (Russian actress), DO GA Evgeny, Dogi Evgenia (Mold. composer).

3.2. Japanese names and last names ending in - a bad, in recent times in the press, in television and radio programs, in literature, they are regularly declined. The Dictionary gives: KUROSA WA Aki ra, Kurosa you Aki ry (Japanese director); HATOYA MA Ichi ro, Hatoya we Ichi ro (jap. statesman).

3.3. Georgian names and surnames of the indicated type experience fluctuations during declension, but in accordance with the norm of the Russian literary language, they should be declined, for example: OKUJA VA Bula t, Okudzha you Bula ta; HORA WA Aka cue, Hora you Aka cue; VA ZHA Pshave la, Va zhi Pshavely. But the name of the Georgian poet, ending in - a shock, Shota Rustavi is traditionally not declined in Russian.

3.4. Finnish given names and surnames ending in - a unstressed, mostly not inclined, for example: KE KKONEN Urho Kaleva, Kekkonen Urho Kaleva, PE KKALA Ma yno, neskl.

3.5. Names and surnames ending in - a with the preceding - and, do not decline, for example: GAMSAHU RDIA Konstantin n, Gamsahu rdia Konstantin na (Georgian writer).

3.6. Slavic surnames ending in - a percussion, decline: SKORODO Gregory, Skovorody Gregory (Ukrainian philosopher); POTEBNYA Alexa NDR, Potebnya Alexa Ndra (Ukrainian and Russian philologist - Slavist).

3.7. French surnames and personal names ending in - a percussion, do not decline: TALMA François, neskl. (French actor); THOMA Ambrois s, Thomas Ambrois for (French composer); GAMARRA Pierre, Gamarra Pierre (French writer); DUMA Alexa NDR, Dumas Alexa Ndra (French writer).

3.8. Some African surnames on - a the shock experience fluctuations in declination: BABANGIDA Ibragi m, Babangida Ibragi ma (government figure of Nigeria); YAMARA Semoko [se], neskl. (common leader of Chad).

3.9. Women's personal names and surnames ending in - and I are inclined according to the pattern of declension of personal names such as Ra I, Ta I, Agla I. The Dictionary gives the forms genus, dates. and suggestion. pad., for example: GULA I I nna, Gula and I nna, to Gula e I nna, about Gula e I nna (Russian actress); SANA Ya Marina, Sana and Marina, to Sana e Marine, o Sana e Marine (Russian figure skater).

3.10. Male surnames ending - oya decline according to the type of declension n. “needles”, for example: PIHO I am Rudolf, Pikho and Rudolf, to Pikho e Rudolf, about Pikho e Rudolf (Russian statesman).

3.11. Georgian surnames ending in - and I, are inclined according to the model of the name Mariya (Mariya, born, dated, proposition. andand), although in speech practice, on TV and radio, in the press, surnames of this type are sometimes not declined, which does not correspond to the norm of the Russian literary language. Correct: DANELIA Georgy, Daneliya Georgiy, to Daneliya Georgiy, about Daneliya Georgy [ne] (Russian film director); ALEXA NDRIIA Na na, Alexa ndria Na na, to Alex andria Na ne, about Alexandria Na ne (Georgian chess player); Chkonia Lamar, Chkonia Lamara, to Chkonia Lamar, about Chkonia Lamar (Georgian actress).

3.12. For personal names And I, Li I, Vi I, Ti I, Gi I (masculine Georgian name) are given the forms of genus, dates. and suggestion. pad. ending - ai: And I, And and, to And and, about And and. There is a second way of inflecting these names: And I, And and, to And e, about And e. The dictionary prefers the first, i.e.: And I, And and, to And and, about And and.

3.13. For personal names and surnames of eastern origin such as Aliya, Alfiya, Zulfiya, the forms of genus, dates are given. and suggestion. fall: Zulfiya, -ii; to Zulfiya, about Zulfiya.

4. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in a consonant (including th)

4.1. Male surnames and personal names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are inclined: DAL Vladi world, Da la Vladi world; BRECHT Bertolt, Brecht Bertolt [re].

4.2. Male and female surnames ending in - them, -s, do not bow: RAVENSKIKH Nikolai, Ravenskikh Nikolai I (Russian director); Cheremny x Mihai l, Cheremny x Mihai la (Russian artist); Cheremny x, neskl. (female f.).

4.3. To male names and surnames ending in hissing and - c, the forms of the genus are given. and creativity. pad. Emphasis on creativity. pad. written - about, and without the accent - e, for example: LIST Ferenc, Lista Ferenc, Listom Ferenc (Hungarian composer, pianist, conductor); Barents Willem, Barents Willem, Barents Willem (Dutch navigator); BILA SH Alexa ndr, Bilasha Alex ndra, Bilasho m Alexa ndrom (Russian composer); BA LAZH (Balash) Bela, Balazha (Balasha) Bely, Balazhem (Balashem) White (Hungarian writer). However, there are exceptions, for example: TE LESHOV Nikolay th, Teleshova Nikola I (Russian writer); VLADI MIRTSOV Bori s, Vladi Mirtsova Boris sa (scientist-Mongolian); KOKO VTSOV Pa led, Koko Vtsova Pa Vla (Russian scientist and Semitologist).

4.4. Male surnames of East Slavic origin that have a fluent vowel during declension can have two declension options - with and without loss of a vowel, depending on the tradition of their use in literary speech. The Dictionary gives: ZA Yats Anatoly, Za Yats Anatoly (Russian poet); SUDET Ts Vladi world, Sudetsa Vladi world (Russian military leader); Gritsev Ts Sergey, Gritsevets Sergey I (Russian pilot); LUCHENO K and grief, Luchenka And grief (Belarusian composer); KOVALYONOK Vladi the world, Kovalyonka Vladi the world (Russian cosmonaut); MAZURO K Yury, Mazuroka Yury (Russian singer).

4.5. For male surnames and personal names of West Slavic and West European origin, the gender forms are given. pad. without dropping out a vowel, for example: GA SHEK Yaroslava, Hasek Yaroslava (Czech writer); GA VRANEK Bo guslav, Ga vranek Bo guslav [ne] (Czech linguist); GOTT Karel, Gotta Karela [re] (Czech singer).

4.6. Male Polish, Czech and Slovak surnames on - sky, -tsky are usually given with full endings in the nominative case and are declined according to Russian models (following the model of adjective declension), for example: Olbry Khsky Danie l, Olbry Khsky Danie la [ie] (Polish actor); Oginsky (Oginsky) Michal Cleofas, Oginsky (Oginsky) Michal Cleofas (Polish composer). But sometimes surnames of this type are used in an indeclinable form, for example: POLA NSKI Roman n, Polanski Romana (Polish film director), although they should be declined on the recommendation of specialists. The dictionary gives: POLAN (Pol Nsk) Roman, Polan (Pol N) Roman.

4.7. Women's surnames can be issued in different ways: with full endings (- skye, -tskaya) and with truncated (- ska, -tska). In both cases, they are more often inclined according to Russian models (following the pattern of declension of full adjectives), for example: BANDRO VSKA-TU RSKA E va, Bandrovskaya - Turskaya E you (Polish singer); BRY LSKA Barbara, Bry lskoy Barbara (Polish actress); CHERNY-STEFA NSKA Galina, Cherny-Stefanskaya Galina (Polish pianist). Quite often, the name Brylskaya is pronounced incorrectly, with an emphasis on the first syllable: Barbara. But in Polish, the stress is always placed on the penultimate syllable: Barbara. The Dictionary gives: BRYLSKA Barbara.

4.8. With borrowed male surnames ending in unstressed - ov, -in, the forms of the genus are given. and creativity. pad. ending - ohm: DA RVIN Charles, DA RVIN Charles, DA RVIN Charles (English naturalist); CHA PLIN Charles Spencer, Chaplin Charles Spencer, Chaplin Charles Spencer [pe, se] (American film actor, film director); FLOTOV Friedrich, Flotov Friedrich, Flotov Friedrich (German composer). Similar Russian surnames are in creation. pad. the ending - th.

4.9. European female surnames on unstressed - ov, -in are presented in the Dictionary in the indeclinable form: HO JKIN Do roti, neskl. (English scientist, f.); CHA PLIN Geraldine, Cha plin Geraldine (American actress).

4.10. The dictionary also includes male surnames with percussion - in. If these are Russian and Russified male surnames, then they are inclined according to the general rule, that is, they have to create. pad. percussion - th. Therefore, this form is not given in the Dictionary, for example: KARAMZI N Nikolai, Karamzina Nikolay i; BUTURLI N Vasily, Buturlina Vasily.

4.11. Women's surnames of the given type are also inclined according to the Russian model: ROSTOPCHINA Evdoki I, Rostopchino i Evdoki and (Russian poetess).

4.12. To borrowed non-Russified male surnames with stress - in the form of creation is given. pad. with unstressed - ohm: RASI N Jean, Rasi na Jean, Rasi nom Jean nom (French playwright); BARTOLIN N Era zm, Bartoli na Era zm, Bartholin nom Era zm (Danish scientist).

4.13. Female surnames of this type are presented in an indeclinable version: DENEV Katri n [de], neskl. (French actress), BIRKY N Jane, neskl. (French actress).

4.14. Female surnames and given names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are given in an indeclinable form, for example: VO YNICH Ethel Lilián [te], neskl. (English writer); COURSE L Nico l [se], neskl. (French actress).

4.15. Women's personal names biblical origin(Agar, Rachel, Ruth, Sulami f, Esther, Judith) are inclined according to the type of declension of the word “salt” (salt, salt, with salt, about salt), for example; Aga ry, Aga ri, with Aga ryu, about Aga ri. The Dictionary lists the forms of the genus, creation. and suggestion. pad. According to the same pattern, the name Rachele is inclined (Rachele, Rachele, with Rachele, about Rachele), but the stage name of the French actress RASHEL ( present fam. - Eli for Rache l Felix) does not bow.

4.16. The name Love is declined without dropping out a vowel, the Dictionary contains the forms of genus, dates. and suggestion. fall .: Love, Love, to Love, oh Love. The names Nine l and Asso l fluctuate when declining. The dictionary gives: Nine l, -i [ne] (female name); Asso l, neskl. (f. name).

5. Complex borrowed names and surnames

5.1. In complex Western names and surnames connected by a hyphen, it declines the last word: BELMONDO Zha n--Paul, Belmondo Zha n--Po la (French actor); RUSSO Zha n--Zha k, Rousseau Zha n--Zha ka (French writer and philosopher); CAPABLA NCA Jose -Rau l, Capabla nki Jose -Rau la [se] (Cuban chess player). If the second name is not inclined, then the first name takes over the function of inflection, for example: TRENTIGNA N Zsa n-Louis, Trintigna na Zha na-Louis (French actor); GE Y-LUSSA TO Jose f-Louis, Gay-Lussa ca Jose f-Louis [ze] (French chemist and physicist).

5.2. In compound names and surnames of Vietnamese, Korean, Burmese, Cambodian, Chinese, etc., the last part is inclined: KIM YON NAM, Kim Yong Na ma (North-Korean statesman); BA THEIN TIN, Ba Thein Ti na [te] (Burmese statesman); CHE A SIM, Che a Sima (Cambodian statesman); LI PENG, Li Peng na (Chinese statesman).

6. Double surnames

In Russian double surnames, both parts are inclined if their endings are declensible, for example: SOKOLO V-MIKITO V, Sokolo va-Mikitova (Russian writer); SHAFT SCHEV-KUTU CALL, SHAFT SCHEVA-KUTU CALL (Russian poet, philologist, literary critic), but: FALCON IN-SKAL, Falcon va-Scala (Russian artist).

If the first part is not used as an independent word, it is not declined: DE MUT-MALINOVSKY, Demut-Malinovsky (Russian sculptor); Grum-Grzhima YLO Vladi the world, Grum-Grzhima ylo Vladi the world (Russian scientist - metallurgist); BO LF-BRUE HIV, Bon nch-Bruevicha (Russian military figure).

Kim is a male name.
Variant of spelling of the name in transliteration (Latin): Kim

Meaning of the name

From Evdokim. "Chief" (Celtic)
Kim, as a rule, is an uncomplicated person, he is not a mystery to those around him: all his feelings are literally written on his face. He is inclined to unconditionally trust people, and since he is a useless psychologist, he is often deceived by them. But he cannot forgive this in any way and will harbor evil for years. He knows how to keep his word and, if he promises, he will certainly do it. Purposeful in his youth, having reached a certain position, he calms down and settles down so as not to bother himself with excessive worries about daily bread. However, these people are perfectly able to make others work for themselves. They are not too ambitious and strive more for a calm, prosperous life. From time to time, showing outstanding fighting qualities, the Kims fight for the implementation of some plans that have overwhelmed them. he will not regret such a valuable worker. Kim is always the owner in the house, however, he marries more than once, and the married man often looks at women, nevertheless, all this does not prevent him from being an exemplary family man.

Name Numerology

Soul number: 9.
Owners of the name number 9 are dreamy, romantic and impulsive. They are cheerful, love big noisy companies, they tend to make grand gestures, they love to help people. However, the "nines" are prone to inflated conceit and often flirt, and turn into arrogant egocentrists. "Nines" are cheerful, amorous and romantic. However, their feelings are far from always constant, which is often expressed in "frivolity" in their personal lives. "Nines" are quite selfish. Build strong family with the "nine" can only be a very strong personality.

Hidden Spirit Number: 1
Body number: 8

Signs

Planet Neptune.
Element: Water, cold-humidity.
Zodiac: Sagittarius, Pisces.
Colour: Aquamarine, sea green.
Day: Thursday, Friday.
Metal: Rare earth metals, platinum.
Mineral: Topaz, aquamarine.
Plants: Grapes, poppies, roses, saffron, weeping willow, algae, mushrooms, water lily, henbane, hemp.
Beasts: deep sea fish, whale, seagull, albatross, dolphin.

Often, secretaries and clerks, when drawing up protocols, are faced with the requirement of the head not to incline declined surnames. What surnames do not actually decline, we will tell in the article.

From the article you will learn:

What are the misconceptions about the declension of surnames

Most native speakers of the Russian language are absolutely unaware of the laws of declension of names and surnames. Even though there is a large number of reference books and manuals on this topic, the issue of declension of surnames remains complex and ambiguous.

In many respects, the solution of this issue is hindered by misconceptions about the rules for declension of surnames, which are widespread among native speakers of the Russian language. Let's consider some of them.

There is a widespread misconception that the declension of a surname depends on its linguistic origin. From this, the wrong conclusion is made that, for example, all Georgian, Polish or Armenian surnames do not decline.

Another misconception is that the declension of a surname depends on the gender of its bearer.

If the surname coincides with a common noun (Will, Freedom, Beetle), then it does not decline.

However, perhaps the most common misconception is that there are so many declension rules that it simply does not make sense to memorize them.

In order to refute these misconceptions, consider the basic rules for changing surnames by cases. We have formulated them in the form of step-by-step instructions, with which you can quickly conclude whether the surname changes in cases or not.

How to determine if a surname is inclined: step by step instructions

A. If the surname ends in -ov, -in, but it is foreign (For example, Chaplin or Darwin), then it will change in cases like a noun of the second declension (for example, table) - Chaplin, Darwin.

C. Female surnames in -ina (Smorodina, Zhemchuzhina) change depending on how the male version of the same surname changes. If the male version sounds like Smorodin or Zhemchuzhin, then the female surname in the instrumental case will sound like Smorodina or Zhemchuzhina, and if the male version matches the female surname - Zhemchuzhina or Currant, then the female surname will decline as a common noun - Zhemchuzhina or Smorodina.

Step #2

Non-standard surname

The main rule to follow is that the type of declension is primarily affected by what sound - a vowel or a consonant - the surname ends with. We note again that neither the gender of the carrier nor the origin affects the inclination or inclination of the surname.

Step #3

Groups of indeclinable surnames

All Russian surnames ending in -s, -ih (Sukhikh, Belykh), as well as surnames that end in vowels e, and, o, u, s, e, u, are not subject to change in cases.

For example, the performance of Loya, Gramigny, Ceausescu, Lykhna, Maigret and Liu.

Note. AT everyday speech and in the language of literature, which depicts Speaking, sometimes you can find the declension of male surnames on -s or -ih. For example, Chernykh's report. Sometimes you can find the declension of Ukrainian surnames on - to - Chernenka or Shevchenko. The last variant of surname changes was common in the 19th century, but at present both the first variant and the second are undesirable.

Step #4

In the event that the surname has an ending in a consonant sound (except for -ih and -ih), then it will be inclined or not, depending on the gender of its owner.

Male surnames will decline to a consonant sound, but female ones will not. It is important to note that the linguistic origin of the surname is not decisive in this case.

If the surname ends in a consonant (except for surnames in -s, -ih, which were mentioned above), then here - and only here! - the gender of the bearer of the surname matters. All male surnames ending in a consonant are inclined - this is the law of Russian grammar. All female surnames ending in a consonant are not declined. In this case, the linguistic origin of the surname does not matter. Men's surnames are also declined, coinciding with common nouns.

For example, the reports of Krug, Shock, Semenyuk, Martirosyan (for male surnames) and the reports of Krug, Shock, Semenyuk and Martirosyan (for female surnames).

Note 1. There are male surnames of East Slavic origin, which can be inclined in two ways. It's about about surnames that have a fluent vowel when changing - Zhuravl - Zhuravel or Zhuravl. Most reference books recommend keeping a fluent vowel (Zhuravel) when declining, since from a legal point of view it is important to preserve the integrity of the surname. However, the owner of the surname can insist on the option he has chosen. The main thing in this case is to adhere to the uniformity of changing the surname by case in all legal documents.

Note 2. The surnames beginning with th (Shakhrai) deserve special mention. Here we also encounter the possibility of a double change of surname. If the surname is perceived as an adjective, for example, Topchy, then it changes as Topchy, Topchy, etc. If the surname is perceived as a noun, then it changes as Topchia, Topchia. Such difficult cases concern only those surnames in which the consonant "y" is preceded by the vowels "o" or "i". In all other cases, the surname changes according to the general rules (Shakhrai, Shakhrai, etc.)

Step #5

If the surname ends in a vowel -я, which is preceded by another vowel (for example: Shengelaya, Lomaya, Rhea, Beria, Danelia), she declines.

Examples: notebook by Inna Shengelai, diploma issued to Nikolay Lomaya, meeting with Anna Rhea; crimes of Lavrenty Beria, meeting with George Danelia.

Step #6

If the surname ends in a vowel -a preceded by another vowel (eg: Galois, Morois, Delacroix, Moravia, Eria, Heredia, Gulia), it is not declined.

Examples: Nikolai Galua's notebook, diploma issued to Irina Eria, meeting with Igor Gulia.

A. French surnames with an accent on the last syllable are not inclined: books by Alexandre Dumas, Emile Zola and Anna Gavald, aphorisms by Jacques Derrida, goals by Diarra and Drogba.

B. Mostly Finnish surnames ending in -a are not inflected: meeting with Mauno Pekkala (although in a number of sources it is recommended to incline them too).

All other surnames (Slavic, Eastern and others; ending in stressed and unstressed -a, -ya) are inclined. Contrary to a common misconception, surnames that coincide with common nouns are also declined.

Examples: Irina Groza's notebook, Nikolai Mukha's diploma, Elena Kara-Murza's lecture, Bulat Okudzhava's songs, Igor Kvasha's roles, Akira Kurosawa's films.

Note. The declension of Japanese surnames used to fluctuate, but reference books note that such surnames have been consistently declined in recent times.

Why is it important to follow the rules of declension of surnames

The need to follow the rules for declension of surnames is due not only to decency, but to the fact that non-compliance with these rules can lead to different kind misunderstandings.

For example, consider this situation. You have received a letter signed as follows: "Vasily Groz's letter." Following the laws of Russian grammar, you most likely assume that the male surname, which in the genitive case ends in -a, will have a zero ending in the nominative case and conclude that the author of the letter is Vasily Groz. Such a misunderstanding would not have arisen if the letter had been signed correctly - "Vasily Groza's letter."

Another example. You have passed the article A. Pogrebnyak. It is natural to assume that the author of the article is a woman. If it later turns out that the author is a man Anatoly Pogrebnyak, then this can lead to a misunderstanding.

Results

1. The declension of any surname is determined by the rules of the modern Russian language.
2. The declension of a surname depends on what sound - a vowel or a consonant - it ends with.
3. The rule "male surnames change by case, but female surnames do not" applies only to surnames ending in a consonant sound.
4. If the surname coincides with a common noun (Nora, Bear or Hare), then this is not an obstacle to its declension.

Instruction

Female surnames with the suffixes -ov- and -inclined according to the rules of adjective declension. Male surnames with these suffixes have a different from ordinary adjectives in instrumental and prepositional cases singular(example: Griboyedov, about Griboedov).

Surnames with zero ending decline according to gender. as the masculine gender of the second declension (for example, N.V. Gogol). Women's surnames are not inclined (for example, with Anna Vrubel). Such surnames are declined as masculine nouns.

Surnames ending in -i or -i and formed from genitive adjectives in plural, do not decline (for example, Kruchenykh). In colloquial speech, sometimes there is a declension of surnames of this type, which is not a literary norm.

Surnames of non-Russian origin ending in -i do not decline (for example, about Alisa Freindlich).

Surnames ending in a are not declined if placed on the last syllable (for example, o Dumas) or if the word ends in 2 vowels (for example, Delacroix). Surnames ending in an unstressed a are declined like nouns of the first declension (for example, in Kafka). In this case, it will be useful to remember that French surnames do not decline.

Surnames ending in a stressed -ya are not inclined (for example, Zola), they are inclined to an unstressed one (for example, Beria).

Declension of surnames can occur in other ways. In particularly difficult cases, it is recommended to refer to the "Directory of surnames".

Sources:

• Declension of surnames and personal names
• what surnames are not inclined

The word surname in translation means family (Latin familia - family). Last name is given name tribal community - united primary social cells connected by blood ties. How do the names of surnames arise, what is the principle of the formation of Russian surnames, in particular, surnames with "-ov".

The emergence of surnames

The emergence and spread of surnames in Russia was gradual. The first nicknames were acquired by citizens of Veliky Novgorod and its subordinate lands. Chronicle evidence draws our attention to this fact, talking about the Battle of the Neva in 1240.

Later, in the XIV - XV centuries, princes began to acquire generic names. Nicknamed after the name of the inheritance that they owned, having lost it, the princes began to leave for themselves and their descendants its name as a family name. So the Vyazemsky (Vyazma), Shuisky (Shuya) and other noble families appeared. At the same time, those derived from nicknames began to be fixed: Lykovs, Gagarins, Gorbatovs.

Boyar and then noble surnames, for lack of status in their appanage, were formed to a greater extent from nicknames. Also, the formation of a surname from the name of the ancestor has become widespread. bright volume the reigning family in Russia - the Romanovs.

Romanovs

The ancestors of this old boyar family were ancestors who wore different time nicknames: Mare, Koshka Kobylin, Koshkins. The son of Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin, Yuri Zakharovich, was already called both by his father and by his nickname - Zakharyin-Koshkin. In turn, his son, Roman Yuryevich, bore the surname Zakhariev-Yuriev. The Zakharyins were also the children of Roman Yuryevich, but from the grandchildren (Fyodor Nikitich - Patriarch Filaret), the family continued under the name of the Romanovs. With the surname Romanov, Mikhail Fedorovich was elected to the royal throne.

Last name as identification

The establishment by Peter I in 1719 of passports for the convenience of collecting the poll tax and the implementation of the recruitment gave rise to the spread of surnames for men of all classes, including peasants. At first, along with the name, the patronymic and / or nickname were entered, which then became the owner's surname.

The formation of Russian surnames on -ov / -ev, -in

The most common Russian surnames are formed from personal names. As a rule, this is the name of the father, but more often the grandfather. That is, the surname was fixed in the third generation. At the same time, the personal name of the ancestor passed into the category of possessive adjectives formed from the name with the help of the suffixes -ov / -ev, -in and answering the question “whose?”
Whose Ivan? - Petrov.

In the same way, at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century Russian officials formed and recorded the names of the inhabitants of the Russian Transcaucasia and Central Asia.

Advice 3: Declension of surnames in Russian: difficult cases

The Russian language is considered one of the most difficult in the world to learn from scratch. Of course, there is almost no irregular verbs and hieroglyphs, but many synonyms with subtle shades, layers of cultural context and modified borrowing - all this confuses beginners. And also the names are leaning ...

With the endings of simple surnames like Ivanov, Petrov, Smirnov, problems usually do not arise. Only those who do not understand gender and cases well enough can face certain difficulties: the surname can be either feminine in the nominative case (citizen Soloviev) or masculine in the genitive (“We don’t have Solovyov”). However, such cases rarely concern native speakers. It is much more difficult if the surnames do not look like an adjective (that is, they cannot be substituted as an answer to the questions “what?” and “whose?” and declined according to the appropriate rules) or belong to foreigners.

With or without rules

Most surnames, regardless of origin, can also be used in the plural - the flexibility of the Russian language allows you to do this without any damage: call Kshesinsky, dream of Douglas, admire Brin. It depends on the ending: surnames-polonisms ( -sky, -sky, -sky, -tskaya) and on -in, -ov, as well as women's -ina, -ova always bow. For complex cases, the possibility of a double declension is provided at the request of its owner: Elena Dyuzhina can maintain relative steadfastness (“letter to Elena Dyuzhina”, the surname is considered a noun), and be Elena Dyuzhina(from adjective).

Non-standard and non-format

Old Russian surnames-nouns in masculine, such as Dom, Pakhar, Gonchar, etc. only wander: to Viktor Dom, Leonid Pakhar, about Alexei Gonchar, while women remain unchanged: Anastasia Martyr, Veronika Lesnik. Surnames-nouns of the feminine gender (Beard, Osina) most often obey the same rule, if there is no categorical rejection on the part of their owner, but this can only be due to family tradition, which does not cancel the general rule for those unfamiliar with it. There are no exceptions for surnames of the middle gender (Onishchenko, Resheto, Velichko) - they are not inclined in any gender and number. Surnames formed from nicknames or personal names of ancestors in the genitive case also remain themselves: Zhivago, Ilinykh, Kruchenykh. General rule and female surnames ending in vowels -e, -i, -o, -u, -u- do not bend.

It's easy with Georgians

A few years ago, the press began to meet the rejection of the declension of famous surnames - Soviet politician Lavrenty Beria and director Georgy Daneliya. Journalists justified this spelling by the fact that the surname of the first Georgian president Zviad Gamsakhurdia is unchanged, as well as by the needlessness of declension of other Georgian surnames ending in - shvili and -jo. Liberal-minded people also contributed to illiteracy. public figures, who did not want to "mangle" the surnames, "offending the sovereignty of their bearers" (a similar politically correct nod to someone else's grammar - the spelling "in Ukraine", although Russian literary norm unchanged: in Ukraine). Nothing but stupidity, such an approach to mother tongue cannot be named. In fact, the rules did not change and Georgian surnames - shvili and -jo did not decline, and do not decline, and the first two cases depend on the spelling of the endings, -I or -a: "Gamsakhurdi I" will bow, and Daneli a- No. (A notable exception is Okudzhava, inclining.)

With the Caucasus and Asia - even easier

Male Armenian and Russified Azerbaijani, Chechen, Ingush, Dagestan and all Asian: Hakobyan, about Zurabyan, with Kurginyan, with Abishev, with Aivazov, about Aslamov, for Kul-Mukhammed; female - do not bow. If the surname is followed by the language ending “-oglu” (“-uly”), male surnames also cease to be inclined: Ali-ogly, Arman-uly.

Far abroad

Foreign surnames usually undergo changes, become Russified, up to the use of Russian endings, obeying the general rules: Dal (m .: Dalyu, about Dal; f .: indefinitely), Kara-Murza (the same), Lermontov (inclined both in cases and in childbirth). Foreign surnames of men ending in a soft or hard consonant are inclined: Kozlevich's car, Ilf's book, Bender's romance; women remain unchanged.

Sources:

• Rules for changing names and surnames
• How to decline surnames
• To bend or not to bend?