The adverbial phrase is at the beginning of the sentence. Participle and participle turnovers: learning to distinguish. What is a participial turnover in Russian

Even from the school bench, many have retained the idea that, unlike participles, gerunds are always distinguished by commas, regardless of the presence of dependent words and the place in the sentence. In fact, this idea is not entirely correct - the separation of gerunds and participles has its own characteristics. Within the framework of this article, we will consider the isolation (and not isolation) of single gerunds. Read about in the corresponding article.

The general rule is - single gerunds are isolated (highlighted on both sides by commas) if they express an additional action, and are not isolated if they express a shade of the main action. For example:

* "She opened the door laughing" (two actions - "when she opened the door she laughed").

* “He walked slowly along the road and listened to the birds singing” (“slowly” is a shade of the main action).

First of all, gerunds become such shades, which, in principle, have practically lost their verbal meaning and are perceived rather as adverbs - “silently”, “slowly”. The situation is more complicated with those gerunds that are isolated or not isolated depending on the context. For example, "She opened the door laughing." This participle can be seen as a connotation of action (how exactly did she open the door?) or as an independent action (when she opened the door, she laughed). Accordingly, a comma will or will not be placed depending on the meaning that the author puts into the sentence.

The following can serve as a kind of hint when deciding on the placement of a comma: as a rule, shades of action are expressed by gerunds that come immediately after the verb. However, they can be replaced by an adverb or a noun with a preposition. For example, “without stopping” - “without stops”, “slowly” - “without haste”, “smiling” - “with a smile”. Some sources also indicate that gerunds ending in "-a" and "-o" are more often shades, while those with "-v" and "-vsh" are additional actions.

The participles torn off from the verb are often isolated.

Compare:

* She said hello with a smile.

* She said hello with a smile.

* "Smiling, a girl in a beautiful dress handed him a balloon."

Now let's pay attention to some subtleties regarding the placement of commas with isolated gerunds. In particular, if two homogeneous (that is, related to the same verb) single gerunds are connected by the union “and” (as well as “either”, “or”, etc.), then no commas are placed around this union - by analogy with homogeneous members of the sentence. For example, "Running and pulling up, she quickly brought herself into shape." The same applies to the separation of the participial turnover and the single participle. Being isolated in relation to the whole phrase, these members of the sentence are homogeneous among themselves (for this, the participles must certainly refer to one verb).

Also, commas are not put if the union “and” connects an adverb and a gerund belonging to the same verb - such members of the sentence are also considered homogeneous (plus, such gerunds often express shades of action). For example, "He answered quickly and without hesitation." At the same time (by analogy with homogeneous members of a sentence), if there is no connecting union or there is a union “a” or “but”, then a comma should be placed between the adverb and the participle: “He answered quickly, without hesitation.”

If a gerund begins a subordinate clause and has the word “which” as a dependent, then this gerund is not isolated. The same is true if the gerund has other dependent words. "I dream of such a dress, finding which I will feel like a queen."

The opinions of linguists about what a gerund is are divided. Some believe that it refers to a special form of the verb, others suggest that it is an independent part of speech. We will support the second option.

The participle is an independent part of speech. It contains the signs of an adverb and a verb, shows when, why and how the action is performed by the verb-predicate, and has an additional effect. If the gerund in a sentence is not alone, but has words that depend on it, then this set of words is called a gerund. The article will tell about how and when the separation of gerunds in a sentence is made.

What is isolation?

In Russian, the concept of isolation is a way of clarifying and highlighting a certain set of words in a sentence. Only members of the proposal that are secondary can be isolated, and this is how they differ from non-isolated members. Separations are necessary so that the reader can more accurately understand the described picture of the ongoing action. Not only lonely standing participles can be isolated, but also

Examples of single gerunds

If an isolated circumstance does not have dependent words in the sentence, then it is called a single gerund. When writing a sentence, this part of speech is always distinguished by commas on both sides.

The location of the participle in the sentence can be any. Here are examples of the correct selection of single gerunds with commas:

1. As she stared, she couldn't utter a word.
2. When I returned, I found my sister at home.
3. Without training, you can not achieve success in sports.

Accordingly, the following gerunds were allocated with a comma:

• staring;
• returning;
• without exercising.

There are several repeated participles in the letter. They are called homogeneous. At the same time, they are separated by commas among themselves and separated by this punctuation mark as separate parts of speech. Examples of such proposals:

1. Laughing, singing and spinning, Natasha hurried to her first date.
2. Laughing and winking, Pasha closed the door.
3. She was silent, angry, but cowardly.

Homogeneous participles in a sentence can refer to different predicates. For example: Playing and laughing, she, inspired, rushed towards her dreams.

Separation by commas of single gerunds

Separation of single gerunds occurs in the following cases:

1. If the gerund plays the role of the second predicate in the sentence. Stores the meaning of the verb. Indicates the condition, cause, or time of an action, but not its image. Having escaped, Marina lost her purse. After the holiday, the guests departed without calming down.
2. If you can check the sentence in your mind by replacing the gerund with a verb, or make a complex sentence out of a simple sentence. When Marina ran away, she rubbed her purse. The guests after the holiday, though not calmed down, but dispersed.

Separation of single gerunds does not occur if:

1. A single gerund has lost its verbal meaning or has a close connection with the predicate. Masha ran into the room without knocking. Zhenya got down from the tree silently and slowly.
2. If gerunds are circumstances of the mode of action and they cannot be replaced by verbs. Zhenya tears silently and in no hurry.
3. If a single participle can be replaced by a noun. Masha ran into the room without knocking.

Isolation of single gerunds depending on their location in the sentence

Separation of gerunds may not occur if they are at the beginning or end of a sentence, but in the middle they are separated by commas. Let's compare two sentences:

1. Tanya tried on slippers slowly.
2. On the way, slowly, Tanya admired the flowers.

In the first sentence, the separation of the participle with commas is not done, since it is represented by the circumstance of the mode of action. It can be replaced by the word - "slowly".

In the second sentence, the participle is the circumstance of the reason ("because I was in no hurry").

How is an adverbial turnover formed?

If the sentence contains a part of speech that answers the questions “what are you doing?”, “what are you doing?” and called a gerund, with dependent words, then this set of words is usually called a gerund participle.

In a sentence, this turnover always performs the function of a circumstance and refers to the verb, as it denotes an additional action. Additional actions are performed by the same person, phenomenon or object that performs the main actions.

Examples of adverbial phrases

The separation of participles and participles occurs regardless of where they stand in relation to the verb-predicate. For example:

1. All day dark clouds were moving across the sky, now opening the sun, then closing it again.
2. Walking next to his mother, the baby looked at her with surprise and fascination.
3. Joy, bringing happiness to some people, gave others inescapable grief.
4. I watched the sunrise without taking my eyes off it.
5. The kid, following his mother's hand, made the same movements.

What should be remembered when using the gerund and participle in a sentence?

The basic rules for using adverbial phrases when writing a text are as follows:

1. Expressed by the verb-predicate, the main action and the additional action, expressed by the adverbial turnover, must refer to the same person, object or phenomenon.
2. Most often, the isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles is used when writing a one-part, definitely personal sentence, as well as with a verb in the imperative mood.
3. If the sentence is impersonal in the infinitive, then it is also possible to use the adverbial turnover.
4. The isolation of gerunds and the isolation of circumstances are one and the same, since the gerund expresses a sign of a circumstance in a sentence.

In what cases are gerunds and participles not separated by commas?

Separation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles is not carried out if:

1. Circumstances are connected by the union "and" with a non-isolated circumstance or predicate. She hated him and accepted his attentions. Dasha played noisily and screamed with joy.
2. Circumstances converge with adverbs. They lose their added value and acquire the value of a sign of action. It:

• gerunds, which have become phraseological turns (without closing your eyes, rolling up your sleeves, headlong, opening your mouth, and others). For example: Petya worked carelessly. But: rolling up her sleeves, she washed her hands in the tub. It should be remembered that phraseological introductory phrases (apparently, in other words, in fact, others) are separated by a comma.
• gerunds that carry the main semantic load. Without them, the predicate does not fully express the thought. This part of speech usually comes after the predicate. The "adverb" of these gerunds is obvious in sentences where there is a group of homogeneous members - gerunds and adverbs. For example: He answered me without embarrassment and frankly. without embarrassment is a gerund, and frankly- adverb.

Commas do not distinguish gerunds in the composition having the dependent word "which" in all its variations. He wanted to get rid of the letter, reading which he recalled his recent grief.

What should be distinguished from verbal participles

Separating the participles, many do not think that these can be adverbs or prepositions.

The following adverbs are distinguished:

• clover;
• sneak;
• joking;
• silently;
• sitting;
• standing;
• lying and others.

The gerunds identical with these words retain an additional effect. This happens during the formation and connection with other gerunds. Anya rode standing all the way. He will do the job jokingly (easy). These sentences use adverbs.

Standing at the top, Anya looked down. All the way, having fun and playing, Yana did not close her mouth. In these sentences, commas separate the participle in the first sentence and the homogeneous participles in the second sentence.

From the prepositions they distinguish: starting with, based on. Commas are not put, since the adverbial part can be removed from the sentence and its meaning will not change. It's snowing since the night (it's coming from the night)

Separation of participles and participles: what is the difference?

Participial and participle turnovers perform different functions in a sentence and have their own following morphological differences:

1. The participial turnover or single participle refers to the word being defined (noun or pronoun). The participle or participle turnover is closely related to the verb-predicate. At the same time, the participle changes in numbers, genders, cases, has a full and short forms, and the participle is an invariable word form.
2. The participial turnover and the participle perform the function of definition in the sentence, and the gerund and participle turnovers act as different circumstances.
3. Participles and participles are different with suffixes. Participles have such suffixes as -usch-(-yusch-), -ashch-(-yashch)- -vsh-, -sh- of real participles and -om-(-em-), -im-- -enn-, -nn-, -t- in the suffering. While gerunds have the following suffixes: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -lice-, -shi-.

1. If there is a union in the sentence next to the adverbial phrase, then they are separated by a comma. Unions and are not included in circulation. For example: He smiled at his friend and, jumping over a puddle, ran home. An exception is the union "a", which stands before the adverbial turnover. In this case, it is included in the turnover. For example: A person needs to understand what is the meaning of life, and having understood this, he will tell others.
2. If the sentence consists of several participial phrases or single participles, then commas are placed between them as when listing homogeneous members of the sentence. For example: She approached, staggering and holding her friend by the shoulder with one hand, and kept the other on her belt.
3. If in one sentence there are several adverbial phrases relating to different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas. For example: Pushing the gate with his foot, he ran out onto the road and, paying no attention to the people, rushed away.
4. The adverbial phrase is always separated by commas on both sides.

Separation of gerunds will not cause problems if you learn how to correctly identify this part of speech in any sentence.

How can you help your child consolidate what they have learned?

After the child has studied the theoretical material, he should be invited to consolidate it with practical exercises.

Initially, children should work orally with sentences and learn to find adverbial phrases and single adverbs in them. After that, students should be asked to write sentences and arrange them. In addition, the child must explain his choice in the arrangement of commas.

After the children have mastered simple sentences, you can give them sentences with conjunctions and allied words. At the same time, before finding a participle or a single participle, one should highlight the grammatical basis.

They complicate the task with complex compound sentences that have several grammatical bases and homogeneous adverbial phrases.

Participial turnover is a gerund with dependent words. The participle is formed from a verb and denotes an additional action. In a sentence with a participial turnover, there is always a verb in the role of a predicate that names the main action. The actions called verb and gerund are performed by the same person. This person in the sentence is expressed by a noun or pronoun and is the subject. In the sentence, the adverbial turnover, like the single adverbial participle, plays the role of circumstance.

Separation of gerunds

The adverbial turnover is separated by commas, regardless of the place in the sentence: at the beginning, in the middle or at the end. Offers, complicated by adverbial turnover.

Examples:

• Hearing a suspicious sound in the forest The hunters grabbed their guns.
• Artists, bowing to the audience were in no hurry to leave the stage.
• The kitten crawled under the bed afraid of Sharik.

On both sides, the adverbial turnover is also distinguished if it follows a union or an allied word.

Examples:

• The car began to accelerate, but, squealing tires, stopped abruptly.
• The children understood that running away from class, let Maria Ivanovna down.

The adverbial turnover is used in generalized personal sentences and impersonal (with infinitive) sentences.

Examples:

• kneading the dough use warm foods.
• Solving the problem you need to read the terms and conditions carefully.
• Hearing the fire alarm, you can't panic.

The adverbial phrase can have commas inside. Complex adverbial phrases, examples:

• Children, scattered books, toys and clothes, ran away.
• Giving the birthday girl flowers, sweets and decorations, the guests went to dance

Cases when the adverbial turnover is not isolated

In three special cases, the adverbial turnover is not separated by commas.
not isolated single adverbial turnover, examples:

1. Is .
   • Vanya ran away from the dog headlong.
   • During the subbotnik schoolchildren worked tirelessly;
2. It is connected by the union And with a homogeneous non-isolated circumstance, usually expressed by an adverb.
   • The youth on the bench laughed loud and not embarrassed by anyone.
   • Dexterously and trying not to hurt the nurse removed the bandage.
3. In front of it is an amplifying particle I.
   • Misha entered the university and without using acquaintances with the dean.

Several adverbial phrases in a simple sentence

In a simple sentence, there can be several adverbial phrases. They can relate to one predicate and be homogeneous among themselves. The punctuation marks between them are subject to the rules of punctuation for homogeneous members.

Offers with homogeneous adverbial phrases, examples:

• swallows, circling over the shore, cutting the air with sharp wings, now and then dived into sandy minks.
• Staying late at work and missing the train, Pyotr Ivanovich was forced to spend the night in the office.
• Pouring tea, but not offering it to the guest, Masha was waiting for an explanation.

Participle turns in a simple sentence are heterogeneous if they refer to different predicates. Example:

• The wind blew with terrible force, tearing off roofs from houses, howling in pipes, instilling fear in the villagers.

Mistakes in the use of adverbial phrases

Building a sentence with a participial turnover often causes difficulties. Be aware of common mistakes and be able to avoid them. Errors in the use of adverbial phrases, examples:

1. The action called a gerund is not performed by the subject.
   • While reading a book, a bookmark fell out of it. Use a complex sentence or make another person the subject. Correctly: When Misha was reading a book, a bookmark fell out of it. Or: While reading a book, Misha dropped a bookmark from it.
   • Picking the flowers, they smelled strongly. Use participial turnover or make another person subject. Correctly: Picked flowers smelled strongly. Picking flowers, I smelled a strong aroma.
2. The use of adverbial phrases in an impersonal sentence.
   • Seeing the gifts, Kate became fun. Use a complex sentence or make the sentence personal. Correctly: Katya felt happy when she saw the gifts. Or: Seeing the gifts, Katya
     rejoiced.
   • Grandma got better after drinking the medicine. Correctly: Grandma got better after she drank the medicine. Or: Grandma felt better, after drinking the medicine.
3. A participle turnover in combination with a verb in the form of the future tense.
   • Having prepared a concert, the ensemble will go on tour. Use a complex sentence.
     Correctly: The ensemble will go on tour when they prepare a concert.
4. Use with a participial turnover or a verb as a homogeneous member.

   Apple trees covered with pale pink flowers and emitting a light fragrance, attracted
   bees. Use 2 participial or 2 participle turns (if possible). Correctly: Apple trees covered with pale pink flowers and exuding a light aroma,
   attracted bees.

   The cockchafer sank heavily onto a branch and folded stiff wings. Use 2 verbs or remove the union I. Correctly: The cockchafer sank heavily onto a branch and folded its rigid wings. Or: The Maybug has landed heavily on a branch, folded stiff wings.

As many people know, the adverbial turnover has the meaning of an additional predicate, therefore it is isolated, highlighted by commas. This usually does not cause difficulties for students. However, there are cases when the adverbial turnover does not need to be separated. We will now consider these cases in more detail.

1. Participle turnover(most often this is a turnover with the meaning of the circumstance of the mode of action) does not mean an additional action, but on the contrary, being closely connected with the predicate, it itself becomes the semantic center of the statement. In this case, it cannot be removed or moved without distorting or losing the meaning of the sentence.

He stood with his neck slightly stretched out, sad and thoughtful.(the main thing is that he did not just stand, but stood with his neck slightly stretched out).

She usually read with her head tilted and the tip of her tongue stuck out.(meaning how she read, not what she read at all).

This exercise must be done while sitting on the floor.(the point is in exactly how this exercise is performed).

2. The adverbial turnover is a phraseological unit.

The boy hurried headlong to call rescuers for help.

The printers worked tirelessly.

After receiving the news, the girl spent the night without closing her eyes.

Here are some of these phraseological units: sleeveless, barely catching his breath, screaming without taking a breath, rushing with his tongue hanging out, lying staring at the ceiling, sitting with bated breath, working with his sleeves rolled up, rushing about without remembering himself, listening with his ears hanging out others.

Some adverbial phraseological combinations act as introductory ones, then they are isolated.

In all honesty, the exercise could have been done much better.

Apparently, you can already go on the road.

3. When there is an amplifying particle I before the adverbial turnover.

It was possible to report this without starting to quarrel.

A humble person remains humble even after defeating a strong enemy.

You can go home without waiting for the result of the exam.

4. If the adverbial turnover is broken by a word, which is part of a subordinate clause or in a simple sentence. This usually applies to relative attributive clauses with an allied word which the. Similar cases can also be found in some poetic texts.

To the left was a door, leaving through which it was possible to get into the dressing room.

Yesterday, a new film by Jim Jarmusch came out on the screen, after watching it it is not difficult to understand his creative growth.

Perched on the spruce tree, Crow was about to have breakfast, but she thought about it ... (I. A. Krylov).

But Shibanov, keeping his slavish loyalty, gives his horse to the governor (A. K. Tolstoy).

5. The participle may lose its verbal meaning, then it is not separated by commas. Usually in such cases it can be omitted without affecting the meaning of the sentence.

The post office is located not reaching Vosstaniya Square.

Universities accept applicants under the new rules since the end of last year

You can start the task from tomorrow.(the word starting can be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will not change).

However, if the turnover with the word beginning is not related to the concept of time or serves to clarify, explain, then it separates.

Everything seemed suspicious to us, starting with his intonation

The captain, starting from the Crimean War, participated in all military operations, except for the Japanese(the word starting cannot be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will change).

Turnovers based and according to in most cases they are not included in the adverbial construction and are not isolated.

The task is based on your wishes.

We will act according to the circumstances.

6. The adverbial turnover acts together with the usual non-isolated circumstance and they are homogeneous. In this case, the adverbial turnover is not separated by commas.

We will teach you how to solve examples and problems with ease and without resorting to reference books.

The boy ran quickly and did not look back.

The lieutenant answered inoenomu and not embarrassed.

However, in this case, isolation is possible if the author wants to put a semantic emphasis or give a passing explanation.

A little guilty and sobbing, mother psaid goodbye to Alyosha.

In the dark sky, wearily and not sparkling, little yellow droplets of stars appeared. (M. Gorky).

As you can see, not everything is simple with punctuation marks in the adverbial turnover, but we hope our explanations helped you. If something is not entirely clear, you will always find help from our tutors!

Good luck to you and a beautiful, competent, understandable Russian language!

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The phrase "participle turnover" is often associated with mandatory isolation. However, the separation of the adverbial turnover in a letter is not always required.

The appropriateness of a comma after the adverbial turnover (and before it) depends on the extent to which the adverbial participle has retained verbal properties, whether it has allied words or homogeneous non-isolated adverbs, and also on how “frozen” is the combination of words in turnover.

What is a participle turnover?

The main function of the participle is to designate an additional sign of the subject, expressed through the process.

This part of speech is not declined, in the sentence it acts as a circumstance and always adjoins the predicate (defined word). Often a gerund has words explaining it (depending on it) - such a speech turnover is called gerund.

How to find adverbial phrase in a sentence?

You can find a separate circumstance by asking questions from the predicate, which are answered by the participle. There are only two of them:

• "what doing";
• "what done".

Child,(doing what?) forgetting about the broken knee, laughed merrily,(doing what?) playing with a cat.

Both gerunds in the example refer to the subject "child" and adjoin the predicate "laughed".

The perfect form (first participle) means that something happened before something: the child first forgot (about the broken knee), and then began to laugh. The imperfect form (the second participle), on the contrary, indicates the simultaneity of actions: the child laughed and played.

Important! Quite often, the participial turnover and the predicate begin to be attributed to different subjects of the action, which is a stylistic mistake.

Walking in light shoes, my feet froze.

The subject of action for “walking” is “me”, for “frozen” is “feet”, but grammatically the subject for “walking” is “feet”, which sounds comical (usually legs do not walk on their own).

Rule: the subject of the action of the predicate and the gerund adjoining it is always the same.

Differences between participial and participle turnover

In order not to confuse one with the other, you can check from which part of the sentence the question is asked for this word (from the predicate or the subject).

If the question is asked from the subject, this is participial turnover.

Sparrow (what did he do?), Flying up to the bench, began to peck at the crumbs.

If the question can be asked only from the predicate - the turnover is participle.

Sparrow (having done what?), Flying up to the bench, began to peck crumbs.

He began to peck (having done what?) Flying up to the bench.

When the adverbial turnover is separated by commas

If the word has fully preserved the verb properties, the separation of the adverbial turnover is necessary. The absence of commas in this case is an error.

The adverbial turnover is separated by commas on both sides.

Tired of running around, she sat down to rest.

Someone's dog, forgetting about caution, ran across the road at a red light.

When the adverbial turnover is not separated by commas

Below are the cases in which the adverbial turnover is not separated by commas and is not isolated intonation.

Participles combined with the predicate in meaning

When the adverbial turnover is combined with the predicate, expressing a complex action, no selection is made.

She (did what?) sat without thinking on a painted bench.

Here it is impossible to separate the participle "without hesitation" from the predicate "village", since this is one action.

A gerund that has lost its verbal meaning

In sentences with a gerund that has become a preposition, emphasis is not needed. For example:

• "beginning with";
• "looking at";
• etc.

I have been working in the bank since 2013.

Important! When these words are not prepositions, they still need to be isolated. It is important to be able to see the difference.

1 A construction with the word “starting” is separated by commas if:

In the United States, beginning with the war between the north and the south, a juxtaposition of the two literatures emerged.

b) has no temporary value.

Her style, from her trendy haircut to her smartphone, was impeccable.

2 Separation is necessary if there is an emphasis on action.

Dictionaries are compiled from thousands of printed sources.

I drew conclusions based on the information you gave me.

3 If the turnover clarifies something or adds to the general meaning.

Act according to the situation.

The neighbor communicated with her in different ways, depending on her mood, which changed hourly.

A gerund with the meaning of an adverb

Some gerunds ending in -а/-я in a sentence carry the functions of an adverb and answer the question “how?”. Separation is not needed here.

read(how?) standing.

Wrote(how?) sitting.

ate(how?) leisurely.

Participle turnover as part of a phraseological expression

Stable phrases with gerunds (their list is rather small) are not isolated in writing.

She did everything backwards.

He yelled out of fear.

Participle turnover adjacent to participle turnover or single participle

When participle and gerund belong to the same action, separation within the construction is not required.

The cat, purring squinting at the fire, expressed serenity with all its appearance.

The word "which" as part of the adverbial turnover

When next to the gerund there is a dependent word "which", a comma is not needed.

You will have to delve into the basics of the craft, without understanding which you cannot move on.

Participle turnover as a homogeneous member paired with a non-isolated circumstance or after an adverb circumstance with the union "and" between them

If the adverbial turnover becomes homogeneous in a sentence with a non-isolated circumstance or an adverb of a circumstance connected with a turnover by a union, separation is not necessary.

She answered simply, confidently and without thinking about the question for more than a second.

My father used to come into my room on tiptoe and groaning from his effort to appear quiet.

Two adverbial turnovers with the union "and" between them

If the sentence has two adverbial phrases, and between them - "and", i.e. a coordinating union, the placement of a comma inside the construction depends on whether the revolutions belong to one predicate or to different ones.

A little girl of about six, having just run in from the street and out of breath, chattered something about a puppy from the threshold.

Here, both gerunds belong to the predicate “chattered”: (what did you do?) “running in” and (what did you do?) “out of breath” - a comma is not put before the conjunction “and”.

If each participle adjoins its own separate predicate, a comma is placed between the revolutions, as well as before the union "and".

Little girls ran home, carrying a black puppy in their arms, and, interrupting her sister, Tanya began to tell how it all happened.

The first participle refers to the predicate “ran in” (what are you doing?) “carrying a black puppy in your arms”, the second - to the predicate “began to tell” (what are you doing?) “interrupting your little sister”.