That is 2 chassis. Maintenance and repair of running gear. Checking and adjusting the toe-in of the front wheels
MOSCOW, April 14 - RIA Novosti. At least 400 people died on Tuesday when a boat carrying migrants from Libya to Italy crashed, humanitarian organization Save the Children said in a statement. According to the humanitarian organization Save the Children, among the victims are many young people, and probably minors.
Below is background information on the largest accidents on water transport in the world in 2011 - 2015.
2015
On April 14, at least 400 people were killed as a result of the crash of a ship with migrants en route from Libya to Italy. According to the humanitarian organization Save the Children, among the victims are many young people, and probably minors.
On the night of April 2, the large autonomous trawler "Far East" sank in the Sea of Okhotsk, 300 kilometers from Magadan. Of the 132 fishermen on board (including 54 foreigners), rescuers raised 119 from the icy water. Of these, 57 died, the rest received serious frostbite, 12 people are listed.
2014
December 13 boat with passengers on Lake Tanganyika in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The boat was heading from the city of Kalemie in the east of the country to the city of Uvira. The crash killed 129 people.
October 2, a ship with migrants off the coast of Libya. 10 people were killed, dozens more were missing. It was possible to save from 80 to 90 people who were on the ship. At the time of the crash on the ship could be from 170 to 180 people.
On September 15, a boat carrying about 250 migrants trying to enter Europe near the city of Tadjoura, east of Tripoli, Libya. The military managed to save only 26 people.
On August 22, a boat carrying migrants off the coast east of Tripoli, Libya. More than 250 illegal migrants drowned in a shipwreck.
August 4 passenger ferry Pinak-6 on the Padma River, about 40 kilometers southeast of the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka. More than 200 passengers were on board the ship, about a hundred of them were rescued. At least 125 people are missing.
On May 12, a passenger ship happened 160 kilometers from the Italian island of Lampedusa. A small boat heading towards Italy was carrying more than 400 illegal migrants from the countries of the African continent. 206 people were rescued. Rescuers found the bodies of 17 people, about 200 illegal immigrants are considered missing.
On April 16, off the southwestern coast of South Korea, the Sewol passenger ferry suffered a crash, among the passengers of which were mainly schoolchildren who were on a tourist trip to Jeju Island. The victims of one of the largest tragedies in modern South Korean history were 295 people, 250 of whom were schoolchildren from 15 to 19 years old. The bodies of nine people so far. A total of 476 people were on board at the time of the accident.
March 22 in the waters of Lake Albert on the border of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo occurred, which killed 251 people. According to the authorities, about 300 Congolese refugees were returning to their homeland on the ship.
2013
October 3 morning off the coast of the Italian island of Lampedusa, a small fishing boat carrying more than 500 migrants from Africa. 155 people were saved, the rest are considered dead. In two weeks of search and rescue operations, 366 bodies of the dead, including women and small children, were brought ashore from under the wreckage of the ship.
At the end of September, in Nigeria, on the Niger River, a ship broke into two parts immediately after leaving the pier. At least 42 people and 100 were killed.
On August 16, off the coast of the Philippines, the passenger ferry MV Thomas Aquinas, following from the port of Cebu city to the capital Manila, received two holes in a collision with a cargo ship Sulpicio Express 7 and a few minutes after the impact. 51 people were killed, 69 are missing. None of the 38 crew members of the Sulpicio was injured, and, including them, 750 people were rescued.
2012
On August 29, a sinking ship with 150 people on board filed from the Sunda Bay, which separates the islands of Java and Sumatra. The Australian Navy and civilian ships involved in the rescue rescued 45 people. turned out to be illegal migrants from Afghanistan.
On July 18, the ferry Karama Star Gate sank in Tanzania, carrying passengers from the city of Dar es Salaam to the city of Zanzibar on the island of the same name. 69 people were killed, 77 people were missing. The remaining 145 passengers were .
On April 30, on the Brahmaputra River in the eastern state of Assamna (India), during a severe storm, a ferry carrying, according to various estimates, up to 350 passengers was on board. According to the press, more than 100 people died. Rescuers managed to pull out of the water alive about 80 people, some passengers were able to swim to the shore themselves. Approximately 150 people are missing.
outerwear - it can protect you from burns if you have to get out of a burning plane. Remove all hard objects from pockets, including keys, pens, lighters, glasses, tie, etc.
The optimal posture for an emergency landing is to bend over and clasp your hands tightly under your knees or grab your ankles. The head must be put on your knees, if this does not work, then tilt it as low as possible. Feet should be placed on the floor, pushing them as far as possible, but not under the front seat.
The chair in front can be used to take another fixed posture: put crossed arms on the back of the chair, press your head to your hands, stretch your legs and rest your lower back against the lower part of the back of your chair. Both poses must be taken with the seat belt fastened.
At the moment of impact, it is necessary to strain as much as possible, preparing for a significant overload. In most accidents, its direction is forward and possibly down.
Every fifth aircraft accident is accompanied by a fire. Practical experience shows that during a fire overboard, the passenger will have one to two minutes after the aircraft has landed to leave the cabin. According to the US National Transportation Safety Administration, more than 70% of people involved in air crashes with fires survive.
The main thing in case of fire is to immediately go to the nearest exit after the plane stops. Wherein:
∙ protect your skin - you should be wearing a coat, hat, blanket;
∙ do not breathe smoke, protect yourself with clothes, make your way to the exit on all fours;
∙ do not stand in the crowd at the exit if the line does not move - remember that there are other exits;
∙ do not take hand luggage with you - it can cost you your life;
∙ do not open emergency hatches in the place where there is fire and smoke outside;
∙ do not cause a fire yourself: on board an aircraft, fire must be handled
like you're riding in a gas truck.
An analysis of emergency situations on airplanes revealed two dangerous types of passenger behavior - panic and apathy. The most common is numbness. This should be remembered in order to prevent such a reaction in yourself. Sober calmness is one of the main conditions for salvation in any catastrophe.
9.4. Water transport accidents
AT Currently, under the flags of more than 130 countries of the world, about 60 thousand large-tonnage ships ply the waters of the oceans. About 4/5 of the transportation on the globe is carried out by water. In the seas and oceans there are constantly 25 thousand ships, the crews of which number about 1 million people. According to the well-known London classification society - Lloyd's Register of Shipping, every year 350-400 ships, that is, one ship perishes every day.
The following classification of accidents and disasters in water transport has been adopted:
∙ shipwreck - the death of a ship or its complete structural destruction;
∙ accident - damage to a ship or its being aground for at least 40 hours (for a passenger ship - 12 hours).
Catastrophes in the broadest sense of the word include all shipwrecks and accidents that entailed human casualties.
Most major accidents and catastrophes on ships occur not under the influence of the forces of nature (hurricanes, storms, fogs, ice), but through the fault of people. Their errors are divided into two groups:
∙ allowed during the design and construction of the vessel;
∙ occurred during its operation.
AT In the overwhelming majority of cases, the causes of catastrophes and major accidents are errors of the second group.
So, due to gross errors in navigation in 1986, in the Novorossiysk region, the steamer "Admiral Nakhimov" collided with a cargo ship. Both ships were shipwrecked, and the Admiral Nakhimov sank, taking 430 lives with it. On February 16, 1985, the ship "Mikhail Lermontov", which was making a tourist cruise in the waters of New Zealand, due to a mistake by a local pilot, ran into an underwater rock, received a large hole and sank; however, thanks to the skillful actions of the crew, all 408 passengers were saved.
The safety of life and the rescue of people at sea go beyond national boundaries and are an international problem. This is evidenced by the adopted in 1974 and ratified
USSR next International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea.
AT a significant number of people need help at sea. In the conditions of peaceful navigation,
despite a significant increase in the reliability of ships and the improvement of navigation techniques, shipwrecks still occur. At the end of the XIX century. the number of shipwrecks annually exceeded 1000: for example, in 1894 there were 1242 of them. After the Second World War, 1979 became the record year for the number of shipwrecks, during which, according to the Lloyd's Register of Shipping (England), 373 ships with a total tonnage of 900 thousand tons perished. register tons (Lloyd's statistics take into account only ships with a tonnage of 100 register tons or more>. If we take into account that about 60,000 ships with a total tonnage of more than 200 million register tons sail on the seas and oceans, then losses in 1979 amounted to 0.6% of all floating ships.Of all modes of transport, sea transport is one of the safest.
However, the number of shipwrecks is still high. Therefore, the SOS distress signal adopted by the International Convention in Berlin on November 3, 1906 (. . ._ _
_ . . .), for the unimpeded reception of which every hour for 6 minutes (from the 15th to the 18th and from the 45th to the 48th) on the "distress frequencies" - 500 and 2182 kHz - all the radio stations of the world fall silent, and in the air is silent
Before considering rational measures to fight for the life of the shipwrecked and determine the time during which they must be rescued, it is necessary to find out the reasons for their death. Of the 200 thousand annual victims of maritime disasters, about half die near the coast, approximately 50 thousand people find themselves directly in the water and drown immediately or shortly after the disaster on the high seas. Many of them perish, apparently as a result of hypothermia in the water (more on this later), and can only be saved if help arrives in time before the onset of cold shock.
Every year, about 50,000 people die while already on life-saving vehicles, and long before the conditions in which they find themselves become truly deadly. What are the reasons for their death?
The decisive role is played by the moral factor: loss of courage and reason, panic fear, a sense of hopelessness. 90% of the victims who find themselves on rescue equipment die within the first three days after the shipwreck, when there can be no question of dying from thirst, and even more so from hunger. Moreover, in many cases people die despite the fact that they have sufficient supplies of water and food. For example, the first ships approached the site of the sinking of the Titanic three hours after its collision with the iceberg, and there were already many dead and in a state of reactive psychosis in the lifeboats; it is noteworthy that among them there was not a single child under the age of 10 years.
The raft, on which 149 people crossed from the frigate Medusa, which had thrown itself onto a shallow near the coast of Africa in 1916, was discovered 12 days later; it had fresh water and wine, but only 15 people survived on the raft, 10 of whom were near death and died on board the ship that picked them up.
There are also examples to the contrary. Captain Blay, whom the rebellious crew landed on a boat with an 8-day supply of food and water, was on the high seas for 40 days and survived.
During the Great Patriotic War, the defender of Sevastopol, sailor of the Black Sea Fleet Pavel Yeresko, found himself in a boat on the high seas, having only one can of canned food and drinking sea water, was picked up after "5 days and survived. It follows that, having retained courage and the hope of salvation, it is quite possible to survive being on life-saving equipment on the high seas even without fresh water and food for a long time.
Despair kills more surely and faster than thirst, hunger and any other physical deprivation. With firm self-confidence, despair and panic fear of the elements of the sea are replaced by the hope of being able to survive for the time necessary to reach the shore from anywhere in the ocean with the current or wind or meet a ship in the sea (Table 9.1).
Ta Blitz 9.1. Long Stay Examples sea
victims |
rescue |
abandoned ship |
||||
means |
||||||
5 Costa Rican |
Pacific Ocean |
fishing boat |
||||
"Carlos 111" |
||||||
Atlantic |
Raft, water and food |
Merchant ship |
||||
for 50 days |
||||||
Indian |
drifting |
"Mary Joan" |
||||
Stephen Callahan |
Atlantic |
"Napoleon Solo" |
||||
Ambrogio Fogar |
Atlantic |
"Surprise" |
||||
Alain Bombard |
Atlantic |
Canoe "Heretic" |
Voluntary |
|||
victim |
||||||
4 Soviet |
Pacific Ocean |
Means |
||||
for disembarkation |
||||||
Louis Zamperini |
Pacific Ocean |
Seaplane |
||||
Victor Zvezhnieks |
Pacific Ocean |
drifting |
||||
Jacek Palkiewicz |
Atlantic |
rescue |
||||
9.4.1. Characteristics of life-saving appliances
Overcoming feelings of fear, hopelessness, despair and loneliness, maintaining courage, mental fortitude and hope for salvation, shipwrecked on the high seas have the opportunity to survive and reach the shore if they find themselves on rescue equipment. Therefore, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea provides for the supply of ships with life-saving appliances in an amount sufficient for the crew and all passengers. Ships and ships are equipped with life-saving appliances for collective and individual use. The main means of collective use are lifeboats and rafts, and the means of individual use are life belts, circles and balls.
In accordance with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, rescue boats of marine vessels must meet the following requirements:
∙ be seaworthy and unsinkable in any conditions of an unlimited navigation area; protect people in the boat from exposure to cold, heat, rain, snow and water splashes,
∙ must be provided with a supply of water, food, fishing equipment, a first aid kit with medicines, chemical heating pads; have navigational instruments, nautical charts and instruments, signaling devices, radio transmitters; easy to set in motion by untrained people in all weather conditions;
∙ have a speed that allows you to quickly move away from a sinking or burning vessel;
∙ have means of protection against fire when crossing a burning oil spilled on the water.
Pretty reliable life-saving means are life rafts of various capacities, which are rigid and inflatable. In recent years, inflatable rafts have become more widespread, which, when not in working order, are stored in sealed plastic containers or canvas covers fixed on the deck of the ship, and, if necessary, filled with a gas mixture (CO2 with a small amount of N2) from a cylinder attached outside to the bottom of the raft.
Requirements for life rafts, their equipment and emergency supplies are determined by the same International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. Raft
∙ be able to be launched even under the worst weather conditions;
∙ allow one person to quickly correct the raft if it inflates upside down,
∙ provide victims with good protection from cold, heat and waves;
∙ be relatively light;
∙ cost less than lifeboats;
∙ be durable - withstand a throw from a height of 18 meters.
Compared to lifeboats rafts have some disadvantages:
∙ not managed;
∙ do not allow you to quickly move away from the burning ship;
∙ victims are often forced to land in it from the water;
∙ less durable.
The service life of a launched raft at a water temperature of -30 to +66°C should be at least 30 days. The gas cylinder allows you to automatically inflate the raft within 20-50 s (Table 9 2).
tabli ca 9.2. Parameters about current vein inflatable raft ov
Load-bearing |
||||||||
awn, pers. |
balloon, m |
capacity, t |
||||||
Life-saving appliances for individual use are divided into two groups. The first includes the means worn in advance in case of a threat of the destruction of the vessel or the possibility of a person falling into the water - life jackets, belts, vests and pea jackets. The second group consists of life-saving equipment (circles, balls, rescue ends), which are designed to help people who suddenly find themselves in the water. The main requirement for life-saving equipment for individual use is the following, giving a person additional buoyancy, they must support him on the water in such a position that he can breathe even in case of loss of consciousness. This requirement is met by bibs and vests covering the neck.
Personal means must also have devices that ensure the search for a person in the water. Therefore, they usually have a yellow-orange color, which contrasts most strongly with the color of sea water, and they are equipped with luminous buoys or special lights to ensure search at night. Of great importance for the effective use of personal life-saving equipment is their thoughtful placement on decks and rooms, so that people on the vessel (ship) in distress can easily find them.
Thus, the result of a shipwreck is not the fatal inevitability of the death of a person at sea. He has enough means and opportunities to survive. You just need to have the courage, will and desire to emerge victorious from the current situation.
9.4.2. Actions of the shipwrecked
Jacek Palkiewicz, a well-known specialist in the problems of survival in extreme situations, argues that “you cannot challenge the sea, as some people think. The forces of nature in the sea are too powerful to be equal to them. You have to fight against your own weakness and fear.”
A shipwreck is always the most dramatic event in which the crew is subjected to severe trials. The basic rule of conduct in a shipwreck: until the loss of the ship is inevitable, do not rush to leave it. Experience shows that its dive time is usually longer than thought. When the captain gives the "Abandon Ship" signal, all crew and passengers must immediately head to predetermined locations.
Before leaving the ship, you must:
∙ keep calm and not create a mess;
∙ help someone who is in difficulty;
∙ put on warm clothes;
∙ wear a life jacket correctly;
∙ drink more water.
9.4.3. Disembarkation from the ship
If possible, you should try to land on a raft (boat) without entering the water, since dry clothes protect you better from the cold. If you have to jump straight into the water, make sure your life jacket is secure. If it is worn correctly, it allows you to jump from a height of 4.5 meters above the water level. To jump, use the following
∙ connect your knees and keep your legs slightly bent;
∙ cover your nose with one hand and cover your mouth,
∙ with the other hand, firmly grasp the vest, putting your hand under the armpit, blocking it with your elbow,
So the vest will not rise up and cover your head.
If collective life-saving appliances are not available, at night it is necessary to bring
Water transport has been used for many years to transport large cargoes. This allows you to deliver containers with food and other necessary goods over long distances, at minimal cost. Along with this, water transport is used for passenger transport. Let's try to figure out how safe it is and what are the statistics of water transport accidents.
Incident classification
Speaking of water transport, the accepted classification is used:
- shipwreck- complete destruction of the ship structure or its death;
- - the ship is aground for more than 48 hours (for passenger transport 24 hours) or its partial damage;
- accident- shorter duration of the accident;
- - Shipwrecks involving people.
Causes of a water transport accident
Every accident or incident has its own damaging factors. water transport identifies the main causes of accidents on the water:
- natural factor- Quite often, the element is the culprit of the incident. These are storms, fog, ice. This also includes the collision of a ship with icebergs and underwater rocks lying on the way.
- Human factor- errors in the design, subsequent operation. Wrong captain's decisions or erroneous actions of crew members, negligence during scheduled technical inspections and repairs, overload above the permissible norm can lead to this.
Features of disasters in water transport
Incidents on the water are invariably accompanied by a number of emerging difficulties:
- the speed of traffic, as a rule, is high, which causes injuries to the victims and their rapid death;
- delay in providing assistance due to failure to obtain reliable information about the emergency. At the time of the arrival of the rescue team, in most cases, there is an increase in the number of victims;
- passengers' ignorance of basic water survival skills;
- lack of special equipment for evacuation and extinguishing at the initial stage;
- difficulty in determining the number of victims, as well as the impossibility of delivering them to specialized medical institutions;
- organization of searches for remains in large areas;
- the need to restore transport links as soon as possible.
Types of notification in case of ship accidents
There are three generally accepted alarms on all ships:
- General anxiety.
- Man overboard.
- Boat alert.
What is the danger and how to protect yourself
The consequences of an accident on ships are different, the most serious is death. The reasons:
- panic among passengers;
- hypothermia;
- drowning;
- various injuries;
- burns;
- poisoning;
- thirst;
- hunger;
- inadequate supply of rescue equipment.
The appearance of a funnel at the crash site is also noted, dragging to the bottom everything that turned out to be in the zone of its action. No less dangerous for the water area is the spill of oil products during the crash of large oil tankers. Families of fish, plants and mammals are under threat. With such a man-made disaster, irreparable damage is caused to the ecosystem.
You can protect yourself from the consequences of accidents on the water if you follow the established rules of conduct on the ship, as well as strictly follow the established instructions when using water transport.
Prevention of emergencies in water transport
Basic rules of safe behavior should be known to everyone who stepped aboard the ship. Their observance will help in the event of an emergency to quickly navigate and make the right decision. Rules disembarkation from the vessel into boats:
- leave the ship only at the command of the captain of the ship;
- the right to be the first to use lifeboats belongs to children, women, the wounded, the elderly;
- before boarding the boat, it is advisable to warm up properly (a large amount of clothing will protect against hypothermia). Without a life jacket, entry to the boat is prohibited;
- if possible, take warm blankets, drinking water, food with you. An emergency radio wouldn't hurt either;
- in the absence of another way out and the need to jump into the water, you need to choose places no higher than 5 meters from the water surface. With one hand, you need to firmly hold on to the life jacket, and with the other, tightly close your nose and mouth.
Boat rules:
- to keep warm, the victims are advised to stay as close as possible to each other, as well as to exercise;
- It is advisable not to wet your feet. To prevent their swelling, it is recommended to move your legs regularly;
- drinking should initially be offered to the wounded and sick (at the rate of 0.5 liters of water per day per adult). Sea water cannot be drunk;
- lifeboats must be kept together, close to the crash site;
- smoke grenades can only be used if it is possible for the rescue team to notice them. The use of several checkers at the same time is prohibited.
What to do while in the water? Rules of behavior:
- to keep warm you need to make a minimum of movements. It is recommended to group: hands should clasp the chest, raising the hips as high as possible;
- it is customary to give signals to the rescue team by raising the hand. You can also attract attention with a whistle;
- if there is no life jacket, then you need to grab onto any object floating in the vicinity;
- resting position - lying on your back.
Accident statistics on water transport
According to statistics, the railway is recognized as the safest mode of transport. In 2nd place for aircraft. Motorcycles and mopeds are recognized as the most dangerous vehicles (their share is 20% on the roads). The rest of the statistics are presented in the diagram:
Today, more than 60% of the world's cargo turnover is carried out by sea. According to rough estimates, more than 60 thousand ships designed to carry large cargoes, as well as a little more than 20 million small ships performing various purposes (pleasure boats, sailing yachts, boats) plow the sea. Every day, 30 thousand ships stay in the waters, and the total number of crews on them exceeds 1 million people.
Water transport accident statistics according to data The Lloyd's Register of Shipping contains information on the annual loss of 300-400 ships and accidents on 8 thousand ships. The number of human casualties is also appalling. Every year, over 200,000 people around the world die in water transport crashes. The largest disasters for 2011-2016 in the world:
| the date | Place of the disaster | Number of victims |
| 0 2.05.2011 | Congo | 100 |
| 0 5.07.2011 | Sudan | 197 |
| 07/10/2011 ("Bulgaria") | Russian Federation, Tatarstan (Kuibyshev reservoir) | 122 |
| 09/10/2011 (MV Spice Islander) | Zanzibar-Tanzania | 240 |
| 17.12.2011 | Java | 51 |
| 30.04.2012 | India | 100 |
| 07/18/2012 (Karama Star Gate) | Tanzania | 69 |
| 29.08.2012 | sunda bay | 105 |
| 16.08.2013 | Philippines | 51 |
| 0 3.10.2013 | Lampedusa Island | 345 |
| 22.03.2014 | Lake Albert (Uganda's border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo) | 251 |
| 16.04.2014 | South Korea | One of the biggest tragedies in water transport in modern history, which killed 295 people |
| 12.05.2014 | Lampedusa Island | 17 / 200 are gone |
| 4.08.2014 (Pinak-6) | Bangladesh | 100 / 125 are gone |
| 22.08.2014 | Libya | 250 |
| 15.09.2014 | Libya | 221 |
| 2.10.2014 | Libya | 10 / 100 are gone |
| 13.12.2014 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 129 |
Water transport accident statistics also has data on the loss of submarines. Over the past 60 years, a large number of crew members have died as a result of these crashes.
For clarity, the statistics of water transport accidents (including submarines) in Russia and the USSR:
| the date | Place | Number of victims |
| 12.1952 (С-117) | Japanese Sea | 52 |
| 11/21/1956 (M-200) | Estonia | 28 |
| 09/26/1957 (M-256) | Tallinn bay | 35 |
| January 27, 1961 (S-80) | Barents Sea | 68 |
| July 4, 1961 ( K-19, Northern Fleet) | 8 | |
| 01/11/1962 (B-37) | Naval base of the Northern Fleet | 78 |
| 0 8.09.1967 (K-3) | norwegian sea | 39 |
| March 8, 1968 (K-129) | Hawaiian Islands | 98 |
| 04/12/1970 (K-8) | Bay of Biscay | 52 |
| 06/24/1983 (K-429) | Kamchatka | 16 |
| October 6, 1986 (K-219) | Sargasso Sea | 4 |
| 0 7.04.1989 (K-278) | norwegian sea | 42 |
| 08/12/2000 ("Kursk", Northern Fleet) | Barents Sea | 118 |
| 08/30/2003 (K-159) | 9 | |
| 0 8.11.2008 ("Nerpa") | Japanese Sea | 20 |
On the Internet you can watch a huge number of videos and documentaries.
Most major accidents and catastrophes on ships occur under the influence of hurricanes, storms, fogs, ice, and also through the fault of people - captains, pilots and crew members.
Abandonment of the ship in case of an accident or shipwreck is carried out only on the instructions of the captain. He gives such an order in the following cases:
There are clear signs of the impending death of the vessel (dangerous list, entry into the water of the deck, stern, bow);
The vessel remains afloat, but the spread of water over the vessel leads to its flooding, and the crew does not have sufficient means to deal with water;
There is cargo shifting or icing of the ship, which will eventually lead to its capsizing, and the crew does not have the means to deal with cargo shifting or icing;
A fire is spreading throughout the ship, and the crew does not have the means to localize and eliminate it;
Under the influence of wind, waves or currents, the ship drifts on reefs, where it can be broken or capsized; at the same time, the ship does not move or is deprived of the ability to be controlled and cannot counteract the force of nature, etc.
On large sea and river vessels, all actions related to self-rescue are reduced to the fastest possible exit to the boat deck and the precise execution of the commands of the crew organizing rescue operations. When a boat alarm is announced, all collective rescue equipment is brought into working position, and the crew prepares to leave the ship (Scheme 62).
All participants in the swim must wear spare clothing at their disposal - cotton and wool underwear, sweaters, waterproof, better waterproof outerwear, if available, a wetsuit and, of course, a life jacket. It is better to wear layered clothing. Two thin sweaters are preferable to one. It is advisable to wrap the neck with a scarf, in extreme cases, with a towel or a sleeve of a torn sweater, a torn leg, since it is more susceptible to hypothermia in water than other parts of the body. One or two tight-fitting woolen caps should be put on the head, a hood should be put on and tightened, mittens or gloves should be put on the hands. You should strive to protect places that are particularly prone to heat loss - the chest below the armpits, the groin area, neck, head. It is better to wear shoes that are spacious, with two or three woolen socks, but in such a way as not to restrict the movement of the toes.
Each participant in the navigation must be able to handle an individual means of rescue. It is best to learn this in advance. It must be remembered that an incorrectly worn life jacket can not only not help, but even accelerate the death of a person on the water.
The first, according to the old maritime rule, to the collective means of salvation are children, women, wounded, weakened people. They need to organize insurance, for which one adult man can go down to the life-saving device.
The captain is the last to leave the ship, after personally making sure that all members of the crew, passengers, as well as items of emergency equipment are in the survival craft.
Before boarding inflatable rescue equipment (rafts, boats), it is necessary to tightly wrap the metal parts of the shoes with cloth - horseshoes, buckles, protruding nails that can damage the rubber lining. When boarding inflatable rafts and boats, it is advisable to avoid jumping. If it is impossible to do without a jump, you should try to fall on inflatable elements - onboard balloons, inflatable beams, cans and racks. In this case, it is desirable to contact the skin with the largest possible area of the body in order to reduce the impact load on the inflatable structure. If a person lands on their feet, they can break through the bottom of a lifeboat or raft.
The people who were the first in the life-saving equipment should insure it from damage - push off the vessel with oars or hands, drive away objects floating on the surface of the water that pose a threat, and also help their comrades.
Leaving a sinking ship can be carried out on lifeboats and inflatable rafts, by going on board an approached rescue ship, evacuating aboard a rescue helicopter and jumping into the water.
Features of leaving the ship by jumping into the water(Scheme 63). Before leaving the vessel, crew members must remind passengers of the rules for jumping into the water and further behavior on the water. For a jump into the water, such places are chosen to be carried away from the vessel by the current. If possible, it is better to go down to the water along the ladder. The life jacket must be protected from damage.
When jumping into the water, tuck your chin to your chest, but do not tilt your head forward so as not to hit your face on the water, tighten the back of your head. Press the clothes with one hand, close the nostrils and mouth with the other. Jump with your feet down, press your feet against each other, bend your legs slightly and strain. Take a deep breath before jumping. Once in the water, dive with open eyes, avoiding getting hit by a ship, boat or raft. After recovering your breath, turn to face the oncoming wave, then look around for danger from nearby ships.
In the absence of rescue equipment, while in the water, give signals by whistling or raising your hand. Move as little as possible to keep warm. The loss of heat in water occurs several times faster than in air, so movements, even in warm water, must be reduced to just keeping afloat. In a lifejacket, to keep warm, group up, wrap your arms around your chest from the sides and lift your hips higher so that the water washes less of the groin area (Fig. 26). This method will increase the estimated survival time in cold water by almost 50% (Table 5). If you are not wearing a life jacket, look for a floating object with your eyes and grab onto it to make it easier to stay afloat until the rescuers arrive. Rest lying on your back.
