1. along the stringers, (starting from the bottom step) the steps are laid, leveling with linings according to the level,
2. the lower step (Fig. 5) is mounted at the height of the future floor and reinforced with concrete.

In order to unify the staircase, all marches are made the same length.

An exception may be the flights of stairs of the basement floor, which are made much shorter in terms of the height from ground level to the floor of the first floor.

This version of the stairs with a different number of steps in marches at a floor height 2.8 m shown in Fig.1.

1 - supporting steel beam for the march and platform; 2- intermediate landing; 3- interfloor platform; 4- st. stringers of the march; 5- concrete intermediate steps; 6- upper frieze stage; 7 - lower frieze stage; 8 - basement steps on brickwork; 9- vestibule; 10 doorway.

Starting from the lower frieze step, the steps are laid along the stringers, leveling with linings according to the level, and the lower step - along the height of the future floor and reinforced with concrete.

2. Installation of metal structures for stairs with concrete steps.

When arranging stairs, it is necessary to observe the horizontality of steps and platforms (deviations of marks at opposite ends of platforms or steps should not exceed 3 mm).

To align the position of the landings of the support beams, slabs for landings and stringers in the plan, use a template (Fig. 2, pos. 3), which copies the profile of the supporting part of the march.

Alignment of the position of landings during installation using templates is shown in Fig. 2.

1- floor slab; 2- intermediate landing; 3- template profile of the flight of stairs; 4-storey platform; 5- internal walls of the house; 6- outer wall.

Installation of reinforced concrete slabs (PP-24-10) of landings should be carried out after the installation of the metal frame of the underlying elements.

Before the structural elements to be installed are released from the crane hook, they should be securely fastened with anchor bolts, plugs, tacks and permanent or temporary connections, spacers and braces should be installed.

The structures are finally verified and fixed during the installation of each section of the flight of stairs.

When arranging stairs, the following rules should be followed:

1. steps are laid from the bottom up, while laying the horizontal and vertical risers, with alignment in the level in the longitudinal and transverse directions (Fig. 2);
2. installation of stairs is carried out from specially arranged scaffolding (Fig. 3);
3. the assembly of flights of stairs begins from the lower section (Fig. 5);
4. the fastening of the stringers to the platform beams is carried out by welding or bolts (Fig. 6-Fig. 7):;
5. during the installation of the platform beam, the stringers and platform plates supported on the beam are fixed on temporary racks and girders.

Devices for organizing the workplace of installers are shown in Fig.3.

1- mobile scaffolding; 2- platform - stepladder; 3 - inventory ladder with handrails.

Devices for temporary fixing and alignment of structures installed in place:

1. single and group conductors,
2. braces, clamps.

Devices for organizing the workplace of installers and ensuring safe working conditions: inventory scaffolding, stairs, fencing elements, racks, containers.

2.1. Installation of steel beams and stringers.

The installation of metal structures for the stairs begins with the installation of an intermediate (between the first and second span) beams under the stringers of the first span (Fig. 1, pos. 1).

Before proceeding with the installation of the metal structures of the stairs, it is necessary to completely complete the assembly, welding, riveting and bolting on this section.

Steel beams and stringers with anti-corrosion coating are prepared in advance according to wooden templates.

Center axes, necessary for the installation of steel structures of the stairs, are applied to the metal parts of the beams (Fig. 4 pos. 5) and stringers (Fig. 4 pos. 4) outside the contour of the structure support, as well as on the walls around the support nests of B-1 beams and stair slabs platforms PP-24-10 (fig.4 pos.2).

Steel beams and stringers for stairs from individual concrete steps between the floors of the building are shown in Fig. 4.

1- intermediate landing; 2- interfloor platform; 3- finishing coating of the landing; 4- kosour (K-1) from st. channel No. 14 ... 16; 5- strut support beam (B-1) from st. channel No. 16 ... 18 under the landing; 6 - lower frieze stage; 7- upper frieze step; 8-row prefabricated concrete step.

Using a tape measure and a level, mark the location of the nests for installing B-1 beams - to support the flight of stairs.

If during the laying of the walls nests were not made for the beams, they are punched with a jackhammer to a depth twice the depth of the embedment.

At the same time, you can punch nests for no more than 4 beams.

Then the support plane of the nest is cleaned of rubble and debris, steel support pads are laid on the cement mortar under the beams.

For embedding beams in nests, concrete grade M-100 is used.

The horizontal installation of the bottom of the beams is checked by marks on the wall or using a level. After adjusting the position of the support plates (using wedges), the mortar is added.

The installation of stringers and slabs is started after a concrete set of monolithic at least 75% design strength (after 5-7 days).

Installation work should be carried out only after the foundation or place of support of steel structures is ready. For this suit:

1. nests 250x250 mm depth not less than 250 mm in the walls of floors - for beams B-1 (Fig. 4, pos. 5);
2. concrete pads 300x300 mm(Fig.5 pos.3) with a depth of at least 150 mm on the first floor - for K-1 stringers.

2.2. Nodes of support of the flight of stairs.

It is necessary to rest the metal stringers K-1 on the support plates, pre-installed in the nests, aligned and poured with cement mortar, from a steel sheet with a thickness of 10-12 mm and size 200x250 mm with upper strict surface.

It is possible to support metal stringers for the first span in concrete cushions after aligning the steel structure of stringers, beams and the position of anchor bolts to the design level of the floor of the room, followed by filling the cushion with heavy (with crushed stone) concrete of at least grade M-100.

Concrete is laid in layers, and I compact it with a rammer until the sinuses of the pillow are completely filled.

The node of the support of the flight of stairs from prefabricated concrete steps along the steel stringer for the flight of the first floor is shown in Fig.5.

1- base plate made of steel sheet 10 ... 12 mm thick and 200x250 m in size; 2- kosour from st. channel No. 14 ... 16 mm; 3- pillow made of concrete M-100; 4- concrete floors on a soil base; 5- floor tiling; 6-concrete steps LS 11.

Stringers (Fig. 5, pos. 2) can also be supported on pre-installed and verified supporting parts (Fig. 5, pos. 1), embedded in foundation pads (Fig. 5, pos. 3), followed by pouring them with concrete mortar.

When installing structures, it is necessary to ensure:

1. the stability of the mounted parts of the structures of the flights of stairs at all stages of installation;
2. stability of mounted structures and their strength under mounting loads;
3. safety of installation work.

The installation of each section should begin with the connections of the spatially stable part of the staircase.

To ensure the stability of structures during the installation process, it is necessary to follow a certain sequence of installation of horizontal and inclined structural elements, to establish permanent or temporary connections between them.

The node of the support of the steel stringer of the flight of stairs to the upper platform between the floors is shown in Fig.6.

1- kosour (K-1) from st. channel No. 14; 2- support beam (B-1) from st. channel No. 16; 3- docking (welded to the stringer) st. corner 63x63x5 mm, length 100 mm; 4- anchor bolts with nuts.

The structures of each overlying tier of the frame should be mounted only after the structural elements of the underlying tier are securely fastened with permanent or temporary fasteners.

To fix the rigidity, after alignment of the structure, the stringer and the beam are welded to each other by welding along the contour of the steel angle with bolts (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7).

In places where the head or nut adjoins inclined planes, oblique washers are placed. In this case, the bolt thread should be outside the hole of the elements to be connected, and the smooth part of the rod should not protrude from the washer.

At least one thread with a full profile must remain in each bolt on the nut side.

The threads of the anchor bolts must be protected from damage and corrosion during installation.

The support unit of the steel stringer of the flight of stairs to the lower landing for the flight between floors is shown in Fig. 7.

1- kosour (K-1) from st. channel No. 14; 2- support beam (B-1) from st. channel No. 16; 3- docking (welded to the stringer) st. corner 63x63x5 mm, length 100 mm; 4- anchor bolts with nuts.

The heads and nuts of the bolts must be in close contact with the planes of the structural elements and washers.

3.2. Materials for reinforced concrete stairs on a steel frame.

To install such a ladder, you will need the material specified in the specification below.

Table 1: Specification of products and materials for the stairs.

Of course, it must comply with the philosophy of frame construction, and this is the lightness and strength of the structure at relatively low construction costs. It is thanks to this approach that the cost of building a frame house per m2 turns out to be relatively small, and the house itself has all the qualities of comfortable housing.

Strength is the foundation

Taking care of the reliability of interfloor transitions, first of all, they ensure their strength. Stair flights and landings count on a load of at least 180 kg, and railings - at least 100 kg.

It is especially important to accurately calculate the distribution of loads on a staircase of complex shape, for example, a spiral one. Lateral overhang of a spiral span can increase the load on its attachment points by several times, and this must be taken into account when designing.

Comfort is a safety factor

No less than strength, the convenience of the stairs is important. It directly affects safety, but it is they who are most often neglected during the construction of a house.

When designing an internal staircase, you need to adhere to several basic parameters.

• The slope of the march for residential premises should not exceed 45 °, and for frequently used crossings - no more than 36 °. The most convenient staircase to the second floor has a slope of 24 ° with a width of steps of 290 cm and a height of 160.
• The height of the steps should not exceed 20 cm, and the depth of the tread (step width) should not be less than 18 cm.
• The depth of the tread for winders at a distance of 15 cm from the inner edge should not be less than 15 cm.
• The minimum width of the flight of stairs is 80 cm, the width of the landing where two flights go is 130 cm.
• Convenient railing height - 90 - 100 cm, handrail width - about 5 cm.

Building structures () must be located at least 2 m above the flight of stairs. But when designing stairs, you need to take into account the convenience of descending along it. To do this, it may be advisable to increase the height of the passage.

It is important that all steps of the march have the same height. Deviations should not exceed 5 mm. Entering and exiting stairs are high-risk areas. The railing must be extended beyond the march for a distance of one or two steps. The extreme steps should be well lit. The distance from the last step of the ladder to the door (if any) must be at least one meter.

Fire safety elements

Most often in private houses, including frame ones, they prefer wooden stairs, the features of the material make them a wonderful interior decoration. However, it should be remembered that if the number of floors is more than 2, the interfloor staircase must be made of non-combustible materials. In any case, it is better to take care of its fire resistance and, at a minimum, treat the wooden parts with fire retardants.

Structural solutions for stairs

The convenience of manufacturing and installation of stairs largely depends on the accepted principle of cutting into prefabricated elements. It is necessary to strive for the maximum possible enlargement of the elements, their balance between themselves and the rest of the elements of the prefabricated building, the unity of the support system for the elements of stairs and floor elements.

Rice. 1. Options for cutting prefabricated stairs

a - individual steps; stringers, beams and slabs; b - marches and platforms; in - marches with semi-platforms; g - three-dimensional block of the staircase: 1 - steps; 2 - stringers; 3 - beams; 4 - slabs; 5 - marches; 6 - platforms; 7 - march half-platform; 8 - additional semi-platform; 9 - crossbar

Depending on the overall structural system of buildings, several options for cutting stairs have developed (Fig. 1). The most common at present are two basic fundamental solutions. In frameless large-panel buildings, stairs are assembled from separate marches and platforms. To assemble a staircase to one floor, two flights and three platforms are required - five elements weighing 1-1.5 tons each. In this version, the platforms are supported by transverse walls, marches - by platforms (see Fig. 1, b).

In frame-panel buildings, stairs are assembled from the same elements - a march with two half-platforms (see Fig. 1, c). For one floor, two elements weighing about 3 tons each are used. The element is supported by the sides of the half-platforms on the longitudinal crossbars. The production of ready-made blocks, including all elements of the stairs to the floor, is undergoing experimental verification. At the factory, the block can be assembled from individual elements or cast as a whole in a three-dimensional form (see Fig. 1, d).

a - with U-shaped caisson marches; b - with U-shaped folded marches; with H-shaped folded marches; g - with T-shaped folded marches; e - with slab marches without frieze steps; e - with marches with half-platforms

Rice. 3 . Structural solutions for stairs made of small elements

a - with concrete steps and slabs along metal stringers and beams; b - with concrete steps and slabs along reinforced concrete stringers and beams; c - with reinforced concrete treads along reinforced concrete stringers supported on floors; g - with wooden elements

In three-dimensional block buildings, stairs at the factory are mounted in a three-dimensional staircase block, consisting of four walls, in which flights of stairs, landings, etc. are fixed.

When cutting stairs into separate marches and landings, various designs of landings and marches are possible. Landings are supported by special ledges or the entire edge directly on the wall of the staircase or on metal tables welded to the embedded parts on the walls of the staircases.

Marches can be (Fig. 2) solid (slab), folded, coffered and have a U-shaped, H-shaped and T-shaped section in cross section. In most solutions, the march has lower and upper frieze steps, which differ in size from ordinary ones. A design has been developed without frieze steps, with a special shape of the landing (see Fig. 2, b). Steps can be fully finished at the factory or with overlay treads installed after the installation of the stairs.

In a march with half-platforms (see Fig. 2), the section can be U-shaped or solid. On the first and last floor, special elements are added to form a landing - semi-platforms.

In the absence of an industrial base, along with large-element stairs, stairs made of small-sized elements are used. On fig. 3 shows the design of the stairs with reinforced concrete and metal stringers and landing beams. The steps in both cases are made of concrete or reinforced concrete. Wooden staircases (see Fig. 3, d) are arranged in wooden buildings or as intra-apartment in stone ones.

Fire and emergency stairs are made of metal (Fig. 4). Bowstrings are made from channels, and steps are made from steel bars. Emergency stairs have landings (see Fig. 4, b), firefighters may not have them (see Fig. 4, a).

Entrances to the basement are designed independently of the main staircases and are provided with single-flight stairs located in pits adjacent to the outer walls of the building. The pit is fenced with a wall and a canopy or superstructure is arranged above it (see Fig. 4, g).

Exits to attics or coverings can be a continuation of stairwells or in the form of a hatch with a stepladder to it from the landing of the last floor. The stepladder is performed according to the type of fire ladder (see Fig. 4, c, d).

Entrances to buildings may have an entrance platform (see Fig. 4, e) or a porch with several steps supported by special walls (see Fig. 4, f) or stringers.

Fig.4. Other types of stairs

a - fire department; b - emergency; c - step-ladder for lifting the attic; 1 - roof hatch; 2 - step-ladder; 3-overlap; d - fire evacuation staircase on the balconies: 1 - manhole cover; 2 - hatch; 3 - stairs; 4 - stair railing; 5 - balcony railing; d - entrance platform; e - porch walls; g - entrance to the basement: 1 - reinforced concrete slab; 2 - side stone; 3 - metal grate; 4 - sidewalk, 5 - step; 6 - brick wall; 7 - wall foundation; 8 - basement door; 9 - blind area

Sources: (5)

Good day dear readers!

Interesting fact– first we build a house, then the customer thinks, where to put the ladder.

As a result, most often an uncomfortable staircase is obtained, which takes up a lot of space.

Money does not always solve this problem either - they built luxurious houses (outside), and inside the whole layout was spoiled by a staircase, which, moreover, still has steps of not the same size and you can hardly climb up it.

It is very important to take into account at the stage of creating a house project where the stairs will be, the dimensions of the steps and the materials from which the stairs will be made.

In most cases, the staircase is a decoration in the house!

Of all the houses we have built, UNITS have a comfortable, compact and beautiful staircase. Therefore, this question (how to make a normal staircase) concerns almost everyone.

1) Standards of steps in a flight of stairs.

The best option is:

Step length - 300 mm.

Step height (tread) - 150 mm.

All other sizes are already tangible inconvenience and discomfort. If you make the height of the step (tread) - 160 mm, then you will immediately feel the difference. It would seem that only 10 mm cannot somehow affect the convenience of walking up the stairs, but this is not so.

Even a slight change in the standard (step length and tread height) is already noticeable when you climb up the stairs.

If you make the height of the step (tread) less than 150 mm, then there is a feeling in your legs that you are not walking, but “minching” with small steps. Surprisingly, if the height of the step (tread) is 140 mm, the difference is clearly noticeable (from the standard)!

Why change the standard steps: most often when the ladder does not fit into the volume allotted for it. Therefore, the owners of houses increase the height of the step (up to 200 mm) to reduce the number of steps, and consequently the volume occupied by the stairs also decreases.

If you have ever climbed a ladder that has a step height of 200 mm, then you understand me perfectly. If you make the step length more than 300 mm, then when walking on such a ladder, you will have to take a wider step or a couple of small steps along one step.

A step length of more than 300 mm will not spoil the stairs very much (compared to the height of the tread). Often a longer step is made in shops, schools and other public places.

In private houses, a step length of more than 300 mm is very rarely done, since this is a loss of living space.

Staircase width- from 900 mm - up to 1200 mm and more. The best option is about 1000 mm. In case of emergency, you can minimally change the standard steps. Let me emphasize again: in case of emergency, you can change the step standard to the following parameters: step length - 280 mm, step height - from 140 mm to 160 mm.

2) Types of stairs inside the house.

Stairs are:

Normal with straight marches and one landing.

Corner with one transition platform.

- "P" shaped with two transitional platforms.

Screw (MOST NOT CONVENIENT).

With a direct march (without a transition platform).

Mixed.

The best and most compact staircase is the usual one with straight flights and one transitional platform. This is the simplest and most common ladder.

The corner with one transition platform looks very impressive. But such a staircase takes up much more living space than a conventional staircase with straight flights and a landing.

Such an angled staircase creates a wonderful “second light”, thanks to which a very bright room is obtained on the first floor.

3) The materials from which stairs are made.

Stairs are made from:

Iron - concrete.

Various stone materials.

Combined.

One of the best options is combined staircase made of a metal frame sheathed with wood. The advantages of such a ladder:

- Individual approach in each house.

Stairs can be absolutely any shape and any size.

Good quality.

No squeaks and subsidence (thanks to the metal frame).

4) Manufacturing technology of the corner staircase.

We dig a hole in the place where the first flight of stairs will rest (the very first step).

The depth of the pit is about 800 mm, the length is 400 mm, and the width is slightly larger than the width of the flight of stairs itself (see photo above). We fill the pit with concrete not reaching the top of the pit 150 mm.

We lay a pre-welded mesh of reinforcement with two anchors protruding from it (reinforcement with a diameter of 12 mm) approximately 250 mm long. And then completely fill the hole with concrete.

As a result, we got a hemp foundation, with two anchors sticking out of it (reinforcement with a diameter of 12 mm). We will weld the flight of stairs to the anchors.

b) Transitional platform.

The transition platform is made of a channel 140 mm wide. The edge of the channel must be brought into the wall. You can also pour concrete into the channel in the wall at the end, after the staircase is completely welded.

It turns out that the transition platform touches two walls of the house. In two walls it is necessary to make three holes and start a channel. Outwardly, it looks like the letter “P”, with a tail, three ends of which went into the wall. In other words, we got three consoles sticking out of the walls, connected at the intersection.

The result was a transition platform, rigidly clamped by consoles in the wall. This transition platform design does not require installation of an additional column at the edge of the site as a support.

Nuance: sometimes the transition platform is cut in half (diagonally) to reduce the number of steps. Such a transition platform consisting of two triangles (at different heights) last resort as it is uncomfortable when walking.

If for the first time you walk along such a transition platform without attention, then you can easily twist your leg and fly down.

c) a flight of stairs.

Two channels (140 mm) are welded to the transition platform, and the other ends of the channel rest on the stump foundation and are welded to the anchors.

We make steps and treads from the corner (the width of the corner shelf is 50 mm):

The flight of stairs does not have to be done close to the wall, as the walls will be plastered (or sheathed with drywall).

(on the second floor). We weld two channels (140 mm) to the transition platform, and rest the other two ends of the channel on the ceiling and weld it:

We make steps and treads from the corner (the width of the corner shelf is 50 mm).

d) Welding work.

The ladder is welded by conventional electric welding. In those places where the tree will touch the metal, it is best to weld the seam from the inside (so that there are no bumps):

The end of the corner must be cut so as not to interfere:

e) nuance.

If the internal walls (where the channel rests in the wall) are made of soft materials (shell rock, aerated concrete, foam concrete, etc.), it is desirable during the construction of walls, in those places where the channel will be started, leave a hole (under the channel), and lay out a brick support for the channel under the hole:

e) Finishing the stairs with wood.

After the frame of the stairs is completely ready, we sheathe it with wood. You can sheathe only steps - it turns out an open staircase, and paint the frame to match the color of the wood of the steps.

g) Balusters and railings.

Balusters and railings can be made of wood or metal.

5) Nuances and typical mistakes.

They built a luxurious four-story house. The staircase was wooden, made of oak, with carved balusters. The railing was decorated with a round lamp in the form of a pearl framed with wood carvings. Of course, the stairs are very expensive.

In the process of finishing work, the customer decided to make warm floors in the corridors. The net height of the floor has risen by about 70 mm (to the height of the warm floor). Since the wooden staircase was already assembled, the increase in the finished floor mark reduced the height of the first step by 70 mm.

That is, the floors have risen, and the stairs have already been mounted and the first step on all floors has become 70 mm smaller. It turned out that all the steps of the stairs were 150 mm each, and the first step was 70 mm. Of course, a person gets used to everything. But to give a lot of money for such a ladder and end up with a misunderstanding ...

All floor heights (floor filling), future floor covering must be considered before installing the stairs. Of all the stairs that I have seen, very, very few are comfortable!

The best advice: If you are in doubt about choosing a staircase for your home, then the best thing is to experience the convenience of the stairs for yourself. Walk up the stairs you like several times.

Consult with those who have a staircase you like, ask about the disadvantages and advantages. The staircase in the house is done once, and the slightest flaws can remind you of themselves every day.

More stairs photos:

Conclusion:

I would choose the best, most convenient and practical option:

An ordinary staircase with straight flights and one transitional platform.

Metal frame stairs.

I would only sheathe a step with wood.

Balusters and railings would be made of metal (not sticky).

step length 300 mm.

step height 150 mm.

The ladder was invented a long time ago, perhaps even before the wheel, and therefore any builder knows the optimal width and height of the step, the recommended span length and the width of the platforms. In short, when designing frame houses, the standards prescribe to make wide, not too steep stairs with spacious platforms. However, such a ladder takes up a lot of space. Well, in fact, who will buy a house with an area of ​​60-70 m 2, where the stairs take up almost 15 m 2 (7.5 m 2 on each floor)? So they shrink, they build ship (deck) stairs instead of domestic ones (those who served in the Navy will understand). It is difficult for older people to climb such stairs - it is inconvenient. They are closed with gates from small children, and older children are constantly shouted: "do not run up the stairs - you will fall." Do you need it all? A steep staircase is not cool. In our projects of frame houses, we make stairs with strict observance of norms and rules. Our ladders are easy to climb and descend, both for the elderly and for young children. The diagram below shows the optimal and permissible angles of inclination for domestic stairs.

Popular types of stairs

With a reasonable design approach, almost any type of structure can be made compact, but comfortable and safe. What kind of staircase will be in a frame house depends on several factors, namely its number of storeys, dimensions and the general style of the project. In fact, there are three types of stairs, namely:

• Marching structures. The most common in the construction of frame houses. They are equally often equipped with one- and two-story frame houses. They are simple, aesthetic, but they take up a lot of space, so they are used mainly in larger projects where such a staircase can be placed. To ensure comfortable use, one span should not have more than 10-11 steps, and they themselves should not be located at too great a distance from each other horizontally and vertically. All this requires space, but single-story frame houses are often equipped with them to provide access to the attic, in which case the system can be made more compact.
• Spiral stairs. Their key advantages are extreme compactness and beautiful appearance. Such a design in almost any design turns into an additional decoration of the hall.
• Bolts stairs. Their feature is the absence of a massive supporting vertical frame, which gives the impression that the steps are just floating in the air. Such stairs are beautiful and take up a minimum of space, but they are reliable and convenient at the level of conventional mid-flight structures.

The best materials for making stairs

Today, a staircase in a frame house can be made from almost any material. Of course, completely wooden structures will remain a classic solution for many years to come, which in skillful hands turn out to be practical, comfortable, durable, and thanks to modern methods of wood processing, also very durable. Oak, ash, beech and other species - you can build something really interesting from almost any tree.

Traditionally, metal stairs are also popular. Forging, chrome steel, a combination of different materials - there are a lot of options, and it all depends on the interior of the room. Metal stairs are compact, openwork in appearance and extremely durable. It is also necessary to note the increasingly popular now unusual design solutions. For example, a combination of chrome-plated steel and impact-resistant glass, which allows you to get an invisible staircase that can become a real highlight of the room decor.

Thanks to a modern approach to the design and use of various materials, two-story frame houses can be equipped with almost all types of interfloor stairs. The choice of a specific type for each model is based on aesthetic feasibility, available space, usability and safety.