Asian wolf - good news. The meaning of the Indian wolf in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron Small Indian wolf

06.03.2020

INDIAN WOLF

landga (Canis pallipes Sykes) ? much less than the European one; the total body length is 130 cm, of which 40 cm falls on the tail, the height at the shoulders is 65 cm. The color of the fur varies from brownish gray to rusty red, its underside is dirty white. Found in Hindustan to the Himalayas. Keeps mainly on the plains alone or in small flocks of 6? 8 pieces. According to Jerdon, sometimes it barks like the semi-feral stray dogs of the East (the so-called "Pariah Dogs"). For kinship with the Bronze Age fossil dog (Canis matris optimae), see Dogs; for position in the system, see Canine. I. wolf? alleged ancestor of sheepdogs and poodles.

Brockhaus and Efron. Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. 2012

Appearance of the Indian wolf

Indian wolves are inferior in size to their relatives living in northern Asia and Europe.

Their body length is about 90 cm. They have a tail that is 30-40 cm long. At the withers, its height is 65-75 cm. An adult weighs 25-30 kg.

The body is covered with short fur with little or no undercoat. The color of the fur can be from gray-red to reddish-white, the tips of the hair are black. The hair on the legs and belly is lighter than on the rest of the body. There are dark stripes near the shoulders. In winter, the coat is longer than in summer. The length of the hair on the back is approximately 5-8 cm, and on the sides - 3.5-6 cm.

Behavior and nutrition of the wolf

The prey for these predators are rodents, gazelles, fallow deer, antelopes, roe deer. Large prey are hunted in pairs, one wolf draws the attention of the herd to itself, and the second one attacks the prey from behind. In the same way, they attack livestock, only in this case they hunt with the whole family, part of which distracts the dogs, while the rest grab the prey. They can also dig holes and hide there. Other predators drive ungulates straight towards them. Wolves are very smart animals, their hunting process is coordinated and debugged.

There are cases when Indian wolves attack a person, and both an adult and a child can suffer. In the twentieth century, several dozen such cases were recorded. In our time, this also happens, for example, in 2005 in Iran, a homeless man suffered from an attack by wolves. And although the people who came to the rescue recaptured him from the predators, he still died in the hospital from his wounds. In the same Iran in 2008, wolves attacked a woman in a cemetery. Despite her age, and she was 87 years old, she diligently fought off animals until help came to her. During the attack, the victim lost 2 fingers.

Reproduction and lifespan

Wolves do not live in large groups, they live in family packs - a pair of male and female and their last cubs. Such a flock can include 6-8 individuals. Indian wolves breed in October-December. Offspring are born blind, their ears hang. They have a white spot on their chest that disappears with time. The female feeds the cubs with milk for a month. At the age of 4 months, the offspring already accompanies their parents. These animals become sexually mature in 1-2 years. Life expectancy in the wild is 10-12 years.

population

In each country where these predators live, their numbers are different. In Israel, the population is very small - about 150 individuals, where the beast is protected by law. About 7000 representatives of this subspecies live in Turkey. The population living in Saudi Arabia is small, there are only 600 animals. The number of Indian wolves in Iran is still unknown. More than 2,000 individuals of these predators live in India. They live in protected areas and are protected by law.

Photo © pfaucher (Marc Faucher) on iNaturalist.org. Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India. CC BY-NC 4.0

The range of the subspecies is not clearly limited and different authors understand it in their own way.

The officially recognized range covers a vast area from India in the east to Turkey in the west, including large parts of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, northern parts of Iraq, Jordan and Israel, Syria and Lebanon.

At the same time, if earlier some authors proposed to combine subspecies from the Indian (or Iranian) wolf with the Arabian C. l. arabs, recently it has been proposed to separate the wolves of India into a separate subspecies C. l. indica, and the wolves of Turkey are considered to be related to the European wolf C. l. lupus. The boundary of the subspecies with the Caucasian C. l. is also unclear. cubanensis and desert C. l. desertorum wolves, which are either considered separate or belong to other subspecies (the first to C. l. lupus or C. l. campesris , second to C. l. chanco or C.l. campesris; however, there are other variants of synonymization).

The coloration is grayish-reddish, usually with a brownish tinge, on the back there are hairs of wool with more prominent black tips, making the back somewhat blackish. There are both almost brown and ordinary grayish-gray individuals. The hairs on the tail also have prominent black tips. The undercoat is light, often whitish. The lower part of the body and the inner parts of the legs are usually colored lighter than the main color. Puppies are brownish with a milky white chest, at about 6 weeks of age the white area begins to fade.

Smaller than the European wolf, but the size varies greatly due to the vastness of the range. In India, the average length of the body and head is about 90 cm, the tail is 40-45 cm. In Turkey, it averages 110-150 cm in length and can weigh more than 50 kg.

Of the 2 subspecies in the Indian subcontinent, the Indian wolf is distributed over most of the peninsula. Occupies the southernmost part of the world's range of wolves and is most often found in semi-arid habitats consisting of agricultural and pastoral lands, scrub forests and grasslands and, with some exceptions, is located outside protected areas. Formerly found throughout India, rare in forested areas and most abundant in open country. Studies in the 1980s showed that the number of the Indian wolf is about 700-800 individuals, the range is limited to certain regions, the population is fragmented and endangered. More recent studies indicate that the population may be closer to 2000-3000 individuals and continuously distributed throughout the range in the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. However, some authors continue to believe that these wolf populations may be fragmented and isolated.

Estimates range from 100 km² for prey-eating wolves in areas of high prey density to 250-300 km² in areas where livestock predation and carrion are more prevalent. Similarly, the largest packs (11-12 individuals) are more common in areas with abundant wild prey, although packs of similar size have been observed where only domesticated prey is available. But in general, wolf density is significantly affected by the type and availability of prey.

As in other territories, wolves in India are social, but do not form large packs. A typical flock is 6-8 individuals. Animals are rather silent, sometimes barking, like pariah dogs, but wolves howl in India extremely rarely.

Indian wolves mate between October and November. The den for rearing puppies is arranged in holes in the ground or in converted natural caves. In India, a litter of 3 to 8 puppies are born from October to December, more often in the last month. Wolves are generally tolerant of human presence even during lactation, but high levels of interference lead to natal den displacement, which can sometimes be fatal to puppies. Access to water is also a critical factor during lactation. The young disperse after reaching at least 7-8 months of age and will attempt to create their own breeding pair or out-compete the alpha adults.

They hunt all mammals or birds that they can kill, but especially sheep, goats and antelopes. Sometimes they attack cattle, kill dogs.

In Baltistan, Pakistan, 4 species of domestic ungulates, 1 species of wild ungulates and 1 species of small mammals were found in wolf feces with a frequency of occurrence: domestic goats 25%; yaks 12.5%; domestic sheep 6.25%, cows 6.25%; Himalayan ibex 6.25% and marmot 6.25%. Plant foods were observed at a frequency of 12.5%. By biomass, livestock accounted for 90.7% of the diet, the remaining 9.3% (Himalayan goat and marmot).

Attacks on livestock have a long history throughout India, although it is clear that the problem has worsened in recent times as major wild prey species have disappeared from much of their original range. Currently, the main prey of wolves throughout the country consists of livestock, with some exceptions in protected areas where wild ungulates such as the markhorn antelope or blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) and the Indian gazelle or chinkara (Gazella bennettii) still live.

However, in the habitats of wild prey, animal husbandry is low and attacks on livestock are rare in these areas.

In most other areas, the main prey of the wolf is sheep and goats; dead cattle are also eaten in some areas. In areas with stable wolf populations, losses are 30,000 rupees per 100 km². Studying at Nannaj at the Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary, Maharashtra, where blackbucks are also available as prey, 77 goats and 24 sheep were attacked over a period of 36 months by a single pack of wolves ranging in size from 2-7 individuals.

Livestock form the basis of the diet, except in protected areas. The daily diet of the Indian wolf is 1.01 kg to 1.88 kg per day per individual. The slaughtered cattle are usually incompletely eaten due to the intervention of shepherds, dogs, or scavengers. In areas where wild ungulates are prey, killed prey is consumed to a greater extent.

The greatest losses from wolves were observed among nomadic sheep, the smallest - among stationary grazing sheep. However, it was stated that among 227 shepherds, a total of 261 sheep and goats were killed by wolves, while the total number of losses was 1382. Therefore, wolf robberies accounted for less than 20% of all livestock deaths. The proportion of owners who were attacked by wolves on their livestock was highest among nomadic herders (76%) and relatively similar for resident sheep herders (35%) and goat herders (30%). Goat herders lost the lowest average number of livestock (1.42) but had the highest proportion of livestock lost after attacks (10.0%), while nomadic sheep herders had the most lost livestock (3.24) and the fewest number of attacks ( 4.8%). Shepherds of stationary sheep grazing had intermediate values (number of livestock lost 2.67, share of livestock lost 4.8%).

The total number of goats and sheep belonging to all interviewed owners was 1675 and 9016, respectively. The death toll in one year (February 2007 to February 2008 was 127 goats and 177 sheep. The share of goats was significantly higher relative to the number of goats and sheep.

Most of the livestock killed by wolves (58.5%) was carried away by wolves. In most cases, if a corpse was left, it was abandoned at or near the site of the attack (27.7%). In rare cases, slaughtered animals were buried (2.7%), consumed by humans (2.1%), or spoiled (1.1%). The fate of 8% is unknown.

Wolves in India probably don't kill dogs often, although this is a common behavior elsewhere.

Interestingly, the habit of eating waste in landfills has not been noted in wolves in India, although this behavior is common in other parts of the world.

In Turkey, the wolf occupies about 490 thousand km² and is found in almost all types of habitat, especially in wild prey habitats. On the other hand, this species is absent from the southeastern lowland plains, coastal areas of the Central Aegean region and the Central Marmara region. In Turkey, habitat fragmentation, poaching and declining potential prey limit viable wolf populations in many regions. At the same time, the number of wolves has increased in natural and inaccessible areas with an increase in the number of wild boars.

Both the availability of prey and the level of habitat fragmentation are known to directly affect pack size. Lack of prey and high levels of habitat fragmentation result in small pack sizes and high levels of competition between individuals. Therefore, the site of the flock can vary from 100 to 3000 km². In Turkey, eastern populations are observed in large flocks, using large areas as their home ranges due to lower habitat fragmentation and declining human populations. However, the lack of wild prey led to the fact that the flocks preferred to feed on the garbage dumps and hunt domestic herds.

A recent analysis of wolf diets in northeastern Turkey showed that predators not only prey on livestock, but it has become the basis of their diet. However, the results of other studies in Kastamonu, Ankara and Artvin showed that where livestock production is not intensive, wolves mainly prey on wild boars and available ungulates.

According to local data, wolves often descend from the Black Sea mountain ranges into warmer forested valleys, even penetrating villages abandoned in winter, and settling under empty dwellings.

The size of the wolf packs (from 3 to 8 individuals), the registration of wolves in various areas, allows us to hope that the general population of wolves will probably be restored. Western populations still have a density of 1-2 individuals per 100 km², but eastern populations are 4-5 individuals per 100 km² according to the latest data.

Interspecies interactions between predators that can occur between wolves and jackals have not been studied in Turkey. There are rare cases in northeastern Turkey where a wolf pack attacked a female bear and killed her cubs.

Living near settlements in Anatolia, wolves contribute to the spread of rabies, but not as much as foxes. In Turkey, 36 cases of rabies in wolves were reported between 1980 and 2001, but of these, 10 cases occurred between 1991 and 2007. Scabies is another widespread disease, but the geographic distribution and severity of the disease in Turkey is unknown.

Antelopes, rodents and hares are often hunted in pairs. As in other places, wolves in India are characterized by collective hunting in a pack with a strict division of duties. Often they use "surge" when part of the pack drives an antelope or a gazelle along a special route, and the other part of the wolves lies in ambush. Locals say that often wolves lurk alone in some natural shelter in antelope grazing areas and can wait patiently for a long time until the grazing animals come close to throw.

In 2005, the diet of the wolf was studied at the Rehekhuri Blackbuck Sanctuary, Maharashtra, India. Most excrement contained a single prey species (95.1%), two species (4.6%) or more (0.3%). Wild prey made up the bulk of the diet (50.31%), domestic animals (42.45%) and fruits (7.23%).

The most common prey species were blackbuck or markhorn antelope Antilope cervicapra (41.38%), then goats (21%), sheep (20.38%), jujube fruit (7.21%), dark-necked hare Lepus nigricollis (4, 70%), rodents (4.08%), domestic cows (0.94%) and unidentified prey species (0.31%).

The share of biomass was highest in blackbuck (25.90 kg), followed by sheep (11.02 kg), goats (8.99 kg), hares (1.19 kg), cows (0.80 kg) and rodents (0 .90 kg). In terms of biomass percentages of blackbuck (52.42%), sheep (23.52%), goats (18.20%), hares (2.41%), cows (1.62%) and rodents (1.83%) ).

A significant difference was found in the appearance of one or another type of prey in the excrement, depending on the season.

In another Maharashtra reserve, the Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary, wolf predation against blackbucks was studied from 1991 to 1994. Wolves mainly preyed on old and wounded ungulates, preferring males. On average, wolves killed every 3.65 days in winter and 2.1 days in summer. Meat consumption was 1 kg per wolf per day and did not correlate with pack size. The distribution of kills varied significantly between habitats, with the highest number recorded in grasslands (37%), followed by shrubs (23%), plantations (21%) and pastures (19%). During the study period, only 2 cases of hoarding food by wolves were recorded.

During 1991-1992, the observed pack made 99 kills. Most of the victims were harns (46.5%), followed by goats (37.4%) and sheep (16.2%), i.e. livestock accounted for about 54%. In 1993-1994, 76 homicides were recorded, of which garns accounted for 36.8%, goats 52.6% and sheep 10.5%.

In the reserve, wolves used the following hunting strategy:

a) avoid a long search for a healthy buckwheat due to low chances of success;

b) they find a sick or injured animal in the herd and pursue it, in such cases the chase is always long and mainly leads to the killing of the victim;

c) plying areas of meadows and bushes, where blackbuck calves and dark-necked hares usually hide; any calf or hare found in the canopy is pursued and usually captured by wolves within 100 to 150 m.

d) during the rainy season, wolves drive a group of healthy harns to areas with softened soil and pursue the herd until one of the victims was killed;

e) sometimes a single individual or a territorial adult male blackbuck, making his way through thickets and bushes, gets ambushed by wolves.

Sometimes in Great Indian Bustard Sanctuarywolves have been observed chasing a group of healthy bucks, probably with no intention of killing them. Some harns, who often visit cultivated fields at night, are injured breaking out of traps set by peasants to prevent injuries. Animals that are entangled in traps severely damage their legs and cannot run and become easy prey for wolves. Hunting for such wounded garnes was observed during the daylight hours. Wolves also pay special attention to females with newborns, probably due to the ease of prey prey.

Wolves, after catching a blackbuck, gut it and first eat their preferred parts of the body. First of all, these are the internal organs, then the croup area, after the neck and limb area, and finally the head area. The digestive tract is pulled out several meters from the victim and is usually left. The last to leave the victim are the young members of the pack. A pack of wolves use multiple urine marks around a prey after they have ingested it to find the remains. Pack members always return to the kill sites and chew on the remaining bones.

Wolf packs in these areas most frequently kill between 06:00-07:00, rarely after 07:30 when people start moving around in the area.

In addition to predation, wolves also ate fruits such as grapes and jujube. The latter was very common in the winter excrement of wolves.

Attacks on humans by wolves fall into three categories. "Raging attacks" - cases where a single wolf infected with rabies can be responsible for a series of deaths in a short period of time; in such cases the corpses are not eaten and many people may be attacked. "Predatory attacks" - when people are considered prey; in such cases, the victims are usually sacrificed, and the corpse is mostly eaten. Attacks from threatened or cornered wolves are "defensive attacks". All three types of attacks have been reported in India. Official records date back to the 19th century, but only a few attacks in the last 50 years have been scientifically evaluated.

The two most famous cases of rabid wolf attacks occurred in the state of Maharashtra. More than 40 people were attacked and while many survived after treatment, those who suffered head injuries died. An estimated 19,700 people die of rabies every year, mostly from dog bites, which are a source of rabies for wild predators.

One of the earliest systematic studies was carried out in India in the 1980s, when a number of cases of attacks on a person were described in the states of Rajasthan, Bihar (including attacks on 13 children in Hazaribagh in 1981), Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The study also reminds that wolves feed on human remains after cremation. In March 1996, 76 children were killed by wolves in Uttar Pradesh. Between April 1993 and April 1995, 80 children were attacked in the Hazaribagh district, 60 of them fatally. It was believed that 5 wolf packs were responsible for the attacks. Indeed, Hazaribagh seems to be particularly susceptible to wolf attacks on children; since attacks have been common over a large area in Hazaribah since the 1930s (and possibly even before), it seems likely that several packs have been active here for years.

In areas where predator attacks have been recorded, people live on the outskirts of settlements rather than densely populated villages, and bush cover is available to wolves. Children are often left unattended or sleeping outside the house. In addition, there is very little or no wild prey, and there is no access to livestock, either because they are scarce or too well protected. Probably the first accidental attack on a child (due to the difficulty of obtaining other food) created a culture of child hunting among the wolves of this area. Another possible explanation is that the "baby killers" are deranged in some way, having unusually large skulls.

Unlike the Indian wolf, its conspecifics in Israel have a greater fondness for offal and carrion, they are attracted to garbage dumps around settlements, as well as the carcasses of sheep and goats in Saudi Arabia.

There are two subspecies in Israel. Pallipes lives in the northern part of the country, smaller arabs in the south. The ranges of the two subspecies do not overlap. The northern population (as well as the southern one) is about 100 individuals. In the XX century. the wolf was persecuted in Israel and its numbers decreased significantly. Protected by law, but the restoration of both populations in Israel until the end of the 1990s. has been very slow and the wolf continues to be endangered in Israel.

In Israel, there was no traditional hostility towards wolves, as in Europe or North America. Moreover, Zeev (Hebrew זְאֵב‏‎), which means "wolf", is often used as a personal male name. Despite this, wolves are seen as an enemy of pastoralism. Israel has also seen a steady increase in wolf-human conflicts over the past few years. From May 1996 to July 1997, 85 cases of wolf attacks on cattle were recorded in the Golan Heights, and from July 1997 to June 1998 there were already 360 attacks, which amounted to about 3.5% of all calves in this region . At the same time, there was also an increase in sheep theft. During this period, approx. 14 thousand heads of cattle and 3 thousand sheep, almost all on open pastures. Although wolves are more likely to kill calves that are a few weeks old, there are records of wolves killing 6-month-old calves weighing over 400 kg.

In Iran, wolves occupy a wide range of habitats and are only absent from the central deserts and Dasht-e-Lut. The subspecies shows great variety in color. This may be due to the great diversity of habitats in Iran, caused by the existence of two large bodies of water in the north and south, and vast mountain ranges widening in the north and west. However, habitat fragmentation caused by the construction of cities, villages, and roads may have led to the isolation of wolf populations and reduced genetic exchange.

Wolves in Iran are considered either 1 or 3 subspecies with populations in the south Caspian region belonging to the Caucasian subspecies C. l. cubanensis, populations in the northeast, belonging to the European C. l. lupus and wolves in other regions of Iran belonging to the Indian/Iranian subspecies C. l. pallipes.

In the semi-desert conditions of Iran, the Indian wolf preys on gazelles, dogs, hares, rodents and partridges, and also feeds on garbage dumps.

There are two subspecies of the wolf in Pakistan, including the Indian gray wolf (C. l. pallipes) and the Tibetan wolf (C. l. chanco). The Indian gray wolf is distributed in various protected areas - in Kirtar National Park (Kirthar), Chumbi Surla Wildlife Sanctuary, Hazarganji Chiltan National Park, Hingol National Park, Cholistan National Park and Lal- Sohanra (Lal Sohanra). The Indian gray wolf is found in almost all habitats, but is mostly limited to remote arid hilly areas and vast desert. The wolf also inhabits open plains (semi-arid meadows, bushes, pastures, etc.). Sites range from 150 to 300 km², which is related to the availability of prey and habitats. In mountainous areas, they occupy natural caves.

When hunting, wolves use various strategies such as stalking and dashing or chasing. Wolves are predators of large ungulates in arid and semi-arid regions. The wolf also feeds on small livestock, mainly goats, sheep, and other small mammals such as hares and rodents. In addition, wolves also eat insects, birds, and the fruits of certain plants (Ziziphus species). The Indian wolf has also been recorded hunting donkeys and camels. Domestic dogs are also often killed and even preferred this type of prey on the outskirts of mountain villages.

In Lehri Nature Park, Jhelam District, Pakistan, based on data collected from August 2008 to May 2009, the estimated gray wolf population density was 0.1 animal/km² and the total population in the study area was estimated at 6 individuals. Higher densities are reported in some places up to 5 wolves per 100 km².

During the study, the highest number of livestock killings by wolves was recorded in the village of Lehri (19), followed by Drat (11), Bahara (8) and Boudin (13). Goats made up a significant portion of the wolf's prey, with 66% of the prey occurring in all four villages. Sheep - 27%, donkeys only - 7%. Attacks on gray wolf donkeys have only been reported in the villages of Drath and Bahara. Most of the killings took place at night and at dusk. Locals reported that most of the livestock were killed while grazing, but in some cases the attacks were carried out inside barns. There are no reports of attacks on people in the study area.

Since 1972 it has been illegal to hunt, capture or kill Indian wolves in India. The biggest threat to the survival of Indian wolves is habitat loss and degradation. As agriculture shifts from dry farming to irrigated and intensive farming, and traditional pastures are converted into industrial and agricultural land, there are fewer and fewer untouched places for dens and rendezvous. Dog diseases also pose a threat, especially rabies and distemper.

Wolves are persecuted, shot, poisoned, smoked out of their dens in response to the killing of goats and sheep, which reduces the wolf population in Pakistan. Habitat destruction is due to high population, agricultural expansion, urbanization, grazing pressure, deforestation and low availability of wild prey.

In Turkey, by law from 1937, the wolf was considered a pest, and it could be hunted throughout the year without restrictions. Poison was widely used to control the population. Wolves, like other dogs, are killed in Turkey mainly for predation on livestock, but also for the sake of skins and for fear of rabies. However, in 2003, wolves were added to the list of protected species in Turkey and all types of hunting for it were prohibited, with the exception of individuals potentially ill with rabies.

When wolves approach human settlements, they are accused of predation and hence a man-wolf conflict occurs. Between 2004 and 2013, attacks on people in Turkey resulted in at least 8 deaths and 46 injuries.

There is an estimated population decline of 57-700 wolves in Anatolia, living mainly in the central steppe and northern mountainous ecoregions. However, for the whole of Turkey at the beginning of the 2000s. an estimate of more than 7,000 individuals is given. The estimated population size by 2016 is about 6000-8000 individuals. If the assessment is correct, then this wolf population could become a significant migratory reserve for the recovery of wolf populations in the Middle East and the Caucasus.

Latin name Canis lupus pallipes Sykes, 1831

Asiatic, or
Indian, or
iranian wolf(lat. Canis lupus pallipes) is a subspecies of the gray wolf that lives in Lebanon, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria, India and other nearby regions.

1 Description
2 Current situation
3 In culture
4 Notes
5 Links

Description

Height at the withers 45-75 cm, weight 25-32 kg. The fur is short, thick, brown in color. It helps them blend into the local landscape. They have almost no undercoat, which helps them stay cool in the hot climate of the Middle East. Apparently, sometimes they howl.

The authors of recent studies of the mitochondrial DNA of the Indian wolf suggest that the populations inhabiting the Indian Peninsula are quite genetically different and should be considered as a separate species - canis indica.

It differs from the Arabian wolf in a darker color, larger size and proportionally larger head. Current situation

The Asian wolf, like the Arabian wolf, is threatened by hybridization with domestic dogs, which is dangerous for the genetic purity of the subspecies. The main reasons for the population decline are the degradation of habitual habitats and hunting. In the countries of the Middle East, the Asian wolf is protected only in Israel, where its population is 150-250 individuals. In culture

The wolf, known in Turkey as the bozkurt, was the main totem of the ancient Turkish tribes and was a national symbol from the time of the Huns to the Ottoman Empire. Before the Turks converted to Islam, the head of a wolf was put on the ends of flagpoles. Later, it was changed to a star and a crescent. In Turkish mythology, there is a belief that the Gokturks descended from a she-wolf named Asena. This legend echoes the myth of Romulus and Remus.

wolf subspecies

List Austro-Hungarian wolf Asiatic wolf Alexander wolf Alaskan wolf Alaskan coastal wolf Arabian wolf Baffin tundra wolf Benkov island tundra wolf British-Columbian wolf Vancouver island wolf Great Plains wolf Rocky Mountain wolf Eastern wolf Southern mountain wolf Greenland wolf Hudson wolf Dingo Domestic dog Eurasian wolf Egyptian wolf Iberian wolf Spanish wolf Italian wolf Cascade mountain wolf Labrador wolf Mackenzian plains wolf Mackenzian tundra wolf Manitobo wolf Mexican wolf Melville island wolf Mogollon mountain wolf New Guinea singing dog Newfoundland wolf Arctic wolf Caspian wolf Desert wolf Russian wolf Gray wolf Texas wolf Tibetan wolf Tundra wolf wolf Hondos Japanese wolf Japanese wolf Canis lupus alces See also Canis Wikispecies

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_wolf

, Afghanistan , Pakistan , Syria , India and other nearby regions.

Description

Current situation

The Asian wolf, like the Arabian wolf, is threatened by hybridization with domestic dogs, which is dangerous to the genetic purity of the subspecies. The main reasons for the population decline are the degradation of habitual habitats and hunting. In the countries of the Middle East, the Asian wolf is protected only in Israel, where its population is 150-250 individuals.

In culture

The wolf, known in Turkey as the bozkurt, was the main totem of the ancient Turkish tribes and was a national symbol from the time of the Huns to the Ottoman Empire. Before the Turks converted to Islam, the wolf's head was put on the ends of flagpoles. Later, it was changed to a star and a crescent. In Turkish mythology, there is a belief that the Gokturks descended from a she-wolf named Asena. This legend echoes the myth of Romulus and Remus.

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Asiatic wolf

“But this one, it seems ...” he turned to the paramedic.
“As requested, your honor,” said the old soldier with a tremor in his lower jaw. - Finished in the morning. After all, they are also people, not dogs ...
“I’ll send it right now, they’ll take it away, they’ll take it away,” the paramedic said hastily. “Please, your honor.
“Let’s go, let’s go,” Rostov said hastily, and lowering his eyes and shrinking, trying to pass unnoticed through the array of those reproachful and envious eyes fixed on him, he left the room.

Having passed the corridor, the paramedic led Rostov into the officers' chambers, which consisted of three rooms with open doors. These rooms had beds; wounded and sick officers lay and sat on them. Some walked around the rooms in hospital gowns. The first person that Rostov met in the officers' wards was a small, thin man without an arm, in a cap and a hospital gown with a bitten tube, who walked in the first room. Rostov, peering at him, tried to remember where he had seen him.
“This is where God brought me to meet,” said the little man. - Tushin, Tushin, do you remember taking you near Shengraben? And they cut off a piece for me, here ... - he said, smiling, pointing to the empty sleeve of his dressing gown. - Are you looking for Vasily Dmitrievich Denisov? - roommate! - he said, having learned who Rostov needed. - Here, here, Tushin led him to another room, from which the laughter of several voices was heard.
“And how can they not only laugh, but live here”? thought Rostov, still hearing that smell of a dead body, which he picked up while still in the soldier's hospital, and still seeing around him those envious glances that followed him from both sides, and the face of this young soldier with rolling eyes.
Denisov, covering himself with a blanket, slept on the bed, despite the fact that it was 12 o'clock in the afternoon.
“Ah, G” skeleton? 3do “ovo, hello” ovo, ”he shouted in the same voice as he used to in the regiment; but Rostov sadly noticed how, behind this habitual swagger and liveliness, some new, bad, hidden feeling peeped through in the facial expression, in the intonations and words of Denisov.
His wound, in spite of its insignificance, still did not heal, although six weeks had already passed since he had been wounded. His face had the same pale swelling that was on all hospital faces. But this was not what struck Rostov; he was struck by the fact that Denisov seemed not to be pleased with him and smiled unnaturally at him. Denisov did not ask about the regiment, nor about the general course of affairs. When Rostov talked about this, Denisov did not listen.
Rostov even noticed that it was unpleasant for Denisov when he was reminded of the regiment and, in general, of that other, free life that went on outside the hospital. He seemed to be trying to forget that former life and was only interested in his business with the provision officials. When asked by Rostov what the situation was, he immediately took out from under the pillow the paper received from the commission, and his rough answer to it. He perked up, beginning to read his paper, and especially let Rostov notice the barbs that he spoke to his enemies in this paper. The hospital comrades of Denisov, who had surrounded Rostov - a person newly arrived from the free world - began to gradually disperse as soon as Denisov began to read his paper. From their faces, Rostov realized that all these gentlemen had already heard this whole story that had managed to get bored of them more than once. Only the neighbor on the bed, a fat lancer, was sitting on his bunk, frowning gloomily and smoking a pipe, and little Tushin, without an arm, continued to listen, shaking his head disapprovingly. In the middle of the reading, the lancer interrupted Denisov.

Asian wolf - good news. The meaning of the Indian wolf in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron Small Indian wolf

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is INDIAN WOLF in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Appearance of the Indian wolf

Behavior and nutrition of the wolf

Reproduction and lifespan

population

Description

Current situation

In culture

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