With which of the prominent people did Tolstoy communicate. Communication of Tolstoy Leo Nikolaevich with other writers. French writers: George Sand, Merimee, Stendhal, Balzac, Maupassant, Rolland

02.11.2019

Repin's friendship with the writer Leo Tolstoy

Repin's friendship with the writer Leo Tolstoy

Repin met Leo Tolstoy while living in Moscow. Already from the first meetings between the two great people, mutual sympathy arose, which soon turned into a great friendship that lasted for three decades, until the death of the writer.

Almost daily meetings in Moscow, when both of them lived there, further - correspondence and meetings with Tolstoy in Moscow and in Yasnaya Polyana, where the artist came almost every year, were fruitful for both Repin and Tolstoy. Their constant conversations about art fertilized the creative thought of both.

Their friendship also served a great service to Russian art - Repin created a whole gallery of portraits of Lev Nikolaevich, both in oil, and in watercolor, and in pen, and in pencil. He created such portraits of Tolstoy that were not surpassed by anyone, although Lev Nikolaevich was painted by the largest Russian artists.

Portrait of the writer Leo Tolstoy. 1887

In October 1880, one evening, quite unexpectedly for Repin, Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy, who had come to Moscow from Yasnaya Polyana for a short time, came to the Repin workshop in Bolshoy Trubny Lane, quite unexpectedly for Repin.

This is how they met in person.

Repin later wrote: “... I imagined ... that Leo Tolstoy was a very peculiar gentleman, count, tall, dark-haired and not so big-headed ... And this is a strange person, some kind of activist by passion, a convinced preacher .. He is shocked, upset by something - a tragic note sounds in his voice, and from under thick menacing eyebrows the eyes of strict repentance shine with a phosphorescent brilliance.

Unfortunately, the artist recorded very little in his memoirs and in his letters about the big conversation that took place during this first meeting with Tolstoy. Lev Nikolaevich spoke of a blatant indifference to the horrors of the life of the common people, that people are so accustomed to these horrors that they don’t even notice them, that people have lost their conscience, unfairly treat poor people, shamelessly enslaved and constantly oppressed.

Repin wrote to V.V. Stasov: “I felt like such a trifle, a nonentity, a boy! I wanted to listen to him and listen to him endlessly, to question him about everything. And he was not stingy ... he spoke a lot, cordially and captivatingly ... (He was deeply moved and excited, it seemed to me; and for good reason, he expressed deep faith in the Russian people).

When Lev Nikolaevich left, Repin asked permission to take him to the apartment - about a quarter of an hour's walk from the house where Repin lived. Saying goodbye, Tolstoy invited Repin to visit him at the end of the working day in order to take pre-lunch walks together. These walks subsequently became a habit with them and took place almost daily.

They talked, not noticing either the time or the place, they forgot about dinner, sometimes they climbed very far and got pretty tired, so they returned home on a horse-drawn horse, always upstairs, on the "imperial", as Tolstoy liked. “At dusk,” Repin recalled, “Moscow was lit up with lights; from our tower it was interesting to observe the ebullient city during these hours of special movement and haste of the townsfolk. The anthill swarmed and sank in the darkening depths of the streets, in darkness.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy on vacation in the forest. 1891

Repin often visited the house of Lev Nikolaevich in Khamovniki. In 1882, he painted there a portrait of Tolstoy's follower, Vasily Kirillovich Syutaev, shown at the 10th Traveling Exhibition.
But Repin did not begin to create the image of Tolstoy for a long time, he studied Lev Nikolayevich, looked closely at him, and only in 1887 painted the first portrait of the writer.

Even earlier, in 1882-1886, Repin made several drawings depicting Tolstoy on the All-Russian population census.

Plowman. Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy on arable land. 1887

The artist began to create a whole Tolstoy suite only five years later. In 1887, having visited Moscow in August, Repin went to Yasnaya Polyana, stayed there for a week, made a number of sketches of Tolstoy and painted a magnificent portrait of Lev Nikolayevich - in an armchair with a book in his hand and a series of drawings depicting Lev Nikolayevich plowing.

These drawings later served as material for Repin to create the painting "Tolstoy on Plowed Field". “We have - tomorrow it will be a week - Repin lives and paints my portrait - and takes my time, but I am glad and very fond of him,” Tolstoy wrote to V.G. Chertkov. - ...he is a very good and serious person. We talked a lot with him. He's moved a lot since I didn't see him."

In another letter, Tolstoy wrote: “I fell in love with him even more. A living, growing man." And in a letter to N.N.Strakhov: "I appreciate Repin as much as you do, and I love him heartily ... I know that he loves me, as I love him."

The portrait of Tolstoy was made in two versions. In the first version, Lev Nikolaevich sits in an armchair at a large desk. There is a large bookcase in the background. On the table are books, paper, correspondence, an inkwell. In Tolstoy's hand is a pamphlet. Repin did not like this option, and he made a second portrait.

Here Repin discarded all household accessories: there is no bookcase, everything has been removed from the table. All attention is focused on Tolstoy. The book in the writer's hand is open, but he does not read it. A stream of thought made him put off reading. Tolstoy is all concentrated, he ponders over what he has read. The viewer sees, feels this work of the mind of a great thinker.

“This is a major historical monument,” wrote Stasov to P.M. Tretyakov about the portrait, “but together it is one of the most amazing genres of the entire Russian school.” And Stasov exclaims: “And how our Repin goes forward - just with giant steps!”

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy barefoot. 1891. Study for a portrait

Repin iconography of Leo Tolstoy, known to us, has 12 portraits, 25 drawings, 8 sketches of members of the Tolstoy family and 17 illustrations for Tolstoy's works; in addition, Repin fashioned three busts of Lev Nikolaevich. Huge and magnificent art gallery! It is unlikely that there will be another artist in the world who would so consistently reproduce the appearance of one person in his works.

He wrote to Tolstoy's daughter Tatyana Lvovna: “How well I lived in Yasnaya Polyana! These seventeen days were so pure, fresh, clear, filled with interesting work and pleasant, joyful rest. How many varied people, impressions and thoughts! How many special episodes, so sinking into the soul, persistently pursuing, prompting to express themselves in some kind of artistic form.

And all this is just an accessory, just a background for the main figure. A venerable man with hanging eyebrows, concentrating everything in himself, with his kind eyes, like the sun, illuminates everything. "We work until we drop!" - Repin wrote to Stasov from Yasnaya Polyana. And, indeed, he worked until he dropped. Of his paintings of 1891, it is necessary to note the portrait of Tolstoy in the study, then the painting “Tolstoy on Rest” and a large portrait, full-length, in the forest.

Repin depicted Tolstoy on vacation lying under a tree in the forest, with a book in his hand - the usual rest of Lev Nikolayevich. Repin wrote about the idea of this picture:

“All morning I lived in Yasnaya Polyana, in the forest. Lev Nikolaevich was lying not far from me with a book in his hand, in a cozy place, under the trees, in the shade, on his blue dressing gown, covered with white. How picturesquely in places the sun spots of light touched him through the branches! .. I studied them all, remembered and enjoyed; beautiful picture comes out.

The third picture of 1891 depicts Tolstoy in the forest, at prayer. He is in a long white shirt, barefoot. The face is concentrated, serious. In 1891, Repin also sculpted a bust of Lev Nikolayevich.

In the memoirs of Sofya Andreevna Tolstoy, we find a brief record of how Repin worked: “He worked tirelessly all the time,” wrote Sofya Andreevna. - ... After the painting, the indefatigable Ilya Efimovich began to quickly and diligently sculpt a bust of Lev Nikolaevich ... How interesting it was to see and follow for the first time the work and sculpture of a gifted artist ... He himself, quiet, very secretive and extremely industrious, left the most pleasant experience. He often said modestly to himself: "I'm not talented at all, I'm just hardworking."

The final stage of this great and lasting friendship was Repin's telegram to Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya on the day of the death of Leo Nikolayevich: “It has happened. I mourn for you, but his spirit lives on. The hearts of truth are free to mourn sincerely. The arrogant mercenaries have been eliminated, thank God.” In the book Far Close, Repin dedicated magnificent pages of memoirs to his great Friend.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is an interesting and extraordinary personality. His talent knows no bounds. Even in the farthest corners of the globe, Russia is associated with Catherine the Great, Pushkin, Tolstoy... Let's look at interesting facts from the life of Tolstoy, and, perhaps, each of us will emphasize something new for ourselves.

Lev Nikolaevich was born the fourth child in the family. He had three older brothers and one younger sister.
The writer himself was a father of many children, his legal wife bore him 13 children. The difference between the first and youngest sons was a quarter of a century. Some of them died at a young age. According to historians, Tolstoy was a very loving man, so it is difficult to talk about the number of his illegitimate children. At that time, having a child "on the side" was commonplace.
As a child, Leo was modest, shy, reticent.. Instead of yard pranks, he preferred to spend time alone, thinking about the meaning of life, love, religion. The most striking impression for a nine-year-old boy was a visit to Moscow. Little Leva described his impressions of visiting the “greatest city in Europe” in his first essay “Kremlin”.
Lev Nikolaevich was a real polyglot. He was fluent in French, Turkish, German, Tatar, read Polish and Italian, studied Greek and Bulgarian.
Despite his busyness, the writer was a wonderful father. He enjoyed spending time with the children, reading books and playing petty pranks.
The faithful companion of Lev Nikolaevich's life for 48 years was the great-granddaughter of the first Minister of Education Zavadsky - Sofya Andreevna Bers. The future married couple met when Leo was 34 years old, and Sophia was barely 17.
On the eve of the wedding night, the count gave his chosen one a personal diary to read, where his stormy novels and love affairs were described in detail, including a relationship with a village girl Aksinya, who was expecting a child from him. According to the writer himself, his wife carried the memory of these revelations through her whole life.
The illegible handwriting of Lev Nikolaevich, with many symbols and additions, was understandable only to his wife. In order to submit her husband's manuscripts to the editor, Countess Tolstaya rewrote them with her own hand.
Among Tolstoy's friends there were many of his associates in writing.. So, a person close to him in spirit turned out to be A. Fet, with whom he was friends for many years. Writers often went for walks, shared their secrets with each other, arranged meetings with their families. Tolstoy also corresponded with A.N. Ostrovsky, I.S. Turgenev, M. Gorky, I.A. Bunin.
Passion for excitement is another specific character trait of Lev Nikolayevich. In his youth, he was known as a gambler, and not always lucky. Once, in a card game with the landowner Gorokhov, the writer lost the main building of the Yasnaya Polyana estate. The landowner took the dismantled parts of the house to himself, several miles away, as a trophy.
Lev Nikolaevich was a vegetarian and equated eating meat with cannibalism. The two daughters of the writer, Tatyana and Maria, also did not use animal products.
The title of the novel "War and Peace" was changed three times. The previous titles of the work are “1805”, “All is well that ends well”, “Three pores”.
In the early 80s, the writer began to increasingly find confirmation of his conjectures that luxury and wealth destroy a person. For some time he was looking for answers to questions that tormented him, how to do the right thing: to sell the acquired property and leave households unaccustomed to physical labor without a livelihood? Or rewrite everything to his wife? Later, he will divide his savings equally among all family members. The writer himself loved physical labor, often helping the village peasants cut firewood, plow, and harvest bread.
The count could not stand barking dogs, could not stand Shakespeare's sonnets and was very fond of cherries, devouring them in huge quantities.
Tolstoy asked to bury his beloved horse near his burial place. The request was fulfilled. Several thousand people attended the funeral of the writer, among them were ordinary villagers, whom the count treated with attention and respect during his lifetime.

Plan - summary of lesson No. 69 in literature (Grade 10) 02/26/2016 on the topic

Through the pages of a great life.

L. N. Tolstoy - man, thinker, writer

Goals:
1.Educational:

Expansion, deepening and systematization of knowledge about the personality of Leo Tolstoy and his worldview.

2.Educational:

Education on the example of the personality of the writer L.N. Tolstoy, education of the skills of working in a team, responsibility for the task assigned,instill an interest in classical literature

3.Developing:

Development of communication skills, the ability to think, analyze, generalize and draw conclusions; development of cognitive activity.

Tasks :
1. Educational: Expand, deepen and systematize knowledge about the personality of Leo Tolstoy.
2. Educational: Actively think and work, listen carefully to the speakers, supplement, speak competently and clearly. Make a conclusion about the significance of the personality of L.N. Tolstoy for Russian and world literature and culture.
3. Developing: Think, analyze, actively express your point of view, draw conclusions about the personal qualities of the writer.

Lesson type: mastering new knowledge

Forms of work: individual, collective.

Equipment: presentation, portrait of Leo Tolstoy

Epigraph: Without knowing Tolstoy, one cannot consider oneself a cultured person.

M. Gorky

During the classes

1. Organizational moment

slide 1

In today's lesson, we will talk about the life of Leo Tolstoy, his worldview; let's recall the historical and cultural events witnessed by Tolstoy, reflect on the statements of Tolstoy and his contemporaries about him, and work with the writer's diaries.

2. Learning new material

a) The era of Leo Tolstoy

teacher's word

As an epigraph to the entire cycle of lessons, I took the words

M. Gorky: "Without knowing Tolstoy, one cannot consider oneself a cultured person."

(the epigraph is written on the board)

We will return to these words at the end of the topic, but here is part of the quote

we use today.

Question: Guys, what do you think is meant by

expression: know Tolstoy?

Students: (they reason and draw the following conclusion: to know Tolstoy is

means to study his biography, to get acquainted with Tolstoy-man,

Tolstoy-writer)

Teacher: Yes, of course, without studying and understanding his life, one cannot

truly comprehend the work of the great writer.

“The element of Tolstoy's genius is consonant with the boundless sea. You read it and plunge into the depths of the human soul, merged with nature. Whatever aspects of life this amazing artist touched, he painted widely, humanly wisely and simply.

Tolstoy's whole life was a struggle, a protest against all evil and violence, all his work served to affirm high moral ideals. Without studying and understanding his life, it is impossible to truly comprehend the work of the great writer. This is the leitmotif of our today's lesson about Leo Tolstoy.

Let's try to figure out together what this wonderful person is close and dear to us.

slide 2

The teacher gives the floor to the student, who will answer the questions:

1. What historical events did the writer witness?

2. In what years does the heyday of his work fall?

3. With Which of the prominent people did L, N. Tolstoy communicate with?

Student's speech (Kusher Sveta):

When did the writer live? Quite difficult, turbulent, the time of the liberation movement, the change of cultural eras and landmarks.

Tolstoy lived a long life. (1828-1910 - covered 2 centuries)

Almost a whole century passed before the eyes of the writer, Tolstoy himself became a witness and participant in many historical events, this influenced his worldview:

death of A.S. Pushkin, 1837,

M.Yu. Lermontov, 1841,

N.V. Gogol, 1852,

Crimean War, 1853-56,

growth of the freedom movement

Peasant reform, 1861,

assassination of Alexander II by Narodnaya Volya, 1881,

Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905,

The heyday of his work falls on the 50-60s of the 19th century. It's time to work on the epic "War and Peace"

Tolstoy knew and talked a lot with many prominent people: Nekrasov, Turgenev, Ostrovsky, Tyutchev, Dostoevsky, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Goncharov, Dobrolyubov, Pisarev, Repin, Kramskoy, Perov, Surikov, Shishkin, Levitan, Fet, Chernyshevsky, Chekhov, Gorky and many others.)

Conclusion - generalization (teacher):

“Leo Tolstoy was a participant and witness to many important historical events. The historical situation was very complex and contradictory, which could not but affect the views and teachings of Tolstoy.

The heyday of the writer's work falls on the 50s - the time of the creation of the epic novel "War and Peace".

slide 3

The teacher asks to comment on the words of L. Tolstoy:"Everyone - a diamond that can purify and not purify itself. To the extent that it is purified, through which eternal light shines. Therefore, the business of man is not to try to shine, but to try to purify himself.”

Student responses.

b) L.N. Tolstoy through the eyes of artists.

Teacher's comments:“All his life Tolstoy tried to understand the essence of the destiny of man on earth. He saw the moral strength of a person in perfection, to which he himself aspired. He constantly worked on himself, replenished his knowledge, tempered his will.

“Of course, a verbal image, a literary portrait is the fundamental basis of our ideas about a writer. And yet, nothing can replace the vivid visual impressions that the portraits of L. Tolstoy evoke, created by artists - his contemporaries.

slide 4

Student's message (Dima Tarasenko): I. N. Kramskoy. “PORTRAIT OF L. N. TOLSTOY. 1873" Among the admirers of Tolstoy's talent was the founder of an art gallery in Moscow, P. M. Tretyakov. He really wanted to commission a portrait. Tolstoy for his gallery. In 1869, Tretyakov turned to A. A. Fet, knowing his friendship with Tolstoy, with a request for assistance. However, Fet's mediation did not help: Tolstoy flatly refused to pose. Only a few years later, a lucky chance allowed Tretyakov to fulfill his desire.

The history of the creation of the first pictorial portrait of Tolstoy is as follows. In the summer of 1873, Kramskoy, living in a dacha not far from Yasnaya Polyana, decided to visit the Tolstoys in order to get acquainted with Lev Nikolaevich and persuade him to pose for a portrait. However, the artist was not lucky: Tolstoy spent the summer on a farm in the Samara steppes. But Kramskoy did not lose hope of meeting the writer, about which he also wrote to Tretyakov.

On September 5, Kramskoy again came to Yasnaya Polyana. The fat ones are back. Lev Nikolaevich was not in the house, and the artist went on a search. In the yard, when asked if the count knew where, the worker replied: "That's me." This is how these two outstanding people met.

The artist was received very cordially at Yasnaya Polyana. However, Tolstoy persisted in his refusal to pose. Then Kramskoy offered to paint two portraits: one for the Tolstoy family, the other for the Tretyakov Gallery. The writer agreed, and the sessions began the next day.

Tolstoy struck and conquered Kramskoy. About his impressions, he wrote to Repin: “... Count Tolstoy, whom I wrote, is an interesting person, even amazing. I spent several days with him and was in an excited state all the time ... It looks like a genius. The foresight of the artist contributed to the successful work. And although Kramskoy painted two portraits at the same time, two different images of Tolstoy appear before us. In the Yasnaya Polyana (for the family) version, a person deep in his inner world, as it were, listens to what is ripening in the depths of his soul; in the Tretyakov version, the expression of Tolstoy's eyes is striking: in the testing, directed at the viewer, the strength of his spirit and insight are surprisingly conveyed. The last work was duly appreciated by contemporaries and recognized as the best portrait of Tolstoy.

Message from a student (Danilevich Oksana): I. E. Repin. "L. N. TOLSTOY, 1887

slide 5

They met on October 6, 1880 in the Moscow workshop of Repin, where L. Tolstoy went. Soon the writer moved to Moscow, and their meetings became frequent. In the evenings they took long walks along the boulevards, reflecting on life and art. Tolstoy's thoughts made the artist think about many things, sometimes even change the original idea of his works.

And Repin wrote Tolstoy for the first time only seven years after they met. Those eight summer days of 1887, spent in Yasnaya Polyana, helped the artist a lot: he saw Tolstoy at work, on walks, and in communication with his family. Ilya Efimovich wrote to Tretyakov: "I spent this time very interestingly and usefully ... What power of the immortal spirit sits in it!" Stasov, realizing the great importance of this work for Repin, wrote to him: "After all, for the first time in your life you wrote from a brilliant ... person." The work was not easy for Repin. The fact is that the artist highly appreciated the wonderful portrait created by Kramskoy, and he unwittingly had to compete with the recognized art of his recently deceased teacher. Stasov was one of the first to see Repin's portrait of Tolstoy. He was so impressed by the artist's success that he devoted a special article to this work. The critic saw Repin's merit in the fact that, deeply understanding and loving Tolstoy, he managed to convey the essence of the writer's personality by simple means: “The whole portrait gives the impression of a preacher, sower, thinker. Eyes ... look far and deep, as if straight into your heart and soul.

slide 6

b) Leo Tolstoy's diary.

Teacher's word. AT In the vast literary heritage of Tolstoy, which occupies 90 volumes of the Anniversary Edition of his works, there is a book whose fame is far from being as great as War and Peace or Anna Karenina. Meanwhile, this book, which was written intermittently for 63 years and now occupies 13 volumes in the collected works of Tolstoy, perhaps has no equal in all world literature. This book is the writer's diaries.

You will not read them without interruption, like a novel or a story. But the one who decides to get acquainted with them will undoubtedly be rewarded: a scattering of yarsome thoughts, sharp impressions, fresh pictures and observations, imprinted on the pages of Tolstoy's "Diary", allow you to look into the innermost world of the Artist.

Tolstoy's personality is inseparable from his art. We are amazed at the variety of themes, the generosity of the images, the richness of thoughts in his books. But after all, all this, including the happy labor of the imagination, was born from the experience of one's own feelings, the everyday work of the mind and heart. The diary is a true mirror of the life of the great writer.

His diary is both an eyewitness account, and a calendar of meetings, and a creative notebook. But, perhaps, most of all - a tool for self-knowledge and self-education, changing oneself.

Now you will see Tolstoy's diary entries. Think about what you can say about the character traits, about the inner world of the writer.

The archival group is included in the work,prepared excerpts from diary entries, grouped by year. Questions for analysis:

Work with the writer's diaries.

Teacher's word:

In the spring of 1847 L.N. Tolstoy briefly ended up in the hospital. Here he began to keep a diary, and then continued it in rural solitude, during military service in St. Petersburg, traveling around Europe ... Tolstoy wrote down observations, thoughts, notes, plans for future works, words picked up in the midst of people ... The last diary entry was made three days before his death.

Slide 7

... I clearly saw that a disorderly life, which most secular people take as a consequence of youth, is nothing but a consequence of the early depravity of the soul.

1848

... Be afraid of idleness and disorder ... Be afraid of lies and vanity ... Remember and write down all useful information and thoughts ... Do not repeat other people's thoughts.

Slide 8

1855

... this is my newest rule, in addition to those that I set for myself a long time ago - to be active, reasonable and modest.

... My main goal in life is the good of my neighbor and conditional goals - literary glory, based on benefit, kindness to my neighbor ...

Slide 9

1881

Live in Yasnaya. To give Samara income to the poor ... to give more than to take ...

What do I believe? I asked myself. And he sincerely answered that I believe in being kind: to humble yourself, to forgive, to love. I believe in this with all my being...

They say go back to the church. But in the church I saw a gross, obvious and harmful deception.

Slide 10

(Very important!) Non-resistance to evil by violence is not a prescription, but an open, conscious law of life for each individual person and for all mankind - even for all living things.

What can you say about Tolstoy after reading these notes?

Teacher's word:

Tolstoy wrote down not only observations and thoughts, as already mentioned, but also plans for future works, and even individual words heard in the midst of people, His last diary entry was made three days before his death ...

From a young age, Tolstoy's fundamental feature was independence of judgment: the desire to reach everything with his own mind, not to borrow ready-made. He understands that the road of knowledge is difficult. But it seemed to him that he had only to paint his life in advance - and everything would go like clockwork. He even drew up the rules, in which he believed with all the fervor of his soul.

From the diary we see how a young man, brought up in the pampering environment of aunts and mothers and not distinguished from nature by a strong will, overcomes laziness. Tolstoy was ready to overcome human weaknesses. It is characteristic that from his youthful years he wished that fate would send him difficult trials that would require the exertion of all the forces of his soul.

Action, deed for Tolstoy and his writing. From the day the story “Childhood” appeared in Nekrasov’s journal Sovremennik in 1852 under the modest pseudonym L.N., he made his choice. But literature, literature alone, was still not enough for him.

During the reform of 1861, which abolished serfdom. Tolstoy becomes "a world mediator. In resolving disputes between landowners and peasants, he, as a rule, takes the side of the latter. In Yasnaya Polyana, Tolstoy opens a school for peasant children, he himself teaches not only literature, history, but also physics, mathematics .... In old age, looking back at his life, Tolstoy wrote in his diary:"Happy periods of my life were only those when I devoted my whole life to serving people."Life and literature are inseparable for him.

c) L.N. Tolstoy through the eyes of his contemporaries.

How do Tolstoy's contemporaries see it?

(on the quote board)

slide 11

“The whole world, the whole earth is looking at him ... living, quivering threads are stretched to him from everywhere ...”

M. Gorky

“If you could write like Tolstoy and make the whole world listen!”

T. Dreiser

student answers

L.N. Tolstoy corresponded with N.A. Nekrasov, I.S. Turgenev, A. A. Fet, I. A. Goncharov, A. N. Ostrovsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, A. I. Herzen, M. N. Katkov, N. Shchedrin (present M. E. Saltykov) , V.A. Sollogub, N.S. Leskov, Ya.P. Polonsky, I.A. Bunin, L. Andreev, M. Gorky, V. G. Korolenko.

In these letters there was a conversation about art, its place in public life, about emotional experiences and moods. .

Since the 1980s, the nature of Leo Tolstoy's correspondence has changed. Now the initiative of written communications belongs most often not to Tolstoy anymore: writers of all stripes turn to him for an answer to the difficult questions that modernity has put before them, they are waiting for the famous writer to clarify the doubts that arise in them when reading his philosophical treatises, they are eager to know his opinion about his work.

According to S. Rozanova, “L. N. Tolstoy’s letters revealed his amazing personality with its inner independence and independence, the intensity of creative thought, the sharpness of the reaction to the phenomena of social and ideological life, his sensitivity and spiritual generosity, his high demands on himself and to his literary associates.

In his last letter, I. S. Turgenev asks L. N. Tolstoy to return to literary activity.

A. A. Fet and L. N. Tolstoy were very close friends for many years, first with each other personally, and then with entire families. They turned out to be very close spiritually, so they discussed among themselves a variety of topics, from public to the most personal.

Communication between L. N. Tolstoy and N. S. Leskov became fertile ground for reflection and creativity of both writers.

“Gorky endlessly loves Tolstoy, whom he calls a “colossal man”, is amazed at his “extraordinary creative power”. Gorky is deeply convinced: "Pushkin and he (Tolstoy) - there is nothing more majestic and dearer to us." (According to S. Rozanova)

Topic: Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy - a man, a thinker, a writer.

Tasks: 1) repeat information about the life and work of the writer; get acquainted with the worldview, its spiritual quest;

2) to instill interest in the art of the word, music, painting;

3) to form the ability of students to work in a group, independently select and systematize the material.

Lesson equipment: computer, multimedia, reproductions of paintings, creative works of the writer, students.

DURING THE CLASSES.

I. Projection of the utterance on the screen.

Every person is a diamond that can purify and not purify itself. To the extent that it is purified, eternal light shines through it. Therefore, the business of man is not to try to shine, but to try to purify himself.

Teacher's word. In preparation for today's lesson, each of you took part in conducting micro-studies that will help all of you today once again feel the great talent of the Russian writer.

II. "Thinking out loud". Reflections of students on the content of the quote (students express their understanding of the meaning of the writer's words about the need for self-education, self-improvement, spiritual self-purification of each person.)

III. Introduction by the teacher.

The moral height that Tolstoy reached - a man - is the result of a huge, never-ending inner work, the highest demands on himself, a merciless analysis of his behavior, overcoming his weaknesses (ambition, vanity, inconsistency, failure to fulfill plans, manifestation of laziness, carelessness, haste, timidity). - Tolstoy himself points out these shortcomings).

Tolstoy sees the meaning of life in serving people. You cannot live for yourself alone. This is spiritual death. Take as little as possible from people and give as much as possible to people. This idea is repeatedly repeated in the writer's diaries. And Tolstoy considered the happiest years in his life to be those when he devoted himself entirely to the good of people, to work in the Yasnaya Polyana school he founded, and to help the starving.

The writer's life is a reflection of his worldview, his spiritual quest.

IV. Presentation "Life and creative path", prepared by a group of students (individual homework)

V. Creative reports of a group of students.

a) the report of the "Time" group.

3. With whom of the outstanding people did you communicate in Russia and abroad?

1 student: using the chronological table they have compiled, students name a series of dates and events that serve as an answer to 1 question.

1837 - the years of death, (1841) -, (1852) - the year of death, 1853/56 - the Crimean War, 1855 - the death of Nicholas I, 1861 - the abolition of serfdom, 1866 - the attempt on Alexander II, 1876 - the emergence of the society "Land and will", 1877 - 78 - Russian-Turkish war; 1881 - death of Alexander II; 1887 - assassination attempt on Alexander III; 1904 - 1905 - Russian-Japanese war. (demonstration of a visual aid prepared by students for the lesson, reflecting historical events)

2 student: “Historical era. The Development of Literature, Art and Science in the Second Half of the 19th Century” (brief review – 1 student). The names of famous contemporaries are given (classical writers: Russians and representatives of other peoples of Russia; major poets, literary critics, scientists, artists, composers, directors and actors) who contributed to the development of art, literature, painting, theater.

(showing photographs of the writer's contemporaries)

3 student: The heyday of the writer's work falls on the 50s - the time of the creation of the epic novel "War and Peace". The student briefly talks about the meeting with figures of culture, literature, about the role in the fate of Tolstoy, Turgenev.

The name of Tolstoy is well known outside of Russia, as evidenced by such writers as Guy de Maupassant, Prosper Merimee, Honore de Balzac, Romain Rolland. (Memoirs of R. Rolland about what exactly helped the then unknown young man in choosing a profession.)

Conclusion - generalization: (ends with an entry in notebooks) Leo Tolstoy was a participant and witness to many important historical events. The historical situation was very complex and contradictory, which could not but affect the views and teachings of Tolstoy.

b) Creative report of the "Memory" group.

Teacher: So, guys, the “Memory” group starts its report, having prepared answers to such questions: how does Tolstoy appear in the memoirs of his contemporaries? What facet of the writer's personality is highlighted in the above lines? How is he close to you?

Quotes selected by students are read by them:

1. “Art and life are inseparable. No one else's work is so closely intertwined with life ... it is autobiographical in nature. According to the work of Tolstoy, we can, starting from the age of ten, step by step, trace the contradictory searches with which this restless life is so rich ... The tragedy of his art and his life was one.

R. Rollan.

Student's comment: “The truth of art and the truth of life for Tolstoy are one. The search for truth is the meaning of his whole life.

2. "Tolstoy told us about Russian life almost as much as all of our literature."

M. Gorky

3. "If you could write like Tolstoy and make the whole world listen!"

T. Dreiser

Student comment. “All quotes help to understand the world significance of Tolstoy as a writer and as a person. But each author highlights a special facet of his work. Someone appreciates him as a thinker and preacher, whose views embodied the contradictions of Russian reality. M. Gorky notes the scale of Tolstoy's influence, T. Dreiser admires him as the greatest artist, a master of words, bringing the light of kindness and mercy to people.

c) Creative report of the group "Lovers of Russian Literature".

(expressive recitation by students of excerpts from poetry, followed by the allocation of metaphors that help to understand the personality in its diversity.)

First student:

Y. Polonsky "Writer, if only he ..."

Writer, if only

Wave, and the ocean is Russia,

Can't help but be outraged

When the elements are outraged.

Writer, if only

There is a nerve of a great people,

Can't help but be amazed

When freedom is struck...

Student's conclusion: In the 1st passage, the metaphor "wave of the ocean" reflects the scope of the writer's talent, "the nerve of the people" - its inseparable connection.

Second student:

A. Apukhtin. "Count".

Reminding the world of eternal beauty,

Who crawls on the ground, hissing at everything with a snake,

He sees one rubbish ...

And only for the eagle

Soaring easily and freely above the ground,

All the distance is boundless light!

Student's conclusion: In the 2nd passage, the metaphor "eagle" reflects the high level of talent, the vigilance of the outlook on life, the independence of the writer's judgments.

Teacher's word. “Of course, a verbal image, a literary portrait is the fundamental basis of our ideas about a writer. And yet, nothing can replace the vivid visual impressions that the portraits of L. Tolstoy evoke, created by artists - his contemporaries.

d) Creative report of the Art Critics group.

"History of a portrait" (portraits are projected onto a screen).

1 student. , "Portrait, 1873"

Among the admirers of Tolstoy's talent was the founder of an art gallery in Moscow.

He wanted to commission a portrait of the writer for his gallery. In 1869, Tretyakov turned to, knowing his friendship with Tolstoy, with a request for assistance. However, Fet's mediation did not help: Tolstoy flatly refused to pose. Only a few years later, a lucky chance allowed Tretyakov to fulfill his desire.

Tolstoy struck and conquered Kramskoy. He wrote to Repin about his impressions: “... Count Tolstoy, whom I wrote, is an interesting person, even amazing. I spent several days with him and was in an excited state all the time ... It looks like a genius ”The artist’s insight contributed to the successful work. And although Kramskoy painted two portraits at the same time, two different images of Tolstoy appear before us. In the Yasnaya Polyana (for the family) version, a person deep in his inner world, as it were, listens to what is ripening in the depths of his soul; in the Tretyakov version, the expression of Tolstoy's eyes is striking: in the testing, directed at the viewer, the strength of his spirit and insight are surprisingly conveyed. The last work was duly appreciated by contemporaries and recognized as the best portrait of Tolstoy.

2 student. . ", 1887"

... They met on October 6, 1880 in the Moscow workshop of Repin, where L. Tolstoy went. Soon the writer moved to Moscow, and their meetings became frequent. In the evenings they took long walks along the boulevards, reflecting on life and art. Tolstoy's thoughts forced the artist to think about many things, sometimes even change the original idea of his works.

“After all, for the first time in your life you wrote from a brilliant ... person.”

The work was not easy for Repin. The fact is that the artist highly appreciated the wonderful portrait created by Kramskoy, and he unwittingly had to compete with the recognized art of his recently deceased teacher. Stasov was one of the first to see Repin's portrait of Tolstoy. He was so impressed by the artist's success that he devoted a special article to this work. The critic saw Repin's merit in the fact that, deeply understanding and loving Tolstoy, he managed to convey the essence of the writer's personality by simple means: “The whole portrait gives the impression of a preacher, sower, thinker. Eyes ... look into the distance and into the depths, as if straight into your heart and soul. At the same time, in Yasnaya Polyana, Repin sketched Tolstoy, busy with his favorite peasant work, plowing the field of the widow Anisya Kopylova. The artist was struck by the endurance and skill of Lev Nikolaevich: he got tired, but hard work brought him real pleasure. Later, based on a sketch and from memory, Repin painted a picture “on arable land”. The censorship banned this title, fearing tendentiousness and "public talk". With great difficulty, it was possible to obtain permission to reproduce the painting.

In the summer of 1891 the artist came to Yasnaya Polyana for a long time. He drew a lot of Tolstoy and admitted: "... after his, at first glance, rude simple features, all others will seem boring."

Repin painted more Tolstoy than any of the Russian artists. He dedicated over 70 works to the writer - expressive and virtuoso, depicting him at chess, sculptural and pictorial portraits, created over 23 years, allow us to see and imagine Tolstoy at different periods of his life. Better and deeper understanding of it.

(Against the background of "Waltz" by F. Chopin)

Word of the teacher: “In the house of the Tolstoy, Repin listened more than once to the beautiful music of Chopin, Mozart, Beethoven. Lev Nikolaevich knew, understood and loved music well. “It happened that after some impressive sonata, Lev Nikolayevich would tell us a whole drama that was drawn to him during the performance of the play,” Repin recalled.

But the most important thing in Tolstoy's work is a book that was written intermittently for 63 years and occupies 13 volumes in the collected works of Tolstoy, perhaps, has no equal in all world literature. This book is the writer's diaries. They help to look into the innermost world of the artist. The diary is a true mirror of the life of the great writer.

e). Creative report of the group "Diary - the door of the soul."

“It is very convenient to judge oneself from a diary,” writes the 22-year-old Tolstoy. In the spring of 1847, he briefly went to the hospital. The first entries in the diary were made here, completed 3 days before death.

(lines from diary entries are projected onto the screen)

From the diary:

1. The goal of every action should be the happiness of your neighbor.

2. Be satisfied with the present.

3. Look for opportunities to do good...

Correction rules:

Fear idleness and disorder. Fear lies and vanity. Memorize all useful information and thoughts. Do not believe thoughts born in faith. Do not repeat other people's thoughts.

1. Study the entire course of legal sciences.

2. Study practical medicine and part of the theoretical one.

3. Learn French, Russian, German, English, Italian and Latin.

5. Study history, geography and statistics.

6. Study mathematics, gymnasium course.

7. Write a dissertation.

8. Achieve an average degree of perfection in music and painting.

9. Write the rules.

10. Get some knowledge in the natural sciences.

11. Compose an essay from all the subjects that will be studied.

Note: The most amazing thing is that I completed most of this program!

The conclusion of the students of the group:

1) The breadth of interests, the thirst for knowledge reflect the work of the soul, the exactingness of oneself, the purposefulness of Tolstoy.

2) Diary entries as an ajar door of the soul, thoughts and deeds of a person. Thanks to them, the personality of the community - the writers - becomes not something distant, but close and understandable, more humane. You begin to understand: a writer is like many of us, which means that you can be like him, become a like-minded person. And as a result - the desire to read his books, to work on self-improvement.

VI. Reflection.

1. What's new about Tolstoy - a man, writers, did you learn in the lesson? The light of what ideas, thoughts, deeds illuminates the life of the great Russian writer?

2. Did you find the “green stick” that you believed in since childhood, did you unravel its secret? (Yes, this is true, beauty, love for people)

VII. Homework.

1) Composition-reflection (optional).

2) What associations does the name of Tolstoy evoke in you?

3) What is close to me personality?

2) Individual tasks:

To reveal the attitude of our contemporaries to creativity.

questionnaire questions.

1. What qualities of character are closer to you:

1) self-improvement, 2) purposefulness, 3) respect for ordinary people and ease of dealing with them.

2. What works do you remember with the name of Tolstoy?

3. Name the topics covered in your works that are relevant to our days.

2 student: compose a "Hit Parade" of works read in our time.

1. What historical events did the writer witness?

2. In what years does the heyday of his work fall?

3. Which of the prominent people did you communicate with?

Archive group:

1. To trace the formation of Tolstoy's personality.

2. Why are diaries interesting for us?

a group of memoirists who prepared answers to the following questions:

1. How does Tolstoy appear in the memoirs of his contemporaries?

2 What facet of the writer's personality is highlighted in the above lines?

3 How is he close to you?

2. The teacher asks students to comment on the words: “Every person is a diamond that can purify and not purify himself. To the extent that it is purified, eternal light shines through it. Therefore, the business of man is not to try to shine, but to try to purify himself.”

With which of the prominent people did Tolstoy communicate. Communication of Tolstoy Leo Nikolaevich with other writers. French writers: George Sand, Merimee, Stendhal, Balzac, Maupassant, Rolland

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