Anna is famous for her diary. Diary of a dead girl. How the story of Anne Frank became the story of an era. Genitals, lesbian feelings and depression

Her name is a symbol. A symbol of love for life, love for freedom, love for one's country. Anne Frank is a thirteen-year-old Jewish girl who, during the Second World War, secretly kept her diary in a shelter where her family was hiding from the Nazis. Many years after her death, Anna's father, Otto Frank, published his daughter's diary, which will forever remain a legend. This diary is silent, but nevertheless, the most important evidence of all those atrocities of the German soldiers and all the horror that Anna and the entire Jewish people had to experience. So who is she, this girl whose diary will be read for centuries?

Annelise Marie Frank, and that is exactly what her full name sounds like, was born on June 12, 1929 in Frankfurt am Main. But after Hitler came to power, Otto Frank and his family leave for Amsterdam. Here Otto gets an excellent position - the director of the Opekta joint-stock company. Until 1940, Anna's family practically did not know any troubles.

In May 1940 Germany occupied the Netherlands. Living in the country for Jews every day became worse and worse. In June 1942, the Frank family receives a summons. In it, the eldest daughter of the Franks, Margot, was ordered to appear at the Gestapo. After receiving this summons, Otto Frank makes the only right decision in his opinion - to take refuge in a shelter and wait out the occupation there. He believed that the war would end very soon.

On July 6, 1942, Anna's family moved to a special shelter, which was located in the back rooms of Otto's former office. The entrance to this room was masked by a large bookcase, so it was almost impossible to guess that there was a second room in the house.

Compared to other similar shelters, the Franks lived with almost every comfort. In their shelter it was possible to wash, read, cook food, and after dark even stand at the open window.

Anna's diary describes how her family lived in this shelter for two years. In addition to Anna's family, there was another Jewish family and a dentist in the shelter. Anna scrupulously described in her diary every day of her stay in this house. Gradually, her notes became more and more like the records of an experienced journalist. It was this profession that Anna dreamed of mastering after the war ended.

The people in the shelter lived in constant fear. This fear enveloped their soul. Fear and hopelessness brought to complete despair. But Anna tried not to succumb to these feelings. One day, looking out the window, she saw a German girl who walked freely along the street and was not afraid of anything. And Anna decided that she must definitely make friends with this girl. But she didn't know how to do it. And then she began to write letters to her imaginary friend, in which she described her life and shared her dreams.

Despite the fact that Anna had long stopped going to school, she read a lot, solved mathematical problems, memories of that pre-war and happy life were still alive in her imagination. It was this imaginary world that helped her not to lose her mind during these two years of imprisonment. “I so want to someday find myself among friends again, rejoice with them, laugh carelessly and cheerfully,” Anna wrote in her diary.

On August 4, 1944, Anna's hideout was discovered. All the Jews who hid in this shelter were deported to Auschwitz. The first to die was Anna's sister, Margo. Anna herself did not live to see the end of the war for only two months.

Of the eight people who hid in the shelter, only Anna's father, Otto Frank, survived. Returning to Holland after the end of the war and finding their refuge, he found his daughter's diary intact and unharmed there. Otto published Anna's diary because he believed that the world should not forget not only the adult inhabitants of the concentration camps, but also small children, after death, who did not even have a grave.

“... Why is there a war in the world? Why can't people live in peace? Why this terrible destruction? Why are millions spent every day on the war, but not a penny for medical care, for art, and even for the poor? Why should people starve when food is rotting in other parts of the world? Why are people so crazy? I do not believe that only prominent figures are to blame for the war, only governments and capitalists. No, and the little people, obviously, also find pleasure in it, otherwise the nations would have rebelled long ago. Obviously, the instinct of destruction is inherent in man, the passion to kill, cut, rage, and until all of humanity, without exception, changes, wars will continue. This entry was the very last entry in Anne Frank's diary.

Biography

Childhood

In the shelter, Anna kept a diary in letters in the Dutch language (her first language was German, but she began to learn Dutch from early childhood). She wrote these letters to her fictitious friend Kitty. In them, she told Kitty everything that happened to her and to the other inhabitants of the shelter every day. Anna named her diary Het Achterhuis (rus. In the back house). In the Russian version - " asylum».

Anna made her first entry in her diary on her birthday, June 12, 1942, when she was 13 years old. The last one - August 1, 1944.

At first, Anna kept a diary only for herself. In the spring of 1944, she heard on the Dutch radio Oranje (the editorial office of this radio was evacuated to England, from where it broadcast until the end of the war) speech by the Minister of Education of the Netherlands Herrit Bolkestein. In his speech, he urged citizens to keep any documents that would prove the suffering of the people during the years of German occupation. Diaries were named as one of the important documents.

Impressed by the performance, Anna decided to write a novel based on the diary. She immediately begins to rewrite and edit her diary, while continuing to replenish the first diary with new entries.

Anna, including herself, gives pseudonyms to the inhabitants of the shelter. She wanted to name herself first Anna Aulis, then Anna Robin. Anna named the Van Pels family Petronella, Hans and Alfred Van Daan (in some editions - Petronella, Herman and Peter Van Daan). Fritz Pfeffer was replaced by Albert Dussel.

Arrest and deportation

The one who personally found, detained and sent to the concentration camp Anne Frank, her family and several other Jews in Amsterdam is known - this is the SS man Karl Josef Zilberbauer, who stood out for cruelty even in his organization. However, after the war, not only was he not convicted, but on the contrary, he was recruited into the intelligence service of the FRG and successfully made a career there.

Informer

Tony Ahlers (December 29 - August 4)

Memory

see also

Notes

Literature

Anna Frank. Refuge. Diary in letters. M., Text, 2010. ISBN 978-5-7516-0912-2

Links

• Diary of Anne Frank (Russian)
• Anne Frank Museum Amsterdam (English) (official website of the Anne Frank House)

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Anne Frank was born on June 12, 1929 in a Jewish family, became known for her diary of an eyewitness to the Jewish genocide, who died in Bergen-Belsen, one of the Auschwitz death camps.

In 1933, when the Nazis came to power in Germany and the persecution of the Jewish population began, the family immigrated to Holland, while the mother's relatives remained in Frankfurt am Main. However, as soon as the pogroms of Jewish homes began in 1938, relatives left for the United States, which saved their lives.

Anna kept a diary from her thirteenth birthday until her arrest with her family. The diary contains detailed descriptions of what happened, the thoughts and emotions of a young girl, it has been translated into dozens of languages.

The first edition was immediately after the war in 1947 under the title , the first page of the diary is titled:

"I hope I can trust you with everything"

In 1940, the German army occupied the Netherlands, where they spread Nazi ideology and persecution of Jews, who were forbidden to do many things: use public transport, own shops, play sports. Jewish children went to separate schools, a curfew was established for Jews, for violation of which they were supposed to be shot on the spot. With each month, the restrictions and persecution of the Jews increased, Anna scrupulously wrote all this in her diary.

Anna's father, Otto Frank, foreseeing the repression of the Jews, prepared a secret shelter for his family in advance.

Otto owned a room in the center of Amsterdam that had been converted to live in secret. For two years, the Frank family, along with the van Daan family and doctor Dussel, hid in this shelter.

Eight people could live comfortably enough in the shelter, there was water, the opportunity to cook food. Their situation was much better than that of the rest of the Jews, who hid in attics, in abandoned sewers and mines.

The constant fear that their hiding place would be discovered led to the despair of the wanderers. Anna described the feelings that she herself experienced and saw in her parents. Anna, in order to calm the feeling of fear, was engaged in her studies: she read a lot, solved math problems in notebooks.

In the middle of Anna's diary, there is a quality of text characteristic of an experienced writer who describes his observations of the world around him with skill.

"Anna with her parents"

The inhabitants are described colorfully and in detail, how adults quarrel among themselves and measure themselves.

"It's been ten days since Dussel hasn't spoken to van Daan"

With each written page in the diary, Anna is captured by this action - fixing her thoughts, she began to live it, where she admits it to herself on one of the pages in order to survive this violence.

"When I write, everything is resolved, grief passes, courage revives in me again. However - and this is an important question for me - will I ever be able to write something significant, will I become a journalist or a writer? I hope so, I hope with all my heart...

After a while, on the pages of Anna's diary, not only a description of her life and way of life, but also short essays appear.

"Anna with sister Margot/> and mother"

Seeing other children playing in the street, Anna imagined her playing with her too, and the fictional story was embodied on the pages.

Long-term and constant stay in a closed room greatly influenced Anna's emotional state, sometimes lines about an early death and its inevitability appear in her diary.

"I am haunted by the thought: wouldn't it be better for us not to hide, wouldn't it be better to die and not experience these horrors?"

The young girl, who had just turned, faced the cruelty of life so early that she began to realize how much she owed her parents and their friends.

"Our patrons, they are helping us so far and, hopefully, will lead us safely to freedom.

Otherwise, they will have to share the fate of all those who save Jews. Never in a single word did they hint to us what a burden we are, and we really are a burden! We never heard complaints about how difficult it is for them to work with us."

On the pages of the diary, the spiritual and mental maturation of the girl is traced, as it determines the values ​​​​and the moral side of their current situation.

"Why should people starve when food is rotting in other parts of the world? Why are people so crazy? I don't believe that only prominent figures are to blame for the war, only governments and capitalists."

The entire Frank family was sent to Auschwitz, along with the Van Daan family and Dr. Dussel. The Dutch, who helped them hide in the shelter, were imprisoned to be later publicly shot for helping the Jews.

At the end of October, Anne and Margot Frank were transferred to the Bergen-Belsen camp, where Margot died of exhaustion almost immediately. At this time, their mother, the entire Van Daan family and Dr. Dussel were killed in Auschwitz. Anna died when two months remained before the liberation of the camp. From the shelter where eight people were hiding, only Otto Frank, Anna's father, survived.

Otto Frank was able to return to their shelter, among the pogrom and garbage, he discovered his daughter's diary, which was published after the war.

The diary was translated into many languages ​​of the world and was very popular in the first decades after the war.

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All the girls keep diaries in which they write that their mother does not understand them, their relatives got them, and P. from the parallel class looked like that yesterday, looked like that ... Anna Frank, a Jewish girl from a family of German refugees, the daughter of a successful businessman who fled Nazism to Amsterdam. All these records about books, about boys and about relationships were made in extreme conditions, in a cramped, stuffy cell at the back of a jam-making company, where Anna's family, hiding from the Nazis, led a silent and almost incorporeal existence for a long time.

Reading, one is amazed not only by the courage of all the inhabitants of the shelter and the human dignity that they all managed to maintain in these difficult conditions. Knowing that the author of the diary and her loved ones died a painful death, one cannot get rid of the thought that this life, which was not allowed to take place, still defeats death in a way unknown to science.

She decided to keep a diary on her 13th birthday, named it Kitty, and diligently documented her life and the life of her family for three years, until all the Jews hiding in the shelter were caught on denunciation and sent to a concentration camp.

Anna with a friend in Merwedeplein. 1934

She described the everyday details of the coexistence of people locked in a cramped space and involuntarily became neighbors in a cramped communal apartment, complained about the monotony of the diet and how tired of strawberry jam (the company fed them - the time was hungry, and food was a significant problem), she wrote talentedly and vividly, not without reason she wanted to become a journalist. Almost every teenage girl could recognize herself in this image - both her youth rebellion against her mother, and her dreams of a wonderful future, which in Anna's case never came.

Frame from the movie “ Diary of Anne Frank”

Everyone died - mother, sister, friends, only father, Otto Frank, survived. He published his daughter's diary after the war.

Newborn Anna with her mother. Otto Frank

In Russian " Diary of Anne Frank” translated by Wright-Kovaleva and with a preface by Ehrenburg was first published in 1960. The very fact of this publication was an important symptom of the Khrushchev thaw. Ilya Ehrenburg called the book another piece of evidence of the Catastrophe of European Jewry: “For six million, one voice speaks - not a sage, not a poet - an ordinary girl ... The girl’s diary has turned into both a human document of great significance and an indictment.”

Almost immediately after the appearance of the book in the USSR, which became very popular, Anne Frank's Diary began to be translated into languages ​​of other arts: for example, theatrical performances appeared in Moscow and Riga, Tbilisi and Leningrad, the literary basis of which was the Diary, and in 1969 Grigory Frid wrote the mono-opera The Diary of Anne Frank, which was performed in the USSR, the USA and Israel.

asylum

In July 1942, the Germans began deporting Dutch Jews, and the family Franc I had to hide in the premises of the enterprise on Prinsengracht Street, along with four other Dutch Jews. In this shelter, they, observing strict secrecy, hid until 1944. Like other canal-lined buildings in Amsterdam, number 263 on the Prinsengracht embankment consists of a front and back. The office and storage room occupy the front of the building, the back, the entrance to which was disguised as a filing cabinet, was equipped as a shelter. Anna called her diary Het Achterhuis (In the back house). In the Russian version - "Shelter". Anna made her first entry in her diary on her birthday, June 12, 1942, when she was 13 years old. The last - August 1, 1944.

house on Prinsengracht

On August 4, 1944, all the inhabitants of the shelter were seized and deported, first to the Westerbork transit camp, then to Auschwitz-Birkenau, and at the end of October of the same year, Anna and her sister Margo were transferred to Bergen-Belsen, where they both died in the winter of 1945.

The Frank House of Refuge in Amsterdam was turned into a museum in 1957 - the Anne Frank House. It hosts exhibitions and tours. In 1992, the photo album "The World of Anne Frank" was released with little-known photographs of the Frank family, their friends, as well as pictures of the Netherlands during the Nazi occupation.

From Anna's diary.

About punishing those who resist

Do you know what a "hostage" is? This is the last punishment for the saboteurs. The most terrible thing that can come to mind. Famous citizens, innocent people, are arrested and promised to be executed. If the Gestapo does not find the saboteurs, they simply take five hostages and put them against the wall. And the newspaper will say that they died as a result of a "fatal accident." (1942)

About suffering

When I'm alone, I want to cry. I slide down to the floor and begin to pray fervently, then pulling my knees up to my chest, I put my head in my hands and cry, huddled on the bare floor. Loud sobs bring me back to earth. (1944)

About the Jews

Who distinguished the Jews from all other peoples? Who allowed them to endure so much? G-d who made us who we are, and G-d will raise us up again. If we endured all this suffering and still exist when it is all over, the Jews, instead of perishing, will become an example. Who knows, maybe the very fact that our religion has become a source for the whole world and all peoples, from which they have learned goodness, is the reason why we suffer. We can never become just Dutch, just English or any other people, we will always remain Jews. (1944)

About the guilty

I do not believe that only important people, politicians and industrialists, are responsible for the war. Oh no, little man... It is in the nature of man to desire to destroy, to kill, to bring death. And until all of humanity, without exception, undergoes tremendous changes, wars will continue. (1944)

About the old homeland, Germany

Remarkable examples of humanity, these Germans. And to think that I am, in fact, one of them! No, it's not. Hitler threw back my people. (1944)

About despair

I've reached the point where it doesn't matter to me if I live or die. The world will spin without me, and there is nothing I can do to change the course of events. I just let things take their course, focus on my studies and hope that in the end everything will work out by itself. (1944)

“After every war, they always say: this will never happen again, war is such a horror, it must be avoided at all costs. And now people are at war with each other again, and it never happens otherwise. As long as people live and breathe, they must constantly quarrel, and as soon as peace comes, they again look for quarrels.

These are lines from the diary of a girl who was not destined to survive the Second World War. In the Soviet Union, one of the symbols of the tragedy of the people, its terrible documentary evidence was the diary of a Leningrad schoolgirl Tanya Savicheva.

Tanya was only six months younger Anne Frank, a native of Frankfurt am Main. They did not know about each other, could not know. But two destinies, two diaries, are united by one misfortune - a war that destroyed their little lives.

First escape

Anna was born on June 12, 1929, four years before the Nazis came to power. Her father, retired officer Otto Frank, worked as an entrepreneur, mother, Edith Hollender Frank, was a housewife.

Anna had an older sister Margo. The life of the Frank family proceeded calmly, they were friends with their neighbors, not really thinking about who was of what nationality and religion. The Franks were Jews, but they approached issues of religious rites calmly, being secular people.

However, in 1933, when the party Hitler came to power in Germany, the threat hung over all the Jews. Otto Frank did not tempt fate, deciding to leave the country. He emigrated to Amsterdam, where he managed to get the position of managing director of the Opekta joint-stock company.

Anna with her mother and sister remained in Germany, having moved from Frankfurt to Aachen, where her grandmother lived. A few months later, all the Franks moved to their father in Holland.

Otto Frank with his daughters Anna and Margot. Photo: www.globallookpress.com

An occupation

Life took its course. Anna grew up, went to school. And her father at this time anxiously watched Hitler's military preparations. Everything went to the fact that a big war would begin in Europe, and Otto Frank wanted to take his family to America. However, he was unable to obtain visas.

On May 10, 1940, what Otto feared happened - German troops invaded Holland. Already on May 14, the Dutch command announced its surrender. It was impossible to have time to evacuate during this time, and the Franks had nowhere to go.

Their new life began in the Reichskommissariat "Netherlands".

“It seems that keeping a diary is not at all my occupation. After all, until now it never occurred to me, and most importantly, who in the future, including myself, will be interested in the biography of a thirteen-year-old schoolgirl? But be that as it may, I love to write, and most importantly, it becomes easier when you put your sorrows and problems on paper.

The occupying authorities began the persecution of the Jews. More and more restrictions were imposed on them, sending to concentration camps began.

Otto Frank, foreseeing a similar fate for his family, decided to create a shelter.

hidden dwelling

In the house on the Prinsengracht-263 embankment, where the Opekta company was located, there was an original internal arrangement: starting from the second floor, the building was divided into two parts: one part, which overlooked the embankment itself, was occupied by Opekta offices, while the second were empty.

In the empty premises of the 3rd, 4th and 5th floors of the second part of the building, Otto Frank and his friends equipped living quarters. The only passage connecting the shelter with the main part of the building, located on the third floor, was disguised as a cabinet with documents.

Parents scheduled the move for July 16, 1942, but the plans had to be adjusted. On July 5, Anna's sister Margot received a summons from the Central Bureau of Jewish Emigration to the Gestapo, which ordered her to report to be sent to the Westerbork transit concentration camp.

It was no longer possible to delay. On July 6, the Franks moved into the shelter. July 13 joined them Herman van Pels with his wife and son. Earlier, van Pels managed to spread the rumor that the Franks had fled to Switzerland. This was supposed to throw the Gestapo off the trail.

A diary

For her 13th birthday, Otto Frank gave his daughter Anna a small autograph album in a fabric cover - she chose it herself. Then, in June 1942, she began to keep her diary.

“September 28, 1942. It's getting harder to realize that we can never go outside. And to experience constant fear that we will be discovered and shot. Not a very fun prospect!"

There was no alternative to life locked up. The hope of release was illusory - no one knew how long they would have to wait. Every day I had to fear a knock on the door and the appearance of the Gestapo.

Colleagues of Otto Frank kept the secret and helped the inhabitants of the secret shelter. But not everything was in their power.

“October 9, 1942. Our Jewish acquaintances are being arrested in droves. The Gestapo treats them literally inhumanly: they are herded into cattle cars to be taken to Westerbork, the Jewish camp in Drenthe. Miep spoke to a man who managed to escape from there. He said terrible things! Prisoners are given almost no food or drink. Tap water is supplied for only an hour a day, and for several thousand people there is only one washbasin and toilet. Everyone sleeps side by side on the floor: men, women ... Women and children are often shaved bald. It is almost impossible to escape from there: prisoners are recognized by their shaved heads and Jewish appearance. If the Jews are kept in Holland in such unbearable conditions, then how do they have to live in the places where they are sent? We think that most are simply destroyed. The English radio talks about gas chambers, perhaps the fastest way to kill.

“But what if, ten years after the war, to tell how we Jews lived, ate, and talked here?”

On November 16, 1942, the eighth, and the last resident, a dentist, appeared in the shelter Fritz Pfeffer.

Three days later, Anna wrote in her diary: “In the evenings, green or gray military vehicles scurry about everywhere. Police officers come out of them, they call all the houses and ask if there are any Jews there. And if they find someone, they take the whole family. No one manages to bypass fate if they do not hide in time ... Often in the evenings in the dark I see columns of innocent people walking, driven by a couple of villains who beat and torture them until they fall to the ground. No one is spared: old people, children, babies, the sick, pregnant women - everyone goes towards death.

Day after day, week after week, month after month... 1942 ended, 1943 passed, 1944 was already on. Information reached the inhabitants of the shelter that the Nazis were losing, that the allies were about to land either in France, or even in Holland itself. There were more and more hopes.

March 29, 1944. Yesterday in his speech on Dutch radio Minister Bolkenstein said that war memoirs, diaries and letters would later acquire great value. After that, everyone, of course, started talking about my diary. After all, how interesting it will be to publish a novel about life in the Vault. By the name alone, people will think that this is a fascinating detective story. But seriously: what if, ten years after the war, to tell how we Jews lived, ate, and talked here? Although I tell you a lot, this is only a small part of our life. For example, you don't know that our ladies are terribly afraid of bombings, and that on Sunday 350 British planes dropped half a million kilograms of explosives on the IJmuiden, the houses then trembled like grass in the wind. And that the epidemic is raging everywhere. To tell everything, I would have to write all day long ... "

Diary of Anne Frank. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org / Flickr.com/Rodrigo Galindez

Betrayal

In June 1944, the Allies landed in Normandy, in Belarus, Soviet troops launched Operation Bagration. Anna wrote in her diaries that her parents hoped to be released by the end of the year.

Everything collapsed on August 4, 1944. On this day, Dutch police and Gestapo officers led by a German officer Karl Silberbauer. All the inhabitants of the shelter, as well as those who helped them, were arrested.

It is known that a certain informant betrayed the Frank family and their friends. His identity is still the subject of controversy. Karl Silberbauer after the war testified that he received the order to detain Jews from his boss Julius Dettmann. He referred to a "reliable source". It was impossible to obtain Dettmann's testimony - he committed suicide after the defeat of the Nazis.

After four days in prison, the inhabitants of the asylum were sent to the Westerbork concentration camp, where they were assigned to the hardest work. On September 3, 1944, Anne Frank, her family members and their friends were sent to Auschwitz. This was the last echelon taking the Dutch Jews to the "death camp".

Of the 1,019 people in the train, 549 were immediately sent to the gas chambers. This number includes all children under 15 years of age. 15-year-old Anna was the youngest of those who escaped immediate death.

On October 30, 1944, Anna and her sister Margo were sent to the Bergen-Belsen camp. The territory controlled by the Nazis was decreasing, and prisoners of those concentration camps that could be liberated by the soldiers of the anti-Hitler coalition were brought to this camp. The inability of the Bergen-Belsen camp to accommodate large numbers of people led to an outbreak of typhus.

Anna's father was saved by the Red Army

In February 1945, both Frank sisters fell ill. The surviving prisoners of the camp said that Anna had confessed in recent days: there was no longer a desire to live, because her parents had died. After her death, Margo lasted only a few days. Nobody knows the exact date of her death.

Anne Frank was wrong - her father was alive. Otto Frank was the only one of the eight inhabitants of the shelter at Prinsengracht 263 who waited for release. This happened on January 27, 1945, when units of the Red Army entered Auschwitz.

Anne Frank's diary was rescued by her father's colleague Miep Guise. The girl herself, either by accident or deliberately, did not take it, and Miep managed to hide it.

After the end of the war Miep gave it to Otto Frank. In 1947, Anna's diary was first published, becoming a historical document, evidence of a terrible era.

The Gestapo was not punished

Karl Silberbauer, who arrested Anne Frank, worked for the German Federal Intelligence Service after the war. In 1963, he was discovered by a famous Nazi hunter. Simon Wiesenthal. At that moment, the former Gestapo officer worked as an inspector of the Austrian criminal police.

Silberbauer admitted that it was he who arrested the inhabitants of the shelter, but no charges were brought against him. Otto Frank, invited to the proceedings, said that he considered the traitor guilty, and not the executor from the Gestapo. As a result, Zilberbauer was not only released, but also reinstated in his position in the police, transferring, however, to clerical work.

Karl Silberbauer died in Vienna in 1972. Otto Frank, who devoted the rest of his days to publishing his daughter's diary and preserving her memory, died in Basel, Switzerland in 1980.