Today, skinheads are a subculture of nationalists. The irony is that in the distant 1960s, the colored population of England largely shaped the tastes and paraphernalia of future neo-fascists, and the war was fought on a completely different front. Initially, skinheads, representatives of the proletariat, opposed themselves to the mods, the polished youth of the prosperous middle class. But they were friends with the rude boys - young emigrants from Jamaica, which at that time was suffering from unemployment. Settlers from the island naturally rushed to the former metropolis to earn money. And, it would seem, the wave of migration should have caused a surge of aggressiveness on the part of the indigenous population, but the ore-boys and skinheads became friends on the basis of general social isolation, moreover, they often worked in the same factories. That is, initially the conflict existed not in a racial, but in an economic plane. Young skinheads adopted the basic elements of appearance and musical tastes from rud-boys. For example, Desmond Decker, a popular ska and reggae performer at that time, and later the notorious Bob Marley, became an idol. Moreover, the wide spread of primordially Jamaican musical motifs is largely due to their popularity among skinheads, who have made reggae and ska part of their culture.

Excerpt from You'll Never Be 16 Again by Peter Everett: “Soon it was impossible to come to a party with a black guy and not find a group of skinheads there. But, surprisingly, there was not the slightest disagreement on the basis of racial and cultural differences. White and black youth have never been as close as they were during the early days of the skinhead movement. Skinheads copied our walk, manner of dressing, speaking, dancing. They hung out with our girls, smoked our weed, ate our food and bought our records."

What did they look like

Short haircuts

It is not easy to clearly distinguish between the style of ore-fights and skinheads of the 1960s, in those days the attributes of both subcultures were closely intertwined. The fashion for short haircuts, for example, was adopted by skinheads from their Jamaican friends, but this hairstyle also had a purely practical meaning. The absence of lush hair protected from dust, dirt and lice, inevitable in working in factories, plants and mines. Skinheads began to shave their heads only in the 1970s, and initially they wore a short “hedgehog”. Girls sometimes left bangs and strands on the sides, the back of the head was cut short, like the guys. Such a haircut distinguished skinheads and rude-boys from mods who preferred long hairstyles.

Suspenders

Suspenders are another integral attribute of skinheads, borrowed from ore-fights. Their width, as a rule, did not exceed two and a half centimeters.

Jeans

It is not the jeans themselves that are remarkable, but the way skinheads wore them: at the waist (braces helped) and tucked up almost to the middle of the ankle so as not to get dirty. Among the manufacturers in high esteem were Levi's, Lee and Wrangler.

Army boots

In almost all photographs of the 1960s, skinheads are depicted in heavy army boots. The choice fell on these shoes, not because it was more painful to beat, but because the military uniform was cheap. For the same reason, many skinheads preferred camouflage jackets and pants. Boots Martens as the most believable imitation of military shoes became popular later.

Shirts & Polos

Plaid, a favorite print of all the English, was used by many brands of that time. Among skinheads, the Ben Sherman brand was in demand. Polo, in turn, for the first time began to be worn not for playing tennis. Fred Perry became a classic. According to one version, the reason is in the logo, a laurel wreath, symbolizing victory since antiquity.

V-neck cardigans and sweaters

Now you don't see a skinhead in a cardigan or a V-neck sweater, however, thirty-five years ago it was in the order of things.

Crombie coat

The skinhead's most coveted item was the crombie coat. Coats of a straight silhouette with shoulder pads and lapels were also worn by fashion, but unlike wealthy youth, guys working in factories could rarely afford to buy a new thing that was not worn. The manner of wearing was also different: skinheads looked casual in crombie. Jeans, bomber jackets, harringtons, overalls, and sometimes parkas and trench coats were also common.

From rebels to neo-Nazis

The skinhead movement finally took shape in the late 1960s. Then the press began to write about him for the first time. These were mainly notes about small brawls: first about battles for territory, in the 1970s about football fights. But there was no emphasis on race. Skinheads beat mods, teddies, hippies, students, but not blacks.

The transformation into the image we know today started with the first waves of Asian migrants in the 1970s. If the African and Jamaican populations were able to adapt, then the natives of India and Pakistan did not win love among the "second wave" of skinheads. Their culture was too far from European, so they were perceived to a much greater extent than African Americans as outsiders. The skinhead movement has become massive, and in the wake of dislike for the Asian population, it has also become politically active. The British nationalist National Front party also contributed to the change in mindset. In the second half of the 1970s, she actively recruited aggressive skinheads into her ranks. The slogan "Keep Britain White" was heard for the first time, the skinhead band Skrewdriver declared their neo-Nazi views at the "Rock Against Communism" concert, and the popular British Donahuue show for the first time identified a skinhead as a racist.

Shaved-headed guys in high boots, rolled up jeans, thin suspenders and buttoned polo shirts finally became associated with fascism and xenophobia with the coming to power of Margaret Thatcher. As a result of its internal economic policy, mines and factories were massively closed, and entire sectors of the economy were abolished. Unemployment has risen enormously, leading to a fierce struggle for jobs. From that moment, the National Socialist skinheads movement began, believing that immigrants were taking away their jobs. As a result, Nazi sentiments among skinheads prevailed, and the original principles and ideals were forgotten.

Despite such a sad end, true tolerance towards representatives of other cultures should be learned from the “first wave” of skinheads. Those who in the modern world are considered the embodiment of racial intolerance, aggression and extremism, in the 1960s could not come up with the idea of ​​hating someone for external differences. What can not be said about their followers, and about most people today.

I don’t suffer from racism, I don’t promote anything, I just learned a lot about them for myself!

CHAPTER 1. Definition of skinheads.

Skinheads are groups of urban youth living by their own laws, with their own music, their own distinctive signs, their own fashion in clothes and the concept of "male friendship". Skinheads are mostly men, but there are also women in their ranks. Political ideas when joining the "tribe" play a secondary role. Some, both fascist and anti-fascist groups, have managed to create real gangs of "political soldiers" - a dangerous weapon in the political struggle. Some parties use these gangs as mercenaries to secure their rallies, to put up posters, and for other secondary tasks. Skins willingly agree to such work - it would be "beer, sex and fights."

CHAPTER 2. The origin of skinheads.

In 1969, young British workers from the suburbs of London and Liverpool began to oppose hippieism and the fashion for the ideology of "Peace and Love" ("Peace and Love"). They opposed long hair with shaved heads, and pacifism with clashes with gangs of young rockers. At the beginning, the skins were anti-racist: they were closely tied to their proletarian roots.

Against the backdrop of the economic crisis, skins hardened. Their music became more wild - the so-called "oi" style appeared. Skins began to fill football stadiums, arranging epic brawls. For the sake of shocking, some of them began to declare their Nazi and fascist views. It was not difficult for the fascists from the "European National Front" to politically "channel" this violence into a provocation. In the early 80s, "skinhead" fashion spread throughout Europe. The rise of fascist parties in Europe, and in particular in France, led to skins appearing at Front National demonstrations. It first happened in 1984. In Germany and Scandinavia, skinheads formed small, extremely extremist neo-Nazi groups. A network of fascist groups "Blood and Honor" ("Blood and Honor") is formed around the "Oi" music group "Screwdriver" in England. They politicize oi music, giving it a Nazi character, and create the so-called "Rock Against Communism" (RAC - Rock Against Communism). This anti-communism was only a pretext for the manifestation of cruelty towards all those who did not agree with them. The "Blood and Honor" network spread throughout Europe, and in 1992 reached Poland and Slovakia.

In contrast, the musical group "Oi" from England, associated with the far left Trotskyist party, called for anti-fascist resistance to the Nazis, who "betrayed from the very beginning the multi-racial skinhead culture." Thus was born the movement of "redskins", or "red skinheads". In the mid-80s, they appeared in many European countries.

CHAPTER 3. Classification of anti-fascist skinheads.

"Red skinheads" (Red Skins).
Usually "red skinheads" are called "Red Skins". The movement especially spread in Italy (where the memories of the "Red Brigades" were still alive). "Red skinheads" collaborated with punks and left-wing radicals, calling themselves "communists".
Like the Nazi Skins, the Redskins call for violence as a modus operandi, but reject, in their own words, the "philosophy of violence". They declare their anti-racist and anti-capitalist views. The appearance of the "red skinheads" is the same as that of skinheads all over the world. However, "Red Skins" differ from neo-Nazi skins in their symbolism and red laces on their boots.

"Skinhead Anti-Fascists" (SHARP).
S.H.A.R.P. Movement (Skinheads Against Racial Prejudices) - "Skinheads Against Racial Prejudices" originated in America in the late 80s. In 1988, in groups of American skins, for the most part apolitical, there was a sharp ideological stratification into neo-Nazi skinheads and everyone else, as a result of this, a sharp split occurred.
Some skins joined the Ku Klux Klan and various Nazi groups. Part of the skins, on the contrary, decided to counteract the growth of fascism, racism and neo-Nazism on the American continent. In 1989, they created the first SHARP organization in New York. In the 90s, this movement, in addition to America, gained popularity in Europe.
Members of the "Red Skins" and "SHARP" movements call Nazi skinheads not "skinheads" (skinhead "s) - "leather heads", but "bon-heads" (bonehead "s) - "head - a billiard ball". However, this does not offend the latter, on the contrary, most of the "right-wing skins" themselves prefer to draw a clear line between simply skinheads and neo-Nazi skinheads, calling themselves "bonheads".

"Red Skinhead Anarchists" (RASH).
In the mid-90s, another anti-fascist skinhead skinhead organization, the Red and Anarchist Skinheads (RASH), was formed in Canada. Canadian anarchist skins didn't want their political ideas to be associated with "red skins". However, they were always on the side of the "red skins" if they needed help in a fight at a concert or in a bar. Ultimately, most of the differences between anarchist skins and "red skins" have become subtle at the moment.

"Gay skins". (GSM - Gay Skinhead Movement). Oppose homophobia and promote homosexuality. The movement is developed mainly in Western Europe.

"Apolitical skinheads".
Along with the skinheads, who build their ideology in accordance with various directions in politics, there are also separate groups of skins that are completely apolitical. This type of skin is closest to the first - the English skinheads of the early 60s. At that time, most of the skins still held anti-racist views and were closely tied to their proletarian roots and marginal environment. So, for example, some of the skins maintained friendly relations with the Jamaican punks from the poor quarters of the Rude Boys ("rude guys"). However, non-racist ideology does not reduce the aggressiveness of this kind of skins. On the contrary, non-racist skins work with their fists quite often. The main objects of their influence are any non-standard-looking individuals, homosexuals, beggars. The proletarian sentiments of the skins find an outlet in the beating of rich dudes who accidentally, through negligence or out of curiosity wandered into poor working-class neighborhoods. Today, there are very few completely apolitical skins.

CHAPTER 4. Hierarchy of Russian skinheads.

"Youngsters"
The first, most numerous group is “youngsters”, these are teenagers 12-14 years old who still don’t really know what it is to be a real skinhead, but have already picked up Nazi or racist slogans, have understood some basic norms of behavior inherent in skinheads. Most often this happens with direct imitation of older and more experienced comrades. This category actively uses external symbols and attributes of the skin movement - the Celtic cross, Nazi symbols. Although it should be noted that at the moment there is no single, well-established uniform model.

"Young growth"
The second category is the "youngsters", older teenagers, 14-16 years old, actively participating in all kinds of neo-Nazi rallies and gatherings, gathering in large regular groups. This category of skinheads has a more clearly defined political orientation and the ability to more or less coherently state the main principles of the skin movement.

"Starshaki"
The third category - "starshaki", in addition to participating in rallies, gatherings and gatherings, have a solid, fairly well-established political orientation, are able not only to coherently state the main points of the political program of their movement, but also carry out propaganda work.
This category of skinheads often has strong ramified ties with various right-wing and left-radical extremist organizations.

"Old Skinheads"
Among the huge crowd of skins of various types, levels and degrees of organization, there is a small (in relation to the entire skin movement as a whole) close-knit group called "old skinheads".
This relatively small part of the skin movement consists of the most ideological, persistent and active skinheads. The average age of a skinhead of this species is over 20 years old. "Old skinheads" know the customs, traditions and principles of skinheads best, being their main guardians and interpreters for the bulk of skinheads. Each of them has a certain experience of being in the skin movement, from three to five to ten years, during which he must live and act, observing all the principles and commandments of the skin movement. Interruption of the length of service is not allowed, transition for a while to another informal course with a subsequent return is also not allowed, it must be a skin "throughout life".
"Old skinheads" are the main core of the skin movement, they form it, they unite it. With their beliefs, they try to influence those around them, and first of all, young people and teenagers, from which, over time, they form skin groups, where they become the main ones. One of their main tasks is to stimulate and radicalize both individual skin groups and the entire skin movement as a whole. The classic "old skinheads" are, basically, either "politicians" - "bone-breakers" who take an "active life position" and reinforce the "word" with "deeds", or "militants" with political overtones, although there are some variations. Some particularly aggressive musicians who write and perform songs in the style of "white rock" can also have the status of "old skinhead". At the moment, the number of "old skinheads" has increased significantly, which is directly related to the popularization of the skin movement. Their ideological education also increased. Adepts of this type of skin actively participated in the third congress of Russian nationalists, held in St. Petersburg. It is in the midst of the "old skinheads" that actions are being taken to legalize and create their own party.

"Mods"
Separately and apart in the general mass of skinheads is the category of "mods" - skins - the lowest and most despised category. This type of skins is almost completely apolitical and inert - in fact, this is the main fault of the "mods". They wear skin trappings, listen to skinhead music, sometimes attend skin concerts, but for the most part they are quiet and non-aggressive. As a rule, they are not even able to repel insults and ridicule from the "correct" skinheads, all the more they cannot commit any serious act, "glorious" and "heroic" from the point of view of the main body of skinheads. Veterans of the skin movement speak of such "fake skinheads" with obvious contempt. The bulk of the skinheads are punks paying tribute to fashion as the movement becomes more and more popular. They are unorganized, they don't know how to think, and in general they judge movement only by external paraphernalia: a bomber jacket, a bald head, suspenders, beer, "Doctor Marten" (a kind of boots).
The category of "mods" makes up the most significant part of the skin movement, especially during the period of its greatest subcultural popularity.

CHAPTER 5. Gender, age and social composition of Russian skinheads.

Data on the social background of the skins is scarce. But the ones that do show that not all skinheads are bottom-dwellers. For the most part, these are children of the "Soviet middle class", whose material level has declined over the past fifteen years.
Skinheads are not the children of chronic alcoholics and criminals. Those, especially the elderly prisoners, have their own concept of nationality - everyone is just "thieves".
Skinheads are the children of former highly paid workers, engineers, whom the reforms of the 90s turned into shuttles, stall holders. These are the children of people who have experienced psychological drama and moral humiliation, who are experiencing frequent depression. Many have broken families. In such cities as Nizhny Novgorod, Krasnodar, Voronezh, Volgograd, the majority of fascists are children of the petty bourgeoisie. They think in terms of family business, and the national idea is expressed in the fact that foreigners are potential competitors.
Polish sociologists from the "VIP" group interviewed high school students in Moscow's elite schools. 60% - children of wealthy parents - showed an open rejection of everything Russian and were going to live in the West. The poorer children - 20%, on the contrary, were going to live in Russia, showed hostility towards foreigners and openly promoted everything Russian. Almost everyone opposed mixed marriages (however, getting laid with a non-Russian girl is not a sin) and said the phrase "Most of all I hate two things: racism and blacks." This is tantamount to saying "I hate Russia and love Russians".
All Asians (Caucasians, Chinese) are considered as economic competitors (they have captured the markets, they are doing business here). The object of hatred are also communists, anarchists, informals. The respondents were not opposed to non-Russians living in their own countries. They were against them in the Russian market. However, the use of immigrants as a labor force was welcomed: "Well, Russians should not grumble!" Although neo-Nazis are often confused in "testimonies": either "non-Russians seized the markets and took away jobs", then - "they do not work and rob" ...
The composition of skinhead families (combination of options is possible):

35% - live in incomplete families

58% - parents are engaged in trade and restaurant business

22% have their own business

8% - housewife mothers

21% - fathers work in security

6% - officer fathers

12.8% - one of the parents in the civil service

4% - one of the parents is a worker

3.2% - parents - engineers, teachers, doctors

Among the adult population, the frankly nationalistic idea of ​​introducing a different legal status for people of indigenous nationality and "foreigners" is supported by 18% of the respondents. However, in fact, nationalist attitudes are much more widespread: respondents are twice as likely to favor access to government bodies to citizens taking into account their nationality, which in practice requires the introduction of certain restrictions (quotas, qualifications) on participation in elections, as well as on the employment of certain or other posts in the structures of executive power for "foreigners".

Good Skinheads vs. Bad Skinheads

When the skinhead movement was born in the UK in the late 60s, there was no smell of racism there. Young people from working-class neighborhoods flocked, listened to music (mostly reggae) and rode motor scooters. Those few of them who could boast of "political consciousness" declared their belonging to the working class and advocated a ban on the use of cheap labor from third world countries. As a matter of fact, the fights, thanks to which the skinheads earned themselves the reputation of being socially dangerous, were mainly with immigrants from Pakistan (just that very cheap labor force) and with the "golden youth". There were many Africans and Jamaicans among the skinheads, so there was no need to talk about any racism. In the late 1970s, the situation began to change. The leaders of the far-right British National Party (BNP) realized that they had the opportunity to seize a huge resource of non-discourse power, and it would not be difficult to do this. The nationalist ideology appealed to many, given the high unemployment associated with mass immigration from the former colonies. The skinhead movement began to acquire a pronounced racist connotation.

This went on until the second half of the 80s, until the skinheads of the "first wave" decided that the Nazis were dishonoring their good name. In Britain and the United States, a real war broke out between Nazi skinheads and traditional skinheads. In 1987, the SHARP movement was founded in New York. Initially, the idea was: "to let society know that not all skinheads are the same, that they have different ideals and beliefs, personal and political." The Sharps gradually rose to prominence, with more and more people joining their ranks. They soon ousted almost all Nazi skinheads from New York.

More radical skinheads appeared among the Sharps. They considered that PR actions against the Nazis were not enough, and began to form groups of "fighters" ready to fight them physically. The principle "we will answer violence with violence" turned out to be no less effective than the media campaign, which, however, they also did not stop. Since then, where Nazi skinheads appeared, Sharps soon arose. The struggle between them has been going on with varying success for more than 10 years, although in recent years there have been relatively fewer Nazis.

The Sharps are no longer a small group of anti-fascists. They can be seen at rallies, demonstrations, stadiums. For example, the backbone of Bayern Munich's fans is made up of sharps. Anyone who watches the match with the participation of this German club can be convinced of this: a huge S.H.A.R.P. adorns every stadium where your favorite team plays.

In Russia, things are different so far. The first skinheads appeared in our country in the early 90s, and they were by no means anti-fascists. Nazis still prevail among domestic skinheads even now, but sharps have also appeared recently. Compared to the "boneheads" there are very few of them, but they are distinguished by a higher intellectual level and fight against Nazism not only by physical methods. For example, they hack into fascist websites on the Internet, as the Moscow group Sharp-Fightzone-Fire recently did, leaving a picture of a man breaking a swastika in an enemy chat. A few days ago I saw on one of the Internet forums how a Nazi skinhead complains that they, unlike Sharps, do not know how to hack sites, so that "Sharps behave dishonestly."

Nazi skinheads hate Sharpes almost more than Jews, Gypsies and Negroes combined. They claim that SHARP is another Zionist conspiracy to discredit their movement.

There is information about sharps in Minsk, Krasnodar, Novorossiysk, Kostroma, Tyumen... In Russia, this movement is young, it is only a year and a half old, so we are only in the process of becoming. And all over the world, the SHARP movement is much better developed.

Initially, Oi! - the name given in the seventies to groups who did not want to consider themselves part of the vulgar theater launched by the world's record companies after the appearance of punk rock in 1977, and refused to be part of shit rock. Subsequently - the "voice of a generation", the music of urban workers, including skinheads of the second wave. Now it's traditional skinhead music spread all over the world.

The first songs corresponding to this name were played by the Ramones - it was they who composed a cheerful chant song with the words "Ai! Ho! Let's Go!" About baseball hooligans, they also created loud and cheerful punk rock with noticeable guitar penetrations, which later called "Punk 77". The first bands that performed Oi! - Sham 69 and Cockney Rejects - played something very similar to them, "loud and fun". In those days, Oi! and Punk 77 did not differ, but as soon as the word "punk" was used by all and sundry (mainly to increase the number of record sales), the children of the street had to look for a new name for the music they listened to.And they found it.

In the early eighties, the sound of Oi! began to change. The melodies became slower, the words made more sense. Last Resort, 4-Skins, Ejected and Crux sang not only about the joys of life, but also about its sorrows, such as unemployment and police brutality, fights in the streets and the inability to express themselves in this world. They sang about themselves, recording their lives in songs. This music was called "the voice of a generation", and they had something to say. Soon similar performers appeared all over the world, and they did not imitate the British - those who listened to Oi! in other countries, they understood that they themselves could play such music, or they always played, they simply did not know about it.

Symbolism (history)

Posse Comitatus (in translation means an order to convene men capable of carrying weapons to repel the enemy, protect public order or capture fugitive criminals - s.) is an anti-government movement that was most active in the 1970s and 80s. Many of its leaders were supporters of the Christian Identity ideology. The ideology of this movement became the basis for the formation of the views of later groups, such as, for example, the Montana Freemen (Free people of Montana). Posse Comitatus died as a movement in the late 80s, but their former leader James Wikstrom tried to recreate it in the 90s solely as a white supremacist movement, losing most of the pseudo-legal theories of the Posse Comitatus.

Anarchy Sign (Sign of anarchy). Although this symbol is most commonly used by anarchists, the A in the center of the circle is also used by white supremacists who are violently opposed to the government because they believe the Jews control the government. The symbol can also mean that the person using it is a member of the Aryan movement and ignores the authorities.

Aryan Fist (Aryan fist). The Aryan fist is a symbol of white power, used by violent groups who are pursuing a racist white pride activism policy. The clenched fist signifies the movement of black power and the battle against racial discrimination.

Aryan Nations This is a neo-Nazi Christian Identity organization led by Richard Butler. It is located in Hayden Lake, Idaho. The Aryan Nations movement is also known as the Church of Jesus Christ Christian. Christian Identity is a racist religion that preaches that whites (Aryans) are descended from the Lost Tribes of Israel and therefore are the chosen ones, and Jews are descendants of Satan and non-whites are soulless "dirty people".

BGF (Black Guerilla Family) - A family of black partisans. This group was formed in San Quentin Prison in California in 1966 by George L. Jackson, a former member of the Black Panther group. The group had a powerful political ideological platform that promoted the Black Revolution and the overthrow of the government. Typical BFG tattoos include images of crossed sabers, pistols and black dragons copied from prison towels.

boot symbols. Until recently, skinheads were recognizable by the colored laces in their Doc Martens boots with steel toe plates that were used as "weapons" for kicks during fights. Although many skinheads now wear other shoes, this type of shoe, which became popular a few years ago, is still the most typical and traditional. The term "boot party" refers to gatherings in which skinheads usually commit acts of violence. The symbol depicted is the most common depiction of a boot, most typical of a skinhead.

Celtic Cross (Celtic Cross) - one of the most popular symbols of neo-Nazis and the movement for white supremacy. Originally circulated by the Ku Klux Klan, the symbol was later adopted by the National Front in England and other racists such as Don Black (and his website Stormfront), the racist group "Skrewdriver" and stood for international "white pride" (white pride). This symbol is also known as Odin's Cross.

Chelsea. The image of a typical, traditional appearance of a female skinhead or skinhead ally. At the top of the head, the hair is shaved, and the strands framing the face remain long. Chelsea was originally the image of a skinhead's girlfriend, but later began to refer to a female skinhead directly.

Confederate Flag (Flag of the Confederates). Although some Southerners view this flag simply as a symbol of Southern honor, it is often used by racists and symbolizes the superiority of whites over African Americans. The flag remains a subject of controversy, with some southern US states still displaying it on public buildings or using elements of it in their state flag designs. The flag is also used by racist groups as an alternative to the American flag, which they believe is the emblem of a Jewish-controlled government.

Crucified Skinhead (Crucified skinhead). This symbol is one of the oldest and most traditional. Both neo-Nazis and anti-racist skinheads use it to denote the position of the working class. They also use it as a sign of intimidation to each other. Members of SkinHeads Against Racial Prejudice (SHARP) distributed literature bearing this symbol to express the difficulty they experience when they are confused with neo-Nazi skinheads. In some cases, when this sign is used for a tattoo, it can also mean that the person wearing it has either been in prison or committed murder.

Elbow Web (curved web). The image of a spider's web is usually seen on the arms or under the armpits of racists who have served time in prison. In some places, a person usually "earns" this tattoo if they kill a member of a national minority.

Hammerskin is the name of a special organization of neo-Nazi skinheads. Many Hammerskin groups in the USA and other countries are united by an ideology that puts "white pride" and the music of white power at the forefront. Crossed hammers are the main component of the organization's symbol, which is used in each grouping. Hammers are often depicted against a background that symbolizes the area in which one or another group operates, for example, against the background of a flag. The inscription HFFH is an abbreviation of the phrase "Hammerskin forever, forever Hammerskin", which means Hammerskin forever, forever Hammerskin.

Hammerskins. Two crossed hammers placed on different backgrounds are the logo of this racist skinhead group. With many subgroups around the world, she claims to represent the working class of the white racist movement and often justifies the use of violence to achieve her goals. Hammerskin and other skinhead formations are fans of white power music.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK). The cross, placed in a circle, with a "drop of blood" in the center, in various versions, is used mainly by the Ku Klux Klan. The drop of blood symbolizes the blood shed by Jesus Christ as a sacrifice in honor of the white Aryan nation. The Ku Klux Klan was formed in the southern United States after the Civil War of 1860-65. as a secret society that aimed to restore white supremacy through terrorism.

National Association For The Advancement Of White People (NAAWP). An organization that proclaimed the civil rights of white people. It was first led by former KKK leader David Duke and is currently led by Ray Thomas in Tampa, Florida.

National Alliance (National Unity). This logo is a combination of the symbols "Life Rune" and "Yggdrasil" (from Norse mythology), surrounded on both sides by wreaths of ivy. "Life Rune" (letter of life) - a symbol that was written on the graves of SS soldiers, indicating the date of birth (while its opposite "Death Rune" (letter of death) denoted the date of death). Racists use the "Life Rune" symbol for white supremacist women, and in this case it means "Giver of Life". National Unity is a neo-Nazi organization based in Hillsborough, West Virginia. Its leader is William Pierce. It is the largest and most active neo-Nazi organization in the United States.

Nazi Swastika Combined With The Iron Cross (Nazi Swastika and Iron Cross). This symbol can often be found among members of neo-Nazi groups, most often in the form of jewelry (such as a pendant), as one way of demonstrating their belief in National Socialism. The Iron Cross first appeared during the Napoleonic era and has become one of the most common and easily recognizable military awards in the world. After Adolf Hitler put a swastika on it and thereby devalued it in the eyes of the people, the symbol was banned in post-war Germany.

Nazi Low Riders (NLR). These are street and prison gangs, whose roots go back to the late 1970s, associated with the Aryan Brotherhood. In the 1990s, the number of people joining these groups increased significantly. The state's state prison system recognizes that the NLR is a criminal group that influences the situation in correctional institutions. Members of the group are engaged in the distribution of drugs. The ideology of the white supremacist movement is a large part of the sentiment within the NLR group.

National Socialist Movement (NSM) (National Socialist Movement). An iron eagle over a swastika is the most commonly seen symbol of this movement, led by Jeff Schoep in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The National Socialist Movement is a neo-Nazi organization with points of contact across America whose goal is racial separation and minimal government interference in the lives of citizens.

Odin Rune (letter of Odin - Scandinavian, myth.). This symbol means belief in paganism or Odinism (Odin is the supreme god in Scandinavian mythology). While not originally a racist religion, Odinism is popular among white supremacists, as they view Old Norse ancestors as representatives of Aryan culture. The symbol was the same for the Celtic and Germanic cultures, and for this reason it was later borrowed by the Nazis. There are many options for the image of this symbol. Some of them are listed below.

One Rune. Popular among neo-Nazis in Europe, this sign was originally a symbol of the Vikings. According to the Old Norse myth, Odin was the supreme god, the creator of the cosmos and mankind, the god of wisdom, war, art, culture and the dead. White supremacists use this symbol to express their alleged Aryan ancestry.

Party Flag Of The Nazis (flag of the Nazi party). The German Nazi Party adopted the swastika as its symbol. But before that, it was used as a symbol of good luck in various religious movements. Hitler's swastika became unique due to the fact that the direction of the symbol was changed in such a way that the vectors of the cross were rotated clockwise. Today it is widely used in various versions by neo-Nazis, skinheads and other Nazi groups.

American Front (America's Front). The American Front, which operates in Arkansas under the leadership of James Porrazzo, supports many of the ideas of pure communism, but the group is also anti-Semitic and professes racial separatism. The Americas Front calls for "preserving national freedom and social justice for the white people of North America and defeating the forces of the 'new world order' and 'international capitalism'." The Americas Front is one of the organizations that joins the so-called "third party" group. ("Third Position"), whose views are a synthesis of both left and right totalitarian ideas and include the use of violent methods and revolutionary rhetoric.

The World Church of the Creator is an Illinois-based organization led by Matthew Hale. Members of the organization call it a religion created for the "survival, growth and superiority of the exclusively white race."

She talked about the history of the style of the skinhead subculture in her homeland in the UK in the 1960s and 70s. This time we will talk about the fashion of Russian skinheads, who, unlike the British, mainly shared nationalist views from the late 1980s to the present day.

Guys in military uniform

Why are you wearing Levi's? Levi's are your Jewish jeans.
- Because when I returned from Iraq, my brother gave me these jeans. Does he understand what we are fighting for? No. But I definitely won't let the Zionist conglomerate decide what I wear.
Film "Absolute Power" 2016

Right and far right movements in Russia began to emerge in the mid-1980s, and clothing, of course, was one of the important elements with which the nationalists formed their image. The nationalist movements of the 1980s, such as the Memory Society, emerged from the Society for the Preservation of Monuments. The movement rethought historical processes, its participants were engaged in reenactment and wore the "White Guard" uniform, for the most part consisting of a modified form of the Soviet army.

Later, a military-style uniform appeared, consisting of black tunics with epaulettes, black trousers tucked into black cowhide boots, black tunics with a standing collar and epaulettes. In winter, overcoats, caps and caps with oval cockades of the "royal" type were used. The buttons were not Soviet stars with a hammer and sickle, but the royal double-headed eagles. The reconstruction of the Cossack uniform was also popular. It is now people in Cossack uniforms that have become the standard landscape of the urban environment, but in the late 1980s they looked extremely outrageous.

The "monuments" were replaced by more militarized Barkashovites. The dress code for this formation consisted of a black military uniform, a beret, military boots, and a bandage on the sleeve. Many participants in the movement, especially in the regions, wore the usual military uniform, which they brought from the army or bought at the nearest military department.

In Russia, the fashion for retro-military uniforms has quickly become a thing of the past, but in the USA it still takes place - today, members of the National Socialist Movement (NSM) hold their rallies in a uniform that clearly copies the NSDAP uniform of the last century. The Ku Klux Klan remains true to the same white robes as they did 150 years ago.

Military style is generally a hallmark of the right in the United States. And this is not so much a tribute to fashion as a lifestyle - the very way of life that skinheads talked about in the 1960s and 70s in Great Britain. Many right-wing skins, especially in the States, have served in the military. In Germany, neo-Nazi cells in the ranks of the Bundeswehr are systematically uncovered.

As a result, military uniforms have been and remain an important element of right-wing skinhead fashion around the world. The right wing in the United States tends to be closely associated with militarized radical structures like civilian militia. Fashion for these people is formed in military stores in the neighborhood.

Not surprisingly, in January 2017, a gun shop ran an ad that depicted alleged customers confronting a mob of anti-fascists. The poster featured the inscription: "Anti-fascists, today is not your day." Many modern brands targeted at the far right have military-style items in their collections. What's more, Alpha Industries, a favorite skinhead brand of the 1990s, is now seeing a rebirth, which originally made clothing for the US military.

Modern designers have revived the fashion for bomber jackets by including them in their new 2013 collections. Alexander McQueen, Dior, Victor & Rolf offer leather bomber jackets with contrasting cuffs and buttons. Stella McCartney designed a lace, silk and cashmere version of the bomber jacket. Pinko designers also did not abandon the lightweight version of the jacket, sewing it from mint-colored nylon and decorating it with lace inserts and embroidery on the back.

Life-giving bomber

School bell...
First lesson...
Bomber and knife.
Beat the devils, destroy everyone!

Tsunar was the first to accept this knife
The bomber saved you - your best friend.
Blood is dripping from his bomber
This was done by a bribed cop.
Corrosion of metal, "Beat the devils"

In the early 1990s, the right-wing ranks came mainly from the fan movement. At that time in Russia, these subcultures were for the most part inextricably linked. Most of the ultra-right fashionistas refused to take part in large movements like the RNU (“Russian National Unity”) and were very skeptical about their baggy form. The main attribute of the skinhead in the 1990s was the bomber or M65 field jacket. Few could buy the original jacket due to the high price - bombers are much more expensive than leather jackets from Turkey, which were worn by gopniks and brothers of all stripes.

Frame: the film "Russia 88"

Demand soon gave rise to supply, and inexpensive Chinese black bombers with the famous orange lining appeared on the markets in many cities of the country. Their prices were more than moderate. These jackets were worn almost all year round: in winter, they wore a warm sweater knitted by grandmother under them. The original M-65 jacket did not have a collar to make it easier for the pilot to place the parachute straps. Among the skinheads, there was a tale that this was done specifically so that in a fight the enemy could not grab you by the scruff of the neck.

The orange lining also had its own functionality. The pilot needed it in case of an emergency landing: he had to turn his jacket inside out so that he could be more easily found from the air. The fans turned their jackets inside out to make it easier to understand who is inside and who is a stranger in a fight. According to one version, the inventors of this were Spartak hooligans from the "firm" Flint's Crew.

In especially severe frosts, many wound a “rose” (scarf) of their favorite team around their necks.

Camouflage pants were also in use, which were also purchased on the market due to the presence of fashionable colors there, in contrast to the dull baggy green products from the military department. Especially advanced users wore blue jeans, but again, due to their high cost, they were not widely used, especially in the regions. The finishing touch is army boots. In the provinces, many marched in them until the 2000s.

Also, you can not ignore the use of such an accessory as suspenders. The most relevant were suspenders in the colors of the Russian or German tricolor. Then came the fashion for tight suspenders, which were a real shortage. Suspenders were not just a wardrobe item - lowered suspenders meant that "a fighter is ready for a fight," so many wore suspenders exclusively in this form, emphasizing their brutality.

shoe cult

The first store of the company "Doctor and Alex" - "Shoes of the XXI century" began to work on October 1, 1998 in the area of ​​​​the Voykovskaya metro station. This truly epoch-making event finally gave the Moscow public access to the famous Dr. Martens, Grinders and Shelly's. The most popular were Grinders boots with a high top and the same metal glass. Similar boots were worn by the protagonist of the movie "American History X" in the famous scene of the murder of an African American, which entered folklore as "bite the curb".

This scene became a direct guide to action for many skinheads of that time. "Grindar" was literally swept off the shelves. True, unlike Chinese bombers, not everyone could afford them. The answer to the popularity of "grindars" was the emergence of the Russian company Camelot. She positioned herself as a Polish brand and made shoes that looked like samples of English brands, but at much more affordable prices.

As a rule, boots were worn with black laces, but the most desperate wore white ones, which said that their owner had cleared the land of a foreigner. An unrealizable dream for many skins was the famous Panzer boots with swastikas and zig runes on the soles, released by the American brand Aryan wear. This dress code was classic in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The reference skinhead look of the time included high-top boots, camouflage pants or rolled-up jeans, suspenders, a radical graphic T-shirt, and a bomber jacket.

When the ultra-right movement became radicalized by the mid-2000s, and serious sentences began to be given for crimes motivated by ethnic hatred, this fashion came to naught. At the end of the decade, antifa skinheads dressed in this way, who tried to revive the spirit of 1969 in this way. Young people who remain true to the traditions of this fashion can be found even now, but this can only be regarded as cosplay of those times.

The fashion for heavy boots has come to naught. American right-wing brand Aryan wear has shut down. Shelly's, with its famous Rangers model, specializes in women's shoes, and Grinders began producing cowboy boots. The only brand that remained true to its roots and managed to survive in the competition was Dr. Martens. Moreover, in 2010, the brand got a second wind : The classic 1460 boots began to appear in the wardrobes of people very far from skinhead fashion.Alice Erskine and other stars of the first magnitude were seen in Dr. Martens.

However, in the UK, the traditional style of skinheads has been preserved. There are families where skinhead traditions are passed down from father to son. Of course, instead of Chinese fakes, traditional European skinheads wear original Dr. Martens, Levi's jeans, Fred Perry polo shirts or checkered shirts and original Ben Sherman jackets. This style has not said anything specific about a person's political views for a long time.

Fashion Guys

Remember I'm cool now
I have my Lonsdale.
I bought it in "Children's World",
Clock work times - Lonsdale

“After five minutes, another mob passed, clearly striving to merge with the first. And another one in ten. Mostly they were young, 20s, guys dressed in the fashion of their hardcore: gingham shirts, blue jeans, sneakers. Almost no one had our favorite weapons, titanium shitsuckers, but most of the fighters carried packages in their hands, and everyone had glass bottles in their hands. Well, strategists, a scribe on your shaved heads! - These are lines from the book "Die, old woman" by Sergei Spiker Sakin, which he wrote in 2003.

Around this time period, hooligans and right-wing skinheads began to move away from heavy boots and bomber jackets. There are several reasons for this.

The media often uses the word "skinheads", and in the vast majority of cases it carries a negative connotation. Let's not allow ourselves superficial judgments and figure out who they are, and why in the minds of the British the skinhead is still more often dressed in Crombie or Harrington than in the usual bomber jacket.

As we said in a previous article (see), in the sixties, the youth of Great Britain was captivated by the image of fashion - a young esthete, hedonist and dandy.

In the second half of the decade, several ways of developing this image were outlined. The world of music was captured by a wave of psychedelia, and fashion could not stand aside. Parties became a real kaleidoscope of surreal patterns and bright colors. A completely different style was developed for themselves by young people who became known as “hard mods” (English “hard mods”). It was simpler, more practical and contrasted strongly with the images of Bohemia.

It cannot be argued that this was a deliberate opposition to fashion. The differences between hard-modes and representatives of the “golden youth” and creative intelligentsia were natural: the difference at the level of the social environment led to a divergence in tastes and outlook on life. However, by the end of the 60s, it became more noticeable within the subculture itself. Those mods that rampaged during the famous pogroms in the south of Great Britain in the mid-60s can be safely considered hard mods. They loved to fight, were engaged in theft and robbery, carried edged weapons and often united in real gangs. They were young people born after the war.

The adolescence of this generation came at a time when the difficulties of the war and post-war years were left behind: it was possible to live without thinking only about how to feed yourself and restore the country. The fashion revolution of the sixties, aimed at teenagers, began. Everyone wanted to keep up with the times. A lot of music, clubs and stylish clothes appeared around, and all this could become yours - if only there was money!

The British economy, gaining momentum, provided jobs, making it possible to honestly save up for a stylish suit and a motor scooter. It was possible to go an easier way - crime in all its manifestations helped to get money for new clothes, drugs and trips to the most fashionable clubs in the city. On Friday night, the mods acted like playboys, pop idols and high society people, but the day came and many of them had to go back to work or look for illegal money.

“They called me a hard mod… the media seized on the pogrom story [the famous clash of mods with rockers in the south of England in 1964] and described the mods as a crazy mob of drug addicts prone to violence and unrest. Of course, there was a grain of truth in the nonsense that the newspapers scribbled. Among the mods were those who went to Brighton, Margaret and other cities only to arrange complete chaos there. I must confess I was one of them.

Reputation was everything. I started carrying a weapon (an axe) with me and was ready to use it if necessary ... Appearance was very important - everyone around was literally required to wear a woolen suit"

John Leo Waters

British hard fashion late 60s, London

The fact is that, despite the desire for elitism, the origins of the fashion movement largely lay in the working environment. The poor and disadvantaged areas of south London were home to many mods and ordinary teenagers who soaked up urban culture with their age.

Brixton, one such area, included a large Jamaican diaspora. A declining economy, a wave of crime, a hurricane that devastated the east of Jamaica in 1944, and the promise of jobs from the British government attracted immigrants from the Caribbean to London. The sharp influx of foreigners from a distant land played a major role in the transformation of hard mods into skinheads. In 1962, the former British colony gained independence, but such a large-scale political event could not but have negative consequences for the population. Many Jamaicans continued to emigrate to the former metropolis.

At the new location, Jamaican youth introduced their London peers to their culture. The island had its own subculture: rude boys are literally “rough guys”, but in Jamaican English they are rather “tough”, “severe”. Rudboys were from the working class and often showed violence towards each other and those around them. Their life was not easy, because they often grew up in the most disadvantaged areas of Kingston, the capital of not the most peaceful country. Like many young people, all the more daring and often involved in crime, rudboys strove to dress brand-new: suits, tight ties, trilby hats and “pork pie”. Perhaps this style was inspired by jazz musicians in the United States. Roodboys preferred the freshest and most modern local music: ska, and later rocksteady.

Ska is a musical genre that originated in Jamaica at the turn of the fifties and sixties. The combination of American rhythm and blues with the Caribbean styles of mento and calypso resulted in a completely new and very distinctive sound.

In the second half of the sixties, ska music evolved into rocksteady. Compared to its predecessor, this style features a slower tempo, syncopated bass, and the use of small bands with electric bass guitar (early ska bands were large ensembles and mostly used double bass). The most important ska bands and performers were and remain Toots and The Maytals, The Skatalites, Bob Marley and the Wailers (the leader of the latter became one of the most recognizable musicians in history), The Upsetters (the group of the famous producer Lee "Scratch" Perry), Derrick Morgan , Max Romeo, Prince Buster, Desmond Dekker and many others.

So, on the wave of emigration, the youth culture of Jamaica came to the shores of Foggy Albion. It is not surprising that due to their close age, love for music and the desire to look interesting, the English guys began to adopt the style of ore fighting. The Mods have traditionally been fond of American soul and rhythm and blues, but also quite interested in Jamaican music. A huge merit in this belongs to the English label Melodisc Records, founded in 1949 and releasing Afro-Caribbean music. The company began recording Jamaican musicians in London and, building on the success of these recordings, founded the Blue Beat Records division. It specialized in ska and rocksteady music, beloved by oreboys, mods, and later by skinheads.

One of the brightest musicians with whom the label collaborated was Prince Buster, a man who made a huge contribution to the formation of ska and the popularization of the genre in the UK.

The youth of south London attended clubs designed for Jamaicans called "ska bars" with great interest, learned to dance ska and adopted elements of style. Records of African-American and Caribbean music sold like hot cakes in stores.

Thus, when mods began to gravitate towards psychedelic music in the late sixties, south London mods already had a special connection with Jamaican music, and the hard mods did not follow the bohemians. Indigenous Londoners and immigrants, hard fashion and rude boi merged into a subculture that came to be called skinheads (English - “skinheads”). The name of the subculture is made up of two words: "skin" - "skin" and "head" - "head". There is a version that this word was taken from the lexicon of American infantrymen.

“… Fashion and music changed. The clubs started playing strange music like The Byrds and Jimi Hendrix, and the mods had no choice but to go to Jamaican clubs - only they did not stop playing black music. So mods went to ska clubs and adopted the style of rudboys, but since they weren't black they couldn't call themselves that, so they borrowed the word "skinheads", which was the name given to USMC recruits who had their heads shaved when they went to army. In the Marine Corps, only officers called a recruit "skinhead", like: "Hey, you skinhead, come here!" So originally the skinhead style was a white variant of the rudboy style."

Dick Coomes

These people moved further and further away from the refinement of mods, and after a few decades, the connection between the two subcultures was barely traced. But let us dwell in more detail on the skinheads of the first generation, the so-called traditional skinheads (Traditional Skinheads).

What did they look like? In addition to the usual for mods (English “Sta-Prest”), which kept their shape perfectly, a few more no less practical elements were added: jeans, suspenders and heavy work boots. Haircuts have become shorter and simpler. Some, in the fashion of the ore battles or out of the practicality of the workers, shaved almost bald. Skinheads wore mohair, favored by mods and hard mods, but with a slightly elongated cut, and plaid button-down shirts, the collar of which was fixed with buttons.

The classic and famous MA-1 bomber jacket, which later became an icon of the image of the subculture and, in fact, its synonym, enjoyed great popularity. Jackets have not disappeared from the wardrobe of hard mod skinheads. Among the outerwear, the windbreaker was also a success - a cotton semi-sports bomber jacket with fringing stripes on the collar, sleeves and elasticated bottom, as well as a British dockers work jacket.

A curious detail was the manner in which the trousers were rolled up. Lightly at first to show the boots, then harder to show off the colored socks taken from the ore fighting style. According to the memoirs of those years, once the organizers of the concert gave the famous reggae singer Desmond Dekker a suit, and he asked to shorten his trousers by fifteen centimeters. In imitation of their idol, teenagers began to roll up their trousers. Not to mention the fact that, to a certain extent, Mr. Dekker also contributed to the fashion for short haircuts among the future skinheads who admired him.

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Often skinheads are considered fascists. The image that these shaven-headed guys (and sometimes girls) have created around themselves with constant fights has become confused in the mass consciousness with groups of neo-Nazis who also mostly shave their skulls and love dark-colored clothes. In fact, fascist skinheads do not exist, just as there are no Muslim Christians or Ukrainian Indians.
The skinhead subculture has not preserved the exact date of its origin for history. It is reliably known that this happened somewhere in the port cities of Great Britain in the late 50s and early 60s of the twentieth century. If you try to creatively approach this moment, you can paint such a picture.
British guys from poor families, after a normal day at work, sat in an ordinary pub and drank beer in anticipation of another conflict with sailors from merchant ships. We didn’t have to wait long, the sailors came and gave the guys a good scolding. Once, after a fight, the guys shaved their heads, which is very convenient in street fights, since there is nothing to cling to (hence the name "skinhead" skinhead - translated from English - a bare head), tore off their collars from their jackets, rolled up their pants and put on your work boots Dr. Martens. Their appearance was, if not terrible, then at least aggressive. True, this still didn’t frighten the sailors and they mostly gave the guys kicks, but the image itself was firmly planted in the heads of the inhabitants of working-class areas, who began to imitate and quickly spread this fashion throughout the country.
It was at this time that immigrants from Jamaica began to settle in London. They were looking for a prestigious job here, but very often they couldn’t find it, so they spent a lot of time on the street, straying into groups that were called rude-boys - “rude” (by the way, the famous musician Bob Marley was the “red-boy” in his youth ). White youth often visited the quarters of blacks, was interested in their culture, and it was from that time that skinheads were captured by the ska musical style, which at the beginning became almost the official music of the subculture. Another thing combined at that moment black and white hooligans; they are all lovers of the "holy" drink - beer.
The beliefs of skinheads were not defined at that time. More precisely, they existed, but completely different, like the youth itself. Among the blacks there were lovers to chat about the black brotherhood, and among the whites there were those who sympathized with the right-wing movements, although racism and chauvinism as the official ideology of skinheads never existed. On the contrary, it often happened that skinheads, together with black red-boys, attacked representatives of the middle class teddy boys, whom they experienced class hatred and fought with racist rockers, who were often hired to guard rallies of right-wing parties.

Of course, it cannot be argued that this subculture was completely angelic. Chauvinism was very common among skinheads, and in the 70s everyday racism also stuck to it. They spent their time fighting, drinking beer, listening to ska music, and in between all of that, they added another piece to their wardrobe that has become today's classic sign of group membership: suspenders. Although, one remark should be made here - heavy boots, rolled up jeans with suspenders and collarless jackets are considered "skinhead work clothes." The original form is black formal suits with the same black shoes. True, for fights they still used a comfortable working uniform. And they fought with whom - with blacks, with whites, with yellows, with the rich, with fans who supported another football club, with other skinheads, and especially with hippies. The hippies got everything from the skinheads, because in their imagination the "flower children" were representatives of the middle class and could always move away from their hobbies and go on to a normal life. The hippies wore their hair long and the skinheads shaved their heads.
After 1972, the skinhead movement fell into disrepair and skinheads became a rarity on the streets. Most of them grew up, grew their hair and threw their boots with heavy socks into the attic. But a few years later a new boom was waiting for the world - the punks came! The punks brought with them new symbols and new music. Skinheads, at least what was left of them, recognized some of this music as their own. But they were not interested in all of punk, they listened only to those groups that in their lyrics raised the problems of the working class, corrupt politicians, patriotism.

The journalist of the popular British edition "Sun" Harry Bushell called such a punk a simple but meaningful word "Oh!" (Oi!). among the most famous groups of this direction are "Sham 69", "The business" and "The angelic upstarts". Style "Oi!" features a very dirty sound and almost non-melodious singing. The main thing in this music is to shout louder what slogan. Characteristic of the style is the exclamation “Oi! Oi! Oi! ". In Ukraine, such music is played by the Kyiv group "Rebel boys". Here the ideological basis of skinheads, which we know now, also argued. You can express it with the slogan: "I love the country - I hate the government!" Many of these groups even had a leftist bias, and therefore, when one of these teams, namely “Skrewdriver”, held its concert under the slogan “Rock is against communism”, the real skins turned away from it. Since then, "Skrewdriver" no longer belongs to the "Oi!" style, but are representatives of Nazi music, which is called "white power".