Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum

The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was founded in 1811, in the early liberal period of Alexander's reign. The lyceum was intended to prepare boys from well-born families for "important parts of the state service." The course of study lasted 6 years: 3 years in the initial department, 3 years in the final department. They accepted the prepared ones, and in six years they were given both secondary and higher education, approximately in the volume of the philosophical and law faculties of the University. And all those who completed the lyceum course received the same rights as university graduates.

The four-storey building of the Lyceum was connected by an arch to the Catherine Palace.

The lower floor housed the economic department and the apartments of the inspector, tutors and some other officials serving at the Lyceum. On the second - a dining room, a hospital with a pharmacy and a conference room with an office. On the third - classrooms (two with chairs, one for students after lectures), a physics office, a room for newspapers and magazines and a library in the arch connecting the Lyceum with the palace through the choirs of the court church. The assembly hall was also located on the third floor - here on October 19, 1811, the solemn opening ceremony took place, here, three years later, fifteen-year-old Pushkin read his "Memoirs in Tsarskoye Selo" at a public exam in front of old Derzhavin. On the fourth floor there were rooms for lyceum students - small narrow "cells", as Pushkin called them, very modestly furnished: a desk, a chest of drawers, an iron bed, a washing table, a mirror. Pushkin lived in room No. 14. Then, many years later, as an adult, a famous poet, he always signed letters to former lyceum students "No. 14".

The first "Pushkin" lyceum course consisted of gifted, outstanding boys. The names of many of them entered the history of Russian culture and social thought. These are Delvig, Gorchakov, Matyushkin, Korf, Pushchin, Kuchelbecker, Valkhovsky ...

Pushkin was extremely attached to his schoolmates, and he carried this ardent friendship, loyalty to the lyceum brotherhood through his whole life.

Pushkin's closest friends were Ivan Pushchin ("No. 13", a neighbor in the "cell") - a fair, courageous, calmly cheerful young man, Wilhelm Kuchelbecker - an enthusiastic, obsessed with poetry, ridiculous and touching "Kyukhlya", Anton Delvig - good-natured, slow, visionary and also a poet.

At the Lyceum, Pushkin began to write poetry in earnest. In 1814, in the 13th issue of the fashionable literary magazine Vestnik Evropy, a message appeared "To a friend of a poet". Under it was a strange signature: "Alexander n.k.sh.p." (consonants of his last name in reverse order). It was Pushkin's first printed poem.

From the beginning of the 1820s, the government did a lot to eradicate the free "lyceum spirit", replacing it with the "spirit of the barracks". In 1822, the Lyceum was transferred to the Office of Military Educational Institutions.

Pushkin was worried and upset by the fate of the Lyceum:

Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, the highest privileged closed educational institution in pre-revolutionary Russia for children of the nobility; intended to train mainly senior government officials. Founded in 1810 in Tsarskoye Selo (now Pushkin, Leningrad Region); opened on October 19, 1811. It was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education, since 1882 - the military department. The lyceum admitted children 10-12 years old, the number of pupils ranged from 30 (in 1811-17) to 100 (since 1832).

In the course of 6 years of study (two 3-year courses, from 1836 - 4 classes to 1 ½ years) the following sciences were studied at the Lyceum: moral (God's law, ethics, logic, jurisprudence, political economy); verbal (Russian, Latin, French, German literature and languages, rhetoric); historical (Russian and general history, physical geography); physical and mathematical (mathematics, the beginnings of physics and cosmography, mathematical geography, statistics); fine arts and gymnastic exercises (handwriting, drawing, dancing, fencing, horseback riding, swimming). The curriculum of the lyceum has been repeatedly changed, but it retained the humanitarian and legal basis. Graduates received the rights of those who graduated from the university and civil ranks of the 14th - 9th grades. For those who wished to enter the military service, additional military training was carried out, and they were granted the rights of graduates of the Corps of Pages ...

In the first years of its existence (1811-1817), the Lyceum created an atmosphere of enthusiasm for new Russian literature, represented by the names of N. M. Karamzin, V. A. Zhukovsky, K. N. Batyushkov, and French literature of the Enlightenment (Voltaire). This enthusiasm contributed to the unification of a number of young people in a creative literary and poetic circle, which determined the spirit of the educational institution (A. S. Pushkin, A. A. Delvig, V. K. Kyuchelbeker, V. D. Volkhovsky, A. D. Illichevsky, K K. Danzas, M. L. Yakovlev and many others). The circle published hand-written magazines "Lyceum sage", "Bulletin", "For pleasure and benefit", etc., creative literary competitions were held between its members, poems of lyceum students Pushkin, Delvig, Kuchelbeker, etc. from 1814 they began to print well-known magazines ("Bulletin Europe", "Russian Museum", "Son of the Fatherland"). The poetic creativity of the lyceum students and their interest in literature were encouraged by N. F. Koshansky, a professor of Russian and Latin literature, a friend of Zhukovsky, and his successor from 1814, A. I. Galich.

... After 1825, the restrictive regime for pupils, control over the selection of teachers and the direction of lectures was strengthened in the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. At the end of 1843, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was reorganized into the Alexander Lyceum, and in January 1844 it was transferred to St. Petersburg. The new lyceum was transferred to the jurisdiction of the 4th department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, from the end of the 19th century. - Departments of institutions of the Empress Maria. Closed after the October Revolution of 1917

For 33 years of existence of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, 286 people graduated from it, including 234 in the civilian part, 50 in the military, 2 in the navy. ... Many of them joined the ranks of the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire (A. M. Gorchakov, A. K. Gire, N. K. Gire, A. V. Golovnin, D. N. Zamyatnin, N. P. Nikolai, N. A. Korsakov, M. A. Korf, S. G. Lomonosov, F. Kh. Steven, D. A. Tolstoy, etc.) ... K. S. Veselovsky, Ya. K. Grot, N. Ya. Danilevsky preferred scientific activity and others. The graduates of 1817, A. S. Pushkin and A. A. Delvig, and the Decembrists V. K. Kuchelbeker and I. I. Pushchin, brought historical glory to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. ... ME Saltykov-Shchedrin studied there for 5 years.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1975

The Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum became the most legendary educational institution in Russia immediately after its establishment. The initiator of its appearance was Emperor Alexander I, a brilliant teaching staff and a talented director, with their pedagogical and personal talents, brought to light several generations of Russian thinkers, poets, artists, military men. Lyceum graduates made up the Russian elite not so much by origin, but by the implementation of the principles of selfless service to the Fatherland in any field.

Base

The Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum was opened during the reign of Alexander I, and more specifically, the decree on its foundation was signed by the highest permission in August 1810. The foundation of a higher educational institution fell on the "liberal years" of the reign of the sovereign. The lyceum was supposed to be the first example of an educational institution with a European approach to education, nurtured on Russian soil.

The Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum, from other higher schools, was distinguished by the absence of physical punishment, friendly relations between teachers and students, a rich curriculum designed to form personal views, and much more. It was planned that the grand dukes, the younger brothers of the ruling tsar, Nikolai and Mikhail, would study at the lyceum, but later they decided to give them a traditional home education.

living conditions

For the lyceum, a four-story new building was provided - an outbuilding of the Tsarskoye Selo Palace. The premises of the first floor were intended for the medical unit and the board. On the second floor there were classrooms for the junior year, the third was given to older students, and the uppermost, fourth floor, was occupied by bedrooms. The private bedchambers were modest, almost Spartan, furnished with a wrought-iron canvas-covered bed, an office table for study, a chest of drawers, and a wash table.

For the library, a two-height gallery was assigned, which was located above the arch. The main hall for celebrations was on the third floor. Services, the church and the director's apartment were located in a separate building next to the palace.

idea of ​​learning

The concept and curriculum were developed by an influential courtier, adviser to Alexander I in the first half of his reign. The main task was to educate civil servants and the military of a new formation from the children of the nobility. Speransky's idea was to Europeanize Russia, and this required officials with a different way of thinking, with inner freedom and an appropriate level of humanitarian education.

The selection of lyceum students was very strict, boys from noble families aged 10 to 12 were accepted, who had to successfully pass the entrance exams, confirming a sufficient level of knowledge in three languages ​​(Russian, German, French), history, geography, mathematics and physics. The full course consisted of six years of study, divided into two stages, each of which was given three years.

Humanities and military

The main direction of education is humanitarian, which made it possible to instill in the student the ability for further independent learning, logic and to comprehensively develop the talents inherent in the child. For six years, teaching was conducted in the following main subjects:

• Study of native and foreign languages ​​(Russian, Latin, French, German).
• Moral sciences, the law of God, philosophy).
• Exact sciences (arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry, geometry, physics).
• Humanities (Russian and foreign history, chronology, geography).
• Fundamentals of fine writing (rhetoric and its rules, works of great writers).
• Art (fine, dancing).
• Physical education (gymnastics, swimming, fencing, horseback riding).

In the first year, students mastered the basics, and in the second year they moved from the basics to in-depth mastering of all subjects. In addition, throughout the training, much attention was paid to civil architecture and sports. Those who chose military affairs were additionally read hours on the history of wars, fortification and other specialized disciplines.

The entire educational and educational process took place under the vigilant supervision of the director. The teaching staff included seven professors, a priest who taught the law of God, six teachers of fine arts and gymnastics, two adjuncts, discipline was monitored by three overseers and tutors.

The first set of students was carried out under the supervision of the emperor himself, out of 38 people who submitted documents and passed the competition, only 30 students were admitted to the lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo, the list was approved by the royal hand. Alexander I carried out the patronage of the educational institution, and Count Razumovsky A.K. was appointed head of the lyceum with the rank of commander in chief. By position, the count was supposed to be present at all exams, which he did with pleasure, knowing by sight and by name all the students.

Principles

The tasks of the director of the lyceum were comprehensive, this position was entrusted to V. F. Malinovsky, who was educated at Moscow University. According to the charter of the institution, the director was obliged to live around the clock on the territory of the lyceum and pay attention to the students and the whole process tirelessly, he was personally responsible for the students, for the level of teaching and the general condition of the lyceum life.

The Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum was staffed by the best teachers of its time, all had higher education, scientific degrees, loved their work and the younger generation. Teachers were free to choose the methods of presenting knowledge, one principle had to be strictly observed - there should not be any idle pastime for lyceum students.

Daily Schedule

The usual school day was built according to a strict schedule:

• The morning began at six o'clock, time was allocated for hygiene procedures, fees, prayers.
• The first lessons in the classes started from seven to nine in the morning.
• The next hour (9:00-10:00) the students could devote to a walk and a snack (tea with a bun, breakfast was not supposed).
• The second lesson started at 10:00 and lasted until 12:00, after which there was a walk in the fresh air for an hour.
• Lunch was served at 13:00.
• In the afternoon, from 14:00 to 15:00, students were engaged in fine arts.
• From 15:00 to 17:00 there were classes in the classroom.
• At 17:00 the children were offered tea, after which a walk followed until 18:00.
• From six o'clock until half past eight in the evening, the students were engaged in the repetition of the material covered, were engaged in auxiliary classes.
• Dinner was served at 20:30 followed by free time to relax.
• At 22:00 it was time for prayer and sleep. Every Saturday the students went to the bathhouse.

The lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo differed from other educational institutions in that it was obligatory for the teacher to achieve knowledge and understanding of his subject from each student. Until the material was mastered by all students in the class, the teacher could not start a new topic. In order to achieve efficiency, additional classes were introduced for lagging students, new teaching approaches were sought. The lyceum had its own system of control over the level of acquired and assimilated knowledge, each lyceum student wrote reports, answered oral control questions.

Often the teacher considered it good to leave the student alone in his subject, Pushkin was not forced to know mathematical sciences thoroughly, Professor Kartsov said: “You, Pushkin, everything ends in zero in my class. Sit down in your seat and write poetry."

Lyceum life

The lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo was endowed with another feature - it was completely closed, the lyceum students did not leave the walls of the educational institution during the entire academic year. There was also a uniform uniform for all. It consisted of a dark blue caftan, a stand-up collar and cuffs, which were red, fastened with gilded buttons. To distinguish between senior and junior courses, buttonholes were introduced, for the senior course they were sewn with gold, for the junior course they were sewn with silver.

In the lyceum where Pushkin studied, much attention was paid to education. The students respected not only the people of their class, but also the servants, the serfs. Human dignity does not depend on origin, this was instilled in every student. For the same reason, the children practically did not communicate with their relatives - everyone was the heirs of serfs and at home they could often see a completely different attitude towards dependent people, among the nobility, neglect of serfs was commonplace.

Brotherhood and Honor

Despite the fact that the lyceum students had a busy schedule of study and classes, in their memoirs everyone admitted to a sufficient amount of freedom. Students lived according to a certain code of laws, the charter of the institution was posted in the corridor of the fourth floor. One of the points stated that the community of students is a single family, and therefore there is no place among them for arrogance, bragging and contempt. Children came to the lyceum from an early age, and it became a home for them, and comrades and teachers were a real family. The atmosphere in the Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo was friendly and close-knit.

A system of rewards and punishments was developed for lyceum students, which excluded physical violence. The guilty mischief-makers were put in a punishment cell for three days, where the director personally came to conduct a conversation, but this was an extreme measure. For other reasons, more benign methods were chosen - deprivation of lunch for two days, at which time the student received only bread and water.

The lyceum fraternity sometimes independently issued a verdict on the behavior of its members, those who retreated from honor and trampled on dignity. Students could boycott a friend, leaving him in complete isolation without the ability to communicate. The unwritten laws were observed no less sacredly than the charter of the lyceum.

First edition

The first pupils of the Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum left the walls of the educational institution in 1817. Almost everyone got a place in the state apparatus, according to the results of the exams, many entered the service in high ranks, many lyceum students chose military service, equated in status to the Corps of Pages. Among them were people who became the pride of Russian history and culture. The poet Pushkin A. S. brought great fame to the Lyceum, no one before him treated his school and teachers with such warmth and awe. He devoted many works to the Tsarskoye Selo period.

Almost all students in the first intake became the pride of the country and glorified the Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum. Famous graduates, such as: Kuchelbeher V. K. (poet, public figure, Decembrist), Gorchakov A. M. (outstanding diplomat, head of the foreign affairs department under Tsar Alexander II), Delvig A. A (poet, publisher), Matyushkin F F. (polar explorer, admiral of the fleet) and others contributed to history, culture, and the development of the arts.

Lyceum student Pushkin

It is impossible to overestimate the influence of Pushkin on Russian literature, his genius was revealed and brought up within the walls of the Lyceum. According to the memoirs of classmates, the poet had three nicknames - the Frenchman (a tribute to his excellent knowledge of the language), the Cricket (the poet was a mobile and talkative child) and the Mixture of the Monkey and the Tiger (for his ardor of temper and tendency to quarrel). In the lyceum where Pushkin studied, exams were held every six months, it was thanks to them that talent was noticed and recognized back in school years. The poet published his first work in the journal Vestnik Evropy, being a lyceum student, in 1814.

The situation in the Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo was such that the student could not help but feel his vocation. The entire educational process was aimed at identifying and developing talents, and teachers contributed to this. In his memoirs, in 1830, A.S. Pushkin notes: "... I began to write from the age of 13 and print almost from the same time."

In the corners of Lyceum passages,

The Muse began to appear to me.

My student cell

hitherto alien to fun,

Suddenly lit up - Muse in it

She opened a feast of her inventions;

Sorry, cold science!

Sorry, early years games!

I have changed, I am a poet...

Pushkin's first known public appearance took place at the exam during the transition from the initial course to the senior, final course of study. Eminent people attended the public examinations, including the poet Derzhavin. The poem “Memories of Tsarskoye Selo” read by a fifteen-year-old student made a huge impression on the guests present. Pushkin immediately began to predict a great future. His works were highly valued by the lights of Russian poetry, his contemporaries - Zhukovsky, Batyushkov, Karamzin and others.

Alexander Lyceum

After the accession to the throne of Nicholas I, the lyceum was transferred to St. Petersburg. Tsarskoye Selo was a haven for lyceum students from 1811 to 1843. The educational institution moved to Kamenoostrovsky Prospekt, where the premises of the former Alexandrinsky orphanage were allocated for students. In addition, the institution was renamed Imperial in honor of its creator.

Traditions and the spirit of brotherhood settled in the new premises, no matter how Nicholas I tried to fight this phenomenon. The history of the Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum continued in a new place and lasted until 1918. Constancy was marked by the observance of unwritten rules, the current charter, as well as the coat of arms and the motto - "For the common good." Paying tribute to its famous graduates, in 1879 on October 19, the first museum of A.S. Pushkin.

But with the justification in the new location, some changes were introduced. According to the new curriculum, students began to be accepted and graduated annually, military disciplines were completely abolished, and the list of humanities expanded. The answer to the time and the changed environment was the new departments - agriculture, civil architecture.

After the 17th year

In 1917, the last graduation of students took place. Until 1918, classes continued with long breaks, the Alexander Lyceum was closed in May of the same year. The famous library was partially sent to Sverdlovsk, most of it was distributed among libraries, lost or found shelter in private hands. It was possible to save about two thousand volumes from the general collection of books, and localize them in the collection of the State Literary Museum in 1938. The collection, which ended up in the Sverdlovsk Library in 1970, was transferred to the fund of the Pushkin Museum.

The building of the Alexander Lyceum was used for various purposes. In 1917, it housed the headquarters of the Red Army and other organizations. Before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War and after it, there was a school in the premises, then the building was given to the SSPTU. The building now houses the College of Management and Economics.

A terrible fate befell many lyceum students and teachers of the Alexander Lyceum. In 1925, a case was fabricated, in which, among others. the last director of the lyceum V. A. Schilder and the prime minister N. D. Golitsyn were accused of creating a counter-revolutionary organization. All those accused of plotting to restore the monarchy, and there were 26 of them, were shot. So sadly ended the history of the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Pushkin was his singer and genius, the rest of the lyceum students are history and pride.

Modern pedagogy is increasingly inclined to think that the ideas laid down by Speransky are the best option for education for the younger generation, which would be useful to apply today.

V. F. Malinovsky. Unknown artist.

Malinovsky Vasily Fedorovich, Russian publicist, educator. Born in the family of a priest. Graduated from Moscow University (1781). Was in the diplomatic service. In 1811 he was appointed the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Having created an atmosphere of love of freedom in it, he contributed to the education of progressive writers and politicians. Of the works of Malinovsky, the most significant "Discourse on Peace and War", written in 1790-1798, in which Malinovsky condemns the policy of conquest, promotes a common and just peace between peoples. In a number of works and published by Malinovsky magazine "Autumn Evenings" (1803, No. 1-8), the ideas of people's rule, the equality of all people and peoples, were developed. He was a supporter of the industrial and cultural development of Russia. Shared plans for state reforms M. M. Speransky. In the note "On the Emancipation of Slaves" (1802, published 1958) he developed one of the first projects for the abolition of serfdom. He criticized the official Orthodox Church. The socio-historical limitations of Malinovsky manifested themselves in a passion for religious and mystical ideas.

Materials of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia are used. In 30 tons. Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. Ed. 3rd. T. 15. Lombard - Mesitol. - M., Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1974.

Russian diplomat

Malinovsky, Vasily Fedorovich (1765-1814) - Russian diplomat, scientist. After graduating from Moscow University, Malinovsky worked at the Collegium of Foreign Affairs; was at the London mission as an interpreter. He took part in the negotiations on the conclusion of the Iasi Peace Treaty of 1792 (...). In 1803, his work "Discourse on War and Peace" was published in St. Petersburg, written in 1790-1798, but detained by censors. This work, as well as the article "Eternal Peace" are among the very first Russian writings related to the field of international law. Malinovsky was a resolute opponent of the war and a defender of international peace. He held the idea of ​​the need to use all peaceful means before starting a war. "An independent power, like a private person, has no right to start a quarrel without any mediation and trial." To ensure international peace, Malinovsky proposed the creation of a pan-European council, consisting of representatives of the allied peoples, whose task would be to protect common security, prevent any violation of the peace and resolve international disputes.

Diplomatic Dictionary. Ch. ed. A. Ya. Vyshinsky and S. A. Lozovsky. M., 1948.

Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum

Malinovsky and Pushkin

Malinovsky Vasily Fedorovich (1765-1814). In terms of autobiographical notes Pushkin under 1811 we read: “Lyceum. Opening. Malinovsky ... Kunitsyn "- and a little later:" The death of Malinovsky is an anarchy ... ". This is about the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum VF Malinovsky, who headed it for less than three years. A graduate of Moscow University, he served in the Russian mission in London and was later Consul General in Moldova. Contemporaries note his broad education and excellent knowledge of European and Oriental languages. Malinovsky adhered to progressive views for his time and was a staunch supporter of the abolition of serfdom in Russia. A kind and modest man, he contributed to the establishment of friendly relations between mentors and pupils in the Lyceum, and it is no coincidence that in the director's family the lyceum students liked to spend their leisure time - in conversations with him and his relatives.

At the end of March 1814, Malinovsky died prematurely, and Pushkin and other pupils participated in his burial in one of the St. Petersburg cemeteries. According to a contemporary, if Malinovsky had brought "the first graduation to the end, then the level of those brought up in it would have been even higher and more moral ...".

L.A. Chereisky. Pushkin's contemporaries. Documentary essays. M., 1999, p. 21.

Social thinker, theorist of international law

Malinovsky Vasily Fedorovich (1765, Moscow - March 23 (April 4), 1814, St. Petersburg) - social thinker, theorist of international law. He came from a family of a priest. After graduating from the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow University in 1781 and until 1811, he served in the archives of the College of Foreign Affairs, was in the diplomatic service in the Russian mission in London. Since 1811 - the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

In the treatise Discourse on Peace and War (1790–98. Published in 1803), as well as in his weekly Autumn Evenings (1803), he developed the ideas of state security, non-intervention, and patriotism within the framework of the theory of international law. He developed the then popular theory of eternal peace, paid great attention to the political and legal problems of war and peace. All mankind must participate in the struggle for eternal, universal peace. Malinovsky's worldview is characterized by a humanistic orientation. A supporter of theories of natural law and social contract, but the provisions of the social philosophy of the Enlightenment that were then widespread in Russia were of an abstract utopian character. Proclaimed freedom and equality as the main human values. His concept of the invalidity of any relationship between people not based on equality and freedom was objectively directed against serfdom. He was convinced of the divine origin of state power. Providence in his deistic concept acted as a guarantor of the rule of law by the supreme power, which is why, fearing the "wrath of God", he discussed measures that could constitutionally limit absolutism in Russia. Criticizing tyranny and absolutism, he developed the idea of ​​the necessity of subordinating power to laws, which in turn should be an expression of the "general will". Developing the ideas of people's rule, he pointed out the necessary dependence of the political form of the state on the will of the people. Malinovsky, a supporter of a peaceful, reformist way of transforming reality, condemned revolutionary methods and, in particular, the French Revolution, at the same time stressed the need to take into account its experience.

He translated, published and provided recommendations for Russian legislators "Report of Treasurer General Alexander Hamilton ... on the benefits of manufactories and their attitude to trade and agriculture" (1803–07). One of the first to come up with a project for the emancipation of the peasants (note "On the emancipation of slaves" (1802)). He supported the reform policy of Alexander I.

I.F. Khudushina

New Philosophical Encyclopedia. In four volumes. / Institute of Philosophy RAS. Scientific ed. advice: V.S. Stepin , A.A. Huseynov, G.Yu. Semigin. M., Thought, 2010, vol. II, E - M, p. 484-485.

Enlightener

Malinovsky Vasily Fedorovich (1765, Moscow - March 23 (April 4), 1814, St. Petersburg) - educator. He graduated from the Philosophical Department of the Moscow University (1781). He had extensive experience in public service - in the archives of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, in the Russian mission in London, and then in the Russian representation at the Iasi Congress (1791). Decree Alexander I in 1811 Malinovsky was appointed the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum; sought to educate lyceum students in the spirit of freethinking, devotion to the people and homeland. He entered the history of Russian thought as the author of the treatise "Discourses on Peace and War" (Ch. 1-2. 1790-1798, publ. 1803), imbued with humanistic ideas. In the field of methodology, Malinovsky is an adherent of the philosophical and anthropological tradition (Herder, Lessing, Kant , Schiller , Jefferson, Pop, Helvetius , Radishchev and etc.). Likening the entire human race to one "separately taken person", Malinovsky considered the processes taking place in it in the spirit of anthropogenesis. In the analysis of the problem of war and peace, attention is drawn to the conclusions of Malinovsky about "righteous" and "unrighteous" wars, about the need to involve all the people of the world, "all mankind" in the struggle for "eternal peace". The humane and freedom-loving position was also defended by Malinovsky in articles published in the weekly review "Autumn Evenings", the magazine "Son of the Fatherland", and in other periodicals. Malinovsky owns the translation and publication in 1803-1807 of the "Report of the Treasurer General Alexander Hamilton, commissioned by the American States in 1791, on the benefits of manufactories and their relationship to trade and agriculture." The translation is provided with a foreword by Malinovsky, which formulates recommendations for Russian legislators. In 1802, he sent a “Note on the Emancipation of Slaves” addressed to Count V. P. Kochubey, who headed the "Commission on Legislation" on behalf of Alexander I. A number of unpublished works of Malinovsky (among them "History of Russia for the simple and small", "The Hermit", excerpts from draft civil laws, etc.) are kept in archival institutions in St. Petersburg and Moscow.

P. S. Shkurinov, N. G. Samsonova

Russian philosophy. Encyclopedia. Ed. the second, modified and supplemented. Under the general editorship M.A. Olive. Comp. P.P. Apryshko, A.P. Polyakov. - M., 2014, p. 360-361.

Compositions: Selected socio-political op. M., 1958.

Literature: Arab-Ogly E. A. Outstanding Russian educator-democrat // Questions of Philosophy. 1954. No. 2; Kamensky 3. A. Philosophical ideas of Russian education. M., 1971; Dostyan I. S. The European utopia of V. F. Malinovsky // Questions of History, 1979. No. 6; Shkurinov P. S. Philosophy of Russia in the XVIII century, M., 1992. S. 215-220.

Developed one of the first projects for the abolition of serfdom

Malinovsky Vasily Fedorovich (1765 - 23.III.1814) - Russian publicist, educator-democrat. Born in the family of a priest. Graduated from Moscow University (1781). Was in the diplomatic service. In 1811 he was appointed the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Having created an atmosphere of love of freedom in the lyceum, he contributed to the education of progressive writers and politicians. Of the works of Malinovsky, the most significant is "Discourse on Peace and War", written in 1790-1798 (parts 1-2, 1803; last edition in the book "Treatises on Eternal Peace", 1963), in which Malinovsky condemns the policy of conquest promotes a common and just peace among peoples. In a number of works and the magazine "Autumn Evenings" published by Malinovsky (1803, No. 1-8), the ideas of patriotism, people's rule, and equality of all people and nations were developed. Malinovsky argued the need for the industrial and cultural development of Russia. Shared plans for state reforms M. M. Speransky. In the note "On the Emancipation of Slaves" (1802, publ. 1958) developed one of the first projects for the abolition of serfdom. He sharply criticized the official Orthodox Church. The socio-historical limitations of Malinovsky manifested themselves in a passion for religious and mystical ideas. Malinovsky's personal archive is kept at the TsGALI in Moscow.

E. P. Grekulov. Moscow.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 8, KOSHALA - MALTA. 1965.

Compositions: Selected social-political. soch., M., 1958.

Literature: V. Semevsky, V. F. Malinovsky's reflection on the transformation of the state structure of Russia, "GM", 1915, book. ten; Meilakh B., Pushkin and his era, "Star", 1949, No 1-3; Arab-Ogly E. A., Outstanding Russian. educator-democrat, "VF", 1954, No 2.

Was a link between the enlightenment of the 18th century and the Decembrists

Malinovsky Vasily Fedorovich, Russian diplomat and public figure, democratic educator, forerunner of utopian socialism in Russia. The son of a Little Russian priest. After graduating from Moscow University (1781) he served in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs and carried out a number of diplomatic missions. Since 1811, the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Actively participated in educational activities, the beginning of which was laid by N. I. Novikov, in various secret (Masonic) societies. In his writings and in the journal Autumn Evenings (1803) published by him, Malinovsky came up with a program of anti-feudal reforms, was the author of one of the first projects for the elimination of serfdom (Note on the Emancipation of Slaves, 1802, publ. 1958), and advocated the introduction of a constitutional "republican » board in Russia. In his treatise Discourse on War and Peace (written parts 1-2, 1790-98, published in 1803), he supported the liberation struggle of peoples and their right to self-determination. Malinovsky outlined the project of establishing "eternal peace" in Europe by creating a pan-European union of federal states, formed on a national basis and governed on the basis of the democratic will of the peoples. In the unpublished 3rd part of the treatise, democratic and republican principles of government were combined with utopian egalitarian ideas of abolishing private ownership of land, allocating it to all those in need, eliminating property contrasts between poor and rich, and introducing universal education. Being a staunch supporter of the equality of all peoples, Malinovsky laid the foundation for the democratic and liberation trend in the pan-Slavist movement of the 19th century, and also influenced the social thought of Russia in the 1st half of the 19th century. Malinovsky's activity was an important link between the Russian enlightenment of the 18th century and the Decembrists.

Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. edition: L. F. Ilyichev , P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. 1983.

Compositions: Selected social-political. soch., M., 1958; Discourse on peace and war, part 3 (manuscript), TsGADA, f. 1261, d. 2825 and AVPR, f. Office, house 7869.

Literature: Semevsky V.I., Reflections of V.F.M. on the transformation of the state. devices of Russia, "Voice of the Past", 1915, book. ten; Arab-Ogly E.A., Outstanding Russian. educator-democrat, "VF", 1954, No. 2; Dostyan I. S., “Europe. utopia "V. F. M., "VI", 1979, No. 6 (bibl.); M e l a x B. S., Pushkin and his era, M., 1958.

Son-in-law about the test:

Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky, having received a classical education at the university, traveled with benefit and for scientific purposes in Germany, France and England . He perfectly knew the latest European and ancient languages, Jews, Greeks and Romans. Extreme modesty and deep religiosity were the hallmarks of his character. In his spare time from serving in a foreign collegium, he translated into Russian the New Testament directly from the original Greek, and from the Old, from Hebrew, the psalter, the book of Genesis, the Proverbs of Solomon, Ecclesiastes, the book of Job; many of his translations and manuscripts are kept by my wife . In the reign of Emperor Paul, he was appointed consul in Iasi; For several years he corrected this position so conscientiously, so usefully, that the inhabitants of Iasi kept the memory of his exemplary disinterestedness for a long time. Due to intrigues in the capital, according to the search of the Greek, he was recalled five years later, in 1805, he returned to St. to a foreign college with a small silver goblet, with the only gift that he agreed to accept from grateful residents on the day of departure, while the consuls returned from there and took out so much money and Turkish shawls that they bought houses and estates for themselves. He was in the service in close relations with Minister Czartoryski, was a member of a charitable society, which, with tireless activity, sought out the poor and helped them. Having published his wonderful book "On Peace and War", publishing a small magazine "Autumn Evenings" and being known for his pure love for the fatherland, he attracted the attention of influential people, so that Emperor Alexander, when in 1811 he founded a hotbed for the better education of Russian youth, appointed him director of the Imperial Lyceum at Tsarskoye Selo. my friend I.I. Pushchin, a graduate of the Lyceum, in his later notes, published in the "Athene", in Moscow, in 1858 , describing the opening day of the lyceum in the presence of the emperor, showed the director in extreme embarrassment. Malinovsky was unusually modest and imbued with the importance of the ceremony, for the first time in his life he spoke with the sovereign and had to make a speech, which was redirected dozens of times by preliminary censorship: is it so wise that he was embarrassed? and is it any wonder that nature did not give him the voice of a dashing battalion commander before the front? The immeasurable and constant labors weakened his eyesight, upset his health. In 1812, he lost his happiness at home, his exemplary wife, and in 1814, having spent too two years as a director, he died at the place of his position, in such poverty that his brother buried him at his own expense.

Notes

46 ) In 1789-1791. VF Malinovsky was an interpreter at the Russian mission in London; in 1791 he was in Turkey. There is no information about his stay in Germany and France.

47 ) See: Malinovsky VF Selected socio-political works. M., 1958.

48 ) In 1801, VF Malinovsky was appointed consul general in Moldova and Wallachia. He stayed in Iasi for about two years and in 1802 returned to St. Petersburg. The Greek is K. K. Rodofinikin, head of the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

49 ) M[alinovsky] V. Discourse on peace and war. Parts 1 - 2. St. Petersburg, 1803. For the unpublished, third part of the treatise, see: Questions of History, 1979, No. 6, p. 32 - 46. In 1803, V. F. Malinovsky published the magazine "Autumn Evenings" (8 issues were published).

50 ) Most of the named works of the Decembrists were published in editions of the free press. The memoirs of E. P. Obolensky were published in P. V. Dolgorukov’s journal “Future” (Paris, 1861, No. 5-11), then were reprinted by N. V. Gerbel in the Complete Works of K. F. Ryleev published by him (Leipzig, 1861 ). "Memories of Ryleev" by N. A. Bestuzhev was published in the PZ for 1861 (book VI. London, 1861). Excerpts from the memoirs of I. I. Pushchin are placed in the Moscow journal "Ateney" (1859, No. 6), the full text of his "Notes" is in the PZ for 1861 (book VI. London, 1861). An excerpt from the second part of I. D. Yakushkin's "Notes" (investigation in the case of the Decembrists and the verdict) was published in the PZ for 1862 (book VII, issue I. London, 1861). Further, Rosen mentions "Analysis of the Report presented to the Russian Emperor by the Secret Commission in 1826", written at the beginning of 1839 by M. S. Lunin. Notes to this work were compiled by N. M. Muravyov. For the first time, the work of M. S. Lunin was published in P 3 for 1859 (book V. London, 1859). In the same book, an article by M. S. Lunin "A look at the secret society in Russia (1816-1826)" was published. Rosen got acquainted with the articles of M. S. Lunin through publications in P 3 a 1860 (IR L I, f. 606, d. 22, l. 121). In the “Notes of the Decembrists” published by the Free Russian Printing House of A. I. Herzen and N. P. Ogarev, the first and second parts of “Notes” by I. D. Yakushkin (issue 1. London, 1862) and “Analysis ...” were reprinted. M. S. Lunina (Issue 2-3. London, 1863). An excerpt from N.V. Basargin's Notes, dedicated to his upbringing in the School for Columnists, was published in R A, 1868, No. 4-5.

51 ) The embarrassment of VF Malinovsky is explained by the fact that he was forced to read not his own speech, rejected by the Minister of Education, but a speech composed especially for him.

Rozen A.E. Notes of the Decembrist . Irkutsk East Siberian book publishing house 1984. ss. 101-102.

Read further:

Rosen (Malinovskaya) Anna Vasilievna(1797-1883), daughter of V.F. Malinovsky.

Rozen Andrey Evgenievich, baron (1799-1884). Lieutenant L.-Gds. Finnish regiment, son-in-law V.F. Malinovsky.

Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich(1799-1837), poet, graduate of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

Compositions:

Selected socio-political works. M., 1958.

Literature:

Semevsky V.I. Reflection of VF Malinovsky on the transformation of the state structure of Russia. - "The Voice of the Past", 1915, No. 10;

Kamensky Z.A. Philosophical ideas of the Russian Enlightenment. M., 1971;

Dostyan I.S. European utopia by V.F.Malinovsky. - "Questions of History", 1979, No. 6.

Annenkov P.V. A.S. Pushkin in the Alexander era. SPb., 1874. P.31.

Lotman Yu.M. Essays on the history of Russian culture of the 18th - early 19th centuries. // From the history of Russian culture. M., 1996. T. 4.

Malinovsky V.F. About war. // Autumn evenings. 1803. No. 3. S. 22.

Northern Bulletin. 1804. Part II. S. 317.

In memory of the first director of the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, V.F. Malinovsky // Russian invalid. 1861. No. 131. June 17.

Seleznev I.Ya. Historical sketch of the Imperial, former Tsarskoye Selo, now Alexander Lyceum for its first decade, from 1811 to 1861. SPb., 1861.

Seleznev I.Ya. Historical sketch of the Imperial, former Tsarskoye Selo, now Alexander Lyceum for its first decade, from 1811 to 1861. SPb., 1861. S. 157.

A.S. Pushkin in the memoirs of his contemporaries. M., 1985.

Rozen E.A. Unpublished biography of V.D. Volkhovsky // Tynyanov Yu.N. Pushkin and his contemporaries.

Arab-Ogly E. A. An outstanding Russian educator-democrat // Questions of Philosophy. 1954. No. 2;

Dostyan I. S. The European utopia of V. F. Malinovsky // Questions of History, 1979. No. 6;

Shkurinov P. S. Philosophy of Russia in the XVIII century, M., 1992. S. 215-220.