Pronouncing dictionary. Orthoepy
Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language - a dictionary of Russian words indicating their literary pronunciation and stress. Often orthoepic dictionaries and stress dictionaries are considered equivalent. However, it is the orthoepic dictionary that reflects the correct pronunciation of some words in the Russian language, as it notes unpronounceable consonants in the root (sun, agency), pronunciation [e] instead of [e] (baby, meringue, manager), use of the letter e instead of e (scam, a not a scam; an engraver, not an engraver), endings in words (demonic, not demonic; visa, not visa), a combination of -ch- (bakery [shn]) and other norms.
List of epic dictionaries indicating the author, title and year of publication:
- Verbitskaya L.A. and others. Let's speak correctly! Difficulties of Modern Russian Pronunciation and Stress: A Brief Reference Dictionary. M., 2003.
- Gorbachevich K.S. Dictionary of difficulties in pronunciation and stress in modern Russian: 1200 words. SPb., 2000.
- Ivanova T. F., Cherkasova T. A. Russian speech on the air. Comprehensive handbook. M., 2000.
- Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / S. N. Borunova, V. L. Vorontsova, N. A. Eskova; Ed. R. I. Avanesova. M., 1983; 4th ed., ster. M., 1988; 5th ed., rev. and additional M., 1989; 8th ed., rev. and additional M., 2000.
- Kalenchuk M. L., Kasatkina R. F. Dictionary of Russian pronunciation difficulties: Ok. 15000 words. M., 1997.
- Borunova S. N. and others. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. OK. 63,500 words / Ed. R. I. Avanesova. M., 1983.
- Vorontsova V. L. Russian literary stress of the XVIII - XX centuries. Forms of inflection. M., 1979.
- Russian literary pronunciation and stress / Ed. R. I. Avanesova, S. I. Ozhegova. M., 1955; 2nd ed. M., 1960.
- Avanesov R. I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1950; 5th ed. M., 1972
- Ogienko I. I. Russian literary stress. 2nd ed. 1914.
The list of stress dictionaries is given at
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An important aspect of orthoepy is stress, that is, the sound emphasis of one of the syllables of a word. Stress in writing is usually not indicated, although in some cases (when teaching Russian to non-Russians) it is customary to put it.
Distinctive features of Russian stress are its diversity and mobility. The diversity lies in the fact that the stress in Russian can be on any syllable of the word (book, signature - on the first syllable; lantern, underground - on the second; hurricane, orthoepy - on the third, etc.). In some words, the stress is fixed on a certain syllable and does not move during the formation of grammatical forms, in others it changes its place (compare: ton - tons and wall - wall - walls and walls).
The last example demonstrates the mobility of Russian stress. This is the objective difficulty of mastering accent norms. “However,” as K.S. Gorbachevich, - if the heterogeneity and mobility of Russian stress create some difficulties in its assimilation, then these inconveniences are completely redeemed by the ability to distinguish the meaning of words using the place of stress (torment - flour, cowardly - cowardly, immersed on the platform - immersed in water) and even functional and stylistic fixation of accent options (bay leaf, but in botany: the laurel family). Particularly important in this regard is the role of stress as a way of expressing grammatical meanings and overcoming the homonymy of word forms. As established by scientists, most of the words of the Russian language (about 96%) are distinguished by a fixed stress. However, the remaining 4% are the most common words that make up the basic, frequency vocabulary of the language.
Here are some rules of orthoepy in the area of stress, which will help to prevent the corresponding errors.
Stress in adjectives
In full forms of adjectives, only a fixed stress is possible on the basis or on the ending. The variability of these two types in the same word forms is explained, as a rule, by a pragmatic factor associated with the distinction between little-used or bookish adjectives and adjectives of frequency, stylistically neutral or even reduced. In fact, little-used and bookish words are more often stressed on the basis, and frequent, stylistically neutral or lowered words are more often stressed on the ending.
The degree of mastery of the word is manifested in the variants of the place of stress: circle and circle, spare and spare, near-earth and near-earth, minus and minus, clearing and clearing. Such words are not included in the USE assignments, since both options are considered correct.
And yet, the choice of the place of stress causes difficulties most often in short forms of adjectives. Meanwhile, there is a fairly consistent norm, according to which the stressed syllable of the full form of a number of commonly used adjectives remains stressed in the short form: beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful; unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable, etc.
The number of adjectives with mobile stress in Russian is small, but they are often used in speech, and therefore the stress norms in them need comments. The stress often falls on the stem in the plural form, as well as in the singular in the masculine and neuter forms, and on the ending in the feminine form: right - right -
right - right - right; gray - gray - gray - sulfur - sulfur; slender - slender - slender - slender - slender.
Such adjectives, as a rule, have monosyllabic stems without suffixes or with the simplest suffixes (-k-, -n-). However, one way or another, it becomes necessary to refer to the orthoepic dictionary, since a number of words “knock out” of the specified norm. You can, for example, say: long and long, fresh and fresh, full and full, etc.
It should also be said about the pronunciation of adjectives in a comparative degree. There is such a norm: if the stress in the short form of the feminine gender falls on the ending, then in a comparative degree it will be on the suffix -her: strong - stronger, sick - sicker, alive - livelier, slim - slimmer, right - right; if the stress in the feminine gender is on the basis, then to a comparative extent it is preserved on the basis: beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder, nasty - more nasty. The same applies to the superlative form.
Stress in verbs
One of the most tense points of stress in common verbs is the past tense. The stress in the past tense usually falls on the same syllable as in the infinitive: sit - sat, moan - moaned, hide - hid, start - started. At the same time, the group of common verbs (about 300) obeys a different rule: the stress in the feminine form goes to the ending, and in other forms it remains on the stem. These are the verbs to take, be, take, twist, lie, drive, give, wait, live, call, lie, pour, drink, tear, etc. It is recommended to say: live - lived - lived - lived - lived; wait - waited - waited - waited - waited; pour - lil - lilo - lili - lila. Derivative verbs are pronounced in the same way (live, pick up, drink up, spill, etc.).
The exception is words with the prefix you-, which takes on the stress: survive - survived, pour out - poured out, call out - called out. For verbs to put, steal, send, send, the stress in the past tense feminine form remains on the basis: slala, sent, stlala.
And one more rule. Quite often, in reflexive verbs (in comparison with irrevocable ones), the stress in the form of the past tense passes to the ending: begin - began, began, began, began; to be accepted - to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted.
About the pronunciation of the verb to call in conjugated form. Spelling dictionaries of recent times quite rightly continue to recommend stress on the ending: you call, call, call, call, call. This tradition is based on classical literature (primarily poetry), the speech practice of authoritative native speakers.
Stress in some participles and participles
The most frequent fluctuations of stress are recorded when pronouncing short passive participles. If the stress in full form is on the suffix -ЁНН-, then it remains on it only in the masculine form, in other forms it goes to the ending: conducted - conducted, conducted, conducted, conducted; imported - imported, imported, imported, imported. However, it is sometimes difficult for native speakers to choose the right place of stress in the full form. They say: “imported” instead of imported, “translated” instead of translated, etc. In such cases, it is worth referring to the dictionary more often, gradually practicing the correct pronunciation.
A few remarks about the pronunciation of full participles with the suffix -T-. If the suffixes of an indefinite form -o-, -nu- are stressed, then in participles it will go one syllable forward: weed - weeded, pricked - pricked, bent - bent, wrapped - wrapped.
Passive participles from the verbs pour and drink (with the suffix -t-) are characterized by unstable stress. You can say: spilled and spilled, spilled and spilled, spilled (only!), spilled and spilled, spilled and spilled; drunk and finished, finished and finished, finished and finished, finished and finished, finished and finished.
The participles often have an accent on the same syllable as in the indefinite form of the corresponding verb: having put, having asked, having filled, having taken, having taken, having exhausted (DO NOT: have exhausted), having begun, having raised, having lived, watering, having put, having understood, having given, having undertaken, having arrived, having accepted, having sold, having cursed, having spilled, having penetrated, having drunk, having created.
Stress in adverbs should mainly be studied by memorizing and referring to the orthoepic dictionary.
Nouns
airports, fixed stress on the 4th syllable
bows, fixed stress on the 1st syllable beard, vin.p., only in this form singular. stress on the 1st syllable of accountants, genus. p.m. h, motionless stress on the 2nd syllable religion, from faith to confess citizenship
hyphen, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
dispensary, the word came from English. lang. through
through French, where the blow. always on
last syllable
agreement
document
blinds, from French lang., where is the blow. always on the last syllable
significance, from adj. significant
X, im.p. pl., motionless stress
catalog, in the same row with the words dialogue,
monologue, obituary, etc.
quarter, from it. lang., where the accent is on the 2nd
kilometer, in the same row with the words centimeter, decimeter, millimeter. cones, cones, motionless. stress on the 1st syllable in all cases in units. and many others. h. self-interest
cranes, fixed stress on the 1st syllable flint, flint, blow. in all forms on the last syllable, as in the word fire lecturers, lecturers, see the word bow (s) ski
localities, genus p.pl., on a par with the word form of honors, jaws., but news
garbage chute, in the same row with the words
gas pipeline, oil pipeline, water pipeline
intention
obituary, see the catalog of hatred
news, news, but: see localities nail, nail, motionless. stress in all forms of unit. h.
Adolescence, from Youth-teenager
parter, from French. lang., where is the blow. always on
last syllable
briefcase
dowry
call, in the same row with the words call, recall (ambassador), convene, but: Review (for publication) beets
orphans, im.p.pl., stress in all forms
plural only on the 2nd syllable
funds, im.p.pl.
convocation, see call
carpenter, on a par with the words painter,
doYar, shkolYar.
cakes, cakes
scarves, see bows
chauffeur, on a par with the words kioskёr, controller.
expert, from the French. lang., where the stress is always on the last syllable
pamper, in the same row with the words call-call-call
indulge, spoil, spoil., ease-make it easier
but: the minion of fate pour over, pour over
|
take-took take-take take-took take-took turn on, turn on turn on, turn on join-merged break in-break in perceive-perceived recreate-recreated hand over - hand over drive-driven chasing-chasing get-dobrala get-got wait-wait call - call get through dose wait-waited live-lived cork up occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied lock-locked |
hug-hugged overtake-overtaken rip-off encourage cheer up - cheer up exacerbate borrow-borrow embitter surround-surround seal, in the same row with the words form, normalize, sort, reward. vulgarize inquire - inquire depart-departed give-gave turn-off withdraw-revoked responded-responded call back - call back transfuse-transferred fruit repeat-repeat call-called |
lock up-locked up (with a key, with a lock and call-call-call
|
call-called call, call, call, exhaust lay-lay sneak - sneak lie-lie pour-lila pour-poured lie-lied endow-endowit overstrained-overstrained name-named bank-roll pour-poured narwhal-narwhala litter-litter start-started, started, started |
pour-watered put-put understand-understood send-sent arrive-arrived-arrived-arrived accept-accepted-accepted-accepted force tear-torn drill-drill-drill take off-taken off create-created pluck-plucked litter-litter remove-remove speed up deepen strengthen-strengthen pinch-pinch |
Communions
pampered
enabled-enabled, see relegated
delivered
folded
busy-busy
locked-locked
inhabited-inhabited
spoiled, see spoiled
feeding
bleeding
amassed
acquired-acquired
poured-poured
hired
started
relegated-reduced, see included
encouraged-encouraged-encouraged
aggravated
disabled
defined-defined
disabled
repeated
divided
understood
adopted
tamed
lived
removed-removed
bent
clogged
starting at the right time until white to the top to the bottom to the bottom to dry enviably, in the meaning of the predicate
Participles
having given having raised
having understood arrived Adverbs
ahead of time, colloquial
before dark
prettier, adj. and adv. in comp.
An important aspect of orthoepy is stress, that is, the sound emphasis of one of the syllables of a word. Stress in writing is usually not indicated, although in some cases (when teaching Russian to non-Russians) it is customary to put it.
Distinctive features of Russian stress are its diversity and mobility. The diversity lies in the fact that the stress in Russian can be on any syllable of the word (book, signature - on the first syllable; lantern, underground - on the second; hurricane, orthoepy - on the third, etc.). In some words, the stress is fixed on a certain syllable and does not move during the formation of grammatical forms, in others it changes its place (compare: ton - tons and wall - wall - walls and walls).
The last example demonstrates the mobility of Russian stress. This is the objective difficulty of mastering accent norms. “However,” as K.S. Gorbachevich, - if the heterogeneity and mobility of Russian stress create some difficulties in its assimilation, then these inconveniences are completely redeemed by the ability to distinguish the meaning of words using the place of stress (torment - flour, cowardly - cowardly, immersed on the platform - immersed in water) and even functional and stylistic fixation of accent options (bay leaf, but in botany: the laurel family). Particularly important in this regard is the role of stress as a way of expressing grammatical meanings and overcoming the homonymy of word forms. As established by scientists, most of the words of the Russian language (about 96%) are distinguished by a fixed stress. However, the remaining 4% are the most common words that make up the basic, frequency vocabulary of the language.
Here are some rules of orthoepy in the area of stress, which will help to prevent the corresponding errors.
Stress in adjectives
In full forms of adjectives, only a fixed stress is possible on the basis or on the ending. The variability of these two types in the same word forms is explained, as a rule, by a pragmatic factor associated with the distinction between little-used or bookish adjectives and adjectives of frequency, stylistically neutral or even reduced. In fact, little-used and bookish words are more often stressed on the basis, and frequent, stylistically neutral or lowered words are more often stressed on the ending.
The degree of mastery of the word is manifested in the variants of the place of stress: circle and circle, spare and spare, near-earth and near-earth, minus and minus, clearing and clearing. Such words are not included in the USE assignments, since both options are considered correct.
And yet, the choice of the place of stress causes difficulties most often in short forms of adjectives. Meanwhile, there is a fairly consistent norm, according to which the stressed syllable of the full form of a number of commonly used adjectives remains stressed in the short form: beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful; unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable, etc.
The number of adjectives with mobile stress in Russian is small, but they are often used in speech, and therefore the stress norms in them need comments. The stress often falls on the stem in the plural form, as well as in the singular in the masculine and neuter forms, and on the ending in the feminine form: right - right -
right - right - right; gray - gray - gray - sulfur - sulfur; slender - slender - slender - slender - slender.
Such adjectives, as a rule, have monosyllabic stems without suffixes or with the simplest suffixes (-k-, -n-). However, one way or another, it becomes necessary to refer to the orthoepic dictionary, since a number of words “knock out” of the specified norm. You can, for example, say: long and long, fresh and fresh, full and full, etc.
It should also be said about the pronunciation of adjectives in a comparative degree. There is such a norm: if the stress in the short form of the feminine gender falls on the ending, then in a comparative degree it will be on the suffix -her: strong - stronger, sick - sicker, alive - livelier, slim - slimmer, right - right; if the stress in the feminine gender is on the basis, then to a comparative extent it is preserved on the basis: beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder, nasty - more nasty. The same applies to the superlative form.
Stress in verbs
One of the most tense points of stress in common verbs is the past tense. The stress in the past tense usually falls on the same syllable as in the infinitive: sit - sat, moan - moaned, hide - hid, start - started. At the same time, the group of common verbs (about 300) obeys a different rule: the stress in the feminine form goes to the ending, and in other forms it remains on the stem. These are the verbs to take, be, take, twist, lie, drive, give, wait, live, call, lie, pour, drink, tear, etc. It is recommended to say: live - lived - lived - lived - lived; wait - waited - waited - waited - waited; pour - lil - lilo - lili - lila. Derivative verbs are pronounced in the same way (live, pick up, drink up, spill, etc.).
The exception is words with the prefix you-, which takes on the stress: survive - survived, pour out - poured out, call out - called out. For verbs to put, steal, send, send, the stress in the past tense feminine form remains on the basis: slala, sent, stlala.
And one more rule. Quite often, in reflexive verbs (in comparison with irrevocable ones), the stress in the form of the past tense passes to the ending: begin - began, began, began, began; to be accepted - to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted.
About the pronunciation of the verb to call in conjugated form. Spelling dictionaries of recent times quite rightly continue to recommend stress on the ending: you call, call, call, call, call. This tradition is based on classical literature (primarily poetry), the speech practice of authoritative native speakers.
Stress in some participles and participles
The most frequent fluctuations of stress are recorded when pronouncing short passive participles. If the stress in full form is on the suffix -ЁНН-, then it remains on it only in the masculine form, in other forms it goes to the ending: conducted - conducted, conducted, conducted, conducted; imported - imported, imported, imported, imported. However, it is sometimes difficult for native speakers to choose the right place of stress in the full form. They say: “imported” instead of imported, “translated” instead of translated, etc. In such cases, it is worth referring to the dictionary more often, gradually practicing the correct pronunciation.
A few remarks about the pronunciation of full participles with the suffix -T-. If the suffixes of an indefinite form -o-, -nu- are stressed, then in participles it will go one syllable forward: weed - weeded, pricked - pricked, bent - bent, wrapped - wrapped.
Passive participles from the verbs pour and drink (with the suffix -t-) are characterized by unstable stress. You can say: spilled and spilled, spilled and spilled, spilled (only!), spilled and spilled, spilled and spilled; drunk and finished, finished and finished, finished and finished, finished and finished, finished and finished.
The participles often have an accent on the same syllable as in the indefinite form of the corresponding verb: having put, having asked, having filled, having taken, having taken, having exhausted (DO NOT: have exhausted), having begun, having raised, having lived, watering, having put, having understood, having given, having undertaken, having arrived, having accepted, having sold, having cursed, having spilled, having penetrated, having drunk, having created.
Stress in adverbs should mainly be studied by memorizing and referring to the orthoepic dictionary.
Nouns
airports, fixed stress on the 4th syllable
bows, fixed stress on the 1st syllable beard, vin.p., only in this form singular. stress on the 1st syllable of accountants, genus. p.m. h, motionless stress on the 2nd syllable religion, from faith to confess citizenship
hyphen, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
dispensary, the word came from English. lang. through
through French, where the blow. always on
last syllable
agreement
document
blinds, from French lang., where is the blow. always on the last syllable
significance, from adj. significant
X, im.p. pl., motionless stress
catalog, in the same row with the words dialogue,
monologue, obituary, etc.
quarter, from it. lang., where the accent is on the 2nd
kilometer, in the same row with the words centimeter, decimeter, millimeter. cones, cones, motionless. stress on the 1st syllable in all cases in units. and many others. h. self-interest
cranes, fixed stress on the 1st syllable flint, flint, blow. in all forms on the last syllable, as in the word fire lecturers, lecturers, see the word bow (s) ski
localities, genus p.pl., on a par with the word form of honors, jaws., but news
garbage chute, in the same row with the words
gas pipeline, oil pipeline, water pipeline
intention
obituary, see the catalog of hatred
news, news, but: see localities nail, nail, motionless. stress in all forms of unit. h.
Adolescence, from Youth-teenager
parter, from French. lang., where is the blow. always on
last syllable
briefcase
dowry
call, in the same row with the words call, recall (ambassador), convene, but: Review (for publication) beets
orphans, im.p.pl., stress in all forms
plural only on the 2nd syllable
funds, im.p.pl.
convocation, see call
carpenter, on a par with the words painter,
doYar, shkolYar.
cakes, cakes
scarves, see bows
chauffeur, on a par with the words kioskёr, controller.
expert, from the French. lang., where the stress is always on the last syllable
pamper, in the same row with the words call-call-call
indulge, spoil, spoil., ease-make it easier
but: the minion of fate pour over, pour over
|
take-took take-take take-took take-took turn on, turn on turn on, turn on join-merged break in-break in perceive-perceived recreate-recreated hand over - hand over drive-driven chasing-chasing get-dobrala get-got wait-wait call - call get through dose wait-waited live-lived cork up occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied lock-locked |
hug-hugged overtake-overtaken rip-off encourage cheer up - cheer up exacerbate borrow-borrow embitter surround-surround seal, in the same row with the words form, normalize, sort, reward. vulgarize inquire - inquire depart-departed give-gave turn-off withdraw-revoked responded-responded call back - call back transfuse-transferred fruit repeat-repeat call-called |
lock up-locked up (with a key, with a lock and call-call-call
|
call-called call, call, call, exhaust lay-lay sneak - sneak lie-lie pour-lila pour-poured lie-lied endow-endowit overstrained-overstrained name-named bank-roll pour-poured narwhal-narwhala litter-litter start-started, started, started |
pour-watered put-put understand-understood send-sent arrive-arrived-arrived-arrived accept-accepted-accepted-accepted force tear-torn drill-drill-drill take off-taken off create-created pluck-plucked litter-litter remove-remove speed up deepen strengthen-strengthen pinch-pinch |
Communions
pampered
enabled-enabled, see relegated
delivered
folded
busy-busy
locked-locked
inhabited-inhabited
spoiled, see spoiled
feeding
bleeding
amassed
acquired-acquired
poured-poured
hired
started
relegated-reduced, see included
encouraged-encouraged-encouraged
aggravated
disabled
defined-defined
disabled
repeated
divided
understood
adopted
tamed
lived
removed-removed
bent
clogged
starting at the right time until white to the top to the bottom to the bottom to dry enviably, in the meaning of the predicate
Participles
having given having raised
having understood arrived Adverbs
ahead of time, colloquial
before dark
prettier, adj. and adv. in comp.