The history of the development of Soviet tank building began back in the 20s of the last century and had a number of key features that set it apart from other powers. At first, these were machines completely made on the basis of the developments of foreign designers, but closer to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War (WWII), original and interesting machines began to appear.

Such as T-35, T-28, light T-26. The next round of development was the tank presented by Koshkin - A-32. Subsequently, this armored vehicle received an index - T-34. You can not mention the military glory of this tank, it is already well known to everyone.

But the Soviet army needed not only medium and maneuverable vehicles, but the means to break through the enemy's echeloned defenses. In 1939, the no less legendary tank, the KV-1, was put into service.

The legendary Soviet tank T-34

At the beginning of the Second World War, the tank forces of the USSR already had a considerable number of modern combat vehicles of this class, but the swiftness of the German strike did not allow them to fully reveal their full potential. However, Soviet tanks performed well on the battlefields.

Booking even medium-sized T-34s made it possible to withstand the impact of shells from cannons used by the enemy. To destroy the KV, it was often necessary to pull up units equipped with 88-mm anti-aircraft guns. Others just didn't.

The KV did not receive its development in the future; the IS breakthrough tank came in its place. The first models of this apparatus had an 85-mm gun, which was also installed on the T-34-85, and did not have a sufficient high-explosive effect of the projectile. In a hurry, these tanks began to be equipped with D-25t guns, which had a caliber of 122 mm.

Tank during the war (photo)

T-34/85 and IS-2 became the main tanks at the final stage of this terrible war. They can be seen on pedestals in every city in Russia and neighboring countries.

When the war was still going on, the next generation of medium tanks were transferred to field tests. They had a name - T-44.

The main difference between the T-44 and the T-34 was improved armor

The main difference from the T-34 was improved armor, downsizing, a different engine layout, the use of a torsion bar suspension, and the colossal experience of combat operations accumulated over the long years of the conflict was taken into account. Subsequently, these developments were already used in other, later T-54 and T-62 machines.

The IS line has also received its development. The last developed model was called the IS-8 (later, after the death of Stalin, renamed the T-10). The tank had excellent armor, high mobility, and a 122 mm gun. The tower housed the most modern means of fire control.

The end of the era of medium and heavy tanks was put by the cumulative ammunition developed during the war and the general development in the field of means of combating armored vehicles.

Building up armor using only metal was impractical. The weight and dimensions increased, maneuverability and transportation capabilities decreased.

In Germany, they even abandoned anti-ballistic armor on tanks of the Leopard line, putting everything on high dynamic performance and SLA. For further development, a breakthrough was required, a new idea and concept of protection.

In the Soviet Union, the T-64 tank, developed and embodied in metal on the territory of the Kharkov plant, became such a miracle.

Between the two layers of tank steel there was an interlayer that extinguished the cumulative jet. This not only increased security, but also reduced the weight of the T 90 tank.

On the T-64, a multi-layer booking principle was applied.

Combined booking was not the only breakthrough feature of this car. In the course of the design work, it was decided to abandon the infecting gun and use a carousel-type automatic loader capable of reloading in range conditions in 8 seconds to feed the gun.

There were also interesting innovations, but the article is about the T-90, and not about the T-64. It is only worth noting that it was no longer a medium tank, but an MBT (General Battle Tank).

Tank T-64, the predecessor of the T-90

Later, in addition to the T-64, such vehicles as the T-72 and T-80 became in service with the Soviet Union. All of them had their own characteristics and purposes of application. By the beginning of the 90s, the USSR came with three MBTs, which were produced at different factories and had almost no unified units.

The history of the creation of the T-90 tank

In the mid-80s, serial production of the T-72B tank began at the Tagil plant. The combat vehicle turned out to be not very modern. One of the main drawbacks was the SLA, which was worse than on the tanks of the NATO countries and more advanced Soviet tanks, like the T-80.

T-72s were the "workhorses" of the tank forces.

It is worth noting, however, that the T-72s were the "workhorses" of the tank forces and, first of all, they were planned as a cheap way to crush the enemy, regardless of losses in equipment.

Tank T-80, another example of domestic tank building

After the start of production of the T-72B, the management immediately issued an order to carry out a deep modernization of the machines of this line. To increase firepower, a fire control system 1A45 "Irtysh" was installed. Prior to that, it was used only on T-80 tanks.

As a means of countering enemy ATGMs, they installed KOEP (Optical-electronic suppression complex) "Shtora", which gave the tanks equipped with it an infernal look.

Vladimir Potkin. Chief Designer T-90

In 1989, numerous field tests began. They were held throughout the USSR. The tank was subjected to the most severe test in Central Asia. Sand, mud and heat are some of the most dangerous opponents for vehicles.

All tests were completed in 1992. Almost immediately, the production of the machine began, which was given the name - T-90. This tank also has another name - "Vladimir". In honor of the chief designer Vladimir Potkin, who tragically died of a heart attack in 1989.

Since 2011, tanks of this series have ceased to be purchased by the armed forces of the Russian Federation.

Description TTX T-90

The tank is not unique in its design and location of internal components. The internal space is conditionally divided into three compartments.

In the rear of the case is the MTO (Engine-transmission compartment). In the middle is the fighting compartment with seats for the tank commander and gunner located in it. The first is to the left, the second is to the right of the gun.

In front of the machine is the control compartment. There are the controls of the armored vehicle and the place of the driver.

Security

The entire tank is made of armor based on composite materials. Armor plates are connected by welding. The front frontal part is made according to the principle of a sandwich and consists of several layers.

For additional protection, dynamic protection is fixed on the outside of the case. In the latest modifications, this is the "Relic". The installation of "Curtains-1" is envisaged. There is a system for setting a smoke screen.

Armament and SLA

A 125-mm smoothbore gun is installed in front of the tower, capable of hitting targets at a distance of up to 5 km. To increase the efficiency of firing, the installation of a modern Kalina fire control system is provided.

There is a two-plane stabilizer that allows, without reducing the speed of the tank, to hit targets. At night or in conditions of low visibility, thermal imagers are used.

The ammunition rack is located in the central part of the tank. Some shells are stored in the automatic loader and are ready for immediate use, the rest are in niches. The total number of shots is 43.

Ammunition includes: sub-caliber, high-explosive fragmentation, caliber shells. Separately, there are controlled analogues. By right, they can be called a feature of the Soviet and Russian tank building. In the West, such systems appeared only in the 90s.

A 7.62-mm PKT machine gun is located in a pair with a cannon. Its ammunition capacity is designed for 2,000 rounds. For anti-aircraft fire, a large-caliber 12.7-mm machine gun "Utes" or "Kord » . They can be remotely controlled without leaving the fighting compartment.

Mobility

On the first versions of the T-90, a four-stroke diesel engine with 12 cylinders was installed. Its power did not exceed 840 hp. Subsequently, on later modifications, a new power plant was installed, which has a turbocharger and boosted to 1000 hp.

For its characteristics, the T-90 was nicknamed the "Flying Tank".

The dynamics of the tank is at an acceptable level, and its weight and acceleration speed have become the reason for giving it the nickname - "Flying Tank". The maximum fuel consumption of the T-90 tank was 450 liters for every 100 kilometers off-road. The suspension of the T-90 is almost completely similar to the T-72 tank, but has a lower weight.

Prospects for modernization

At its core, the T-90 tank is already a modernization of the T-72. Yes, they changed the SLA on it, put a different engine, changed the gun and hung modern dynamic protection. But the base remained the same and the same T-72B3s are not much worse than the latest T 90 variants, whose fuel consumption was much higher. Modernization has reached its climax and hit the ceiling. This does not allow us to count on further work in this direction.

It is because of this impasse that the T-14 Armata is now being actively tested. It can be called a new round of domestic tank building. The crew in an armored capsule, a decent FCS, a high-powered engine - all this allows us to call this platform the tank of the future. Only one fact spoils the picture: all these developments were already partially used in the USSR.

Tactical and technical characteristics (TTX) of the T-90 tank

Wikipedia about the T-90 indicates the following characteristics.

Dimensions and weight:

Tank T-90 - technical characteristics of mobility:

Armament:

T-90 - security characteristics:

Positive and negative qualities

• high mobility;
• reliable engine and chassis;
• small dimensions (a controversial plus, modern guidance tools level it.);
• the ability to fire ATGMs from a gun;
• acceptable level of security.

• low reverse speed;
• the crew of the T 90 tank consists of three people, located close to the ammunition and fuel tanks;
• the first T-90s were equipped with outdated SLAs.

Modifications

	T-90S	Export version
	T-90SK	Commander's version of the T-90s
	T-90K	Commander's version of the linear T-90
	T 90 A	Upgraded version of the standard tank. Features a welded turret, new AZ and power plant
	T-90AK	Commander's version of the T-90A
	T-90AS	Export version of the T-90A
	T-90AKS	Commander's variant of the previous car
	T-90AM	The latest modification of the T-90 (export version t 90). Its distinctive features are described in the article.

Video about T-90

Russian main battle tank. It was designed in the late 1980s - early 1990s as a deep modernization of the T-72B tank under the name "T-72B improved", but in 1992 it entered service under the T-90 index. After the death of Vladimir Ivanovich Potkin, the chief designer of the tank, the T-90 was given the name "Vladimir" by the decision of the government of the Russian Federation.

Between 2001 and 2010 T-90 became the best-selling in the world tank market.

Since the end of 2011, the purchase of T-90 tanks for the Russian Armed Forces has been stopped.

09/09/2011, at the NTIIM training ground in the city of Nizhny Tagil, as part of the VIII international arms exhibition REA-2011, the T-90SM, a new version of the T-90 tank for export, was first publicly shown.

History of creation and production

The T-90 is a deep modernization of the T-72B, designed in Nizhny Tagil "UKBTM" in 1989 under the leadership of chief engineer Vladimir Potkin as "Improved T-72B" (factory name "Object 188"). In 1989, the tank was sent to the GSI, which were successful.

"Object 188" was created in parallel with a more advanced experimental tank called Object 187 in order to bring the T-72B tank to the level of T-80UUD. The armor of the T-72B of later series corresponded to this level, but the lack of an automated fire control system was a big drawback. The very simple and reliable sighting system 1A40-1 no longer met modern requirements for tanks. To increase the firepower of the tank, it was planned to install a new FCS on it (a fire control system is an automated system that combines a set of sensors and technical means. It provides search, detection and identification of targets; preparation of weapons for firing, their guidance and solving the problem of hitting a target). The solution was the installation of the 1A45 Irtysh fire control complex, worked out on T-80U (UD) tanks. It was modified to function in conjunction with the automatic loader of the T-72 tank. The modified complex was named 1A45T.

At the beginning of 1989, the Object 188 tank was sent for state testing. Tests showed a fairly high reliability of the new tank. On March 27, 1991, by a joint decision of the Ministry of Defense and the defense industry, the tank was recommended for adoption by the USSR Armed Forces. The development of the "Object 187" had to be stopped. But the subsequent period in the life of the country and the conclusions made upon receipt of the results of the combat use of T-72 tanks in Operation Desert Storm did not make it possible to make a final decision. In addition, in December 1991, the USSR ceased to exist.

The UVZ design bureau decided to increase the effectiveness of the protection of Object 188. The machine was equipped with the Shtora-1 TShU-1 optoelectronic suppression complex, and then additional tests were carried out. On September 30, 1992, the first "Object 188" of the installation series entered the run tests, and on October 5, 1992, the Government of the Russian Federation issued a decree No. By order of the President of the Russian Federation, the tank was given the name - T-90.

Mass production tank started in 1992. In 1992-1998 About 120 T-90s were produced for the Russian Armed Forces. Due to a decrease in funding for the armed forces, the production of tanks was suspended and resumed only in 2001 after the signing of an export contract with India on February 18, 2001. The first 40 T-90S were sent to India in 2001 and 84 T-90S in 2002, allowing the buyer to fully form four tank battalions.

In 2004-2006, the tank was thoroughly modernized and its production for the Russian Armed Forces was resumed under the T-90A index. 32 T-90A tanks (model 2004) and 337 T-90A tanks (model 2006) were produced, as well as more than 50 T-90AK from 2004 to 2011. In 2005, the T-90A was officially adopted by the Russian Armed Forces.

The T-90A, a modernized version of the T-90 (originally "object 188A1"), which entered production in 2004, has a number of important improvements:

As a night sight, a thermal imager "Buran-M" was installed on the modification of 2004, then on the modification of 2006 they began to install a more modern thermal imager of the second generation "ESSA" with a "Catherine FC" matrix, stabilized in two planes, integrated with the main sight and its rangefinder channel, this made it possible to increase the range of night vision from 1800 to 4000 m;
- the former cast turret was replaced with a reinforced welded turret with frontal parts up to 950 mm in size, which significantly increased its resistance against BOPS / KS;
-instead of the 840-horsepower engine, a 1000-horsepower V-92S2 diesel engine was installed. It also provided for the possibility of installing a 1200-horsepower V-99 diesel engine on the tank;
- the gun stabilizer was replaced, which doubled the aiming speed and improved the accuracy of firing on the move.
According to official data, as of the beginning of 2012, the total production of the T-90 and its modifications for the Russian Armed Forces amounted to about 500 tanks: approximately 120 T-90, 32 T-90A (including 7 pieces of the AK modification) with a night gunner's sight "Buran-M" and approximately 337 T-90A (including 30-40 pieces of the AK modification) with an Essa thermal imager with a Catherine FC matrix.

According to them, as of 2012, the total production of the T-90 and its modifications amounted to at least 1335 tanks (not including those made under license in India):

T-90 modification of 1992 (object 188) - about 120 tanks;
-T-90S "Bhishma" modification of 2001 (object 188C) - 657 (310 + 347) tanks. In 2006, the Indian government also awarded a $2.5 billion contract for the licensed production of 1,000 T-90 Bhishma tanks at the state-owned HVF (Heavy Vehicles Factory) in Avadi, Tamil Nadu. In 2009, the Indian Armed Forces received the first 10 of the planned 1000 locally produced T-90S.
-T-90CA modification of 2006 (object 188CA) - 189 tanks;
-T-90A modification of 2004 (object 188A1) - 32 tanks with a gunner's night sight "Buran-M";
-T-90A modification of 2006 (object 188A1) - 217 (+120 until 2011) tanks with an Essa thermal imager with a Catherine FC matrix.

Design description

The T-90 has a classic layout, with the control compartment located in the frontal part, the fighting compartment - in the middle and the engine-transmission compartment - in the aft part. The crew of the T-90 consists of three people - the driver, located along the longitudinal axis of the tank in the control compartment and the gunner with the commander, located in the tower to the left and right of the gun, respectively.

On the T-90 of the initial series ("Object 188"), in addition to the 1A45T control system, unified with the T-80, the Shtora-1 optoelectronic suppression complex was equipped, providing the tank with protection from the most common guided anti-tank weapons, such as ATGMs with command semi-automatic guidance systems such as "TOW", "Hot", "Milan", "Dragon" and weapons with laser homing heads such as "Maverick", "Hellfire", "Copperhead" by creating active interference with their guidance. 2 searchlights ТШУ-1-7/7М for interference in the IR range, sights and GOS.

Firepower

Fire control system and sighting devices

T-90
The T-90 SLA showed the following live firing capabilities. Heavily armored targets at a distance of up to 5 km, the T-90 tank hits on the move (up to 30 km/h) with a fairly high probability of hitting the first shot. During the GSI (state tests), 24 missile launches were made at ranges of 4-5 km, and they all hit the target (all missile launches were carried out by inexperienced specialists), an experienced gunner, moving at a speed of 25 km / h, hit 7 real armored targets located with shells at ranges of 1500-2500. In similar conditions, the Leopard hit 1, Abrams 2 targets less. On tests in India, he demonstrated the ability to see the target at night in difficult climatic conditions at a distance of up to 3000 meters.

Firing from the main and auxiliary weapons of the T-90A is carried out by the 1A42 fire control complex, consisting of the 1G46 rangefinder sight, the commander's sighting and observation complex T01-K04 and the rear-view television system.

The main means of aiming at the target of the gun and the coaxial machine gun is the 1A43 gunner's information-computing day complex, which is part of the fire control system. It, in turn, consists of a 1G46 guidance device, a 1V528-1 ballistic computer and a set of automatic sensors that determine the firing conditions.

The 1G46 sighting and rangefinder guidance device is designed directly for aiming a weapon at a target and combines a periscope sight with a continuously adjustable magnification within 2.7-12X, a laser rangefinder that determines the range in the range of 400-5000 m, a system for their stabilization in two planes and guided missile guidance system. The 1V528-1 electronic tank ballistic computer automatically calculates the required barrel elevation angle and horizontal lead when firing at a moving target, adjusts these parameters taking into account the meteorological conditions determined by a set of sensors, and automatically aims the weapon in accordance with these data. In addition, as on other Soviet tanks, the T-90A gun is equipped with a side level and an azimuth indicator for firing semi-direct fire and from closed positions.

The tank commander has a T01-K04 sighting and observation system, which provides firing from an anti-aircraft machine gun mount, and also, in a duplicated mode, from the main armament. The complex includes an electron-optical day / night periscope observation device PK-5, stabilized in two planes. The daytime channel of the observation device provides an increase of up to 8X, the night channel - up to 5.2X. At night, the device operates in passive mode, at a distance of up to 1000 m, due to increased natural light, or in active mode, at a distance of up to 5000 m, by illuminating the target with an infrared searchlight OTSHU-1-7. In addition, a PZU-7 monocular telescopic optical sight is used to aim the anti-aircraft machine gun mount.

For shooting at night, the T-90A is equipped with a Buran-M or ESSA TVP night complex, which allows you to recognize targets 2.3x2.3 m in size at night. The complex consists of a thermal imaging camera stabilized in two planes, with the help of which both the gunner and the commander can monitor the area from individual screens, as well as control weapons using a standard fire control system.

Sighting system: 1) The gunner's main sight is multi-channel with sighting and thermal imaging channels, a laser rangefinder, a built-in laser control channel, an increase in the sighting channel, magnification 4-12. Target recognition range of the "tank" type, meters: through the sighting channel up to 5000, through the thermal imaging channel at least 3500 2) Commander's sight - combined panoramic with television and thermal imaging channels, laser rangefinder channel up to 5000, at night through the thermal imaging channel at least 3500

Ballistic computer with a set of sensors for meteorological and topographic conditions and a sensor for accounting for the bend of the barrel. The ability to automatically track targets is provided independently for the gunner and commander with the implementation of the “hunter-shooter” mode. The speed of the turret transfer horizontally, deg / s, is not less than 40. Rear-view camera (version after 2011).

T90MS
The SLA allows the crew to hit moving targets, including when the tank itself is in motion, with a high probability of hitting the target from the first shot in almost any weather conditions. The gun provides at least 15% more accuracy. Equipped with a combat control system and a navigation system that can be integrated down to the division level. 4 TV cameras provide an almost circular view, transmitting images to the commander's and gunner's monitors. Each camera has a field of view of 95 degrees in azimuth and 40 degrees in elevation.

smoothbore gun

The main armament of the T-90A(SM) is a 125-mm 2A46M-5 smoothbore gun, mounted in a trunnion-coupled installation with a machine gun in the frontal part of the turret and stabilized in two planes by the 2E42-4 Jasmine system. The new 2A46M-5 gun reduces dispersion by 15%. Unlike the 2A46M, the barrel is chrome-plated, equipped with an ejector, a thermal protective cover and a system for accounting for the thermal bending of the gun barrel, which allows you to check the aiming line without leaving the tank. The barrel length of the gun is 48 calibers. The gun is equipped with an automatic loader and is capable of firing ATGMs. The T-90 automatic loader, located on the rotating floor of the tower, is an electromechanical, carousel type, similar to that installed on the T-72, but with an automatic control system from the commander's seat. The rate of fire of the T-90A (SA) is 8 shots in 56 seconds when the automatic loader is in operation, the loading time of one AZ shot is 7 seconds.

The ammunition load of the T-90A (CA) gun consists of 42 (43, 40 on other modifications) shots of separate-sleeve loading, of which 22 are in the automatic loader, and another 20 are in stowage in the hull and turret of the tank and can be manually moved by the crew into the automatic loader as the ammunition in it is spent, or directly loaded into the gun. The T-90 can fire a wide range of four types of ammunition - armor-piercing sub-caliber 3BM42, 3BM46, 3BM42M (partially) cumulative ZBK29 (M), high-explosive fragmentation projectiles ZOF26 with the Ainet remote detonation system, with a 3VM-12 electronic fuse that provides detonation OFS at a given point of the trajectory, this increases the efficiency of firing at hovering helicopters and manpower in the trenches, guided by missiles, which can be laid in the ammunition load in any ratio.

Russian BOPS from the T-90 ammunition are somewhat inferior in armor penetration to their American counterparts, but surpass them in speed. For example, the armor penetration of ZBM-42M from the T-90A ammunition load is estimated at 650-700 mm KGS, and 3BM-46 650 mm (distance 2000 m), while the American M829A2 BOPS from the M1A2SEP ammunition load penetrates 710 at the same distance (750 according to analytical data) mm KGS (rolled homogeneous steel).

Guided weapons complex

In addition to traditional artillery weapons, the T-90 has the ability to fire the Invar-M ATGM. Missiles are launched using the main gun of the tank, missiles are guided by a laser beam in a semi-automatic mode. The T-90 guided weapon system allows firing, with a probability of hitting close to one, at stationary or moving targets at a speed of up to 70 km / h at a distance of 100 to 5000 m, from a standstill and on the move at a speed of up to 30 km / h . This provides him with a greater effective range of hitting a target than tanks equipped only with artillery weapons, for which, even with the most modern aiming means, effective shooting at targets of the "tank" type at a distance of more than 2500 m is already quite seriously difficult.

The guided weapons complex consists of a laser control channel with a ballistic computer, an automation unit and guided missile firing for a tank gun. Guided missile rounds, grade 3UBK14 or 3UBK20, have the same dimensions as standard 125 mm artillery rounds and consist of a solid propellant rocket and a reduced propellant charge necessary to give the initial speed to the rocket, as well as to ensure the recoil of the gun and opening its shutter after shot.

Auxiliary armament

The auxiliary armament of the T-90 consists of a coaxial machine gun, an anti-aircraft machine gun mount and the crew's personal weapons. A 7.62-mm PKT or PKTM machine gun is installed in a coaxial installation with a gun. The machine gun ammunition consists of 2000 rounds in eight belts of 250 pieces, the combat rate of fire is about 250 rounds per minute.

The anti-aircraft machine gun mount is mounted on the roof of the tower on the commander's cupola and is a remotely guided autonomous 12.7-mm machine gun, NSVT "Cliff" on tanks of the first releases or 6P49 "Kord" - on later vehicles. Guidance of the machine gun in the horizontal and vertical plane is carried out using an electromechanical drive. The ammunition load of the machine gun is 300 rounds in two belts of 150 pieces.

Security and survivability

Ballistic protection

The T-90 is equipped with sharply differentiated anti-ballistic armor protection. The armored body of the T-90 is welded, the turret is cast on the T-90 and welded on the T-90CA and T-90A.

The main body material is armored steel; the upper frontal plate of the hull, as well as the frontal part of the tower within the heading angles + ... -35 degrees. made of composite armor. Partially, the sides and roof of the turret and side armor plates of the hull also have a multilayer structure. The armor of the T-90S/A is made of steel armor of medium hardness, which quite significantly (by 10-15%) exceeds the cast armor of medium hardness that was used earlier in terms of projectile resistance.

The shape of the armored hull of the T-90 and its layout have not changed compared to the T-72, although the security of the new tank has increased significantly compared to its predecessor, due to the use of more modern composite armor. The T-90 hull is box-shaped, with a wedge-shaped nose with a standard for main Soviet battle tanks angle of inclination to the vertical of the upper frontal plate - 68 degrees. The sides of the hull are vertical, their upper part consists of armor plates, while the lower part is formed by the edges of the bottom. The stern of the hull has a reverse slope. The roof of the hull consists of several rolled armor plates, while the bottom of the hull is one-piece stamped, of complex shape. The tower on the T-90A has frontal parts horizontally deflected back by 60 °.

The exact data on booking the T-90 (sample 1992) as well as other modifications, as of 2014, are classified.

Active protection

In addition to traditional armor and dynamic protection, the T-90 is equipped with active protection, consisting of the Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression complex. The complex is designed to protect against tank destruction by anti-tank guided missiles and consists of an optical-electronic suppression station and a curtain installation system. The optoelectronic suppression station is designed to protect against missiles with a semi-automatic guidance system and consists of two infrared searchlights OTSHU-1-7, two modulators and a control panel.

The screening system is designed to counteract guided missiles with laser homing or semi-automatic guidance on the laser beam, as well as to interfere with the operation of laser rangefinders and the installation of a smoke (aerosol) screen. The system consists of a complex of laser radiation indicators, which includes two coarse and two fine direction sensors, a control system and twelve aerosol grenade launchers. When a tank is exposed to laser radiation, the curtain installation system determines the direction of exposure and alerts the crew, after which, automatically or at the direction of the tank commander, it fires an aerosol grenade, which, when ruptured, creates an aerosol cloud that attenuates and partially reflects laser radiation, disrupting the operation of missile guidance systems. In addition, the aerosol cloud masks the tank, acting as a smoke screen and can be used specifically for this purpose.

Mobility

Engine

T-90 early modifications are equipped with a four-stroke V-shaped 12-cylinder multi-fuel diesel engine model V-84MS liquid cooling with direct fuel injection and driven centrifugal supercharger. B-84MS develops a maximum power of 840 hp. at 2000 rpm.

On the T-90 of later releases, the T-90A / C, the B-92C2 model engine is installed, which is a modernized B-84 and differs from it in the installation of a turbocharger and an improved design, which made it possible to increase the power developed by the engine to 1000 hp. at 2000 rpm.

Transmission

Gearboxes are planetary with hydraulic control. The transmission provides 7 gears forward and one reverse. The turning of the machine is carried out by switching on a lower gear in the gearbox on the side of the lagging track. The gearbox control drive is hydraulic with a mechanical drive of the spools. The brake drive is mechanical, but at the same time it provides effective braking and stopping the machine, holding it even on steep ascents and descents.

Means of observation, communication and navigation

The communication of the tank is provided by the R-163-50U VHF radio station and the R-163-UP receiver with frequency modulation and a step of 1 kHz. Communication range on VHF frequencies 30.025 to 79.975 MHz reaches 20 km on a two-meter whip antenna.

The commander's tank is additionally equipped with a HF radio station R-163-50K ("Crossbow-50K"), 2-30 MHz. The communication range on the whip antenna in motion is up to 50 km. In the parking lot, the range of external communication at frequencies from 2 to 18 MHz is up to 350 km. This range is achieved by installing a dipole antenna on an 11-meter mast.

Ergonomics

Some T-90s are equipped with the SKS-3 air conditioning system

maintainability

Two types of repairs are provided for the T-90: major and current. Maintenance is carried out as needed. With current repairs, the T-90 returns to service in an average of 2 hours. After a run of 2500 km, maintenance is carried out for a duration of 12 hours. After running 5000 km - 30 hours. Overhaul is carried out after a run of 11,000 km, while the resource of the tracks is 6,000 km.

Modifications

T-90 - the first serial modification.

T-90S - export version of the T-90. There are no OTSHU Shtor searchlights on the tank, instead of them additional blocks of built-in dynamic protection are equipped.

T-90K - commander's version of the T-90, with additional communication (R-163-50K radio station) and navigation equipment (TNA-4-3).

T-90SK - Command version of the T-90S, with additional communication and navigation equipment.

T-90A - modification of the T-90 has been produced since 2004, equipped with a V-92S2 engine with a capacity of 1000 hp. with., modernized thermal imaging equipment, installed a welded tower instead of a cast one, a new PPO system.

T-90AK - commander's version of the T-90A, with additional communication and navigation equipment, as well as a tactical battle management system and improved fuel tank protection. It has been in service with the Russian Armed Forces since 2006.

T-90CA - export version of the T-90A, with a cooling system for night vision equipment and a modified laser radiation detection system, a new PPO system is equipped. Searchlights OTSHU curtains on the tank are absent, instead of them additional blocks of built-in dynamic protection are equipped.

T-90SKA - commander's version of the T-90CA, with additional communication and navigation equipment and the T-BMS tactical battle management system.

T-90A (2006) - modernization of the T-90A: the Essa second-generation thermal imaging sight was equipped, the automatic loader was modernized, the fuel tank was increased by 100 liters

T-90AM - the latest modification of the T-90A. The old turret was replaced with a new combat module with a Kalina fire control system with an integrated combat tactical information and control system, a new automatic loader and an upgraded 2A46M-5 gun, as well as a UDP T05BV-1 remotely controlled anti-aircraft gun. Dynamic protection "Relic". A steering wheel-based control and an automatic gear shifting system with the possibility of switching to manual are used. The tank is equipped with a monoblock power plant V-92S2F with a capacity of 1130 liters. s., created on the basis of the B-92S2.

T-90SM - export version of the T-90AM tank.

Vehicles based on the T-90

BMR-3M - armored demining vehicle
-BREM-1M - armored recovery vehicle
-TOS-1A "Solntsepyok" - multiple launch rocket system
-IMR-3M - engineering obstacle blocking vehicle
-MTU-90 - bridgelayer
- "Frame" - tank support combat vehicle
-E300 - universal tracked chassis

Export

Permission to supply abroad the export version of the T-90 under the designation T-90S was given simultaneously with the adoption of the tank into service in 1992. However, for the first time the tank was demonstrated at the IDEX exhibition in Abu Dhabi only in 1997.

The largest foreign buyer of the T-90 is India. In 1999, a preliminary contract was signed for the purchase of three test tanks. In 2001, the final contract was concluded and the delivery of a batch of 310 T-90S units began.

In 2001, an agreement was reached on licensed production of the T-90 in India. In the period from October 2002 to September 2003, the Russian side provided equipment and licensed technical documentation for the assembly of the T-90S in India. Technical assistance was provided in organizing production at the HVF (Heavy Vehicles Factory) plant in Avadi (Tamil Nadu) and other enterprises of the Indian military-industrial complex. In 2003, Uralvagonzavod supplied the remaining 186 out of 310 T-90S in the form of semi-assembled units and individual components for further licensed assembly at the facilities of the Indian HVF.

In 2006, the Government of India awarded a $2.5 billion contract for licensed production of 1000 T-90 tanks"Bhishma". In October of the same year, an additional contract worth $795 million was signed for the supply of another 330 T-90CA tanks during 2007-2008, providing for the assembly of part of this batch of tanks in India. Together with Russia and France, the Indian version of the T-90 Bhishma was designed, which features a modernized undercarriage, an improved fire control system with a French Essa thermal imager and Indian Kanchan dynamic armor. The tank was given the name "Bhishma" in honor of the legendary hero of the ancient Indian epic "Mahabharata".

In 2007, another contract was signed for the supply of 347 T-90CA worth $ 1.237 billion in the form of supplies of 124 tanks and 223 vehicle kits for licensed production (small assembly). In 2010, the contract was completed after the remaining 20 tanks and about 160 tank kits were shipped to India for assembly at the Indian state-owned enterprise HVF.

As of 2008, more than 500 tanks have been delivered and plans have been announced to increase the degree of localization and deploy full-fledged production of the T-90. In 2008, Indian Defense Minister D. Singh called the T-90 "the second deterrent after nuclear weapons" in the conflict with Pakistan, which threatened to turn into a large-scale nuclear war.

In 2009, the Indian Armed Forces received the first 10 of the planned 1000 locally produced T-90CAs. In total, under the license contract for HVF, it is planned to produce 1000 T-90CA in 2009-2020. The production capacity of the state-owned HVF plant allows the production of up to 100 tanks per year.

Currently, Russian specialists are providing technical assistance in the production of supplied tank kits and warranty service for the T-90S / SA of the Indian army. As of 2010, Uralvagonzavod has sold more than 600 T-90S/CA tanks to India, of which about 400 are tank kits for assembly at the HVF plant. In total, India intends to bring the number of T-90s in the army to 2,000 by 2020.

Other countries

In March 2006, during Vladimir Putin's visit to Algeria, a large package of contracts worth about $8 billion was signed. In particular, it included 185 T-90S tanks.

In 2011, Kazakhstan showed great interest in purchasing T-90S tanks.

In 2011, an agreement was signed between the Ministry of Defense of Azerbaijan and Rosoboronexport for the purchase of 94 T-90S (3 battalions). The delivery of tanks started in the spring of 2013. There is also an option for another 94 T-90S tanks. At the request of the Azerbaijani side, the Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression systems were equipped on the tanks.

In service

Azerbaijan: in 2011, an agreement was concluded between the Ministry of Defense of Azerbaijan and Rosoboronexport for the purchase of 94 T-90S (3 battalions). The delivery of tanks started in the spring of 2013. There is also an option for another 94 T-90S tanks. At the request of the Azerbaijani side, Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression systems were installed on the tanks.
-Algeria: 185 units, as of 2013. In addition, 120 T-90CA units were ordered in 2011.
-India: 780 units (tanks of Russian production and tank kits assembled at the Indian state enterprise HVF), as of 2013.
- Russia: more than 500 units. (of which 200 units are in storage), as of 2013.
-Turkmenistan: 10 units, as of 2013. In the summer of 2011, a contract was signed for the supply of another 30 tanks.
-Uganda: 44 units, as of 2011. The tanks were delivered in 2011 under a package contract concluded in 2010.

Combat use

There are no official statements or confirmations regarding the participation of the T-90 in hostilities. The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation did not make statements in this regard. There is only a certificate kept at Uralvagonzavod, which states that one T-90 tank of the 1992 model was at the disposal of one of the units in the conflict zone in Chechnya, but nothing is said about its participation in any battles.

TTX T-90A (S, M)

Classification: MBT (main battle tank)
- Combat weight, t: 46.5
-Layout scheme: classic
- Crew, people: 3

Dimensions:

Case length, mm: 6860
-Length with gun forward, mm: 9530
- Hull width, mm: 3780
-Height, mm: 2230 (on the roof of the tower)
- Base, mm: 4270
- Track, mm: 2790
-Clearance, mm: T-90(C): 426..492; T-90A (SA): 404..467

Booking:

Type of armor: combined anti-ballistic (with a filler in the form of plane-parallel plates and inserts made of steel of increased hardness and other materials)
-Active protection: KOEP Shtora-1/1M
- Dynamic protection: T-90 (A, C): "Contact-5"; T-90SM: "Relic"

Armament:

Gun caliber and brand: 125 mm T-90(S): 2A46M; T-90A(M): 2A46M-5
- Gun type: smoothbore
- Barrel length, calibers: 51
- Gun ammunition: T-90(S): 43 (22 in AZ); T-90A(SA): 42 (22 in AZ); T-90SM: 40 (22 in AZ)
- Angles VN, degrees: -5..+16
- GN angles, degrees: 360
-Firing range, km: ATGM: 5.0
-Sights: Gunner (day): 1G46; Gunner (night): Buran-PA, M or "ESSA"; Commander (day/night): T01-KO4
-Machine guns: 1 x 12.7 mm NSVT or Kord 1 x 7.62 mm PKT
-Other weapons: "Reflex-M"

Mobility:

Engine: Producer: ChTZ; Brand: V-84MS or V-92S2; Type: diesel; Volume: 38,880 cc; Maximum power: 1000 hp (736 kW), at 2000 rpm; Configuration: V-shaped; Cylinders: 12-cylinder; Cylinder diameter: 150mm; Piston stroke: 180 mm; Compression ratio: 14; Power system: direct injection; Cooling: liquid; Cycle (number of cycles): 4-stroke; Recommended fuel: multi-fuel
-Speed ​​on the highway, km / h: 60
-Speed ​​over rough terrain, km / h: 35-45
- Cruising range on the highway, km: 550 (700 with external tanks)
-Cruising range over rough terrain, km: 345..520
- Specific power, l. s./t: T-90(C): 18.6; T-90A(SA): 21.5; T-90SM: 24
- Suspension type: individual torsion bar
- Specific ground pressure, kg/sq.cm: T-90(C): 0.938; T-90A(SA): 0.97
- Climbability, deg.: 30
- overcome wall, m: 0.85
- Crossable ditch, m: 2.6..2.8
- Crossable ford, m: 1.2 (1.8 with preliminary preparation; 5.0 with OPVT (equipment for underwater driving of tanks - a set of devices that provide the tank with the ability to overcome water obstacles along their bottom))

Tanks T-90, T-84 "Oplot" (Ukraine), "Leopard" (Germany) and "Abrams" (USA) have for some time become a kind of annoying factor for numerous specialists in the field of weapons in general and armored vehicles in particular. This situation was especially aggravated after the loss of the Russian T-90 tank to the Ukrainian T-84 "Oplot" in the Thai tender.

18:26 / 26.08.11

Tanks T-90, T-84 "Oplot", "Leopard" and "Abrams": emotions and realities

After the victory of the Ukrainian T-84 "Oplot" tank in the tender and the purchase by Thailand of 200 of these combat vehicles in the amount of $ 230 million, many articles "for" and "against" the Russian tank appeared in the media. A negative decision for Russia, by a strange coincidence, was made just two weeks after the unflattering statement by the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces Alexander Postnikov to the domestic tank.

As little consolation for us, we can consider the fact that in the same tender the German Leopard tank was among the losers. However, even if Postnikov's statement regarding the Russian T-90 and the German "Leopard" is not connected with the decision of Thailand, in the aggregate these facts have become very unpleasant facts for the domestic tank building.

They forced some to draw certain conclusions, others stood up for the "honor of the uniform", others simply gloated, and so on. But, with a wide range of opinions and conclusions regarding these tanks, one more thing suggests itself - we cannot "rest on our laurels" even in the area where our positions have always been quite strong.

As for the questions that arise in this case regarding which of the above tanks is superior to each other, it is possible to answer them either by comparing their characteristics, or by conducting comparative practical field tests. If the second requires special conditions, then the first can be realized by comparing the repeatedly published main characteristics of these combat vehicles and their features, which are given below.

The main indicators of the tanks T-84 "Oplot", "

Leopard-2", T-90A and M1 "Abrams"

Characteristics	T-84 "Oplot"	"Leopard-2"		M1 "Abrams"
Armament
Gun caliber, mm
Firing range, m conventional ammunition managed
Shots per minute
Machine guns, mm			1x7.62; 1x12.7	2x7.62; 1x12.7
Gun ammunition, pcs
Ammunition 7.72 / 12.7 mm
Main overall dimensions, mm
Length with gun forward, mm
Body length, mm
Tower height, mm
Width, mm
Clearance, mm
Mobility
Gross weight, t
Engine power, h.p.
Specific power, hp/t
Specific pressure, kg.sm.kv
Maximum speed, km/h
Power reserve, km
Tank capacity, l
Ford depth, m
Wall height, m
Rise, hail.
Roll, hail
Tank Features MBT T-84 "Oplot" created according to the classical layout and is a further development of the T-80UD tank, from which it differs: a new welded-rolled turret; increased power of the main engine and the presence of an auxiliary power unit; improved aiming and observation devices; built-in dynamic dynamic protection with increased security in the front sector; system of optoelectronic suppression "Shtora" ("Warta"). Modifications of the T-84: T-84 (basic) with the Shtora system on the turret; T-84U "Oplot" - differs from the base one in foreign-made aiming devices, the design of dynamic protection and enlarged side screens; T-84-120 "Yatagan" - modification for participation in the Turkish tender (the turret with a 120-mm cannon, NATO ammunition and aft niche with ammunition in an automated ammo rack, has been changed); "Oplot M" ("Oplot 2") - a further development of the "Oplot" MBT with improved protection and firepower, visually distinguished by a modified turret shape, side screens, and a commander's panoramic observation device. MBT "Leopard-2" It has a classic layout with a low profile commander's cupola. The hull and turret are welded from multilayer composite armor, the sides have additional anti-cumulative screens. It is possible to use built-in dynamic protection. Modifications: "Leopard-2A1" (new filler in combined armor), "Leopard-2A2" (improved sight with a thermal imaging channel), "Leopard-2A3" (new radio station), "Leopard-2A4" (digital ballistic computer), " Leopard-2A5" (reinforced frontal projection of the tower), "Leopard-2A6" (modernized gun 56 calibers against 44 and an autonomous power unit). The Leopard 2 defense is known to be most effective against classic anti-tank weapons, but not with newer anti-tank weapons. And a smoke release system to counter guided missiles with laser or semi-automatic guidance along the laser beam. To hit targets, it can use armor-piercing, sub-caliber, cumulative (up to 4000 m) and high-explosive fragmentation (up to 10000 m) shells, guided missiles (up to 5000 m). mechanical, carousel type, similar to that installed on the T-72, but with an automatic control system from the commander's seat. T-90A ("object 188A1") is distinguished by: the presence of a modern thermal imager of the 2nd generation "Essa" with a fully stabilized field of view, integrated with the main sight and its rangefinder; reinforced welded with armor up to 950 mm; A 1000-horsepower V-92S2 diesel engine with the installation of a 1200-horsepower V-99 diesel engine in the future. Modifications: T-90 - the first serial tank; T-90K - commander's version of the T-90 (additional radio station R-163-50K and navigation equipment TNA-4-3); T-90A - new welded tower, 1000 hp engine, improved thermal imaging equipment, new elements of dynamic protection and other improvements; T-90AK - commander's version of the T-90A; T-90S - export version of the T-90; T-90SK - commander's version of the T-90S; T-90CA - export version of the T-90A; T-90SKA - commander's version of the T-90CA; T-90AM - deep modernization of T-90A. T-90M is a new modification under development with a new all-aspect turret design without weakened vulnerable areas and enhanced roof protection. The tank can be equipped with 2A46M5 guns and a new gun with improved ballistic characteristics 2A82. The tank can be equipped with a new automatic loader with additional ammunition in the rear of the turret and other improvements. In terms of the power of artillery weapons, the T-90A is not inferior to other modern main battle tanks. The ballistic characteristics of the 125 mm 2A46M smoothbore gun are close to those of their foreign counterparts. MBT T-90A, equipped with KUV "Reflex-M" with TUR "Invar" and "Invar-M" have a firing range 2-2.5 times greater than the return fire range of BPS of any modern tanks. Simulation of an oncoming battle of 10 T-90 tanks against 10 M1A1 tanks showed that up to a range of 2-2.5 km, T-90s manage to hit up to 50-60 enemy tanks. MBT M1 "Abrams" - created according to the classical layout scheme, with a turret and hull of a welded structure, using multilayer composite armor in the frontal zones. The upper frontal hull sheet has a large slope, the sides are equipped with hinged armor screens. Modifications: M1 (1980, base model, 105 mm rifled gun, 55 rounds); IPM1 (1984, hull and turret frontal armor upgraded to M1A1 level, upgraded suspension and transmission, electric trigger); M1A1 (1985, 120 mm smoothbore gun, 40 rounds, new collective NMD protection system with built-in air conditioning); M1A1HA (1988, increased turret armor); M1A1HC (1990, modifications at the request of the ILC, 42 rounds of ammunition); M1A1HA+ (1991, similar to M1A1HC, but the turret's forehead armor was reinforced); M1A1D (2000, combat information and control system FBCB2); M1A1AIM (modernization of previously built tanks); M1A2 (1992, commander's independent thermal panoramic sight, new gunner's sight, new commander's turret, thermal imaging device for the driver, IVIS combat information and control system, enhanced armor); M1A2SEP (2000, 2nd generation thermal imaging cameras introduced, FBCB2 troop control system, enhanced armor, air conditioning); M1A2TUSK (a "tank city survival kit" was installed - additional rubber-fabric onboard anti-cumulative screens, a second M-240 anti-aircraft machine gun, a telephone for communication with the infantry). As the analysis of the main characteristics shows, these four combat vehicles, most famous today, almost do not differ from each other. That is why very often the results of comparing the Russian T-90 with foreign MBTs often contradict each other, and priority is given to one or another tank, taking into account the personal preferences and preferences of the author. At the same time, some experts are convinced that a theoretical comparison of tanks based on their characteristics is generally inappropriate and does not allow drawing correct and objective conclusions. In their opinion, in real combat operations, the effectiveness of tanks is largely determined not by technical characteristics, but by the tactics of their use, the level of crew training, the quality of maintenance and the operating conditions of equipment. Under these conditions, it is these indicators that become decisive factors in the confrontation on the battlefield. And only if the crews are equally trained, the outcome of the duel can be determined by one or another technical advantage of one tank over another. Therefore, drawing conclusions about the superiority of one or another tank over another is a thankless task. This largely applies to the results of tenders, where the final decision, in addition to technical characteristics, is often decisively influenced by a combination of political views and other reasons.

This material by G. Malyshev is given as a discussion from the point of view of the layman and does not pretend to have any deep military scientific knowledge. Since some points in this publication look controversial or superficial, we asked an armored vehicle specialist to briefly comment on the author's statements.

In the recent past, the Nizhny Tagil Tank Plant produced a new model of the main battle tank called the T-90MS "Tagil". The tank immediately attracted attention with interesting technical solutions that had not previously been used on serial domestic vehicles. It looks very impressive and modern - the design, although not from the Pininfarina studio, was definitely a success. The tank can claim the right to be considered one of the most powerful tanks in the world today.

It would be very interesting to analyze the design of this tank as much as possible. Find out what the designers did right and wrong, and what further improvements are possible in the design of this interesting machine.

Brief characteristics of the T-90MS are as follows:

Dimensions:
- Weight 48 tons.
- Length 9530 mm.
- Width 3780 mm.
- Height 2228 mm.

Armament:
- Gun-launcher 125-mm 2A46M-5 or 125-mm 2A82 - the main combat weapon of the tank, designed to destroy all types of ground, surface (within reach) and low-speed air targets. Ammunition 40 artillery shells of various types: BOPS, OFS, KS or guided missiles (UR) 9K119M "Reflex-M".

7.62-mm machine gun 6P7K (PKTM) coaxial with a cannon. It is intended to combat the enemy's manpower, which is located within the angles of fire of the main armament. The machine gun is paired with the cannon and has the same sector of fire with it. Ammunition 2000 cartridges 7.62mmx54R of various types. This armament is installed in a completely new circular rotation turret with a developed turret niche.

Remote controlled machine gun mount T05BV-1 with 7.62 mm machine gun 6P7K (PKTM). Designed to fight enemy manpower, which is hiding either higher than the main armament firing sector, for example, on the upper floors of buildings, steep mountain slopes. Either below the sector of fire of the main armament, in shelters, dugouts or directly at the tank in the so-called. "dead zone" for a tank gun and a machine gun coaxial with it. Thus, according to the plan of the designers, the combat stability of the tank in cramped and urban combat conditions should be ensured. Ammunition 800 cartridges 7.62mmx54R of various types.

Fire control system, surveillance and target detection:
- Fully digital highly automated control system "Kalina" with a CICS integrated into it. Thermal imaging and television devices designed, among other things, for all-round observation.

Security:
- Multi-layer combined armor of the latest scheme in the frontal part.
- Spaced booking in the side.

The latest built-in dynamic protection "Relic".
- Local protection of ammunition.
- Measures that reduce the thermal and noise signature of the tank.

Mobility:
- Multi-fuel diesel engine V12 V-92S2F2 with a capacity of 1130l.s. (831kW) + automatic transmission.
- Power-to-weight ratio ~23l.s./t.
- The maximum speed is 60-65 km/h on the highway.
- Power reserve 500 km.

The tank was created on the basis of previous modifications: T-90A and T-90S. Now let's understand in more detail what differences we see on this machine. What immediately catches your eye can be listed point by point:

1. A new tower with a developed aft niche.
2. New 125 mm 2A82 gun.
3. New dynamic protection "Relic".
4. The complex of active protection of the tank KAZT "Arena-E" on the tank is missing.
5. There is no set of optoelectronic suppression of the KOEP "Shtora" on the tank.
6. Finally, the tank received a normal hard armored bulwark of the hull, generously "flavored" with elements of dynamic protection (DZ) "Relic" and lattice screens in the stern.
7. Anti-aircraft installation with a large-caliber 12.7 mm NSVT machine gun has sunk into oblivion. Its place was taken by a new machine gun mount with a 7.62 mm 6P7K machine gun.
8. Somewhat more powerful V-92S2F2 engine + automatic transmission.
9. The tank received an additional power unit in an armored container attached to the rear of the hull on the left.
What else can be said about this car?
1. The hull, like the previous modifications, mostly remained from the T-72.
2. In the chassis, there are also no significant differences from the T-72.
3. The new SLA "Kalina" is clearly superior to the 1A45T "Irtysh" of the T-90A tank.
Now let's try to analyze all these points. What has been done and what theoretically, in my opinion, could be done. So, let's begin.

Expert commentary. The sample of the modernized T-90S main battle tank shown at the REA-2011 arms exhibition was primarily aimed at foreign customers, so some of the systems mounted on it were for export. In this regard, I would like to point out to the author that the 125-mm 2A82 cannon is not installed on the export tank, the 2A46M-5 gun is installed on it.
As for the dynamic protection kit, 4S22 elements are installed on this tank, since 4S23 is prohibited for export.
The author complains in vain about the lack of an active protection complex for the Arena-E tank, since it can be installed at the request of the customer. In the same way, at the request of the customer, the TShU-1-2M system can be installed. In addition, the upgraded T-90S is equipped with the SPMZ-2E electromagnetic protection system against mines with magnetic fuses.

As for the power block. So far, the V-93 engine with a capacity of 1100 hp is being installed on the tank. There is no automatic transmission (automatic transmission) on it, but there is an automatic gear change.

New tower with a developed aft niche

How it's done. At first glance, the turret looks vulnerable compared to the T-90A or T-72B turrets. Most likely, this is the case. The T-72B and T-90A turrets were relatively small and had a special shape. The aft vulnerable part of the turret was narrowed and covered with a powerful armored front part within the heading angles of ±30º. And even such towers managed to penetrate from RPGs and ATGMs into the most vulnerable aft zones. Needless to say, getting into the aft or onboard part of the T-90MS turret, which is the size of a Leopard-2 or Abrams turret, will not be a problem at all. Thus, in terms of security, the aft part of the T-90MS turret is inferior to the security of the towers of all previous tanks of the T-72 model line.

It would seem - a clear regression? Not at all. The fact is that the result of breaking through the aft or rear side of the T-72B turret, very often, was a fire or detonation of ammunition (AM) and, accordingly, a partially or completely dead crew. It's all about the location of the BC: in all tanks of the T-72 series, as well as in the T-90, T-90S and T-90A, only 22 shots of separate-cartridge loading are located under the fighting compartment (BO) in the automatic loader (AZ) of the carousel type. This carousel, in contrast to the loading mechanism (MZ) of the T-64 and T-80 tanks, is relatively well protected: in front with the most powerful frontal armor of the hull, in the back with an engine, from the sides with road wheels and side screens. In addition, the "terrain screen" itself rarely allows you to hit the tank in the lower part of the battle regiment.

The problem was mainly in the placement of the rest of the BC. These 23-26 shots with shells or missiles were located literally everywhere: on the floor, on the walls of the hull and almost throughout the rear hemisphere of the tower. The limited interior space of the T-72 tank simply does not allow to place this firepower that does not fit into the AZ carousel anywhere else. As a result, this “non-mechanized” ammunition most often catches fire or detonates - it’s just as lucky (which is not yet known worse).

You can object, they say, on the old T-34-85, KV-85, T-54, T-55, IS-3 and T-10 tanks, the ammunition was located in much the same way. In this case, the comparison is inappropriate. The ammunition of these tanks consisted of unitary shots. The charge of gunpowder was placed in a metal sleeve and the fire hazard of these old machines was incomparably lower. And the charges in the partially burning T-72 sleeve are ready to blaze from any touch of the cumulative jet.

The way out of this situation can be as follows - do not take into battle that part of the ammunition that is located in a non-mechanized ammunition rack. But then you will have to rely only on those 22 shots that are in the AZ carousel. They often did so. But this, of course, does not suit either tankers or self-respecting designers. The problem was finally solved in the T-90MS tank: the carousel for 22 shots was left, additionally protecting it with local armor, and the remaining 18 shots were placed in the aft niche of the tower, providing it with knockout panels following the example of Abrams and Leopard-2. If desired, these 18 shots can also not be taken with you. In the conditions of urban combat, it would probably be better to do so.

As a result: despite the fact that the T-90MS turret has become more vulnerable to enemy fire compared to the turrets of its predecessors - the T-72B or T-90A, the level of tank survivability, and more importantly, the survivability of the crew, has become incomparably higher. The level of survivability of the T-90MS and the survivability of its crew in the event of a tank defeat, in principle, began to correspond to Western tanks. Another plus of such a tower is greater comfort and more interior space for the inhabited compartment of the tank.

Aft niche of the T-90MS turret

How could it be done. Apparently not. If you do not take into account some extravagant innovations, then other technical solutions are not suitable for this tank. The old Soviet layout with the placement of the entire BC along with the crew has become obsolete. And to place the ENTIRE BC in the aft niche, following the example of the Abrams, from a certain point of view, it is unreasonable and within a given mass of 50 tons is practically unrealizable. So the offset.

Expert commentary. The author is greatly mistaken when drawing conclusions about the reduction in the protection of the turret of the new tank. The tower in the projection on the plane still provides protection within the heading angles of 30 degrees, and from the stern is securely closed by an armor box.
In general, the fighting compartment of the modernized T-90S tank, including the turret, is much less vulnerable than its predecessors. In other words, the whole paragraph about the new tank turret contains a lot of discussion about something that doesn't exist.
Clarification on the location of ammunition. There are 22 shots in the autoloader, 8 shots in a non-mechanized stowage near the MTO partition, and another 10 shots in an armored box isolated from the fighting compartment at the rear of the tower.

New 125 mm 2A82 gun

How it's done. The most powerful 125-mm smoothbore gun of the latest design 2A82 is a completely new development. It is believed that this gun is significantly superior to the previous 125-mm guns of the 2A46 series, 122-mm rifled 2A17 and 120-mm NATO Rheinmetall guns with a barrel length of 44 and 55 calibers. 2A82 surpasses them both in accuracy and in the power of fire. The same applies to the Chinese 125 mm gun of the ZTZ-99A2 (Type-99A2) tank, which is just an improved "pirate" version of the 2A46. However, the T-90MS apparently can also be equipped with the former 125-mm 2A46M5 gun, which is installed on the T-90A. From this we can conclude that tanks with the new 2A82 cannon will be supplied to the Russian army, and 2A46M5 tanks will be equipped for export. At the same time, knowing the realities of today, it is possible that everything will be done exactly the opposite.

How could it be done. Numerous experimental electrochemical and electromagnetic guns have not yet reached the stage of their installation in a real tank, so we immediately discard them. As an option, it would be possible to install a new 140-mm or 152-mm gun on the T-90MS (for example, from the "object 292"). But, in addition to technical difficulties, this could provoke Western countries to a similar modernization of their tanks, which means a new round of the caliber race. So at this stage, we decided to develop the 125 mm caliber for the time being, which has not yet fully revealed its full potential. And 140-152 mm guns were left in reserve. Offset.

Expert commentary. It is completely incomprehensible why the author suddenly describes the possibility of installing the 2A82 gun on export tanks. I repeat that this gun is not compatible with 2A46 modifications in terms of ammunition and is prohibited for export.

As for the powerful 152-mm 2A83 gun, which the author proposes to install on the T-90, this is impossible.

New dynamic protection "Relic"

How it's done. Dynamic protection of the new generation "Relic" refers to the built-in type of remote sensing. It increases armor resistance to HEAT ammunition by 2 times and resistance to APCR shells by 1.5 times. Front and top DZ closes the tank tightly and without gaps. The weakened zones near the gun are also covered by remote sensing elements. The roof over the driver's hatch is also closed. This is an offset. But there is also a “fly in the ointment”: the lower front sheet does not have it. This is a miscalculation - the tank can be pierced into the lower frontal sheet. The T-72B had at least one row of NDZ "Contact-1" there. The T-90MS has nothing, although theoretically hinged screens can be installed there.

Next is the side of the hull. It is closed all the way to the MTO, just like the T-72B, and then comes the lattice screen. The T-72B had only rubber-fabric screens, so this solution for the T-90MS is much better. Let me explain. The rubber-fabric screens of the T-72B and T-72A simply initiated the detonation of the cumulative warhead (warhead) of a rocket-propelled grenade at some distance from the main side armor (70 mm). The lattice screen, on the other hand, breaks the body of a rocket-propelled grenade or ATGM, they are destroyed by these sharp bars. In this case, the warhead may not work at all.

The side of the tower - things are not so good here. At T-72B, the tower was closed by DZ to half the length. The role of anti-cumulative screens of the rear hemisphere was played by boxes of spare parts and elements of OPVT. The T-90MS has a large and long turret, there is no DZ on the sides of the aft niche, but there is an ammunition rack there. Another vulnerable area is the aft hull sheet and the rear of the turret. There were cases when a rocket-propelled grenade that got into the stern sheet of the hull pierced the MTO right through the engine and hit the fighting compartment of the tank, and there people and ammunition. It is not noticeable that the designers paid at least some attention to this important aspect of protection on the new T-90MS tank. In terms of resistance to a blow to the rear of the hull, it is no better than the base T-72 Ural.

How could it be done. Protect the turret and hull around the entire perimeter, including the lower frontal part of the hull, with elements of the Relict DZ. This will not increase the mass of the tank by much, but the protection will become much stronger, and most importantly - from all sides, which plays a huge role in urban battles. In general, despite the clear progress, it is impossible to put an unambiguous offset. Although an obvious failure too.

Expert commentary. Regarding the alleged "miscalculation" of the designers who did not protect the lower frontal part of the hull. I inform the author that the NLD accounts for less than one percent of hits - even from the experience of fighting in a flat desert area. At the same time, the elements of dynamic protection installed on the NLD are definitely damaged when making any long march off the roads.
The author's statements about the vulnerability of the tank from hitting the side and rear of the tower do not correspond to reality at all. DZ blocks on the sides of the tower cover the entire projection, and the armor box reliably closes the stern.

The complex of active protection of the tank KAZT "Arena-E" on the tank is missing

How it's done. The newest T-90MS does not have KAZT, but similar systems were installed on old T-55AD and T-62D tanks. It is sad that such a complex necessary for the tank is missing.

How could it be done. Install the latest KAZT on the T-90MS. Expensive? The cost of a T-90MS tank blown up by an ATGM or RPG hit is even higher, not to mention the lives of tankers. Failed.

Expert commentary. Again, I repeat: this is a question for the customer. If there is an order for equipment, a full-fledged KAZT will be installed on the tank without any problems: for the Russian army, this is Afganit, and for export supplies, Arena-E. Both complexes are interfaced with the Kalina control system.

There is no set of optoelectronic suppression KOEP "Shtora" on the tank

How it's done. The T-90MS does not have a Shtora KOEP, although it does exist on previous models of the T-90, T-90A, T-90S, and even the Iraqi T-72M1. But here it is not. Meanwhile, the thing is useful, as it significantly reduces the likelihood of guided missiles hitting a tank.

How could it be done. Install on the tank KOEP "Shtora-1". Only not instead of elements of remote sensing, as unsuccessfully done with the T-90A, but on them. Failed.

Expert commentary. The same as above: at the request of the customer, this system is installed on the tank without any problems.

Rigid armored bulwark of the hull with elements of the "Relikt" DZ and lattice screens

How it's done. Finally, our tank received a normal hard armored bulwark, moreover, generously "flavored" with elements of dynamic protection. There is no such thing either on previous modifications or on T-72B tanks.

In order to create something ultra-modern, you need to catch the right trend, “which way the wind blows”, so to speak, and then attach a ruler to this correct vector and extend the line by 10 lengths of this vector. An example is the IS-2 heavy tank. How did it turn out? Our designers have caught the tendency to increase the caliber of tank guns: from 45 mm to 76 mm and, subsequently, to 85 mm, and for the Germans - from 50 mm to 75 mm and, in the end, up to 88 mm. Not following the saying “a teaspoon per hour”, but simply taking and attaching a ruler to this vector and “lengthening” it, they immediately installed a powerful 122-mm gun, which ensured the IS-2 simply overwhelming superiority in firepower over any tank in the world of that period.

But, unfortunately, this correct design approach, for some reason, did not spread to the side screens. I will explain to the reader the meaning and purpose of the onboard screen. Its essence is that the screen initiates the operation of a cumulative warhead at such a distance from the main armor. when its penetration power drops sharply. If the screen is rigid and metal, then it also reduces the penetration of kinetic ammunition, as it can change the angle of contact of the projectile with the main armor, tear off the “Makarov tip” from it, or simply damage the core. Rigid steel screens made of armor 10-20 mm thick appeared during the Second World War on the German tanks Pz.IV and Pz.V "Panther", the British "Churchill" and "Centurion". They were also on domestic tanks T-28 and T-35. Since then, our Western neighbors have been in no hurry to give them up.

It is paradoxical, but true - despite the fact that these screens appeared on domestic tanks (T-28 and T-35) in step with the times, their further use and elements of their design in domestic combat vehicles went along a dubious path of development. While most Western tanks had developed and quite "adult" side screens, which were already an integral part of their spaced side armor, this was the case with us.

On the post-war T-54, T-55 and T-62, there were no side screens at all. All of their side armor was actually an armored side of the hull 80 mm thick, which was somewhat shielded by relatively large road wheels. Thus, tanks of these types were easy targets even for first-generation RPGs. On the IS-3M and a series of powerful tanks of the T-10 family, there were such “embryos” of side screens that only slightly covered the side from above.

Next - a new generation tank T-64A. On it were six "skinny", rotary "windows" with dubious effectiveness. It was the same on the first T-72s. The next step in the long-suffering development of the side screens of domestic tanks appeared on the T-64B, T-72A and T-80. They finally have a solid 10-mm side screen, BUT - rubber-fabric! It is clear that such screens, with a small gain in weight compared to metal ones, almost do not protect against kinetic projectiles, are very easily damaged and come off, exposing the weakly armored side of the hull. I don’t even talk about how such a screen looks after several touches on obstacles or hits (and the tank as a whole).

The next stage of evolution is the T-72B tank. It has the same rubber-fabric screen as the T-72A, but “boxes” of 4С20 elements of dynamic protection “Kontakt-1” were hung on it over the entire area (up to the MTO zone). This significantly increased the protection of the side projection of the T-72B tank. But not everything is as good as it seems: the weight of the resulting design turned out to be large, the thin rubber-fabric screen bends under the weight of the NDZ blocks. After two or three hits from RPGs or ATGMs, all this "economy" can simply fall off with all the ensuing consequences.

On the T-64BV, force screens were introduced under the onboard elements of the NDZ. Appearance is improved, strength - almost none.

Finally we come to the "flying" tank T-80U. He received an almost normal side screen - 10-mm armor with elements of dynamic protection "Contact-5" built into it. Why "almost"? Because all this "wealth" reaches only half the length of the hull, and even the vulnerable T-80U ammo rack is not completely covered by a powerful screen. Further into the stern is the same rubber-fabric screen as in the T-72A or T-80.

The T-90 series is generally a regression and a return almost back to the T-72A. Instead of the relatively normal side screens of the T-80U, T-72B and T-64BV, the T-90 has the same screen as the T-72A, and six sort of "squares" of armor with dynamic protection "Contact-5" - three from each sides. Moreover, they do not close the middle of the hull opposite the ammunition rack, which would be logical, but its front part. Strange construction. When the enemy is everywhere, turning your forehead to him will not work.

And finally, the T-90MS appeared. He has a normal armored side screen with bars opposite the MTO. Everything is correct.

How could it be done. Everything was as it should be, but it should have been done FORTY years ago - on the T-72 Ural tank! But still - Offset.

Old British tank "Centurion". The 16mm thick steel side screens do not bend and make the appearance of this tank "powerful" and quite decent. Good example

The place of the anti-aircraft installation with a heavy 12.7-mm machine gun NSVT was taken by a new remote installation with a 7.62-mm machine gun 6P7K

How it's done. The design of domestic medium and main battle tanks is interesting in that with the constant improvement in the quality of the main armament, there was no progress in the auxiliary. Auxiliary weapons have remained virtually unchanged for decades. The period of searches and experiments in this area for medium tanks remained in the distant past of the war and pre-war years. Starting from the T-55 and ending with the T-90A, the auxiliary armament consists of a 7.62 mm machine gun coaxial with a cannon and an anti-aircraft mount with a 12.7 mm machine gun on the roof of the tower. Of course, this scheme is outdated and needs to be changed.

Such an attempt was made on the T-90MS tank, but it was unsuccessful. The designers, at the cost of abandoning the large-caliber anti-aircraft gun, tried to adapt the tank to combat in urban conditions and ensure the possibility of effective combat with enemy manpower, primarily grenade launchers. To do this, instead of a 12.7 mm machine gun, a more “nimble” and maneuverable anti-personnel machine gun mount with a 7.62 mm machine gun and very large vertical aiming angles was installed.

What happened? With regards to the anti-aircraft component. The T-72B tank, in the event of an air threat, had at its disposal two air defense echelons:

1. Long-range - provided with guided missiles, allowed to fight helicopters and other low-speed air targets, range from 1.5-2 to 4-5 km.

2. If the target broke through to closer, then a short-range echelon came into action - an anti-aircraft gun with a 12.7-mm machine gun NSVT "Utes". He operated at ranges up to 2-2.5 km. Everything is quite logical. The T-90A tank had an even more advanced remote-controlled anti-aircraft gun, similar to the T-64 and T-80UD.

But for the T-90MS tank, this middle echelon was "cut off", which, no doubt, worsened its protective anti-aircraft properties. A 7.62 mm caliber bullet is hardly capable of inflicting any serious damage on a modern attack helicopter, let alone shooting it down. But maybe now the tank will successfully fight enemy infantry hidden in the urban jungle? Also no. The main problem of the tank in such a situation is to see the enemy in the window opening. At the training ground, living force is imitated by bright and multi-colored balloons that hang in window openings. It is easy to guess that a real grenade launcher will not show off in a window opening with a grenade launcher at the ready in front of a tank gun aimed at him. He will hide next to the window, behind the wall and look out from time to time, being sure that the tank crew does not see him, and wait for the right moment.

Now, no devices capable of seeing through concrete walls like an X-ray have yet been invented, and therefore there is only one way out for a tank - to shoot a high-explosive fragmentation projectile at an empty window, where the enemy is supposedly located. Sometimes it helps when they guess, but no amount of ammunition is enough to shoot through all the windows, doors and hatches. There is also a way to shoot a machine gun at the wall next to the window or under the windowsill. If an enemy hides there, he will be hit. But for this, the bullet must penetrate the wall of the house. Can a 7.62-mm bullet from a coaxial machine gun or an anti-personnel mount of the T-90MS tank do this? Hardly. And that means there will be almost no sense from it. But the 12.7-mm bullet from the NSVT is quite capable of this. Conclusion: The new remote installation looks nice, but - Failed.

How could it be done. The T-64A main battle tank "grew" from the T-64 medium tank, which, in turn, was a revolutionary vehicle that incorporated the latest achievements in design and industry, as well as the best technical solutions of Soviet medium and heavy tanks.

The T-10M is a cold and precise death machine. The most powerful tank in the world of the period of the 50s - early 60s of the XX century. It was about the size of the Abrams and had the optimal combination of high mobility, powerful armor protection and huge firepower with a weight of 51.5 tons.

Why did I suddenly mention heavy tanks? Because for a long time the Soviet army was armed with an exceptionally powerful and perfect tank, a meeting with which in battle for any other tank of that time would most likely be the last. His name is T-10M. A powerful, 52-ton handsome man, produced in the amount of 8000 units and stood in service with the Soviet army for about 40 years. This tank had many technical solutions that favorably distinguished it from medium tanks and from main battle tanks too (not excluding the T-90MS).

Auxiliary armament of the T-10M consisted of a 14.5-mm KPVT machine gun coaxial with a cannon and another of the same in an anti-aircraft mount on the roof of the tower. Armor-piercing 14.5-mm bullet B-32 from a distance of 500 m calmly pierces armor 32 mm thick normally. The total rate of fire of both machine guns is 1200 rounds per minute. This allowed the T-10M tank to “cut” any armored personnel carrier or infantry fighting vehicle in half without any problems, without even resorting to using the main 122-mm M-62-T2S gun. The concrete walls of houses and shelters are also pierced by such machine guns with a bang.

Thus, the T-10M in terms of firepower was fully adapted to the conduct of hostilities in the city. If necessary, he could “saw through” the wall all over the floor, where the enemy could hide. It was necessary to put the same machine guns on the T-90MS. At least one - in an anti-aircraft installation on the roof. For a machine gun coaxial with a cannon, there is a good alternative - a 12.7-mm YakB-12.7 machine gun from an Mi-24V attack helicopter.

Installation USPU-24 with a 4-barreled 12.7-mm machine gun YakB-12.7

This machine gun fires 5000 rounds per minute and is air-cooled - just what you need for the T-90MS. If the tank had one such 12.7 mm “lawn mower” and a powerful 14.5 mm KPVT machine gun in an anti-aircraft mount, the issue of air defense and actions in dense urban areas for the T-90MS with its devices would be resolved. In the presence of an independent vertical guidance system coaxial with a 125-mm 2A82 cannon, a 4-barreled 12.7-mm machine gun YakB-12.7, the tank will have all the qualities of a widely advertised BMPT and at the same time will not lose the main advantage of the tank - a powerful gun. By the way, the BMPT is not the world's first machine of this class. If we analyze - the T-28 and T-35 are the direct ideological ancestors of the BMPT.

Expert commentary. Lots of empty words. Let it be known to the author: in addition to the PKT, a 12.7-mm machine gun and a 30-mm AGS grenade launcher can be placed on the remote installation platform of the upgraded T-90S tank, depending on the customer's wishes. Moreover, the digital ballistic path of the Kalina control system allows you to replace remote-mounted weapons in the field, depending on the tasks.

More powerful V-92S2F2 engine with automatic transmission

How it's done. The engine produces 1130 hp, which is 130 hp. more than the previous T-90A tank (1000 hp). Initially, there were rumors that the engine would have a power of 1200 hp, but apparently it was not possible to achieve this. The engine has a pleasant, smooth sound of operation and provides the T-90MS with a specific power of 23 hp / t. The maximum speed of the tank on the highway is 60-65 km / h. This is good, but not the best indicator. To live up to the adage “the armor is strong and our tanks are fast…” the T-90MS must accelerate to at least 70-75 km/h. A lighter tank should be faster than heavy, western ones. And in order to bring the mobility indicators of the T-90MS to the level of the T-80, he doesn’t even need an engine, but, most likely, it will be enough to redo the transmission. For example, the T-80BV tank with a mass of 43.7 tons and an engine power of 1100 hp. accelerates to 80 km / h. What prevents the T-90MS from driving the same way? The engine is normal. So the transmission needs to be improved.

How could it be done. The limited MTO volume of the T-72 tank makes increasing engine power a difficult task. The same applies to the hull of the T-90MS tank, which is the direct successor to the T-72. It is necessary to improve the transmission of the tank, which was done, and to select the right gear ratios. So anyway - Offset.

Adopted in 1993. The appearance of the tank was caused by the need to modernize existing models, taking into account the experience of the Persian Gulf War, as well as the reorientation of production to Russian components. In the middle part of the T-90, a low flat tower with a commander's cupola shifted to the right was installed. The frontal part of the turret is reinforced with second-generation active slab armor. Mounted armor blocks can also be installed on the roof of the tower, creating additional protection against air strikes.

The driver's seat is located in front of the tank hull. Above it is a hatch and a wide-angle optical system. The bow of the tank is equipped with an acute-angled blade equipped with a mount for the KMT-6 mine trawl. As the main armament, the T-90 is equipped with a 125-mm 2A46M smoothbore gun, equipped with a removable heat-insulating casing.

A high-explosive fragmentation projectile with an electronic remote fuse was introduced into the ammunition load of the T-90 gun. To prepare the fuse for operation in the remote detonation mode, a time interval setter is used. To the right of the gun is a coaxial 7.62 mm PKT machine gun. The turret houses a 12.7 mm NSVT anti-aircraft machine gun equipped with a 1Ts29 remote control system with vertical stabilization. The 125-mm cannon of the tank is adapted to fire laser-guided AT-11 ATGMs. The ATGM firing range is 4000 m. The 1A45 fire control system allows the gunner and commander to conduct aimed fire with artillery shots from a cannon day and night from a place and on the move, guided missiles from a place.

The complex includes the 1A42 fire control system, the 9K119 "Reflex" guided weapon system, the PNK-4S commander's instrumentation and observation system, and the T01-P02T thermal imaging tank system. Thus, the T-90 tank is capable of hitting most enemy tanks and helicopters while remaining out of range. The 1V528-1 digital ballistic computer with a DVE-BS capacitive wind sensor and a laser rangefinder, which are part of the fire control system, make it possible to hit targets with high accuracy even at night.

The TShU-2 "Shtora" optoelectronic suppression complex provides additional protection for the T-90 tank by creating optical interference to the control lines of ATGMs (shells, bombs, aviation missiles) with optical feedback or with laser guidance (illumination). This system consists of two IR illuminators located next to the cannon barrel. The searchlights are constantly on and emit a coded IR signal that prevents the enemy's ATGMs from being accurately aimed. On the turret of the tank are 12 grenade launchers for setting aerosol curtains.

The armor protection of the frontal part of the hull and turret of the T-90 is a multi-layered combined armor barriers that provide invulnerability from most types of armor-piercing sub-caliber and cumulative shells of tank (anti-tank) guns. High resistance to cumulative ammunition was achieved by installing hinged dynamic protection. The tank has 227 containers installed: 61 on the hull, 70 on the turret and 96 on the side screens. The hull of the tank is welded, its upper frontal part is inclined at an angle of 63 ° from the vertical. The tower is cast, its frontal part has variable angles of inclination from 10° to 25°. The sides of the hull are protected by anti-cumulative screens. The T-90 tank is distinguished by a high level of anti-radiation protection due to the use of undercutting and overcutting, a collective protection system and local protection of crew members.

The survivability of the tank on the battlefield is increased due to the low silhouette, the use of a TDA and the 902B "Tucha" system for setting smoke screens, a napalm protection system and high-speed fire fighting equipment ZETs13 "Hoarfrost". The T-90 tank has a camouflage color and is equipped with equipment for self-digging and for hanging a KMT-6 mine trawl. The machine is equipped with a multi-fuel four-stroke high-speed diesel engine V-84-1, liquid-cooled, supercharged from a driven centrifugal supercharger. In addition, inertial (wave) boost is used.

Engine power is 840 hp. With. It is adapted to work on diesel fuel, jet fuel (T-1, TC-1, T-2) and motor gasoline (A-66, A-72). The start is carried out with the help of an electric starter, an air start system, as well as from an external power source or from a tug. For an emergency start of a cold engine in winter, there is an intake air heating system. The mechanical planetary transmission consists of an input gearbox, two final gearboxes and two final gearboxes. It has hydro-servo control and its own oil system.

Tank India T-90 "Bhishma"

In 2006, the Government of India signed a $2.5 billion contract for the licensed production of 1,000 T-90 Bhishma tanks (named after the legendary hero of the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata).

In the suspension system, an individual torsion bar suspension with hydraulic shock absorbers of a lever-vane type is used on the 1st, 2nd and 6th suspension units of each side. The track roller discs are made of aluminum alloy. The track rollers have external rubber coating, and the supporting rollers have internal shock absorption. To protect the caterpillar from dropping when the tank turns, restrictive disks are welded on the drive wheels.

The T-90 tank has several modifications and is supplied to different countries of the world.

The T-90 tank is equipped with underwater driving equipment that allows it to overcome water obstacles up to five meters deep and about 1000 meters wide. The tank uses the Paragraph communications complex, which includes a VHF radio station R-173, a radio receiver R-173P, an antenna filter unit and a throat amplifier. The radio station operates in the frequency range of 30-76 MHz and has a memory device that allows you to prepare 10 communication frequencies in advance. It provides a communication range of at least 20 km both on the spot and on the move over medium rough terrain.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the main battle tank T-90:

Combat weight, t	46,5
Crew, pers.	3
Overall dimensions, mm:
length with cannon forward	9530
width	3460
height	2230
clearance	470
Armor
	combined, with built-in dynamic protection
Armament:
	125-mm smoothbore gun launcher 2A46M; 7.62 mm PKT machine gun; 12.7 mm machine gun; 12 smoke grenade launchers
Ammunition:
	43 shots, 1250 rounds of 7.62 mm caliber, 300 rounds of 12.7 mm caliber
Engine	V-84MS, multi-fuel, four-stroke, diesel, 12-cylinder, turbocharged, liquid-cooled power 840 hp With.
Specific ground pressure, kg/cm	0,85
Highway speed, km/h	60
Range on the highway, km	500
Overcome obstacles:
wall height, m	0,80
moat width, m	2,80
fording depth, m	1.20 (with preparation 5 m)

Modifications of the main battle tank T-90

• T-90 - the first serial modification of the tank.
• T-90K - commander's version of the T-90, with additional communication (R-163-50K radio station) and navigation equipment (TNA-4-3).
• T-90A - modification of the T-90, with a new welded turret, 1000 hp engine. with., improved thermal imaging equipment, new elements of dynamic protection and a number of other improvements.
• T-90S - export version of the T-90, without the "Shtora-1" system and with additional dynamic protection.
• T-90SK - Command version of the T-90S, with additional communication and navigation equipment.
• T-90CA - export version of the T-90A, with a cooling system for night vision equipment and a modified laser radiation detection system.
• T-90SKA - commander's version of the T-90CA, with additional communication and navigation equipment.
• T-90A - modernization (2006) T-90A: a second-generation thermal imaging sight "Essa" was installed, the automatic loader was improved, the tank was increased by 100 liters.
• T-90AM - the latest modification of the T-90A. The old turret was replaced with a new combat module with a fire control system "Kalina" with an integrated combat information and control system of the tactical level, a new automatic loader and an upgraded gun 2A46M-5, as well as a remotely controlled anti-aircraft gun "UDP T05BV-1". Dynamic protection "Relic". A steering wheel-based control and an automatic gear shifting system with the possibility of switching to manual are used. A monoblock power plant V-92S2F with a capacity of 1130 liters is installed on the tank. s., developed on the basis of the V-92S2.
• T-90SM - export version of the T-90AM tank.

Sources:

• Christopher F. Foss. "Reference Jane. Tanks and fighting vehicles";
• G. L. Kholyavsky. "The Complete Encyclopedia of World Tanks 1915 - 2000";
• Murakhovsky V. I., Pavlov M. V., Safonov B. S., Solyankin A. G. "Modern tanks";
• Philip Truitt. "Tanks and self-propelled guns";
• Equipment and weapons 2010 - 06.

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