How to overcome water obstacles. Crossing over water barriers. c) a short circuit in the mains, an incomprehensible rumble, a swinging chandelier and trembling glass in the windows

• To cross the river correctly, you should:

• a) swim across the river, use air mattresses and cameras;

• b) choose a place where the water looks calm and ford the river using inflatable tubes;

• c) choose a convenient place and ford the river using a pole or alpenstock.

• Correct answer: in

• a) a bluish glow of the inner surface of houses, sparking of closely spaced (but non-contacting) electrical wires, the smell of gas in areas where this was not previously noted, flashes in the form of scattered light lightning;

• b) a sharp change in weather conditions, self-ignition and spontaneous combustion of combustible substances and materials, heavy precipitation in the form of rain or snow;

• c) a short circuit in the mains, an incomprehensible rumble, a swinging chandelier and trembling of glass in the windows.

• Correct answer: a

• a) contact with each other of several electrical wires under voltage;

• b) touching the electrical outlet with wet hands;

• c) touching a faulty disconnected electrical wiring.

• Correct answer: b

a) complete combustion of gas;

• a) complete combustion of gas;

• b) incomplete combustion of gas;

• c) a power outage in the apartment

• Correct answer: b

• If there was an explosion in a neighboring apartment, the door to your apartment is littered, the light went out, the phone does not work, then you should:

• a) turn off gas, electricity, turn off water, wait for rescuers, give signals from a window (balcony), knock on metal objects;

• b) open the front door and try to clear the blockage in order to go to the landing or to the street;

• c) give signals, knock on metal objects until the building collapses, and then climb down from the window on a rope.

• Correct answer: a

The most common obstacle is a water barrier. To ensure safety when overcoming it, it is important to be able to choose a place and

v- crossing method. If you have a map, you can preliminarily determine the direction and speed of the river, its width, depth, nature of the banks, the presence of bridges, crossings, fords. Conventionally, rivers can be divided into three groups: flat, swampy and mountainous.

plain- flow in shallow valleys with a water surface slope of up to 0.2 m per kilometer. Their channel is wide, the current is calm, slow. The bottom is composed of soft, easily eroded rocks.

marsh- flow in the tundra and low wetlands.

Mountain- flow in mountain gorges with a slope of the water surface from 1 to 100 m per kilometer. The bottom is hard, rocky, the current is swift,

stormy, uneven, rapids.

Depending on the nature of the water barrier, the way to overcome it is chosen. To cross over water barriers it is necessary to choose the narrowest sections of the watercourse. The main ways to overcome water barriers are as follows: with the help of crossings, swimming, wading, on boats, etc.

Overcoming water barriers with the help of crossings. Small water obstacles can be overcome on ready-made bridges and masonry (laundry). The first to go is an experienced rescuer "light", insured with a rope, with a pole in his hands. greatest danger is movement without handrails, on wet, unstable, icy, snow-covered, oscillating surfaces, or surfaces covered with water. The first rescuer, having overcome the water barrier, participates in the installation of railings (rope, wooden) and helps all members of the group.

In the absence of a ready-made crossing (luggage), it can be quickly built by laying a tree across a water barrier. For this purpose, a tree standing on the shore is selected, preferably with a natural slope towards the water. Its height should be greater than the width of the river. The tree can be cut down or felled in compliance with safety measures.

You need to cross the logs one at a time, and the transition itself must be protected by railings (rope or wooden). Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to safety issues when moving on wet, slippery, swaying, loose logs.

Sometimes a water barrier can be overcome through natural traffic jams and blockages, which are formed as a result of the accumulation of trees, branches, and debris. In this case, you should carefully move along the top of the rubble, constantly checking each place with your foot and removing obstacles. The danger with such a movement lies in the likelihood of falling through and falling into the water. After carrying out reconnaissance of the blockage, choosing a route and installing railings, the whole group carries out the crossing.

One of the main conditions for safety in the process of overcoming water barriers is the preservation of dry clothes and shoes, as well as food, equipment, communications, and weapons. In the cold season, this requirement is of particular importance.

To keep clothes, shoes and other items dry, wrap them in a waterproof cloth and tie it with a strong knot. The bundle can be mounted on a makeshift raft, held in your hand above your head, or sailed with it.

Overcoming water obstacles by swimming. One of the ways to overcome water obstacles is to swim across. To ensure safety in this case, it is necessary to swim well breaststroke, crawl, on the side, on the back, alternate swimming styles, be able to stay on the water with one hand raised above the head, in which there are things, push a raft, a log or a bundle of clothes in front of you, swim in clothes and with equipment.

Convenient and safe place to overcome the water barrier by swimming is a deep area without whirlpools, rapids, stones and trees sticking out of the water. You need to swim at an angle to the current, taking into account the natural drift down the river. You should not overcome the power of the water flow along the shortest path - this will lead to a significant loss of time and effort.

Important indicator safety when crossing by swimming - the course of the river. At a speed of up to 0.5 m/s, it is considered weak, at a speed of 0.6 - 1.0 m/s - medium, 1.0 - 2.0 m / s - fast. To determine the speed of the river, you should measure the distance between two objects (stones, trees, stakes) on the bank. Then throw a floating object into the water and measure the time it takes for it to swim the marked distance. Dividing the distance (m) by the time (s) determines the speed of the river. The speed of the river flow affects the amount of drift of a floating person, which can be determined by the formula:

where X– drift value, m; v is the speed of the river flow, m/s; S- river width, m; V– swimming speed, m/s.

For example, with a river width of 100 m, a current speed of 1 m/s and a swimming speed of 0.5 m/s, the drift will be 200 m. opposite shore. It is safe to swim without improvised means to cross rivers 50-70 m wide at a current speed of up to 1 m / s.

In case of melting in clothes, it is necessary to release the waist belt, turn out the pockets, unfasten the buttons on the sleeves and collar, remove the shoes and put them under the belt, seal the contents of the duffel bag (backpack), lay and fasten over the duffel bag (backpack) tools. Sometimes a rope attached to the swimmer's back can be used for insurance. With this arrangement, a person can be pulled out of the water face up.

You need to enter the fast-flowing water stream backwards, lie down on your back and swim. You can not abruptly enter and jump into the water. Of particular danger are whirlpools, junctions of several water flows (currents), waves. If a person has fallen into a whirlpool, then he must take a deep breath, dive and swim to the side under water. On the surface of the water, this is much more difficult due to high speed currents.

In reservoirs with large breakers, you need to swim towards the shore in the hollows between the waves. If the wave moves directly towards the person, then it is necessary to dive under its crest, and when it passes, swim further.

Dangerous are swirling waves that can capture a person with an outgoing current. In this case, you should not swim against the current, you should try to get ashore with the next advancing wave.

One of the ways to overcome water obstacles by swimming is associated with the use of animals (horses). In this case, you can, having freed your legs from the stirrups, hold both directly on the neck, mane, tail of the horse, and on special harnesses. It is necessary to cross at an angle against the current, without interfering with the animal itself choosing the path in a given direction.

Additional security when crossing by swimming, improvised watercraft are provided, such as a log, a board, a wooden shield, a cape stuffed with floating material, bags of straw and bark, bundles of reeds, reeds, branches, a raft. When crossing a raft, you can row with your hands, boards, poles, a shovel, an oar, drag the raft itself with a rope.

The nature of the water barrier can be determined by outward signs(the noise of water, the presence of foam, the speed of the watercourse of the wave and whirlpool, the knock of moving stones on the bottom of the river). The number of pitfalls in the riverbed can be judged by breakers. If the breaker does not move relative to the channel, but only slightly pulsates on the surface of the water in the same place, then this fact indicates the presence of a stone.

Overcoming water barriers. Water barriers can be waded. For this, a place is chosen, preferably in shallow areas of calm water. Safety is achieved by carefully following each step, using a pole to feel the bottom, moving along a shallow or rift. On the fast water it is necessary to rest against the pole from the side of its pressure. It is not recommended to look at the water due to possible dizziness and loss of balance; look at the place of exit from the water.

It is considered relatively safe to ford a river in a group of two or more people. Two rescuers stand on the river bank facing each other, put their hands on their shoulders and move in the water. Several rescuers line up or form a circle, put their hands on each other's shoulders and overcome the water barrier.

Mountain fast rivers most often cross over stones. It should be remembered that the stones are sometimes wet, slippery, and sometimes icy. This could result in a person falling into the water and causing injury. A rope railing must be used with the chain to prevent such incidents. A mountain river with a depth of no more than 1 m is considered safe. If its depth is greater, then it is possible to ford such a river only when using special devices. The most favorable for overcoming a mountain river is early morning - at this time its depth is the smallest.

In the case when the bottom of the river is rocky or there are logs, metal (reinforced concrete) structures on it, it is necessary to cross the river in shoes without socks to keep them dry. Bushes, reeds, aquatic vegetation should be moved apart by hand; do not raise your legs, but move them carefully in the water.

When crossing a ford (swim), a danger to a person is presented at the time of entry and exit from the water, because River banks tend to be sloping, steep, wet and slippery, which can cause falls. Under these conditions, it is advisable to use insurance or build steps.

When overcoming a water barrier, wade clothes, shoes and equipment should be kept above your head, after leaving the water - immediately get dressed. This will provide warming and prevention of colds. It is impossible to overcome water barriers while wade fast current, the presence of floating logs, branches, moving stones in the water, the inability to establish special means insurance. It is forbidden to wade through timber-rafting rivers and rivers along which ice drifts.

In order to ensure safety when crossing rivers, it is necessary to first examine the nature of the bottom, measure the depth of the water and the speed of the current. You can involve a guide from local residents. Data about safe ways river crossings are presented in Table 4.3.

The presence of a crossing water bodies- the basis of the criterion for the complexity of the route for a hiker. In addition, on routes of this type, the most high percent mortality even among experienced hikers. What can we say about people who are inexperienced in these matters, who like to spend time in nature and travel on foot? .. For them, such an obstacle on the way can cause a spoiled vacation, and if they don’t know the rules of crossing the river, even more sad consequences ...

There are many ways to cross rivers, but some of the methods described in the literature, such as crossing with a noose around your neck or running down the river, are completely unacceptable for practical use.

The most common and in a simple way crossings water obstacles there was and still is a river crossing. The first step in such a crossing is to find a ford. A ford is a shallow place along a river that can be crossed or driven by car. On the shallow depth flat river indicate shallows, ripples on the surface of the water, the expansion of the river in its straight section, protruding stones, islands, as well as paths that descend to the river. When a suitable place for a ford is found, with the help of a pole, you need to explore the bottom for whirlpools, deep holes, snags, mud, since their presence can become a serious obstacle when crossing. You need to explore the bottom with a pole at least 2 m long. You need to move at an angle to the current, leaning on the pole. The pole should be rearranged in front of you upstream with each step - it will be pressed to the bottom by the pressure of the water. If the pole is downstream, it can be demolished.

Finding a ford in a mountain river is much more difficult, since the water temperature, the steepness of the banks, the strength of the current and the nature of the bottom in such rivers are quite dangerous. When finding a ford in a mountain river, you should choose the narrowest and shallowest place in the riverbed, with the most gentle banks, if possible, with the lowest possible flow and with the absence of characteristic dangers (we will talk about them later in the article). go over mountain river should be at a depth of not more than 1 m and top speed flow no more than 1 ms. If the current speed is higher than indicated, even a depth of half a meter is dangerous for the crossing. It is also not recommended to wade the river under adverse meteorological conditions - rain, snow, hail. This will make it difficult to move and contribute to a very rapid rise in the water level in the river (especially in the mountains). The lowest water level in mountain rivers is observed in the early morning, the highest - in the evening. Sometimes the water level in the morning decreases so much that the bottom becomes visible.

A mountain river more than 50 meters wide can be crossed even at high current speeds. However, such a crossing should be avoided. If you decide to cross to the other side in such an extreme way or the fall into the water was accidental, you need to know the characteristic dangers of a mountain river, which should be taken into account when assessing your actions in an emergency. These hazards include:

• blockage - a tree or stones that blocked the bottom of the river;
• clamp - especially clamp with an underwater mainsail;
• a steep drain - the most dangerous example is a waterfall;
• a ridge of stones of the "threshold" type;
• large pitfalls located in a ridge;
• funnels;
• high speed and turbulence of the current, which can carry a person downstream or prevent him from getting back on his feet after overcoming the river;
• low water temperature.

Also, a mountain river can be overcome with the help of a ground crossing in the form of a fallen tree. You can find a naturally fallen tree, or you can fell a tree that grows in close proximity to the shore. It is advisable to choose a place where the channel is narrow enough and the banks are slightly higher than the current - so that the water does not flood the log. The log can be replaced with poles, boards, and other improvised materials. The land crossing also includes crossing over stones protruding from the water. With this method of crossing, you should be very careful: choose dry, non-slip and stable stones, think over the trajectory of your movement in advance.

Crossing the river ford should only be shod and dressed, but without a backpack and other bulky things. You can transport them to the opposite shore as follows: find a ford, reconnoiter the bottom, tie a rope on the shore, go with its free end to the opposite shore and fix it there. Then you should return, with the help of a carabiner or a free knot, tie to the rope for the purpose of insurance, and already cross back with things. If a group of people is crossing, you need to move along the rope in a column or in pairs, one after another, with an added step. The strongest and most experienced member of the group should be at the head of the column.

If the obstacle is a narrow river or stream, then it can be overcome by jumping over it, leaning on a strong pole. A backpack and other things should first be transferred to the opposite bank.

Crossing a frozen river should be done after preliminary reconnaissance of the strength of the ice with a pole. If a group of people is crossing, you need to have a pole 2-2.5 m long while crossing and keep a distance of at least 5 m from each other.

On the slopes of hills and mountain slopes one must be very careful. The slightest mistake - and you can slip and fall down. An additional point of support is needed here. To do this, use an ordinary stick. Tourists call it alpenstock.

Sometimes it is more convenient to walk along the stream or straight along it. But caution is needed: streams often either go into narrow gorges or canyons, or are cut off by waterfalls. In such places, you can expose yourself to great danger.

In the mountains, you often have to wade through rivers and streams. The desire not to get your feet wet, to cross to the other side, jumping from one stone to another, often ends badly. By jumping on a stone, you can slip, fall into the water and get completely wet. In addition, when falling, not only damage to the leg or arm is possible, but a person can be caught by the rapid current of the river ...

When moving on a slope, tourists rely on a stick (alpenstock)

It is better to choose a convenient place and ford the river. Wide and shallow places are suitable for this. If there are stones on the river, then the area above the stones (downstream) should not be chosen as the crossing point. There the water looks calmer, but the water pressure is the greatest.

If there is only one person, you need to use an alpenstock for the transition and lean on it.

Alpenstock helps to cross the river

You can cross the stream in two or three, placing the weaker ones in the line downstream. Then the stronger of the passing ones takes on the main pressure of the water and cuts it.

In no case should you cross the river barefoot: you can injure your legs on sharp stones or slip. You can shine in front of the ford socks and put them on on the other side, pouring out the water from the shoes. Before crossing, you should loosen the straps of the backpacks so that they can be quickly dropped if necessary.

In the mountains, if the terrain allows, it is better to go along the ridges. In this case, the view increases and it is easier to go.

Extremely difficult transitions in the forest and taiga in winter time without skis. Deep and loose snow greatly complicates movement, making it almost impossible.

For movement in deep snow, you can make snowshoe skis. They are made in the form of a frame of two branches 2-2.5 cm thick and 150 cm long. The front end of the ski, steamed in water, is bent up, and the frame at least 30 cm wide is braided with thin flexible branches. In the front of the ski, a leg support is made from four transverse and two longitudinal strips according to the size of the shoe.

In winter, you can move along the beds of frozen rivers. But attention! In places where there is a strong current, the ice is thin, you can fall through. Especially dangerous is the movement along steep banks. Often under the snow there is water that has come to the surface of the ice due to freezing (on the shallows) of the water to the bottom.

When driving on ice, it is necessary to increase the intervals between people, stretch or loosen backpack straps, unfasten ski bindings, and prepare a rope.

Many unpleasant minutes can be delivered by the swamps encountered on the way. Their surface is deceptive. Small swampy areas can be passed by stepping on bumps or rhizomes of shrubs, laying a path of poles. It is extremely dangerous to ford sections of the swamp, and only locals well-versed in safe places.