Anopheles mosquito pupa. Malaria mosquito: what happens if it bites. Biology and ecology of nonmalarial mosquitoes

For mosquitoes (order Diptera, suborder Long-whiskers), characteristic external features are a thin body, long legs and a small head with a proboscis-type mouth apparatus. Mosquitoes are ubiquitous, especially in warm climates. humid climate. Mosquitoes are carriers of over 50 diseases. Mosquitoes - representatives of the genera Culex and ncdcs (non-malarial) are carriers of pathogens of Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, anthrax, representatives of the genus nnopheles (malarial mosquitoes) - carriers of malarial plasmodium. Nonmalarial and malarial mosquitoes differ from each other at all stages of the life cycle.

All mosquitoes lay their eggs in water or moist soil near bodies of water. Eggs of mosquitoes of the genus nnopheles are located on the surface of the water one at a time, each egg has two air floats. Their larvae are located under water parallel to its surface, on the penultimate segment they have two respiratory openings. The pupae are comma-shaped, develop under the surface of the water and breathe oxygen through breathing horns in the form of wide funnels. Adult mosquitoes of the genus nnopheles, sitting on objects, raise the body up, and hold the head down, forming sharp corner with surface. On both sides of their proboscis are mandibular palps equal in length to it. Mosquitoes of the genera Culex and Aedes lay eggs in groups in the water. Larvae in water lie at an angle to its surface and have a long respiratory siphon on the penultimate segment. The pupae also have the appearance of a comma, but their respiratory horns are shaped like thin cylindrical tubes. The mandibular palps of adult mosquitoes barely reach a third of the length of the proboscis. Sitting on objects, mosquitoes keep the body parallel to their surface.

malarial mosquito is the final host, and man is the intermediate host of the simplest malarial plasmodium (a type of sporozoa). The development cycle of malarial plasmodium consists of three parts:

1) schizogony - asexual reproduction by multiple division;

2) gametogony - sexual reproduction;

3) sporogony - the formation of forms specific for sporozoans (sporozoites).

Piercing the skin of a healthy person, an invasive mosquito injects into his blood saliva containing sporozoites, which are introduced into gametocytes in the liver cells. There they turn first into trophozoites, then into schizonts.

Mosquitoes, or real mosquitoes, or blood-sucking mosquitoes (lat. Culicidae) are a family of two-winged insects belonging to the group of long-whiskers (Nematocera). There are more than 3,000 species of mosquitoes in the world, belonging to 38 genera. Representatives of 100 species belonging to the genera of true mosquitoes (Culex), biters (Aedes), Culiseta, malarial mosquitoes (Anopheles), Toxorhinchites, Uranotaenia, Orthopodomyia, Coquillettidia live in Russia.
Mosquitoes are insects thin body(length 4-14 mm), long legs and narrow transparent wings. The body color is yellow, brown or gray. The abdomen is elongated, consisting of 10 segments. The chest is wider than the abdomen. The legs end in a pair of claws. The wings are covered with scales, clusters of which sometimes form spots. Antennae long, composed of 15 segments. The oral apparatus is of a piercing-sucking type. In females, the proboscis is long and consists of piercing bristles, in males - without them.
Mosquito insects have 4 phases of development: egg, larva, pupa, adult. At the same time, all phases, except adults, live in water bodies. Mosquito larvae and pupae living in water breathe atmospheric air through breathing tubes, exposing them to the surface. Mosquito larvae - filter feeders or scrapers - feed on aquatic microorganisms. The nutrition of adults is often dual: females of most mosquito species drink the blood of vertebrates: mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians; at the same time, males of all mosquito species without exception feed on the nectar of flowering plants.
BREEDING. Female mosquitoes during the mating season attract the attention of males with a characteristic thin sound, reminiscent of a squeak, which is created with the help of wings. Mosquitoes pick up sound vibrations with their sensitive antennae. Females squeak a little thinner than males, young ones - not like old ones. And male mosquitoes hear this and make a choice in favor of adult females. Mosquitoes form a swarm, where males and females mate. The female mosquito lays 30-150, and even 280 eggs (for malarial mosquitoes) every 2-3 days. The egg develops into an adult mosquito within a week. To reproduce eggs, mosquitoes require blood, so the egg-laying cycle is directly dependent on blood consumption. Eggs are laid in stagnant or low-flowing reservoirs on the surface of the water (the genera Anopheles and Culex), on moist soil at the edge of the water that dry up in summer and are flooded in spring, or stick to floating and water-washed objects (Aedes).
MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE. Mosquitoes are an integral component natural communities. The number of groups of animals for which they are food is in the tens. In addition, mosquitoes, like other insects, whose larvae actively feed in aquatic environment, are one of the main reasons for the inexhaustibility of soils
Mosquitoes are carriers of dangerous diseases: malaria, yellow fever, dengue and some encephalitis. Of these diseases, malaria alone causes about two million deaths each year. In addition, their bites can cause itching and allergic reaction.

They are widely distributed on all continents except Antarctica. Absent in desert areas and on far north(the extreme northern point of the range is the south of Karelia). There are about 430 species in the world fauna, in Russia and neighboring countries- 10 types. In Russia, they live in the European part and Western Siberia. do not live in Eastern Siberia where the winters are too harsh for them. A mosquito becomes infected with malarial plasmodium from a person - a patient or a carrier. The malarial Plasmodium goes through a cycle of sexual reproduction in the body of the mosquito. An infected mosquito becomes a source of infection for humans 4-10 days after infection and remains so for 16-45 days. Mosquitoes serve as carriers of other types of Plasmodium that cause malaria in animals.

Malaria: pathogenic significance, diagnosis, prevention.

In malaria caused by P. malariae, the intervals between attacks are 72 hours. Asymptomatic carriage is common.

In tropical malaria, at the onset of the disease, the intervals between attacks may be different, but then they are repeated every 24 hours. With this type of malaria, the danger is great lethal outcome due to complications from the central nervous system or kidneys. Tropical malaria is especially dangerous for Caucasians.

A person can become infected with malaria not only through the bite of an infected mosquito. Infection is also possible through hemotransfusion (transfusion) of infected donor blood. Most often, this method of infection occurs with four-day malaria, since there are few schizonts in erythrocytes, they may not be detected when examining the blood of donors.

Diagnostics

It is possible only during the period of erythrocyte schizogony, when the pathogen can be detected in the blood. Plasmodium, recently penetrated into the erythrocyte, has the form of a ring. The cytoplasm in it in the form of a rim surrounds a large vacuole. The nucleus is displaced to the edge.

It occupies almost the entire erythrocyte. Further, fragmentation of the schizont occurs: a deformed erythrocyte contains many merozoites, each of which contains a nucleus. In addition to asexual forms, gametocytes can also be found in erythrocytes. They are larger, do not have pseudopods and vacuoles.

Prevention

Identification and treatment of all patients with malaria (elimination of the source of mosquito invasion) and the destruction of mosquitoes (elimination of vectors) with the help of special insecticides and reclamation works (draining swamps).

When traveling to areas unfavorable for malaria, you should take prophylactic antimalarial drugs, protect yourself from mosquito bites (use mosquito nets, apply repellents to the skin).

• Date: 19.12.2016
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Four-day malaria is extremely dangerous to the health of all people. Anopheles (Anopheles) - another name for the insidious malarial mosquitoes. This is a genus of dipterous insects. They are the main carriers of malarial Plasmodium (Plasmodium malariae). The causative agent of malaria is Anopheles. Today the biggest problem is this dangerous disease. About 200 million people in the world become ill with malaria every year. Every year this infection caused by microorganisms, claims about 1 million lives.

Features of the development of anopheles

The malarial mosquito in Russia can also be found. dangerous insect lives in Western Siberia and the European part of the country.

What does a malaria mosquito look like? vector of malaria appearance differs little from culex pipiens - the common mosquito. However, in the photo, the tiny Anopheles can be easily identified by its long hind legs. Bottom part the body of the seated Anopheles is strongly elevated at a large angle to the surface. This genus of insects can be identified by characteristic features.

Long jointed tentacles on a small head, a few characteristic dark spots on the wings - distinctive features anopheles. The malarial mosquito is very finicky. He prefers only clean water bodies for rearing his offspring, so Anopheles never lays larvae in swamps.

Males live no more than 2 days. About 2 months is the life expectancy of females. Why is caution necessary when encountering malarial mosquitoes, why are Anopheles dangerous? During the day, these nocturnal insects hide in secluded places. At night, the vast majority of attacks by these mosquitoes on sleeping people occur. At a distance of about 3 kilometers, hungry female insects can find their prey - humans. Anopheles is a carrier of a dangerous infection.

How infection occurs

What happens if a malarial mosquito bites? Females of the insidious Anopheles cause a dangerous disease - malaria. This is an unpleasant disease that achievements help to treat. modern medicine. However, the bite of a malarial mosquito poses a serious health hazard. The set of manifestations of the disease is largely due to the type of pathogen.

Characteristic clinical signs

If malaria develops, incubation period this disease lasts up to 14 months. The duration of the incubation period depends on the type of pathogen. At first, the symptoms of malaria are mild.

There is a complex of the following characteristic features infectious disease:

Malaria is dangerous. People often underestimate this risk when going on vacation. Before traveling to hot countries, you need to check with a doctor and get recommendations. In case of illness, it is worth contacting an infectious disease specialist immediately to avoid complications of malaria.

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The body of the pupa is shaped like a comma and consists of two sections. The expanded anterior section is egg-shaped and corresponds to the head and chest of the future mosquito. On the lower side of the anterior part of the body, there is an eye in the form of a dark spot, enclosed in a transparent case. Through the transparent cover, the forming organs of an adult mosquito shine through: the rudiments oral apparatus, limbs, wings.

On the dorsal surface of the anterior part of the body there are two respiratory siphons, which look like funnel-shaped tubes. A narrow segmented abdomen is tucked under the anterior part of the body.

Head of a female nonmalarial Mosquito Culex pipiens

The head of a female non-malarial mosquito is visible on the preparation, with its dorsal side up. From leading edge a long thin proboscis leaves the head. The proboscis is a modified lower lip that has a gutter-like appearance. The stabbing parts of the oral apparatus are located in it as in a case and are not visible under a microscope. The proboscis at the free end has two small blades used in inserting the piercing mouthparts into the skin of the host. On both sides of the proboscis, three-segmented mandibular palps are visible, four times shorter in length than the proboscis. Along the entire length they are covered with small hairs. The mandibular palps are appendages of the lower jaws and perform a tactile function. Outside of the mandibular palpi are multi-segmented, slightly pubescent antennae - the organs of smell. Short hairs are whorled at the junctions of the segments. The entire front of the head is occupied by a pair of large compound (mosaic) eyes. Outwardly, they resemble honeycombs. Each facet (eye) of compound eyes is clearly visible.

Head of a male non-malaria mosquito Culex pipiens

The head of a male non-malarial mosquito is visible on the preparation, with its dorsal side up. A long thin proboscis extends from the front edge of the head. The proboscis is a modified lower lip that has a gutter-like appearance. The stabbing parts of the oral apparatus are located in it as in a case and are not visible under a microscope. In the male, the upper and lower jaws - the piercing parts of the mouth apparatus - are underdeveloped. Therefore, the sucking oral apparatus of the male cannot pierce the skin; it provides the males with nectar and plant sap. On both sides of the proboscis, mandibular palps are visible, longer than the proboscis; all segments are of the same thickness. Along the entire length they are covered with small hairs. The mandibular palps are appendages of the lower jaws and perform a tactile function. Outside of the mandibular palps are multi-segmented strongly pubescent antennae - the organs of smell. Long hairs are whorled at the junctions of the segments. The entire front of the head is occupied by a pair of large compound (mosaic) eyes. Outwardly, they resemble honeycombs. Each facet (eye) of compound eyes is clearly visible.

Egg of the non-malarial mosquito Culex pipiens

The egg has an elongated shape, the lower end of the egg is wide and blunt, and the upper end is narrower. At the lower end of the egg, a lid protruding outward is visible. On some preparations it is visible side"boat" formed by several dozen eggs of a non-malarial mosquito.

Larva of the nonmalarial mosquito Culex pipiens

The preparation clearly shows the elongated body of the larva, 2–3 mm in size, consisting of three sections: a massive head, a large thorax, and an articulated abdomen. The head is clearly demarcated from the chest. On the sides of the head are compound eyes, in front - two fan-shaped fans and rod-shaped antennae. Fans - oral appendages, consisting of thin and long hairs, which, moving rhythmically, drive water with food particles contained in it into the mouth of the larva.

Thoracic strongly swollen. The segmented abdomen consists of 9 segments. In the middle of the abdomen in the form of a dark spot through the integument of the body, the intestines shine through. On both sides of the intestine are tubular tracheae. A long respiratory tube, the respiratory siphon, departs from the penultimate abdominal segment. Stigmas (breathing holes) are located at the end of the siphon.

The last segment contains two well-marked tufts of tail setae, which are used by the larva to enlarge the rowing surface when the larvae move. 4 elongated transparent appendages extend from the last segment - anal gills, which play an important role in the processes of osmoregulation.

The entire body of the larva is covered with numerous hairs: the thorax and the first three segments of the abdomen are covered with simple setae and stellate setae are absent, in contrast to the larva of the malarial mosquito.

Pupa of the non-malarial mosquito Culex pipiens

The body of the mosquito pupa is shaped like a comma and consists of two sections. The expanded anterior section is egg-shaped and corresponds to the head and chest of the future mosquito. On the lower side of the anterior part of the body there is an eye in the form of a dark spot, enclosed in a transparent case. Forming organs of an adult mosquito shine through the transparent cover of the pupa: the rudiments of the mouth apparatus, limbs, wings.

On the dorsal surface of the anterior part of the body there are two respiratory siphons, which look like cylindrical tubes. A narrow segmented abdomen is tucked under the anterior part of the body.

Order Diptera (Diptera)

Diptera are a detachment of insects with complete metamorphosis. A distinctive feature of the detachment, which well delimits it from other groups of insects, is the presence of only one front pair of wings. The posterior pair of them is transformed into club-shaped organs of balance - halteres - and does not carry a locomotor function. The science of dipterous insects is dipterology.

About 120,000 species of Diptera have been described. The most characteristic representatives of Diptera are mosquitoes, midges, horseflies, real flies.

Many blood-sucking Diptera are carriers of infectious diseases (malaria, yellow fever, etc.). However, at the same time, they are of great importance for Agriculture, because they are pollinators of various plants, including cultivated ones. The body shape of adult dipterans is very diverse. Everyone knows slender long-legged mosquitoes and stocky short-bodied flies, but only experts will attribute to this order a microscopic wingless "bee louse" or a female of one of the humpback species found in anthills, which looks more like a very small cockroach.

Morphology of imaginal stages of malarial and non-malarial mosquitoes.

Slim elongated body. On the head are large compound eyes, long antennae. Females have piercing-sucking mouthparts, males sucking, piercing parts are reduced (feed on nectar). On the sides of the mouthparts are segmented antennae. A pair of transparent wings are attached to the mesothorax. Abdomen - 10 segments, the last 2 are modified into genital appendages. At the end of the abdomen, the female has genital appendages in the form of a pair of protrusions; the male has a complex pincer-shaped copulatory organ. The shape of the genitals is the most reliable way to determine the sex and type of mosquito. The ties are thin, long. The body of mosquitoes is covered with scales or hairs (the shape and location are different).

Imagoes differ in landing, wing pattern and structure of head appendages.

In Culex and Aedes, the abdomen is parallel to the surface on which they sit; in Anopheles, the posterior end is raised.

Some species of malarial mosquitoes have dark spots on their wings, non-malarial mosquitoes do not.

The heads of males of all mosquitoes have strongly lowered mandibular antennae, in females they are slightly lowered. In females, Anopheles are equal in length to the proboscis, Culex and Aedes are a third or a quarter of the proboscis. In males of Anopheles, the proboscis is equal and there are club-shaped thickenings at the end, in non-malarial ones the proboscis is longer and there are no thickenings.

The shield of the mesothorax in malaria is rounded (entirely marginal), in non-malaria along the posterior edge it is three-lobed

The legs of malaria are longer.

development cycle of mosquitoes.

A new generation of mosquitoes hatched from pupae goes through a maturation period (about 4 days). At this time, they live near water bodies, feed on nectar. Then, at dusk, the males form a swarm, the females fly into it, mate, after the females must definitely drink blood for the development of eggs. They actively search for prey at a distance of up to 3 km from the reservoir, flying into the premises. After drinking blood, the females hide for several days in a darkened room or thicket. During the digestion of blood, the maturation of eggs (gonotorphic cycle). Monocyclic (1 cycle per summer) or polycyclic (2-7). Females live approx 1 month, males 10-15 days. After maturation of eggs, the female flies to the reservoir, lays 350-450 eggs. Larvae emerge from the eggs, the duration of development depends on t water (15 days at 25 "C), not less than 10. The larvae feed on bacteria and grow on the remains, molt several times and turn into pupae, adults emerge from the cat.

In Anophelis and Culex, the females hibernate, while Aedes have eggs. With the onset of cold weather, males fertilize females and die. Females feed on blood to form a fat body, at the expense of the cat hibernate. Egg development is retarded. In spring they feed again and lay eggs.

Differences between eggs, larvae, pupae of malarial and non-malarial mosquitoes.

Anopheles - in standing or low-flowing unshaded water bodies with clean water. The eggs have a belt with air chambers and swim one at a time.

Aedes - lay eggs one at a time in temporary reservoirs (puddles, cans, hollows). Elongated oval without air chambers

Culex - wedge-shaped without air chambers, deposited on the surface of the water glued in the form of a boat

Culex and Aedes - on the penultimate segment of the abdomen, a respiratory siphon in the form of a narrow tube, at the end of the cat there are stigmas (tracheal openings). They are located at an angle to the surface of the water, they breathe atmospheric air

Aedes - non-simultaneous hatching of larvae from eggs of the same clutch, stretches for weeks and months (adaptation to drying up reservoirs)

Anopheles - do not have a siphon, located parallel to the surface of the water. A pair of stigmas, through which they breathe atmospheric air, are located on the penultimate segment of the abdomen

Comma form. On the dorsal side of the cephalothorax, a pair of breathing siphons. With their help, the pupae are "suspended" to the surface of the water. Culex and Aedes have cylindrical siphons, while Anopheles have conical siphons.

Medical significance of mosquitoes.

mosquitoesAnopheles are specific vectors and definitive hosts of malaria pathogens, specific vectors and intermediate hosts vuhererii and brugii.

mosquitoesAedes- specific carriers of pathogens of Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, Dengue fever, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, anthrax, wuchereriosis, brugiosis, tularemia.

mosquitoesCule xspecific carriers of pathogens of Japanese encephalitis, tularemia and wuhereriosis.

The structure and medical significance of mosquitoes.

Mosquitoes (subfamilyPhlebotomidae) live in countries with a warm and hot climate, kept mainly in human housing. In addition, they live in caves, in rodent burrows, etc. Size 1.5-3.5 mm, color brown-gray or light yellow. The head is small. The oral apparatus is piercing-sucking. The legs are long and thin. The body and wings are strongly lowered. The eggs are laid in places protected from the sun: rodent burrows, caves, tree hollows, in bird nests, in garbage. Males feed on plant juices, females - on blood (at dusk and at night). The bites are painful, blisters and itching appear at the site of the bites.

Mosquitoes are specific carriers of leishmaniasis and pappataci fever. They are characterized by transovarial transmission of pathogens.

Morphology and life cycle of the housefly.

house fly (muscle domestica) widespread everywhere.

Morphological features: sizes of females up to 7.5 mm. The body and legs are dark in color, covered with hairs. The paws have claws and sticky pads that allow the flies to move on any surface. The oral apparatus is licking-sucking. The lower lip is turned into a proboscis, at its end there are two sucking lobules, between which the oral opening is located.

Saliva contains enzymes that liquefy solid organic matter which she then licks off. Flies feed on food and various decaying organic residues.

Life cycle: 4-8 days after mating at a temperature of 17-18 C, the female lays up to 150 eggs in rotting organic residues, kitchen waste, manure, human feces, etc. at the optimum temperature (35-45C) in a day, larvae emerge from the eggs, which pupate in 1-2 weeks.

Pupation occurs in the soil at a lower temperature (not higher than 25C). A new generation of flies appears in about a month. Their life span is about one month.

Epidemiological significance of the housefly.

Flies are mechanical carriers of pathogens intestinal infections(cholera, paratyphoid, dysentery, typhoid fever), tuberculosis, diphtheria, helminth eggs and protist cysts. On the body of a fly there are up to 6 million bacteria, and in the intestine - up to 28 million.

Fly fighting lead at different stages of their life cycle. To combat winged flies, insecticides, stickies, baits with poisons are used, and mechanically destroyed. To combat the preimaginal stages, the improvement of populated areas is of great importance: the presence of sewers, closed garbage bins, manure storages, toilets, timely removal of waste, and the use of insecticides.

Structure, life cycle, Medical Significance Of The Wolffart Fly.

Wolfart fly (wohlfahrtia magnifica) widespread in countries with a temperate and hot climate.

Morphological features: the body is light gray color, length 9-13 mm, three dark longitudinal stripes on the chest

Children are especially affected by myiasis. With intensive infection, complete destruction of the soft tissues of the eye socket and head is possible; sometimes the disease ends in death. Occasional intestinal myiasis can be caused by housefly and blowfly larvae.

Preventive measures are aimed at protecting people from the attack of flies.

Tse-tse flies: morphology and medical significance.

Tse-tse fly (glossinapalpalis) is distributed only in the western regions of the African continent. It lives near human dwellings along the banks of rivers and lakes with high soil moisture, overgrown with shrubs and trees.

The sizes are large (up to 13 mm), the proboscis is strongly chitinized, protrudes forward. The coloration is dark brown. Females are viviparous, laying only one larva on the soil surface. The larva penetrates the soil, pupates, and after 3-4 weeks the imaginal form emerges. For the whole life (3-6 months) females lay 6-12 larvae.

It feeds on the blood of animals and humans and is the main reservoir and specific carrier of African trypanosomiasis pathogens.

Control measures: cutting down shrubs and trees along the banks of rivers and lakes near settlements and along roads. Insecticides are used to control adult flies.

Morphology, development cycles, medical significance of cockroaches.

Squad of cockroaches (Blattoidea)

Morphological features: large insects, body length reaches 3 cm.

The body is flattened in the dorso-ventral direction. They have 2 pairs of wings: the upper ones are leathery, the lower ones are membranous. In females, the wings are reduced. Mouth apparatus gnawing type. Cockroaches have special skin odorous glands, the secretion of which attracts other individuals, so they exist in large groups.

Life cycle: development with incomplete transformation lasts several months. Females lay their eggs in cocoons, which they carry with them for 14-15 days. Nocturnal activity is characteristic, during the day they hide in crevices. They are found in human dwellings, at food industry and public catering enterprises, etc. The obligatory conditions for their existence in a person’s dwelling are: the presence of moisture, a certain temperature, and a sufficient amount of food. They feed on food, human excretions and various garbage.

Representatives: black cockroach or kitchen cockroach (blattaorientalis), red cockroach or Prussian cockroach (blattellagermanica) and American cockroach (periplanetaamericana).

Medical Significance: mechanical carriers of pathogens of infectious and invasive diseases (typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery, diphtheria, tuberculosis, helminth eggs, protist cysts, etc.). cockroaches can attack sleeping babies, gnaw the epidermis in the nasolabial triangle and infect.

Measures to combat mosquitoes, mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches.

Measures to combat mosquitoes are reduced to the following areas:

Immediate protection against mosquito attack (wearing closed clothing, use of repellents, notching the windows of residential premises, zooprophylaxis - the creation of biological barriers ( livestock farms) between mosquito breeding sites and residential buildings, etc.).

Fight against winged mosquitoes - spraying insecticides in places of wintering and overnight stays of mosquitoes (basements, attics, barnyards).

Fight against larvae:

A) drainage of small, not having economic importance, reservoirs;

B) the use of pesticides;

C) shading of reservoirs with trees;

D) land reclamation work on draining swamps, deepening reservoirs, straightening river beds;

E) splashing on the surface of reservoirs of mineral oils that clog stigmas;

E) breeding gambusia fish (biological control method)

Mosquito control measures: treatment of residential premises with insecticides, screening windows, the use of repellents.

To fight cockroaches insecticides (dichlorvos, karbofos), borax baits are used, ecological methods are used (flowers must not be watered at night, food leftovers, leftovers left on the tables, it is necessary to regularly clean the room, seal cracks in the floors, etc.)