What is the caliber of the tank t 90. How much does the tank weigh. Benefits of the new OMS

03.05.2020

In the spring of 2011, A. Postnikov, who at that time was the head of the ground forces, spoke very sharply about the domestic defense industry. Statements were made that Russian equipment, especially tanks, are not only significantly inferior to NATO models, but also lag behind China's armored vehicles in terms of their characteristics. Especially from the head of the SV got the famous T-90 tank, which, according to Postnikov, is just another modification of the T-72 and began to be produced in 1973. Even the new T-90MS is nothing more than another revision of the old model.

History of the T-90MS tank

Most of all in Postnikov's speech, the T-90MS tank went to the tank, which was not only called a "restyling" of the T-72, but also incredibly expensive to manufacture. According to Postnikov, for the money that can buy 1 T-90MS tank, you could buy 3 German Leopard-2 tanks. However, the check showed that instead of 1 T-90MS tank, you can buy only 1 Leopard-2, and even that one in the “basic” configuration.

In those years, it was very popular to criticize Russian military equipment. Some military officials considered opening a line for assembling Italian armored vehicles in Russia, and in the summer of 2011 a contract was signed with France for the purchase of 2 Mistral helicopter landing ships. However, in 2015, this contract was terminated.

As for the T-90 tank, its history began on June 19, 1986, when the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU issued a Decree on the development of the T-90 tank. After 5 years, an experimental model of the tank was tested and recommended for adoption. The collapse of the USSR prevented this vehicle from entering the series, although a year later the tank was shown to Russian President B. Yeltsin. After 3 months, the tank was put into service under the name "T-90". Since the economic situation in Russia was very difficult in the early 90s, Uralvagonzavod, which produces the T-90 tank, received permission to produce an export model of the tank, under the name T-90S.

Despite difficult economic conditions, by the end of 1995, 250 T-90 tanks were produced, many of which were tested in real battles in Chechnya. The militants could not do anything against the powerful armor of the T-90 tank. After 1995, the budget for the purchase of tanks was sharply reduced, after which Uralvagonzavod switched to export production, otherwise it simply could not survive.

The history of the world recognition of the T-90 tank

The military exhibition that took place in the United Arab Emirates in 1997 was decisive for the T-90 tank. It was there that the representatives of the Indian armed forces liked the Russian tank. In order for a military vehicle to be bought, it was necessary to fulfill a number of conditions that the Indian military set:

Put a new engine on the tank;
Install a thermal sight;
To conduct tests not only in Russia, but in India itself, so that partners can be convinced of the quality of Russian tanks.

Since the economic situation at the Russian plant was not very simple, one can only guess how the plant workers managed to allocate funds for the production of 3 prototypes that met the requirements of Indian customers. At the beginning of 1999, they were sent to India for trials, which passed with great triumph. Indian General Singh was so impressed by what he saw that he stated the following: "The T-90 tank is the second deterrent factor for enemy military forces after nuclear weapons." Already in 2001, a contract for the supply of 310 T-90S tanks was signed. These vehicles proved to be very efficient and reliable, so in 2005 Russia and India signed another contract for the supply of another 347 tanks.

After deliveries of tanks to India, other countries of the world became interested in the new combat vehicle. According to statistics, the T-90 tank became the best-selling newly manufactured tank in the world from 2001 to 2015. The big money that Uralvagonzavod began to receive for the sold T-90 tanks allowed not only to actively increase production, but also to constantly modernize the combat vehicle, preparing it in accordance with changing world requirements and standards. Modifications of the T-90 tank were as follows:

T-90A, which differed from the standard T-90 by the presence of a new welded turret and an engine capable of developing 1,000 l / s;
Since 2006, the T-90 tank has received a thermal imaging sight;

It would seem that the latest model of the T-90 tank is its next revision, although in fact, the T90MS received so many innovations that it is essentially a new model.

The main features of the new T-90MS tank

The main difference between the T-90MS was the tower, which was completely different from the towers of previous T-90 models. The new turret received multi-layer armor and turned out to be equipped with whole complexes of the latest combat control systems, many of which were innovative. The tank commander was now engaged in the search for the target, betraying the found target to the gunner in a fully automatic mode.

Even today, thanks to constant improvements to the model, the T-90MS tank is not only not inferior in search and targeting parameters to the best tanks in the world, but also surpasses some of them in a number of parameters. The command control parameters of the T-90MS tank are perfectly balanced, and the ability to hit a target with the first shot put this model on the leaderboards from year to year.

Another huge plus for the T-90M tank is the presence of a 125 mm cannon, for the creation of which metal was used, which has a huge margin of safety. This made it possible to significantly increase the service life of the gun, regardless of the rate of fire. If we compare the Russian tank with its closest competitor, the Leopard-2 tank, then the T-90MS can fire more intensely without fear of gun failure. In general, the Russian tank is able to "work" more effectively in combat.

The dynamic protection of the T-90MS tank hull covers the most important tank modules. It is able to withstand almost all types of modern sub-caliber projectiles. If you believe the words of the creators of the tank, then dynamic protection is able to withstand even the hit of modern anti-tank shells. The only miscalculation of the designers is the lack of dynamic armor on the lower frontal plate of the tank. Even the T-72B had one row of armor on the lower front plate.

As for the armor of the tank turret, everything is not so simple. The sides of the aft niche of the tower do not have dynamic protection. Since there is an ammo rack in the turret, a projectile hitting this area can cause serious damage to the tank. Perhaps in the future, this miscalculation will be eliminated by the developers.

The T-90MS tank is equipped with a modern fire control system. Such systems are an indispensable element of equipping new tanks. All these systems work on the same principle, their main task is to detect the enemy and hit him with the first shot. In order to more effectively hit targets, the T-90MS tank has a target tracking system. Since modern tanks most often work as part of a group, they are equipped with a system for interacting with each other. At the same time, each tank can receive an indication of targets from the main tank of the group. It is planned to install the next generation Armata tanks as a command tank of the T-90MS group.

In addition to external changes, the T-90MS tank has also changed significantly inside. Now the driver-mechanic controls a multi-ton combat vehicle not with the help of levers, but with the help of a multifunctional steering wheel. The T-90MS has an automatic transmission, which greatly facilitates the work of the driver-mechanic. All previous modifications of the T-90 had a manual transmission.

Another important innovation of the T-90MS tank is the presence of an electricity generator. Now the tank is practically invisible to the enemy in the infrared range while parked. This becomes possible due to the use of an autonomous generator.

T-90MS or tanks of the Armata project

Although now most military experts consider tanks created on the Armata platform to be the only prospect for the development of tank forces, this opinion can be challenged:

The T-90MS tank is by far the best tank in terms of price / quality ratio;
The tests of the "Armata" have not yet been completed, and the T-90 platform has long been mastered;
The price of T-90MS tanks is much lower;
T-90MS have comprehensive hull and turret protection, which is a huge plus in urban battles;
The new T-90MS engine is capable of developing 1130 l/s. According to these indicators, the T-90MS engine is not inferior to the best foreign tank engines;
In addition, the T-90MS tank has significantly improved ergonomics;
Part of the ammunition of the T-90MS tank is placed in a box, which is located behind the turret.

The performance characteristics of the T-90MS

TTX T-90MS look like this:

The mass of the tank is 48 tons;
The total length with the gun is 9,530 mm;
The body length is 6,860 mm;
Width - 3 460 mm;
The crew of the tank is 3 people;
The main armament on the T-90MS tank is a 125 mm 2A46M-5 gun. Ammunition - 40 shots;
As additional weapons, tank missile weapons and 2 machine guns are used, one of which is anti-aircraft, and the second is twin.

The tank is capable of moving along the highway at a speed of 60 km / h, and has a cruising range of 500 km.

Tanks must fight in groups, therefore, in modern realities, it would be optimal for each combat group of T-90MS tanks to give the latest Armata tank as the main vehicle. Of course, in the future, the T-90MS will be gradually replaced by the "Armata" (although it is possible that some new model of the tank will appear), but this future is still very far away.

Success accompanied the T-90 in the international arena - today it is the most commercially successful and best-selling Russian tank in the world. Currently, the export version of the T-90 is in service with India, Algeria, Uganda, and Turkmenistan. As of 2012, the total production of the T-90 was at least 1335 tanks.

The history of the T-90 began under the USSR - in the mid-80s. Then, in the Ministry of Defense (MO) and the Ministry of Defense Industry (MOP) of the USSR, a completely sensible idea prevailed about the need to develop a promising main tank for the entire Soviet Army. With its adoption into service, an extremely original period of Soviet tank building was to end, when the factories were parallel production of two or three types of main tanks - T-64, T-72 and T-80. They were close in terms of combat characteristics, but differed significantly in design, which extremely complicated the process of their operation by the troops due to the unification of the tank fleet. In accordance with the Government Decree “On measures to create a new tank” issued on February 7, 1986, the Kharkov T-80UD was to serve as the base for it. It was an improved "eighty" with a compact two-stroke diesel engine 6TD instead of the expensive and voracious gas turbine GTD-1000. Gradually, the T-80UD would have replaced other types of tanks in the troops.

It was assumed that the “highlight” of the promising machine would be only the computerized control system for units and subunits, which was then in vogue, brought up to a separate tank. However, while the promising tank was just a "pie in the sky", the question arose of what to do with the "tits in the hands" - the numerous main tanks in the troops, the combat characteristics of which no longer met the requirements of the time. First of all, this applied to the T-72 of early modifications. It is no secret that this tank was a variant of a combat vehicle for the mobilization period, and its design was simplified as much as possible for mass production and operation by poorly trained personnel.

This is partly why the "seventy-twos" were widely supplied abroad to the Middle East and African countries, and licenses for their production were sold to the allies under the Warsaw Pact - Poland and Czechoslovakia. provided effective fire required from modern tanks. The fact is that the 1A40 complex, although it measured the range to the target and determined the lateral lead angles (for a moving target), however, the introduction of amendments to the aiming angle for: deviation of the ambient air temperature, charge temperature, atmospheric pressure from normal, as well as for the drop in the initial projectile speed as a result of wear of the bore of the gun barrel had to be entered only manually before firing. In the instructions, the introduction of corrections was described as follows: "The tank commander, in the presence of information (!) Determines the corrections according to the nomograms located on the right side of the gun shield, and transmits the resulting value to the gunner." Those. practically by hand.

It was necessary to "pull up" the characteristics of the "seventy-two" to a level not lower than the T-80U and, first of all, to increase the firepower. It must be said that such events have already been carried out by the Soviet defense industry. In the early 80s, a similar program to improve the efficiency of firing and security was implemented for medium tanks T-55. As a result, a modification of the T-55AM appeared, the combat effectiveness of which corresponded to the level of the early T-64 and T-72. To do this, a new sight, a laser rangefinder, a ballistic computer were installed on the T-55AM, some of the machines received the Bastion guided weapon system. On July 19, 1986, the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued, to which the Ural Design Bureau of Transport Engineering (UKBTM) was entrusted with work on the topic “Improving the T-72B”, or, in other words, bringing it to the level of more advanced Soviet tanks T-80U and T-80UD.

The start of work on this decree coincided with the change in the leadership of UKBTM - chief designer V.N. Venediktov, who headed the design bureau for almost two decades after L.N. Kartsev, retired, and V.I. was appointed in his place. Potkin. To increase the firepower of the T-72B, it was necessary to equip it with a modern, efficient fire control system (FCS). To speed up work, reduce the cost of modernization and increase the degree of unification of domestic tanks, the designers of UKBTM decided to use the 1A45 Irtysh fire control complex, already tested on the T-80U and T-80UD tanks, for the upgraded "seventy-two". It was modified to function in conjunction with the automatic loader of the T-72 tank (the T-80 loading mechanism was significantly different from the T-72 automatic loader, in the first the shells were located horizontally, and the charges were vertical, in the second - both of them - horizontally). The modified fire control complex received the designation 1A45T.

In January 1989, an experimental version of the modernized T-72, which received the internal index "Object 188", entered the stage of state tests. In various official documents and external correspondence, the machine was first mentioned as the T-72BM (modernized), and later as the T-72BU (improved) - in all likelihood, the word "modernized" sounded too simple for the UVZ leadership. In the USSR, the testing of new military equipment was taken very seriously. So, in the 70s, runs up to 10 thousand km long were arranged in various regions of the USSR to test various types of tanks. Tankers and designers jokingly called them "star runs". It was no longer possible to arrange such a large-scale event during Gorbachev's perestroika, but nevertheless, four prototypes of the "Object 188" were tested for about a year in various climatic conditions, including at the training grounds of Uralvagonzavod in Siberia, as well as in the Moscow, Kemerovo and Dzhambul regions. The cars, modified according to the test results, were once again driven through the landfills, and at the end, to determine the level of security, one car was shot.

According to the memoirs of A. Bakhmetov, a participant in these tests, at first a landmine was laid under one of the tracks, corresponding to the most powerful anti-tank mines of foreign countries, but after the explosion, the crew managed to bring the car into working condition within the standard time, then the tank was subjected to severe shell fire on " weak spots. The tank successfully passed the tests, and on March 27, 1991, by a joint decision of the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, "Object 188" was recommended for adoption by the Soviet Army. However, after only six months, neither the Soviet Army nor the Soviet Union itself was gone, and the prospects for mass production of the improved T-72B became very vague. Nevertheless, despite the difficult situation in the economy, the leadership of Uralvagonzavod and UKBTM managed to get through the decision to adopt the improved T-72 into service with the Russian Army. In the course of this struggle for production, in order to emphasize the “Russian” origin of the tank and dissociate itself from the era of the “stagnant” USSR, the idea arose to change the name of the tank from the trivial improved and modernized T-72BU to something more sonorous and original. Initially, the name T-88 was proposed (obviously, by analogy with the object index 188). But fate decreed otherwise.

On October 5, 1992, by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 759-58, "Object 188" was adopted by the Russian Army, but already under the name T-90. According to one version, the President of Russia personally ordered to assign such a name to the tank. The same decree also allowed the sale of export modifications of the T-90S abroad. T-90MS commander's workplace: 1 - video viewing device; 2 - multifunctional panel; 3 - prisms of circular view; 4 - equipment for internal communication and switching; 5 - controls and indications for coordinating the commander's sight with prism devices; 6 - commander's sight control panel; 7 - remote control sight-understudy; 8 - commander's console; 9 - air conditioner cooling unit; 10 - automatic loader loading panel Serial production of the T-90 began at Uralvagonzavod in November of the same year, but, unlike in Soviet times, when hundreds of tanks were produced, the annual production of T-90s was only tens. The T-90 was the first Russian tank in terms of technology. It had to restore industrial cooperation, destroyed after the collapse of the USSR, already within the framework of only the Russian defense industry. In total, from 1992 to 1998 (when the production of the T-90 was suspended), about 120 vehicles were built. And the point here is not that Uralvagonzavod was unable to launch large-scale production, but that the Russian military did not have enough funds to purchase weapons in these troubled times. The first T-90s were sent to a unit stationed closer to the manufacturing plant - the 821st Taganrog Red Banner Order of Suvorov Motorized Rifle Division of the Siberian Military District, where a tank regiment was formed from them. Later, the T-90s also ended up in the 5th Guards Don Tank Division in Buryatia (up to the battalion).

What was the T-90 model of 1992? The tank retained the classic layout of the T-72B with the placement of: the control compartment in the frontal part, the fighting compartment - in the middle and the engine-transmission compartment - in the aft part. Compared to the T-72B, the protection was strengthened and an automated fire control system was installed, the hull and turret were adapted for the installation of a new built-in dynamic protection (VDZ). Thanks to the use of an automatic gun loader (A3), the crew of the T-90 consisted of three people - a driver, a gunner and a commander. The T-90 and T-72B hulls were almost identical. But the upper frontal part of the T-90 received a built-in dynamic protection. The tower remained cast with combined armor in the frontal part (at heading angles up to 35 degrees). She also had dynamic protection (DZ) - seven blocks and one container were installed in the frontal part, in addition, 20 blocks - on the roof of the tower. The exact data on the effectiveness of booking T-90 remain classified. Nevertheless, numerous assessments of both domestic and foreign experts can be found in the public domain. The armor resistance of the frontal projection of the hull and turret against shelling by armor-piercing feathered sub-caliber projectiles (BOPS) is estimated in general, taking into account the built-in dynamic protection, as equivalent to 900-950 mm of rolled armor steel (excluding the built-in DZ: turret 700 mm; hull - 650 mm) .

The armor resistance of the hull and turret against shelling with cumulative projectiles (KS), taking into account dynamic protection, is estimated at 1350-1450 mm (excluding built-in remote sensing: turret - 850 mm; hull -750 mm). Additional protection against destruction by T-90 anti-tank guided missiles is provided by the Shtora-1 optoelectronic suppression system. The T-90 was the first serial tank on which it was installed. The Shtora-1 complex includes an optical-electronic suppression station (SOEP) and a curtain installation system (SPZ).

Additional protection against destruction by T-90 anti-tank guided missiles is provided by the Shtora-1 optoelectronic suppression system. The T-90 was the first serial tank on which it was installed. The Shtora-1 complex includes an optical-electronic suppression station (SOEP) and a curtain installation system (SPZ). The main idea of the complex is to generate a signal from the ESR, similar to the signal of Western ATGM tracers, which entails the disruption of their guidance, and also reduces the likelihood of hitting the target with weapons using laser target illumination. The curtain system achieves the same result by placing a smoke screen.

When a tank is exposed to laser radiation, the curtain installation system determines the direction of exposure and notifies the crew, after which an aerosol grenade is fired automatically or at the direction of the tank commander, when it breaks, it creates an aerosol cloud that attenuates and partially reflects laser radiation, which disrupts the operation of missile guidance systems. In addition, the aerosol cloud acts as a smoke screen, masking the tank. It should be noted that some experts believe that the scheme for installing the Shtora-1 complex jamming searchlights on the T-90 was implemented extremely unsuccessfully - because of them, a large section of the tower projection in the most threatening sectors of fire was left without dynamic protection units.

The main armament of the T-90 is the 125-mm 2A46M-2 smoothbore gun, which is a modification of the 2A46M-1 gun (installed on the T-80U) for the T-72 automatic loader. In addition to armor-piercing sub-caliber, cumulative and high-explosive fragmentation (OFS) shells, the gun ammunition also includes 9M119 guided missiles. Thanks to the electromechanical automatic loader, the combat rate of fire of the T-90 is 6-8 rds / min. The mechanized laying of circular rotation includes 22 shots of separate loading: the shells are placed horizontally on the bottom of the fighting compartment, under the powder charges. The minimum loading cycle is 6.5-7 seconds, the maximum is 15 seconds. The automatic loader is replenished by the crew in 15-20 minutes.

The 1A45T Irtysh fire control complex includes the 1A42 fire control system (FCS) and the 9K119 Reflex guided weapon system (KUV), the TPN-4-4E Buran-PA gunner's night sight and the PNK-4S commander's sighting and observation system with day / night sight TKN-4S "Agat-S". The 1A42 fire control system includes a 1G46 rangefinder sight, a 1V528-1 electronic ballistic computer, and a 2E42-4 stabilizer. The control system available on the T-90 allows you to make adjustments to the firing parameters, taking into account the speed of the tank, the range and angular velocity of the target, temperature, air pressure and wind speed (determined by the DVE-BS sensor), charge temperature, gun trunnion angle and bore wear, The gunner's day sight 1G46 has a line of sight stabilized in two planes, a built-in laser rangefinder and a guided missile control channel. The 1V528-1 ballistic computer automatically takes into account the signals coming from the following sensors: tank speed, target angular velocity, gun trunnion axis roll angle, wind speed transverse component, target range, heading angle. Additionally, the following parameters are entered for manual calculation: ambient air temperature, charge temperature, bore wear, ambient air pressure, etc. if the axis of the bore of the barrel deviates from the direction given to it more than the threshold, the shot does not occur.

The sighting and observation system of the PNK-4S commander consists of a combined sight of the commander TKN-4S and a gun position sensor. Combined day-night trailer commander TKN-4S is stabilized in the vertical plane and has three channels: day single channel, daytime multiple channel with 8x magnification and night channel with 5.4x magnification. The 9K119 "Reflex" guided weapon system provides firing at stationary and moving targets at speeds up to 70 km / h (according to the manufacturer - even at helicopters) at ranges up to 5000 m, at a tank speed of up to 30 km / h, while firing from the KUV 9K120, installed on the T-72B, could only be fired from a place. In general, the presence of guided weapons provides the T-90 with a greater effective range of target destruction than tanks equipped with only artillery weapons, for which, even with the most modern aiming means, effective shooting at targets of the “tank” type at a distance of more than 2500 m is already seriously hampered.

The gunner's night sight TPN-4-49 "Buran-PA" with natural night illumination of 0.0005 lux and above operates in a passive mode, while its image intensifier tube amplifies the reflected light of stars and the moon. When the illumination is less than 0.0005 lux, the sight operates in the active mode, i.e. when illuminating the area with infrared rays. As an infrared illuminator on the T-90, infrared emitters of the Shtora-1 optoelectronic suppression system are used. The T-90 is equipped with a closed anti-aircraft machine gun (ZPU) with remote electromechanical control, for firing from which the commander does not need to leave the vehicle. Since the 1970s, similar remote-controlled launchers have been installed on the T-64, and later on the T-80, but all previously produced modifications of the T-72 had an open manually controlled launcher, for firing from which the commander had to protrude waist-deep from his hatch. The T-90 of the 1992 model was equipped with a V-84MS multi-fuel diesel engine with a power of 840 hp, developed by the Chelyabinsk SKB Transdiesel.

The previous version of the V-84, which was installed on the T-72B, revealed a drawback during operation - overheating and burnout of the exhaust manifolds. Therefore, bellows were installed on the exhaust manifolds of the V-84MS, mixing the exhaust gases with atmospheric air, which improved the thermal regime of the collectors and, in addition, reduced the visibility of the tank in the infrared range. The disadvantages of the engine include the significant time spent on replacing it - a team of qualified technicians takes 6 hours to do this (according to other sources, even more time is required), while on the American M1A1 Abrams it takes only 2 hours.

With the V-84MS engine, the specific power of the T-90 is 18 hp / t, which is considered insufficient by modern standards; back in Soviet times, the requirement for its minimum value was announced - at least 20 hp / t. The mechanical planetary transmission remained almost the same as on the T-72B, it provides 7 gears forward and one reverse. The turning of the machine is carried out by switching on a lower gear in the gearbox on the side of the lagging track. Due to such an outdated turning scheme, the maneuverability of the T-90 is lower than that of foreign tanks. Another disadvantage of the T-90 transmission is the low reverse speed - 4.8 km / h. On modern Western tanks, which use hydrostatic turning mechanisms with digital automatic control systems, the reverse speed reaches 30 km / h. Also, the undercarriage remained practically unchanged, with the exception that the track rollers were expanded by 10 mm - according to the designers, this improved the distribution of the load on the caterpillar.

Back in the days of the USSR, UKBTM received the task to develop on the basis of the "Object 188" its commander's version, which was supposed to provide control of subordinate units during combat operations both day and night, as well as communication with higher commanders. The tank received the name T-90K (commander's) and was equipped with special equipment - a P-163-50K shortwave radio station ("Ar6alet-50K"), TNA-4-3 tank navigation equipment, a telescopic antenna mast, a PAB-2M artillery compass and an AB electric unit -1-P with a power of 1 kW, which serves to provide power to the equipment during parking, with the tank engine turned off. With an 11-meter mast antenna, the R-163-50K shortwave radio station provides stable communication at a distance of up to 350 km. Despite the fact that a significant number of additional units of the fire control system and communications equipment had to be installed on the command vehicle, the combat characteristics of the T-90K were maintained at the level of the linear T-90.

Almost simultaneously with the base “Object 188”, its export version, the “Object 188C”, was also developed, which was mainly distinguished by lower security and differences in configuration. Outwardly, they practically did not differ. Although permission to export the T-90S was obtained simultaneously with the adoption of the base vehicle in 1992, the vehicle could not immediately break out of Russia. At that time, officials from Rosvooruzhenie relied on a more advanced and expensive gas turbine T-80U, which, in their opinion, was more attractive for export. The military was of the same opinion. Even in 1996, when the T-90 was officially chosen as a tank for re-equipping units and divisions of the Russian Army, the then head of the GABTU, Colonel General A.A. Galkin spoke out against the T-90, considering the T-80U to be more promising. True, only Cyprus and South Korea managed to sell T-80U tanks abroad, and then the latter to pay off the Russian debt to this country.

A contract worth 172 million dollars for the purchase of 41 T-80U / UK for arming the National Guard of Cyprus was signed in April 1996. The delivery of tanks began in the summer of that year and ended in June 1997. In 1996, Russia officially announced the export of 33 T-80U tanks to South Korea. For these deliveries, the Russian debt in the amount of $210 million was written off. According to other sources, by 2007 South Korea already had 80 of these tanks. In both cases, these were not newly produced, but vehicles from the presence of the Armed Forces. For the first time, the T-90S was exported abroad only in 1997, when it was presented at the YuEX-97 arms exhibition in Abu Dhabi. In the meantime, the search for foreign customers was underway, the export T-90C was slowly improving. First of all, the characteristics of the night sighting system were tightened. Even during the ground operation to liberate Kuwait - "Desert Sword", in 1991, American and British tankers, taking advantage of a significant advantage in the range of target detection in conditions of limited visibility, which provided them with the use of modern thermal imaging night vision systems, in a series of night battles 25 -February 26 inflicted heavy losses on Iraqi forces. Since the movement of Iraqi tanks was practically impossible during the day due to the air supremacy of the allied aviation, tank battles, as a rule, took place at night.

Thermal imaging sights also proved useful during the day, as visibility was often limited due to smoke from burning oil fields, wrecked vehicles, dust squalls or rain. Compared to the old infrared sights of the second generation, standing on the T-72 and T-90 tanks of the 1992 model, thermal imagers were devoid of many shortcomings. In particular, their work did not deteriorate in bad weather conditions, the sight was not “blind” from flashes of shots, it did not need external illumination, which unmasked the tank (large infrared illumination searchlights disappeared from Western tanks back in the late 70s). It is not surprising that when buying armored vehicles, foreign customers paid great attention to the availability and quality of thermal imaging sights. But since there was no production of thermal imaging sighting systems in Russia, Belarusian sights from the Peleng company, which used the French thermal camera Catherine-FS, had to be installed on the T-90S demonstration samples. Another direction of improvement of the T-90 was forced. When in Russia in the second half of the 90s, due to lack of demand, the large-scale production of tank turret casting at the ZSO (Sergo Ordzhonikidze plant in Chelyabinsk) “died”, and tank turrets cast in small batches turned out to be extremely expensive, the designers had to look for a way out . Fortunately, there was a "backlog" from the times of the USSR, when the design of a tank turret for the T-72, welded from rolled armor plates, was worked out. With equal strength and protection to cast, it had less weight, in addition, the internal volume slightly increased and projectile resistance increased. The grimace of the Soviet planned economy was that the welded tower was not put into production earlier because they did not want to break the established production of cast towers. Now the welded turret has been given the green light. The first welded turrets for the T-90 were manufactured in 1998 and successfully passed full-scale firing tests at the training ground. Since 2002, all produced T-90S have already received a welded turret. A similar story happened in Ukraine. With the closure of the production of cast towers at the Mariupol plant, which were completed with the T-80UD, in Kharkov at the plant named after. Malysheva also switched to a welded turret. As a result, 175 T-80UD tanks, out of 320 supplied to Pakistan under a contract signed between this country and Ukraine in 1996, were equipped with welded turrets.

Deliveries of the T-80UD to Pakistan largely contributed to the export success of the T-90S. Pakistan's long-time rival, India, could not remain indifferent to the receipt of a new tank division by its restless neighbor, this violated military parity in the region. On the other hand, there was no longer any hope of meeting the deadlines for the development program for India's own Arjun tank. Therefore, given the significant number of Soviet T-72M and T-72M1 tanks available in India, the Indians naturally showed interest in the T-90. Preliminary negotiations, consultations and approvals dragged on for more than two years, until an agreement was reached in April 1999 to test three T-90S in India. All three tanks were different from each other. Thermal imaging sights were different - "Nocturne" or "Essa", only one tank was equipped with the "Shtora" system, two tanks had cast turrets, and the third one was welded.

May 8 - August T-90S passed the test program in the Thar Desert, in extreme conditions - during the day the heat here reached 50 degrees Celsius. In this hot desert, cars made a run of 2000 km, and then fired 150 shots. The Indian military was satisfied with the results of the tests, and a long process of agreeing on the terms of the contract began. In the east, they love and know how to bargain, so the final signing of the contract took place only after almost a year and a half - on February 15, 2001 in Delhi. Under its terms, Russia undertook to supply India with 310 T-90S tanks, which was enough to rearm a tank division (by this time Pakistan already received all 320 T-80UD tanks). Of these, 124 were assembled in Russia and delivered to the customer ready-made, and 186 tanks were to be assembled from assembly units in India itself at the state-owned HVF (Heavy Vehicles Factory) in Avadi (Tamil Nadu). The total value of the contract was $800 million and deliveries were completed in full in 2003.

So, what did the Indians get for their money? As a result of persistent demands, they received not just an export T-90S in its original configuration of 1992, but a machine that combined (in their opinion) all the best of the three samples proposed for testing. Interestingly, such an “Indian” T-90S was significantly superior to the T-90 of the 1992 model, supplied by Uralvagonzavod for the Russian Army. On Indian tanks, instead of the Buran-PA night sight, which was installed on Russian vehicles, a more advanced Essa gunner's thermal imaging sight, jointly produced by Franco-Belarus, was installed. The commander received the PNK-4S Agat-S sighting and observation system. The Indians abandoned the Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression complex, and in place of its illuminators, additional trapezoidal containers of the Kontakt-5 dynamic protection complex were mounted in place of its illuminators in front of the tower, as a result of which the tower's security increased compared to Russian tanks. Interestingly, the Indians demanded to strengthen the anti-nuclear defense. At their request, the thickness of the anti-neutron firing was almost doubled, despite the fact that the anti-nuclear protection of the Russian T-90s was already considered quite powerful. Given that the age-old adversaries - India and Pakistan - are both members of the nuclear club, this requirement suggests that the Indian military does not rule out the use of tactical nuclear weapons in a possible armed conflict with Pakistan. All Indian T-90S (except for the first forty vehicles) were equipped with welded turrets, a reinforced undercarriage, and a 1000-horsepower V-92S2 diesel engine (recall that Russian T-90s at that time had a B-84 diesel engine with a power of 840 hp ).

In 2000, inspired by the emerging success in India, the Russians announced the T-90S to participate in an international tender for the purchase of tanks held by Malaysia. For testing, a copy of the T-90C, upgraded after testing in India, with air conditioning installed, was delivered to Kuala Lumpur Airport for testing. Together with the T-90S in the tender, the comparative tests were also carried out by the Polish tank RT-91 "Twardy" (which is a modernization of the Soviet T-72M), the Ukrainian T-84 and the Swedish light tank CV90 120. The tests took place from June 19 to August 21 , and the local military was mainly interested in the mobility and operational reliability of tanks in difficult local conditions. The cars were asked to go about 2800 km through the jungle, mountainous terrain, through wetlands and water barriers. During this "run" in the very center of the jungle, the T-90, not without the "help" of a Malaysian driver (tests were carried out by mixed Russian-Malaysian crews), was pulled off a washed-out clay road into a ditch, from where it was only possible to extract it by effort, according to one version , two "Hyundai" excavators, and on the other - the T-90S was evacuated with the help of a 50-ton Japanese KATO crane, paying 5 thousand dollars for this. But despite all the hardships, the T-90S successfully reached the finish line.

True, the results of the Malaysian competition were quite unexpected. Despite the fact that during the tests, the Polish RT-91M was significantly inferior to both the Russian T-90S and the Ukrainian T-84 in most of the main indicators, in April 2002 the Malaysian government announced its decision to purchase 48 PT-91MZ tanks and six ARVs " WZT-4" in Poland. The total amount of the contract was 370 million dollars. Russian experts claim that one Polish tank cost Malaysia about $4 million, or $1.2 million more than the Russian T-90S that was bidding. According to one version, this decision was explained by the policy of diversification - Malaysia bought Su-30MK fighters from Russia, and the contract for tanks was given to Poland, according to another - banal corruption.

The failure in the Malaysian tender was more than offset by a large contract for the supply of 185 T-90 tanks to Algeria. Taking as a basis the design of the T-90S tank of the 1999 model, supplied to India, UKBTM finalized it in accordance with the requirements of the new buyer. The result was a version of the tank with the installation of an air conditioning system (given the hot climate of Algeria), as well as an improved laser detection system, which received the factory index "Object 188CA" ("A" - Algerian) and the designation T-90CA. The prototype T-90CA successfully passed rigorous tests in the Algerian desert in 2005, and in January of the following year a contract was signed between Rosoboronexport and the Algerian side. Deliveries on it were fully completed in 2008 reptile, however, not without a scandal.

According to press reports, the Algerians made claims about the configuration of the machines - allegedly some of the equipment installed on them was not new, but already in use. In 2006, the purchase of the T-90S and the leader of the Libyan Jamahiriya, Muammar Gaddafi, almost took place, but the cost of the T-90S was considered too high, and the Libyan military had to be content with the acquisition of modernized T-72s. In the same 2006, the Indian government, probably deciding that "there are not enough tanks", signed a contract for the licensed production of 1000 T-90CA tanks worth $ 2.5 billion (to be built by 2019), and a few months later also an additional contract for the supply of 330 T-90CA tanks during 2007-2008, with the assembly of part of this batch of tanks in India. The ordered tanks were distinguished by a modernized undercarriage, an improved fire control system with an Essa thermal imager and Indian Kanchan dynamic armor. The tank was named "Bhishma" in honor of the legendary hero of the ancient Indian epic. This was not the end of the matter, and in 2007 another contract was signed for the supply of 347 T-90CAs worth $1.2 billion, in the form of 124 finished tanks and 223 tank kits for licensed production. The first ten Indian-made T-90CA tanks entered service with the 73rd Regiment of the Indian Ground Forces in the summer of 2009. In total, India intends to bring the number of T-90s in the army to 2,000 by 2020. In 2008, Indian Defense Minister D. Singh called the T-90 "the second deterrent after nuclear weapons" in the conflict with Pakistan.

But back to Russia. Here, in 2004, the next stage in the history of the development of the T-90 began. After a long break, the Russian Ministry of Defense ordered 14 tanks from Uralvagonzavod (as mentioned above, since 1998, the T-90 has not been produced for Russia). However, apparently, the Russian military, due to limited funding, is so unaccustomed to ordering weapons and divorced from the realities of production that they ordered the "Object 188" of the 1992 model, which, of course, has already become significantly outdated over the past 12 years and was inferior even to export T- 90C supplied to India. Although the customer, in the end, was persuaded to make changes already mastered by the plant to the design of the tank, the matter was complicated by the fact that they were not ordered by the military department, and therefore were not tested and not accepted. Therefore, in order to “legalize” new design solutions, it was necessary to receive technical specifications for ready-made units from the Customer, to coordinate the stages of ongoing development work, etc. etc. Modernized in 2004 for the Russian Army, the tank received the internal factory designation "Object 188A1" and had a number of important improvements compared to the "Object 188" of the 1992 model,

First of all, instead of the 840-horsepower V-84 engine, a 1000-horsepower V-92S2 diesel engine was installed (it was also possible to install a 1200-horsepower V-99 diesel engine). The former cast turret was replaced with a reinforced welded turret with frontal dimensions of up to 950 mm, which significantly increased its resistance to BOPS / KS. The tank was armed with a modernized 125 mm 2A46M-5 smoothbore gun. This gun had half the difference in thickness of the muzzle of the tube (0.4 mm instead of 0.8 mm), a cradle neck extended by 160 mm with two backlash-selecting devices. In addition, both guides of the cradle were made in the form of a prism. All this made it possible to reduce the average dispersion of shells by 15%. The gun stabilizer was replaced, which doubled the aiming speed and improved the accuracy of firing on the move. The T01-K05 Buran-M thermal imager was used as a night sight. Based on an analysis of the experience of fighting in Chechnya and other regional conflicts, a set of measures was implemented to strengthen the local protection of tank elements vulnerable to RPG fire, in particular, the protection of fuel tanks was improved. A modernized complex of optical-electronic countermeasures "Shtora" was also installed. In this form, the improved vehicle was adopted in 2005 under the army name T-90A. In 2004 and 2005, the military ordered and received 14 and 18 T-90A tanks (two of them with a cast turret in the commander's version). Most of the first T-90A entered service with the 2nd Guards Motorized Rifle Taman Order of the October Revolution of the Red Banner Order of Suvorov Division. Kalinin stationed near Moscow.

Starting in 2006, all T-90As under construction began to install a more modern second-generation Essa thermal imager with a Catherine FC matrix, integrated with the main sight and its rangefinder channel, which made it possible to increase the night vision range from 1800 to 4000 m. In 2006 and 2007, 31 tanks were produced, and in 2008 and 2009, production doubled - 62 vehicles were built per year. Thus, from 2004 to 2009 inclusive, 30 T-90A (with Buran-M), 180 T-90A (with Essa), 2 command T-90K (with Buran-M) and six commander's T-90AK (with "Essa"), or a total of 218 tanks. In 2010, purchases were increased to 63 T-90A tanks per year, but this was the "last push" - the Russian Ministry of Defense announced that from 2011 it would stop purchasing T-90A tanks for the Russian Army. This decision was somewhat unexpected, after all, the T-90 tank had a good reputation in Russia, and in the world market by 2010 it became the best-selling of the newly built tanks - the volume of export deliveries of the T-90S amounted to about 1000 units. .

The position of the military was explained by A. Serdyukov, then Minister of Defense of Russia, who said that the military decided to refuse to purchase T-90 tanks because of their high cost. In addition, according to Serdyukov, at present the army does not experience a shortage of heavy armored vehicles - there are more than 10,000 tanks in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and, according to him, the Ministry of Defense no longer wants to buy old developments. Here, it is necessary to clarify that over the past years, the Russian Ministry of Defense has already curtailed several tank projects. So, in the spring of 2010, it was announced the termination of funding for the UKBTM project to create the latest Russian T-95 tank, also because of its high cost. Earlier, the work of the Omsk Design Bureau of Transport Engineering on the Black Eagle tank (modification T-80U) was stopped. So far, the Ministry of Defense has not abandoned only one tank project - after harsh statements against tank builders, the department announced the creation of a fundamentally new tank based on the Armata universal tracked platform,

The project was officially approved in March 2012. It is being developed by UKBTM. The fundamental difference between the "Armata" and the T-90 should be the so-called carriage layout - the turret will house a remote-controlled gun along with ammunition. The crew will be located in the body in an armored capsule. Tankers will receive information about the situation on the battlefield from thermal imaging, television and laser sensors on the monitor screen. It is expected that the delivery of the first main battle tanks on this platform to the troops will begin in 2015. In the future, the new "Armata" should replace all the T-72 and T-80. But back to the T-90. Indeed, its cost grew from year to year: in 2004 it was 36 million rubles, at the end of 2006 - 42 million rubles, and at the beginning of 2007 - T-90A ("Object 188A1") cost 56 million . rub. In 2010, the purchase price of the T-90 under contracts for the supply of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was 70 million rubles, and in 2011 the cost of the new T-90 increased markedly and reached 118 million rubles. During 2011, other high-ranking military officials also criticized the T-90. In March, the Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces, Colonel-General A. Postnikov, said that the T-90 could not compete with NATO and Chinese equipment, and at the same time it was so expensive that instead of one car for 118 million rubles, you could buy as many as three higher-quality German Leopards ”(True, Postnikov did not specify from whom exactly he was going to buy three Leopards for 118 million rubles, since in 2011 the average cost of only one Leopard 2A6 was $ 6 million, or about 172 million rubles ). Also, according to him, the T-90 is nothing new and "in fact, it is the 17th modification of the Soviet T-72, produced since 1973." In September, the head of the General Staff of the Russian Federation, General of the Army N. Makarov, for his part, attacked the T-90. He stated that the tank only partially meets the requirements of the Ministry of Defense, and has a lot of shortcomings. According to the general, by and large, the designers succeeded only in the tower (probably, they meant the T-90MS tower).

In addition to the financial and technical side, the refusal to purchase the T-90 was obviously associated with changed views on the methods of conducting armed struggle. The evolution of modern weapons has led to the massive use of drones, robotic combat systems, "smart" missiles, etc. Accordingly, there is an opinion in the Russian General Staff that the time of tanks has generally passed and that tank formations in the structure of the army of the future are unpromising, although not all experts are sure that wars will soon become "contactless". It must be said that the discussion about the place and role of main battle tanks in modern armies is also ongoing in the United States. Previously, the United States planned to completely abandon the use of armored units by 2030, moving first to the Stryker combat brigade groups, and then to the new concept of "Future Combat Systems". Based on the fact that the future US army will mainly have the character of "expeditionary", a number of US military believe that there will be no need for a large number of heavy armored vehicles.

The weight of the tank ranges from 26 to 188 tons, depending on the thickness of the armor and the nature of the combat equipment.

Tank - armored tracked vehicle with cannon armament. There are two groups of tanks:

The weight of the tank ranges from 26 to 188 tons.

Combat (main). The main characteristics of such models are impressive firepower, high resistance to breakage and excellent movement speed.
Lungs. They are used as a rapid reaction weapon, as well as for reconnaissance purposes. As a rule, such machines have less power and thickness of protective armor. Light tank models can be transported to their destinations by water, air or rail transport.

Let's compare the mass of several models of combat vehicles.

How much does the T-90 tank weigh?

The model is an improved version of the T-72 tank. It has high combat and technical characteristics that allow it to withstand battles in any climatic conditions.

The weight of the T-90 tank is 46.5 tons.

The weight of the T-90 tank is 46.5 tons. The combat vehicle is equipped with a 125-mm launcher designed to hit all types of targets, as well as an aiming system and a thermal imager. The tank has a high rate of fire, excellent speed (60 km), and the crew includes three people.

How much does the T-34 tank weigh

The T-34 is a true military legend. The production of the first "thirty-fours" began in 1940, and by the beginning of 1941, about 1225 units of equipment were in service with the USSR. The T-34 model tank changed and improved its technical characteristics several times during the war years. Therefore, the mass in different years of production was also not the same:

Release of 1940 - 26.3 tons
Release of 1941 - 28 tons
Release of 1942 - 28.5 tons
Release of 1943 - 30.9 tons

At the same time, in the total mass of the combat vehicle, the weight of the tracks is about 1150 kg. When comparing the weight of the tank turret of 1940 and 1942, there is a noticeable upward trend - from 3200 to 3900 kg. The crew of the T-34 includes a gunner-radio operator, driver, loader and commander.

Tank "Maus" was created in 1943 and its weight was about 188 tons. This is a real "heavyweight" of German tank building, the length of the gun which reached 2.5 m. And the total length of the combat "Mouse" was about 11.5 m! The vehicle's ammunition included two twin guns (128 mm and 75 mm). The capacity of the Maus fuel tank is 2650 liters. The number of crew members is five people.

It is interesting!

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Despite the impressive size and weight of the Maus tank, almost all the free space inside was occupied by numerous instruments and parts. So the crew of the combat vehicle had to be placed "according to the residual principle."

According to the results of field tests, the Mouse achieved good performance: speed of 20 km / h, overcoming a climb, a vertical obstacle 76 cm high at an angle of 30 degrees, crossing a water trench 2 m wide.

True, all the efforts spent on creating and improving the types of this model were in vain. At the end of 1944, on the orders of Hitler, work on heavy tanks was stopped, and in the spring of 1945, prototypes of type 205 were prepared to defend the training ground in case of capture by the Red Army. Two surviving type 205 tanks after the war were transported to Leningrad, and from there to the tank training ground in Kubinka.

How much does the AT-2 tank weigh

The game World of Tanks is a great opportunity to at least "virtually" control tanks and other military equipment. The AT 2 tank is a Tier 5 combat unit of the British tech tree (PT-ACS class).

General characteristics of the "battle monster": weight 44 tons, gun 57 mm, 26 rounds per minute, speed 20 km/h. The crew includes four people. The tank can be used to push through the flanks of enemy units. However, at the same time, you should take care of your cover from the side of the allies. The accuracy of the AT 2's gun is low, so using the tank for long-range attacks is not recommended.

The weight of the AT-2 tank is 44 tons.

Now you know how much the tank weighs, and as you can see, its mass depends on the modification. In addition, to determine the weight of the tank, it is not necessary to weigh it, but it is enough to calculate the mass, taking into account the density of the metal and the weight of the combat equipment.

At the last Army 2015 exhibition, anyone could feel like a member of the crew of the T-90s tank. To do this, there were 4 cars in the static parking lot, which anyone could get into. Let's see what it's like to be a tanker:

2. Place of the driver. The levers of the rotation mechanism; main clutch pedal (similar to a car clutch); mountain brake pedal hidden behind a fan (similar to a car's parking brake); fuel pedal; gear selector comb.

3. Everyone is always wondering what "review like in a tank" means. Prism observation device TNPO-168 with a wide field of view.
For driving at night, an active-passive type TVN-5 night vision device can be installed instead

4. On the left hand is the instrument panel.

5. He's bigger. All devices and toggle switches are protected against damage or accidental switching.

6. On the right hand is the gear selector lever, a place for a thermos, a hatch closing handle, an intercom, junction boxes.

7. And behind the back of the driver there is only a modest clearance into the fighting compartment from the operator-gunner.

8. Workplace of the operator-gunner. On the left is the PN-5 night sight, on the right is the 1G46 gunner's day sight.

9. Night sight, weapon control units.

10. At the bottom right, mechanical handles for turning the turret and pointing the gun, pointing angle indicators.

11. Place of the tank commander

12. The sighting and observation system of the commander PNK-4S consists of a combined day-night sight of the commander TKN-4S and a gun position sensor.

13. The commander is surrounded by instruments on all sides.

True, the results of the Malaysian competition were quite unexpected. Despite the fact that during the tests, the Polish RT-91M was significantly inferior to both the Russian T-90S and the Ukrainian T-84 in most of the main indicators, in April 2002 the Malaysian government announced its decision to purchase 48 PT-91MZ tanks and six ARVs " WZT-4" in Poland. The total amount of the contract was 370 million dollars. Russian experts claim that one Polish tank cost Malaysia about $4 million, or $1.2 million more than the Russian T-90S that was bidding. According to one version, this decision was explained by the policy of diversification - Malaysia bought Su-30MK fighter jets from Russia, and the contract for tanks was given to Poland, according to another - banal corruption.

Despite this position of the Russian Customer, Uralvagonzavod and UKBTM continued to work on improving the T-90, leading them on their own initiative. Their result was an export version of the promising T-90M tank, presented on September 9, 2011 at the Staratel training ground in Nizhny Tagil as part of the VIII International Arms Exhibition REA-2011. A unified fighting compartment was developed for the tank (suitable for upgrading all previously released T-90s). It was first publicly demonstrated on December 8, 2009 to the then Prime Minister of the Russian Federation V. Putin, who attended a meeting on the development of Russian tank building, held in Nizhny Tagil. The T-90MS tank is equipped with a modern highly automated control system "Kalina" with an integrated combat information and control system of the tactical level. The FCS includes a multi-channel gunner's sight and a commander's panoramic sight, a digital ballistic computer with a set of sensors for weather and ballistic conditions, and an understudy sight.

Particular attention was paid to improving the commander's ability to search for targets and control the fire of weapons equally effectively day and night. At the same time, the equipment implements the functions of additional improvement of the background-target situation in difficult weather conditions. The effectiveness of using the tank's armament has been increased by providing equal search capabilities for the gunner and the commander. This makes it possible to organize a highly effective “hunter-shooter” mode in the fire control system, when the commander, regardless of the time of day, monitors the background-target situation, detects and recognizes targets, capturing them for auto-tracking. And then, through the target designation mode, it “transfers” them to the gunner for destruction, continuing to search for new targets. A high-precision 2A46M-5 gun is installed on the tank, the stability of the initial speed and accuracy of shells is ensured, among other things, by chrome plating of the barrel bore. Thanks to this, its resource also increases by 1.7 times. It is also possible to install a completely new gun with significantly improved ballistic characteristics - 2A32. The high-power smoothbore gun with an auto-bonded and partially chrome-plated barrel 2A82 is a completely new development, only outwardly similar to the 125-mm tank guns of the previous generation. The achieved level of energy characteristics of the 2A82 gun allows it to provide it with a significant superiority over serial and developed domestic and foreign counterparts. The muzzle energy of the 2A82 cannon is significantly greater than the muzzle energy of the well-known Rheinmetall Rh 120 / L55 cannon, mounted on German Leopard 2A6 tanks. To implement the high fire capabilities of the 125-mm tank gun, the use of modern types of ammunition has been ensured. For example, new "long" (740 mm long) BOPS of increased power. The use of ZVBM22 shots with BOPS ZBM59 "Lead-1" and ZVBM23 with BOPS ZBM60 "Lead-2" makes it possible to significantly increase armor penetration while increasing the actual firing distance.

To increase the effectiveness of the fight against tank-dangerous manpower and anti-tank artillery, a new high-explosive fragmentation round ZVOF77V with a high-explosive fragmentation projectile ZOF54, and a ZVSH7 round with a projectile with ready-made lethal elements 3SH7 "Raven" were introduced into the T-90MS tank ammunition. The shells are equipped with electronic remote-contact fuses. To ensure the firing of these ammunition, the T-90MS tank is equipped with the Aynet remote detonation system, which ensures the detonation of the OFS at a given point in the trajectory. This system makes it possible to effectively use the projectile against hovering helicopters, manpower and light armored vehicles located openly and in trenches at distances of 4 km or more. The characteristics of the fragmentation radius and accuracy of fire in range are improved by a factor of three, which reduces the average consumption of shells per typical target by half. It should be noted that the Ainet system, developed for the T-90 tank and put into service in 1988, was not effective enough. One of its weak links was the low accuracy of the laser rangefinder, which is part of the 1G46 tank sight. However, the more advanced Kalina control system of the upgraded T-90MS tank significantly improved the characteristics of the Ainet system. T-90 in flight T-90MS ammunition is placed in two stacking groups: inside the tank and outside, 22 shots are in the automatic loader, in the lower part of the hull, the rest of the shots and charges for them are transferred from the fighting compartment to the armored box at the rear of the turret . The new machine gun mount "UDP T05BV-1" with a 7.62-mm machine gun 6P7K (PKTM) allows the commander, while inside the tank, to conduct effective fire from a place and on the move at stationary and moving targets. It has two-plane stabilization and vertical firing angles from -10 to +45 deg. A 12.7-mm machine gun and a 30-mm AGS grenade launcher can be installed on the remote installation platform, depending on the customer's wishes. Moreover, the digital ballistic path of the Kalina control system allows you to replace remote-mounted weapons in the field, depending on the tasks. The tank provides effective all-round protection against the main anti-tank weapons. The protection of the turret roof, which is traditionally weak for tanks, has been significantly strengthened. Installed removable modules with built-in remote sensing of the latest generation "Relic". Also, the hull and turret were modified to install lattice screens that protect against anti-tank grenades. As a result, the tank is protected from BPS and hand-held anti-tank grenades from all angles. The anti-neutron bulge has been replaced by a fire-resistant anti-fragmentation material such as Kevlar (aramid fabric), which protects the crew and equipment from the secondary flow of fragments. In addition to armor protection, the tank is equipped with an automated system for setting up a multi-spectral curtain against laser-guided missiles and an electromagnetic protection system against mines with magnetometric fuses. In addition, at the request of the customer, the Arena-E tank active protection system, as well as the TShU- 1-2M. The T-90MS is equipped with a monoblock power plant with a boosted V-92S2F2 engine with a power of 1130 hp.

To improve mobility and maneuverability, a motion control system was used using the steering wheel and with automatic gear shifting, with the possibility of switching to manual mode. Thanks to its use, physical stress on the driver is reduced, fuel consumption is reduced, acceleration characteristics and the average speed of the tank are increased. In addition to the main engine, the T-90MS is equipped with an auxiliary diesel generator set DGU7-27 5P-VM1 with a power of 7 kW, which is located on the left fender. When the main engine of the tank is not running, the installation ensures the operation of communications, control systems and other systems, lighting and charging batteries. Its use not only significantly reduces fuel consumption, but also significantly reduces the visibility of the tank in the infrared range.

A new combined night vision device for the driver and a rear-view camera are installed on the tank. The commander and gunner are provided with an all-round view through the all-round video surveillance system. The firepower, security and mobility of the tank have improved markedly, the dimensions of the tank have not increased, and in terms of mass the T-90MS continues to remain in the class up to 50 tons. Well, one can only wish the new T-90MS the same export sales volumes as its older ones. brothers T-90S and T-90CA, because it is thanks to them that Russia takes first place in the ranking of the Center for Analysis of the World Arms Trade in terms of the number of new main battle tanks planned for delivery in 2011-2014. During this period, the Russian Federation intends to export 688 main battle tanks worth 1.979 billion dollars. And the total volume of Russian tank exports in the period 2007-2014 is estimated at 1291 new vehicles worth 3.858 billion dollars. Russia's main competitors in this field are the United States and Germany. From 2011 to 2014, the United States exports 457 Abrams tanks worth $4.97 billion. Germany will export 348 Leopards in various modifications worth $3.487 billion in the same period.