Correct placement of stress in words. Stress standards. Correct stress in words: how to correctly stress the word "ringing"

To task number 4 "Orthoepic norms"

Stress rules for nouns.

1. Words of foreign origin, as a rule, in Russian they retain the place of stress, which they had in the source language. In English, stress is most often on the first syllable, while in French it is on the last.
Therefore, English borrowings sound like this:
GENESIS, MARKETING, MANAGEMENT, PORTER;
and French like this:
engraver, dispensary, blinds, rubber, parterre, music stand, chassis.

2. In words denoting measures of length and ending in -meter, the stress falls on the last syllable:
kilometer, centimeter, millimeter, decimeter.

3. In compound words with the second part -the wire with the general meaning "a device for transporting some substance or energy", the stress falls on the root -water- :
gasoline pipeline, water pipeline, garbage pipeline, light pipeline.
BUT: electric wire, electric drive.

4. In words ending in -log, the stress falls, as a rule, on the last syllable: dialogue, catalogue, monologue, obituary.

5. In verbal nouns the place of stress is preserved, which is in the original verb from which they are formed:
(faith) to confess - faith
provide - provision.

6. In some nouns, the stress is fixed and remains on the root in all cases:
airport - airports
bow - bows - with bows
accountant - accountants
X - with X - X - X
crane - cranes
lecturer – lecturers – lecturers
cake - with cake - cakes - cakes
scarf - scarf - scarf - scarf.

7. In a noun minion the stress falls on the root. In all words formed from this word, the accent on -BAL- falls:
spoiled, spoiled, spoiled, spoiled, spoiled, spoiled.

Stress rules for adjectives.
1. In some adjectives, the stress is the same as in the original nouns from which they are formed:
plum - plum
KITCHEN - KITCHEN
sorrel - sorrel.

2. The stressed syllable of the full form of some adjectives remains accented and in short form:
beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful
unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable.

3. In some frequent adjectives with mobile stress, it falls on the root in full form - in the singular and plural; and also in the short - in the masculine and neuter. In the feminine short form, the stress goes to the ending:
right - right - right - right - right
slender - slender - slender - slender - slender.

4. If the stress in the short form of the feminine gender falls on the ending, then in the comparative form it will be on the suffix -E- or- HER-:
sick - sicker, strong - stronger, slim - slimmer.
If the stress in the feminine gender is on the basis, then in a comparative degree it is preserved there:
beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder.

Stress rules for verbs.

1. Emphasis on past tense verbs usually falls on the same syllable as the infinitive:
walk - walked, walked
hide - hid, hid.

2. In another group of verbs, the stress in all forms is motionless, and in the feminine of the past tense it passes to the ending:
take - took, took, took, took
lie - lied, lied, lied, lied.
took A, took, poured in, burst in, perceived, recreated, drove, chased, got, got, got, waited, waited, took, locked, locked, called, was called, lilA, poured, lied, tore, called, poured, narwhal, began, drenched, hugged, overtook, skinned, departed, gave away, withdrew, responded, poured, called, watered, understood, arrived, tore, took off, created, plucked, removed.

3. For verbs put, steal, sneak, send, send, send accent in the form past tense feminine DOES NOT fall on the ending, but stays on the base:
put, stole, stole, sent, sent, sent.
The exception is verbs with shock prefix YOU-, which always drags the accent:
lila - poured out, stole - stole.

4. In verbs ending in -IT, when conjugated, the stress falls on the endings: -ISH, -IT, -IM, -ITE, -AT/-YAT:
turn on - turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on
hand over - hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over
get through - get through, get through, get through, get through, get through
bleed - bleed, bleed, bleed, bleed, bleed.
Verbs are conjugated in the same way:
call, exclude, endow, lean, litter, call, lighten, encourage, cheer up, borrow, surround, repeat, call back, call, drill, strengthen, pinch.

5. In the following verbs ending in -IT, the stress does NOT fall on the ending:
vulgarize - vulgarize
become aware - become aware.

6. In verbs, formed from adjectives, the emphasis usually falls on -IT:
fast - speed up, sharp - sharpen, light - lighten, vigorous - encourage, deep - deepen.
BUT: verb embitter, formed from the adjective evil, does not obey this rule.

7. In reflexive verbs the stress in the past tense often changes to an ending or suffix (in masculine past tense verbs):
start - started, started, started, started
to be accepted - to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted.

Rules for placing stress in participles.

1.In active past participles with suffix -VSh- the stress, as a rule, falls on the same vowel that is in the word before this suffix:
ignite vsh yy, nali vsh oh, look vsh uy.

2. In passive past participles formed from verbs bend, bend, bend the accent falls on the prefix:
bent, bent, bent.

3. In the brief passive past participles of the feminine gender the accent falls on the ending:
busy, locked, populated, acquired, filled, encouraged, removed, created.

4. If the stress in full form falls on the suffix -YONN- , then in the short form it is preserved only in the masculine gender, and in other forms it passes to the ending:
enabled - enabled, enabled, enabled, enabled
delivered - delivered, delivered, delivered, delivered
populated - populated, populated, populated, populated.
The participles change in the same way:
endowed, brought down, encouraged, disabled, repeated, shared, tamed.

5. In full forms of participles with a suffix -T- formed from verbs with suffixes -O- and -WELL- in the infinitive, the stress falls one syllable forward:
weeding - polo t th, stab - stab t th, bend - bend t th, wrap - wrap t th.

Rules for placing stress in adverbs.

1. Participles often have an accent on the same syllable as in the infinitive of the verb from which they are formed:
to ask - having asked, to fill in - a bay, to take - to take, to start - to start, to raise - to raise, to undertake - to undertake, to create - to create.

2. In gerunds with a suffix -VSh-, -VSHI- the stress falls on the vowel that precedes these suffixes in the word:
beginning in, otdA in, lift in, profit in, beginning lice s.

Rules for placing stress in adverbs.

1. On the console BEFORE- the stress falls in the following adverbs:
top, bottom, dry.
BUT: white, utterly.
2. On the console PER- the emphasis falls on the words:
ahead of time, dark, dawn.
BUT: envy - enviable.

curator of belles-lettres

indulge, indulge, indulge

bartender

barrel

water pipeline, gas pipeline, garbage pipeline, oil pipeline, but: electrical wire

contract (and contracts)

blinds

enviably

catalog

quarter

more beautiful

culinary and culinary ( both options are equal)

marketing

masterful

extended

newborn

security

ease

uncork

loop (loop - Appropriate in everyday speech)

call, call, call

pullover

beet

dancer, dancer

cottage cheese and cottage cheese ( both options are equal)

tiramisu

cakes

immediately

shoe

phenomenon

scoop

What is written in pen...

The insidiousness of all the rules and lists is that they do not linger in the head: read - forgot. There are several ways to retain useful information in memory, in our case, words with the correct stress.

#sing now. A difficult word for you needs to be said out loud loudly, clearly, several times (you can also sing) and ... in front of witnesses. Let friends or colleagues support you and join your shock flash mob with their problematic words (“Venice is more beautiful than Paris, more beautiful, more beautiful, more beautiful than Paris”, “they call me, they call me”, “my boyfriend is a barmen, barmen, barmen”). This is our psychology: what we do not alone is better remembered.

#wonderful moment. For those who have a developed imagination, it is easiest to involve associations and images associated with it in memorizing any information. Here, for example, is a healthy beetroot vegetable, and its ruddy grandmother Fyokla sells it. And a great marketing specialist knows everything about how to keep the brand!

#graphomania. Remember how at school, when studying a foreign language, we made up dialogues and stories with new words, picked up rhymes for them or came up with funny poems? The principle also works for the native great and mighty, you just need to give free rein to your imagination! There are a lot of ready-made cheat sheets on the Internet, take note: “We ate cakes for a long time - the shorts didn’t fit”, “You don’t carry curtains for us, we will hang the blinds”, “Phenomen calls on Wednesdays, having accepted the contract for years”, “The ringer is calling, they are calling in a bell, so that you can remember correctly!

And, of course, dictionaries and reference books will always help out: a spelling, spelling dictionary (translated from ancient Greek, “orthoepy” means correct pronunciation), a dictionary of stresses. Online resources will not let you down either: Gramota.ru portals (be sure to check out the Memoirs section) and gramma.ru, Yandex.Dictionaries, orfogrammka.ru website, which, unlike printed publications, are always at hand thanks to the ubiquitous Internet. Let's talk nice!

To task number 4 "Orthoepic norms"

Stress rules for nouns.

1. Words of foreign origin, as a rule, in Russian they retain the place of stress, which they had in the source language. In English, stress is most often on the first syllable, while in French it is on the last.
Therefore, English borrowings sound like this:
GENESIS, MARKETING, MANAGEMENT, PORTER;
and French like this:
engraver, dispensary, blinds, rubber, parterre, music stand, chassis.

2. In words denoting measures of length and ending in -meter, the stress falls on the last syllable:
kilometer, centimeter, millimeter, decimeter.

3. In compound words with the second part -the wire with the general meaning "a device for transporting some substance or energy", the stress falls on the root -water- :
gasoline pipeline, water pipeline, garbage pipeline, light pipeline.
BUT: electric wire, electric drive.

4. In words ending in -log, the stress falls, as a rule, on the last syllable: dialogue, catalogue, monologue, obituary.

5. In verbal nouns the place of stress is preserved, which is in the original verb from which they are formed:
(faith) to confess - faith
provide - provision.

6. In some nouns, the stress is fixed and remains on the root in all cases:
airport - airports
bow - bows - with bows
accountant - accountants
X - with X - X - X
crane - cranes
lecturer – lecturers – lecturers
cake - with cake - cakes - cakes
scarf - scarf - scarf - scarf.

7. In a noun minion the stress falls on the root. In all words formed from this word, the accent on -BAL- falls:
spoiled, spoiled, spoiled, spoiled, spoiled, spoiled.

Stress rules for adjectives.
1. In some adjectives, the stress is the same as in the original nouns from which they are formed:
plum - plum
KITCHEN - KITCHEN
sorrel - sorrel.

2. The stressed syllable of the full form of some adjectives remains accented and in short form:
beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful
unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable.

3. In some frequent adjectives with mobile stress, it falls on the root in full form - in the singular and plural; and also in the short - in the masculine and neuter. In the feminine short form, the stress goes to the ending:
right - right - right - right - right
slender - slender - slender - slender - slender.

4. If the stress in the short form of the feminine gender falls on the ending, then in the comparative form it will be on the suffix -E- or- HER-:
sick - sicker, strong - stronger, slim - slimmer.
If the stress in the feminine gender is on the basis, then in a comparative degree it is preserved there:
beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder.

Stress rules for verbs.

1. Emphasis on past tense verbs usually falls on the same syllable as the infinitive:
walk - walked, walked
hide - hid, hid.

2. In another group of verbs, the stress in all forms is motionless, and in the feminine of the past tense it passes to the ending:
take - took, took, took, took
lie - lied, lied, lied, lied.
took A, took, poured in, burst in, perceived, recreated, drove, chased, got, got, got, waited, waited, took, locked, locked, called, was called, lilA, poured, lied, tore, called, poured, narwhal, began, drenched, hugged, overtook, skinned, departed, gave away, withdrew, responded, poured, called, watered, understood, arrived, tore, took off, created, plucked, removed.

3. For verbs put, steal, sneak, send, send, send accent in the form past tense feminine DOES NOT fall on the ending, but stays on the base:
put, stole, stole, sent, sent, sent.
The exception is verbs with shock prefix YOU-, which always drags the accent:
lila - poured out, stole - stole.

4. In verbs ending in -IT, when conjugated, the stress falls on the endings: -ISH, -IT, -IM, -ITE, -AT/-YAT:
turn on - turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on
hand over - hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over
get through - get through, get through, get through, get through, get through
bleed - bleed, bleed, bleed, bleed, bleed.
Verbs are conjugated in the same way:
call, exclude, endow, lean, litter, call, lighten, encourage, cheer up, borrow, surround, repeat, call back, call, drill, strengthen, pinch.

5. In the following verbs ending in -IT, the stress does NOT fall on the ending:
vulgarize - vulgarize
become aware - become aware.

6. In verbs, formed from adjectives, the emphasis usually falls on -IT:
fast - speed up, sharp - sharpen, light - lighten, vigorous - encourage, deep - deepen.
BUT: verb embitter, formed from the adjective evil, does not obey this rule.

7. In reflexive verbs the stress in the past tense often changes to an ending or suffix (in masculine past tense verbs):
start - started, started, started, started
to be accepted - to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted.

Rules for placing stress in participles.

1.In active past participles with suffix -VSh- the stress, as a rule, falls on the same vowel that is in the word before this suffix:
ignite vsh yy, nali vsh oh, look vsh uy.

2. In passive past participles formed from verbs bend, bend, bend the accent falls on the prefix:
bent, bent, bent.

3. In the brief passive past participles of the feminine gender the accent falls on the ending:
busy, locked, populated, acquired, filled, encouraged, removed, created.

4. If the stress in full form falls on the suffix -YONN- , then in the short form it is preserved only in the masculine gender, and in other forms it passes to the ending:
enabled - enabled, enabled, enabled, enabled
delivered - delivered, delivered, delivered, delivered
populated - populated, populated, populated, populated.
The participles change in the same way:
endowed, brought down, encouraged, disabled, repeated, shared, tamed.

5. In full forms of participles with a suffix -T- formed from verbs with suffixes -O- and -WELL- in the infinitive, the stress falls one syllable forward:
weeding - polo t th, stab - stab t th, bend - bend t th, wrap - wrap t th.

Rules for placing stress in adverbs.

1. Participles often have an accent on the same syllable as in the infinitive of the verb from which they are formed:
to ask - having asked, to fill in - a bay, to take - to take, to start - to start, to raise - to raise, to undertake - to undertake, to create - to create.

2. In gerunds with a suffix -VSh-, -VSHI- the stress falls on the vowel that precedes these suffixes in the word:
beginning in, otdA in, lift in, profit in, beginning lice s.

Rules for placing stress in adverbs.

1. On the console BEFORE- the stress falls in the following adverbs:
top, bottom, dry.
BUT: white, utterly.
2. On the console PER- the emphasis falls on the words:
ahead of time, dark, dawn.
BUT: envy - enviable.

The selection of a group of words, a single word or a syllable in a word is called.

In Russian, the stressed element is pronounced with greater force, more distinctly and with greater duration. Depending on which element is highlighted, a distinction is made between logical and verbal stress.

Russian word stress (compared to other languages) has a number of features.

1. In many languages, the stress is fixed, constant, that is, the stress is assigned to a certain syllable in a word.

In French, the stress always falls on the last syllable, in Polish on the penultimate syllable, in Czech on the first syllable.

In Russian, the stress is free, that is, it can fall on any syllable.

Wed: kitchen, prettier, pamper.

2. Russian stress is mobile: in related words and when changing the same word, the stress can move to another syllable.

Wed: conspiracy - contract, start - started, orphan - orphans.

3. It is the accent that can:

to distinguish one word from another;

Wed: atlas - atlas.

be an indicator of the grammatical form of the word.

Wed: hands - hands.

4. Many compound words, in addition to the main stress, can also have a secondary stress.

Highly gifted, evergreen.

5. In the course of historical development, the place of stress in a word may change.

For example, in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" we read: The music is tired of thundering; and now we say - music.

6. All words of the language, if pronounced separately, have an accent. But in the speech stream, some words, adjoining the previous or subsequent ones in pronunciation, become unstressed.

For example, in the phrase Walk with me on the water pretext co with pronoun me, as well as the suggestion on with a noun water pronounced with one accent. However, in the first case ( with me) the preposition becomes unstressed; in the second case ( by water) the noun becomes unstressed.

7. A large group of words in Russian has several accentological variants. Only some of these options in the literary language are equivalent.

Cottage cheese and cottage cheese, barge and barge, camphor and camphor, combiner and combine harvester, pinch and pinch.

Typically, the options differ in scope.

So, one of the options in the literary language can be the main one (cf.: unrestrained, girlish, busy), the other is optional, acceptable, but less desirable. (cf.: unrestrained, girlish, busy).

Other options may be non-literary (colloquial, dialectal).

For example, in a literary language it is unacceptable (!) to pronounce: busy, document, shop, kilometer, quarter, alcohol, youth. These are colloquial accentological variants. Literary pronunciations: busy, document, shop, kilometer, quarter, alcohol, youth.

If it is difficult, the stress in words and word forms can be checked using explanatory, spelling and special, orthoepic dictionaries.

1. Many short adjectives (without suffixes or with suffixes k, l, n, ok) have an accent on the first syllable in all forms, except for the singular form. Zh.r., in which the stress falls on the ending: in e sat down in e village, in e villages - but cheerful a; etc a in, pr a in, pr a you are right a; t e sen, t e sno, t e dreams - but cramped a .

2. If in the short form of the adjective f.r. the stress falls on the basis, then in a comparative degree the stress will also be on the basis: beautiful and wa - beautiful and wow, lil about wah lil about in her.

3. Many verbs in past. temp. have an accent on the basis in all forms, except for the singular form. f.r., in which it is transferred to the ending: h a nyal, s a noo, s a nyali - but took a; n a nyal, n a nalo, n a hired - but hired a; etc and nyal, pr and nalo, pr and taken - but accepted a . There are 280 such verbs in Russian: take, be, twist, lie, drive, rot, give, fight, wait, live, call, curse, lie, pour, drink, swim, understand etc. It should be remembered that there are very similar verbs to which this rule does not apply: beat (b and la), shave (br and la), press (w a la), know (zn a la), anger (evil and la) etc. Note that only the prefix you- able to pull the stress on itself: drove a- drove away a- but in s drove. And in the plural. and sometimes in cf. affix - Xia also able to change the accent: took about oh, took and s; poured about ss, poured and camping.

4. The same rule applies to many short passive past participles: vz I t, vz I then, vz I you - but taken a; n a chat, n a chato, n a chats - but started a; etc about given, pr about given, pr about given - but sold a .

5. Sometimes prepositions (most often on, for, under, by, from, without ) take on the stress, and then the noun following it is unstressed: water - n a water; leg - h a leg; mountain - p about d mountain; sea ​​- p about the sea; house - and from home; year - b e 3rd week.

6. Within the literary norm, there are a significant number of stress options. equal: b a rust - barge a; zazh a vet - rusty e th. Unequal semantic: sharpness a(blades) - sharp about ta (joke); tr at sit (fear) - a coward and th (to run). Unequal stylistic: prik at s (general use) - pr and cous (special); w e silk (common use) - silk about out (poetic). Unequal normative-chronological: spare about th (modern) - zap a sleepy (obsolete); steal and nsky (modern) - Ukrainian a Indian (obsolete).

Pronunciation norms

Pronunciation of unstressed vowels

The basic law of orthoepy in the pronunciation of unstressed vowels is reduction law .

Reduction, or weakened articulation, is a phonetic process in which sounds are pronounced less clearly and for a long time, or are generally replaced by other vowels. Let's single out the main variants of vowel reduction:

1. Letters about and a at the beginning of a word and in the first pre-stressed syllable, they are pronounced as a sound denoted by [Λ]. It differs from the shock in shorter duration: [Λ] autonomy, tr[Λ] wa. Exceptions: jasmine, jacket, unfortunately, horses, in which after sizzling in place a still is the normative pronunciation [s], as in the old Moscow norm.

2. In other unstressed syllables in place of letters about and a sounds very short, indistinct sound, intermediate between s and a, denoted in phonetics [ъ]: tr[b] spicy, s[b] lotto, schools[b].

3. Letters e and I after soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable, it is pronounced as a sound, the middle between and and uh: in[and ] sleep, h[and ] sy.

4. In other unstressed syllables in place of letters e and I pronounced very short and, denoted as [b]: in[b] lycan, vyn[b] sti, p[b] wheelbarrow.

5. In place of letter combinations aa, ao, oa, oo in pre-stressed syllables, a long sound [a] is pronounced: h[a] falsify, s[a] bottom, p[a] english, in[a] brazil.

6. Vowel and after a solid consonant, preposition, or with the continuous pronunciation of a word with the previous one, it is pronounced as [s]: honey[s] institute, from[s] hide, laugh[s] grief.

Pronunciation of consonants

Basic laws of pronunciation of consonants - stun(law of the end of the word) and assimilation(assimilation).

Stun(law of the end of a word) - at the end of a word, voiced consonants are replaced by voiceless ones ( bread[n]).

assimilation(assimilation) can be of several varieties.

1. Assimilation for deafness- before voiceless consonants, voiced ones are replaced by voiceless ones ( by[t]write).

2. Assimilation by voice- before voiced consonants, the deaf become voiced ( o[d]beat).

3. Assimilation by place of education- the previous sound is completely likened to the next, this happens most often at the junction of the prefix and the root ([sew);

4. Similarity in hardness/softness- before a soft consonant, a hard consonant is replaced by a soft one ( car [n '] chick). Previously, this pattern worked in all cases, but now it is largely destroyed.

Features of pronunciation [r]. Russian literary pronunciation is characterized by the so-called [g] explosive (during articulation, a stream of air overcomes an obstacle in the oral cavity like an explosion), but according to the old Moscow norm, in individual words, especially in words of church origin, it was necessary to pronounce G fricative, i.e. with some aspiration - [γ]. At present, in all these words, according to the norms of the Russian literary language, it is necessary to pronounce [g] explosive. Exceptions: bo[γ]y (bo[x]), bu[γ]alter, a[γ]a, o[γ]o, y[γ]y, e[γ]e, [γ]op.

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