Mammoth tree interesting facts. Mammoth tree: description, photo, interesting facts. Heat-loving guest of Alushta - sequoia
SEQUOYADENDRON GIANT(Sequoiadendron giganteum), also called the mammoth tree because of its gigantic size and the outward resemblance of its huge hanging branches to mammoth tusks, is undoubtedly the most famous representative.
The giant sequoiadendron is found in separate small groves (there are about 30 of them) only on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada in California (at an altitude of 1500-2000 m). The giant sequoiadendron was described in 1853. After the discovery of the Mammoth tree by Europeans, its name changed several times. 
The giant sequoiadendron captured the imagination of the inhabitants of the Old World, and the names of the greatest people are assigned to it. So, the famous English botanist D. Lindley, who first described this plant, calls it wellingtonia in honor of the Englishman Duke of Wellington, the hero of the Battle of Waterloo. 
The Americans, in turn, proposed the name Washingtonia (or Washington Sequoia), in honor of the first US President D. Washington. But since the names Washingtonia and Wellingtonia had already been previously assigned to other plants, in 1939 this genus was named Sequoiadendron.
The giant sequoiadendron is an unusually majestic and monumental tree, reaching a height of 80-100 m, with a trunk up to 10 m in diameter, distinguished by amazing longevity. The question of the limiting age of the sequoiadendron still remains unresolved: they call both 3 and 4 thousand years.
Because of the durable, rot-resistant wood, sequoiadendrons have been rapaciously exterminated in their homeland since the time of the first explorers and gold seekers. The remaining trees, and there are only about 500 of them, have been declared protected. 
The largest sequoiadendrons have their own names: "Father of the Forests", "General Sherman", "General Grant" and others. The first of them, which no longer exists, reached, as is clear from its descriptions, a height of 135 m with a trunk diameter at the base of 12 m. 
It is estimated that the Sequoiadendron, known as "General Sherman", contains about 1500 m3 of wood, with a height of 83 m and a trunk diameter of 11 m at the base of the tree. 
To transport it would require a train of 20-25 wagons. On the saw cut of another tree, an orchestra and three dozen dancers freely fit. There are also known tunnels made in the lower parts of the trunks (for example, in Yosemite Park, such a tunnel has existed since 1881). Cars pass freely through it. 
Sequoiadendron as an ornamental plant is bred in many countries of the world. It is especially good at the age of 80-100 years with a dark green, correctly pyramidal crown starting from the ground and a translucent reddish trunk. With age, the correctness of the crown is violated, the trunk becomes bare and thickens, and the tree takes on a monumental appearance. 
Having been introduced to Europe as early as 1853, the sequoiadendron has perfectly taken root in the parks and gardens of its southwestern part. Its seeds came to our country in 1858. The first trees were planted in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, then on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and in Central Asia. 
And although they grow more slowly under these conditions than at home, they reach quite impressive sizes. So, seventy-year-old specimens grow to a height of 30 m or more (with a diameter of more than 1 m). Unlike sequoia (“mahogany”), Sequoiadendron is also called “mahogany from the Sierra”.
(с) http://www.floranimal.ru/pages/flora/s/5581.html 
Because of the durable, rot-resistant wood, sequoiadendrons have been rapaciously exterminated in their homeland since the time of the first explorers and gold seekers. 
The remaining trees, and there are only about 500 of them, have been declared protected. The largest sequoiadendrons have their own names: "Father of the Forests", "General Sherman", "General Grant" and others. 
The first of these, now defunct, reached, as is clear from his descriptions, a height of 135 m with a trunk diameter of 12 m at the base. a height of 83 m and a trunk diameter at the base of the tree, equal to 11 m. To transport it, a train of 20-25 wagons would be required. 
John Muir and Theodore Roosevelt in the National Park
Sequoia- the second of the oldest national natural parks in the United States. It was established on September 25, 1890 to protect sequoiadendrons in the Giant Forest, including the General Sherman Tree, currently the largest tree in the world. Sequoiadendron also grows in the Mineral King Valley and Mt. Whitney - the highest US mountains outside of Alaska. 
A small part of what is now Kings Canyon National Park was named General Grant National Park in 1890. In 1940, the boundaries of the park expanded significantly, including the territory of the "South Fork of the Kings River" and more than 456 thousand acres of wild territory. 
The total size of the national park, including Sequoia Park, now stands at just under 900,000 acres. 
People came to the forests of giant sequoias shortly after the end of the civil war. The General Grant tree was discovered in 1862 by Joseph Hardin Thomas and named after Lucretia Baker in 1867. 
Five years later, on March 1, 1872, Ulysses Simpson Grant, the eighteenth President of the United States, approved a bill establishing Yellowstone's status as the world's first national park. Grant's Giant (Mammoth) Seiquoia Grove, as well as Yosemite Park, were approved by the same law. 
From the history of the park
Captain Charles Young, War Chief, Sequoia National Park, 1903
by Wm. C. Tweed 
The new military leader arrived in Sequoia National Park in the summer of 1903 and immediately encountered many difficulties. Born in Kentucky during the Civil War, Charles Young was black, which was not welcome there. 
He was the first African American to graduate from white high school in Ripley, Ohio, and competed in a serious competition that led him to the famed West Point Military School in 1884. 
He was a courageous and strong man and became the third black to be educated at this prestigious educational institution. The conditions of this training were so harsh for him that he later wrote about what was the biggest test of his life. 
In May 1903, Sequoia National Park was already thirteen years old, but still underdeveloped and inaccessible. From 1891, the management and development of the park was placed under the responsibility of the US Army, but due to lack of funding by Congress, almost nothing was done and much was stolen. The main thing is that it had roads, the construction of which began only in 1900. But the work was carried out so slowly that in three years of work only 5 miles were laid. 
Young immediately began laying new roads and widening old ones that even small wagons could not drive on. Soon the road ran to the rock Moreau.
In 1904 Young was sent as a military attache to Haiti. He later served in the same position in Liberia.
Young took part in the Expedition to Mexico in 1916. He died in 1923 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery with full honors. 
Although Colonel Charles Young served in the Park for only one working season, his efforts were not forgotten. He is remembered for his energy, perseverance and dignity. Expensive ones built under his direction, improved only a little, are still in service. 
Walter Fry: Famous Man
Malinee Crapsey
(This article first appeared in The Sequoia Bark magazine in the summer of 1994) 
"When I first met Judge Fry, under his own great old trees, I knew I had met a rare man..." 
In 1888, Walter Fry first encountered giant sequoias as a lumberjack and was shocked. After spending more than five days with a team of lumberjacks to cut down and fell down a single tree, he counted the annual layers on the trunk of a fallen giant. 
He had to count several days and the answer was amazing: 3266 rings, that is, 3266 years of life. 
Two years later, local residents petitioned the US government to take the great seiquois under state protection. The third signature on the petition was that of Walter Fry. 
President Grant
The Park Authority moved the Fry family over the course of several years from the San Joaquin Valley to Trois Rivières. Fry acted as road dispatcher, and in 1905 he became a park ranger. By 1910, Fry had become a ranger chief, managing the parks for the military leadership.
In 1914, the Army finally withdrew from leadership of the Park and Fpai was appointed its official civilian leader. 
Fry's contribution to the development and improvement of the Park was so significant that in 1994 the Lodgepole Nature Center was named after him. 
Giant Sequoia
In the world, sequoias grow naturally only on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, most commonly between 5,000 and 7,000 feet. 
There are no more than 75 groves in total.
General Sherman's tree is between 2300 and 2700 years old. Its largest branch is almost seven feet in diameter. 
Sequoias grow from seeds so small and light they look like oatmeal flakes.
Take a closer look - small scarlet men are located on the branches of the giant.
Translated independently from http://www.sequoia.national-park.com/info.htm#tree
Ten biggest giants:
Tree.................................. ......Location..... .........Height(ft) Circum(ft)
1. General Sherman...........Giant Forest........274.9........102.6
2. Washington......................Giant Forest........254.7........101.1
3. General Grant ...................Grant Grove ........268.1........107.6
4. President ...............................Giant Forest .......240.9......... 93.0
5. Lincoln................................Giant Forest......255.8..... ....98.3
6. Stagg ...................................Alder Creek ........243.0. .......109.0
7. Genesis..................Mountain Home..257.1.........85.3
8. Boole .................................Convert se Basin..268.8....... .113.0
9. Ishi ...........................Giant Kennedy.....248.1 ........105.1
10. Franklin......................Giant Forest........223.8........ 94.8
From pre-park history:
To date, there has been debate among historians as to who was the first European to see Yosemite Valley. In the autumn of 1833, Joseph Reddeford Walker, perhaps the first to see the valley - in his subsequent records, he said that he led a group of hunters that crossed the Sierra Nevada and came close to the edge of the valley, which went down "more than a mile." His party was also the first to be in Tuolomni's grove of sequoiadendron trees, thus becoming the first non-locals to see these giant trees. 
Part of the territory of the Sierra Nevada, where the park is located, has long been considered the border of the settlements of Europeans, traders, hunters and travelers. However, this status changed in 1848 with the discovery of gold deposits at the foot of the mountains in the west. Since that moment, trading activity in this territory has increased dramatically, as a result, provoking the California gold rush. Newcomers began to destroy the natural resources, due to which the Indian tribes lived. 
The first reliably known white man who saw the valley should be considered William P. Abrams, who on October 18, 1849, with his detachment accurately described some of the landmarks of the valley, but it is not known for sure whether he or any of his detachment entered the this land. However, there is no doubt that in 1850 Joseph Screech actually descended into the Hetch Hetchy valley and, moreover, settled here. 
The first systematic study of the park area was carried out in 1855 by the team of Alexey W. Von Schmidt (Allexey W. Von Schmidt) as part of the state land survey program "Public Land Survey System".
Mariposa Wars
Before the first Europeans appeared in this territory, the Sierra Miwok and Paiute Indian tribes lived here. By the time the first settlers came here, Yosemite Valley was inhabited by a group of Indians who called themselves the Avanichi (Ahwahnechee). 
As a result of a sharp increase in the flow of immigrants during the gold rush, armed conflicts began to arise with local tribes. To put an end to the constant skirmishes, in 1851 government troops were sent to the valley - the Mariposa battalion under the command of Major James Savage in order to pursue about 200 Avanichi Indians, led by the leader Tenaya. In particular, the doctor Lafayette Bunnell was attached to the detachment, who later vividly described his impressions of what he saw in the book The Discovery of the Yosemite. Bunnell is also credited with the authorship of the name of the valley, which he gave after a conversation with the leader of Tenai. 
Bunnell wrote in his book that Chief Tenai was the founder of the Pai-Ute colony of the Ah-wah-ne tribe. The Indians of the neighboring Sierra Miwok tribe (like most of the white inhabitants who settled here) described the Avanichi Indians as a warlike tribe with which they had constant territorial disputes, the name of this tribe "yohhe'meti" literally meant "they are murderers." Correspondence and notes written by the soldiers of the battalion contributed to the popularization of the valley and its surrounding area.
Tenaya and the remnants of Avanichi were taken prisoner, and their settlement was burned. The tribe was forcibly transferred to a reservation near Fresno, California. Some were subsequently allowed to return to the valley, but after an attack on eight miners in 1852, they fled to the neighboring Mono tribe, who broke their hospitality and killed them.
(c) Weinheim
mammoth tree
This family includes sequoias - giant representatives of the flora of our planet!
The mammoth tree, or wellingtonia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), can grow up to 100 m high. One copy of this species, growing in a national park in California (USA), has a height of 83 m, trunk girth is over 25 m, such a plant giant weighs 2500 tons The famous plant was named "General Sherman". This species of sequoia was named mammoth tree for the resemblance of its beautiful branches to mammoth tusks. In America, all giant sequoia specimens are not only registered and monitored by biologists, they have been given their own names.
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From the book The Greatest Show on Earth [Evidence for Evolution] author Dawkins Clinton RichardSilver tree If you look at the geographical map of Africa, then near the southern tip, the blue winding string of the Orange River is clearly visible. In fact, the river does not live up to its name. It was named so not because of the original color, but for glorification.
From the book The Newest Book of Facts. Volume 1. Astronomy and astrophysics. Geography and other earth sciences. Biology and medicine author Kondrashov Anatoly PavlovichFire tree In October 1520, the sailing ships of Ferdinand Magellan, having crossed the Atlantic from north to south, cautiously entered an unfamiliar strait. A strong tailwind did not please. The alarm was aggravated by the gloomy, fog-shrouded rocks that surrounded on both sides,
From the book Microcosm author Zimmer CarlWell, tree, beware! In the coniferous forests of the North American continent, the Douglas pseudo-hemlock tree is widespread, reaching almost a hundred meters in height. And this giant of the plant world can be knocked down by a small bug less than 1 cm long - enemy number one -
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From the author's bookWhat tree is called sausage tree? This second name is the Kigelia pinnata growing in tropical Africa and Madagascar. This beautiful tree with a wide shady crown has bizarre fruits. They look like large brownish sausages (up to 60 and
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From the author's bookChapter five. THE WOOD FULL OF BEARS "He's clumsy in body, he's poor in mind..." (The Watchman used to say so often.) "Grumbling Hunt" The temperature in the Land Rover's cabin reached thirty-odd degrees, and we were exhausted from dust, heat and fatigue. Behind was a long way: having left
From the author's book From the author's bookChapter V. The Tree of Life The idea of building an evolutionary tree goes back to Charles Darwin, who admitted the possibility of the origin of the entire diverse living world from a single cell (Fig. 4A). This judgment for the middle of the nineteenth century was even more revolutionary than
(Sequoiadendron)- a genus of woody plants of the Taxodiaceae family (lat. Taxodiaceae), which, without exaggeration, can be called living fossils. This genus has only one species - sequoiadendron giant, or mammoth tree (Sequoiadendron giganteum). For the first time, sequoia forests were discovered by Europeans on the Pacific coast in 1769, and in 1853 the sequoiadendron was described by the famous English botanist D. Lindley, who gave it the name wellingtonia in honor of the English Duke of Wellington, the hero of the Battle of Waterloo. But in 1939, this genus was given the name "sequoiadendron" because the name "wellingtonia" had previously been assigned to another plant.
Softwood heartwood, the wood of which is distinguished by a light red heartwood, medium hardness and good mechanical properties. The high density makes this wood light yet strong, and the combination of oils and resins almost eliminates rot, termite attacks and other insects. It is excellent for construction work, for making fences and tiles, and the thick bark of this tree (30-60 cm) can be used as lining in fruit containers. Precisely because of the high-quality wood, since the time of the first explorers, the predatory extermination of se-voyadendrons began. Today, this endangered species is under protection, therefore, it is mainly excluded from economic use.
In nature, sequoiadendron can only be found in reserves on the western slopes of the Californian Sierra Nevada, where it grows in the Mariposa Grove forest, located 35 miles from Yosemite Valley. Sequoiadendrons grow in small separate groves (there are about 30 in total) at an altitude of 1500-2000 m above sea level. The remaining trees, and there are only about 500 of them, have been declared protected. The largest sequoiadendrons bear their own names: "Father of the Forests", "General Sherman", "General Grant". One of them is the "Giant Grizzly", whose age is 2700 years. This centenarian reaches a height of 65 meters, and the diameter of its base is 9 meters. On the saw cut of another tree, an orchestra and three dozen dancers freely fit. Tunnels made in the lower parts of trunks are also known (for example, such a tunnel has existed in Yosemite Park since 1881. Cars pass freely through it.
Sequoiadendrons up to 135 m high and about 6000 years old are also known.
Sequoiadendrons, as well as their closest relatives - sequoias, are perfectly adapted to frequent forest fires. Their wood and bark are fire resistant. Black scars on the trunks of large trees testify to past fires. In addition, the reproduction of these plants depends on fires. Tiny seeds require a minimum of soil to germinate, while seedlings need full sun. Fires destroy competing trees and provide fertile ash plus direct access to the sun.
In many countries of the world, the sequoiadendron is bred as an ornamental plant. It looks especially attractive at the age of 80-100 years, when its dark green crown, which starts from the ground, has a regular pyramidal shape. Sequoiadendron also paints reddish bark, scaly needles and small single cones with flat thyroid scales arranged in a spiral. With age, the correctness of the crown is violated, the previously decorative trunk is exposed and thickened, and the tree takes on a monumental appearance.
The sequoiadendron was introduced to Europe in 1853. It perfectly took root in the gardens and parks of its southwestern part, especially in Great Britain, where the largest cultivar is located, whose height reaches 45 m.
The seeds of this giant tree came to Russia five years later. Thus, the first sequoiadendrons were planted in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, and later they appeared on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and in Central Asia. Despite the fact that under artificial conditions these trees grow more slowly than at home, they also reach quite impressive sizes.
FEATURES OF CULTIVATION, SOIL, LANDING RULES
Since the sequoiadendron is not widely used for landscape construction, the basic rules for caring for it have not been fully developed. Thus, if a gardener decides to purchase a sequoiadendron for landscaping his backyard, he must follow the general rules for breeding conifers. It should also be noted that sequoiadendron prefers a humid warm climate (the maximum temperature in July is 25-29 ° C).
Most of the groves, which consist of sequoiadendrons, grow on granite residual and alluvial soils. The giant tree prefers well-drained, moist sandy loams with a pH of 5.5 to 7.5. In general, with sufficient humidity of air and soil, the plant is not very demanding on the mechanical composition of the soil.
To plant a sequoiadendron, you should follow the basic rules for planting conifers. Landing pits should be prepared in advance. In heavy soils, drainage from gravel or broken bricks with a layer of 20 cm is required. Before planting, it is recommended to prepare special soil - soddy or leafy soil with the addition of sand or clay. When planting, the root neck should be at ground level. During the first two years after planting, mineral fertilizers are applied to the soil in the amount of 30-40 g/cm. If the weather is dry, hot, the plants need to be watered, sprinkling twice a month.
BREEDING
The main method of propagation is by seeds, but can also be propagated by cuttings.
Seeds are sown in spring (April, May) or without prior preparation, or they are soaked in water for 1-2 days (ground germination is 1-2%). By autumn, the seedlings have up to six shoots and reach a height of 8-10 cm, and in the second year of life it grows up to 20-30 cm.
DISEASES AND PESTS
Sequoiadendron is very resistant to diseases and pests, but in the climate of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus it is affected by root rot, and in more northern regions it grows very slowly and is damaged by frost.
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Sequoiadendron is recommended for use in single and solitary plantings.
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One of the natural attractions of Alushta is a mammoth tree, a giant sequoia, unfortunately, not visited by all tourists who come here on vacation. Although this amazing tree is clearly worth standing under its crown, admiring the unusual branches and picking up an elegant cone.
One of the wonders that struck the first European settlers in North America were pines of simply unimaginable size - the giant sequoiadendron (sequoia, mammoth tree). They reach a height of 120 meters, a girth of 10-15 meters, and live for more than 2000 years. How much more is unknown, it is assumed that both 4 and 5 thousand are not the limit.
Once such pines were common in the territory of present-day Eurasia, but the climate changed, and they were replaced by other species. Fortunately, groves of relics have survived in California, and not even all of them were cut down by shameless pale-faced aliens. Some of the giants were lucky to be in natural parks, where they are studied and protected.
Heat-loving guest of Alushta - sequoia
From North America, sequoiadendron seeds came to European botanical gardens, and from them they quickly began to spread across Eurasia. In Russia, they also exist, but in small quantities - the climate of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus approached the heat-loving giants and. But here they feel great and specimens planted in the 19th century have long overtaken all the surrounding trees.
One of the largest sequoiadendrons of the Crimea grows in Alushta on the territory of a small vineyard owned by a local winery. If you are in the city, be sure to visit this huge pine tree, which already has several girths in diameter.
And that's why it was called the mammoth tree - the branches extending from the trunk clearly resemble mammoth tusks:
Interestingly, a huge sequoia, which, it would seem, to match its size, should grow long needles and huge cones, has needles of normal size, and the cones are even smaller than ordinary pine or spruce.
Also, these North American guests can be found in, in, on the slopes of Chatyr-Dag and in some other places in Crimea.
To the question What is a mammoth tree? given by the author Olesya the best answer is
The name of the species was due to the gigantic size and external resemblance of its huge hanging branches to mammoth tusks. This species was widespread in the northern hemisphere at the end of the Cretaceous and in the Tertiary, now only about 30 groves have survived, located on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada in California at an altitude of 1500-2000 m above sea level.
Mature trees reach a height of up to 100 meters with a trunk diameter of 10-12 m. The oldest, at the moment, Giant Sequoia has an age of 3200 years, established by annual rings.
The name of the giant sequoiadendron, described in 1853, has changed several times due to the desire to give the tree the name of one of the great people of that time. The largest sequoiadendrons have their own names: "Father of the Forests", "General Sherman", "General Grant" and others.
Sequoiadendron as an ornamental plant is bred in many countries of the world: the southwestern part of Europe, where it was introduced back in the middle of the 19th century, as well as in the Southern Crimea, Central Asia, on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, in Transcarpathia.
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GIANTS
For those who see the sequoia for the first time, it seems like something that came from a fairy tale. The average diameter of a tree is two and a half meters, and sometimes up to six meters, and the height of some trees exceeds 110 meters. Such a tree would be taller than the Statue of Liberty from the base of the pedestal to the top of the torch. In the volume of the trunk, an intercity bus is freely placed. Sequoia is the largest living organism on Earth. A typical sequoia forest contains more biomass per unit area than any other area on the globe, including the Amazon rainforest. 
Answer from Natushka[guru]
Sequoia dendron, or mammoth tree, can be up to 100 meters high with a trunk diameter of up to 10 m. This is hard to imagine. A tree that is taller than the tallest house! And how shocked were the Europeans who saw such a forest! It was in 1762 in the south of North America, on the Pacific coast. The Austrian botanist Stefan Endlicher named the tree Sequoia in honor of the outstanding leader of the American tribe of the Iroquois Sequoia. Now botanists call it sequoia dendron. This tree lives for a very long time. They call the age of both 3 and 4 thousand years. At different ages, the sequoia dendron looks different. A young tree, about a hundred years old, looks like a dark green pyramid. The translucent reddish trunk is covered with branches from the very ground to the top. Over time, the trunk becomes bare and becomes thick, and then becomes gigantic. It is known that thirty people fit freely on one stump of the Mammoth tree. And in one of the parks in America, a tunnel was pierced through its trunk, through which cars pass freely. Now there are only 500 such trees left. They are guarded, they are even given their own names, for example, "Father of the Forests", "General Grant". Its red-colored wood does not rot, and this was one of the reasons for the destruction of these trees.
Answer from VeselyVolk[guru]
Looks like a sequoia
Answer from Tatyana[guru]
Sequoiadendron giant, mammoth tree. Giant sequoiadendron, mammoth tree (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Bucch.) This is a gigantic coniferous evergreen tree native to North America. Once, 60 million years ago, it was widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, and now it is preserved only in a special reserve in the Sierra Nevada mountains in California. The grove has only about 500 trees. It is one of the tallest and longest-lived trees on the globe. Struck by its gigantic size and the peculiar arrangement of huge arched hanging branches resembling mammoth tusks, the discoverers gave it the name mammoth tree.