Natural areas of Asia. Southwest Asia Climate zones of Asia

Natural zones and physiographic zoning
Overseas Asia

Geographical belts and zones

Natural zones are represented in Foreign Asia:
- Equatorial
- Subequatorial
- Tropical
- Subtropical
- temperate zones.
The latitudinal orientation of the zones is preserved only in
continental sector of the temperate zone (in the Central
Asia).
In the oceanic sectors and in the subequatorial
belt, there are violations of latitudinal zonality,
associated with the features of atmospheric circulation and
relief structure, creating a distinctly expressed
"barrier relief": it is especially pronounced in Malaya
Asia, on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, in the NE
China, on the Hindustan and Indochina peninsulas.
LOOK AT THE MAP!!!:

Natural zones of Foreign Asia

vegetation of asia

equatorial belt

The equatorial belt occupies almost the entire Malay Archipelago, south
Philippine Islands, the Malay Peninsula and southwest Sri Lanka. Constantly
high temperatures, abundant and uniform moisture (more than 3000 mm), constantly
high humidity (80-85%). The radiation balance is lower than in the tropics - 60-65 kcal/cm2
per year due to high cloud cover.
The zone of equatorial forests (giley) dominates. Floristically, these are the most
rich forests on the globe (over 45 thousand species). Species composition of tree species
reaches 5 thousand (in Europe there are only 200 species). Forests are multi-tiered, abundantly represented
creepers and epiphytes. There are about 300 species of palms: palmyra, sugar, areca, sago, karyota,
palm liana rattan. There are numerous tree ferns, bamboos, and pandanuses. On the
coast of mangrove from avicenia, rhizophora, nipa palms.
Zonal soils are leached and podzolized laterites. For the mountains
characterized by vertical bands. A typical hylaea at altitudes of 1000-1200 m is replaced by a mountain
hylaea, less tall, but more moist and dense. Above - deciduous formations. On the
at the tops, stunted shrubs alternate with patches of meadow vegetation.
The animal world is rich and varied. Preserved: orangutan, as well as monkeys
gibbon, macaque. From predators - a tiger, a leopard, a solar bear, a wild elephant. Stayed
tapirs, tupai, woolly wings, reptiles - flying dragons, lizards, giant
Komodor lizard (3-4 m). From snakes - pythons (reticulated up to 8-10 m), vipers, arboreal
snakes. Gavial crocodile in the rivers.
Hylaean forests have been preserved on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. On cleared
lands grow hevea, spices, tea, mango, breadfruit.

subequatorial belt

The subequatorial belt covers the Hindustan Peninsula, Indochina, and the north of the Philippine Islands.
The radiation balance is from 65 to 80 kcal/cm2 per year. Differences in moisture led to the formation here
several natural zones: subequatorial forests, seasonally wet monsoon forests, shrub
woodlands and savannas.
Zone of subequatorial forests - along the western coasts of Hindustan, Indochina, northern
extremities of the Philippine archipelago and the lower reaches of the Ganges-Brahmaputra, where more than 2000 mm of precipitation falls. The woods
are distinguished by a variety of species composition, multi-tiered, difficult to pass. They are typical dipterocarpus,
streculia, albizia, ficuses, palms, bamboos. Most are softwood. Trees provide valuable by-products
products: tannins, resin, rosin, rubber.
Zonal soils are red-yellow ferralitic with low fertility. tea plantations,
coffee tree, rubber, spices, bananas, mangoes, citrus fruits.
The zone of seasonally wet monsoon forests is confined to the eastern outskirts of Hindustan and Indochina,
where precipitation is not more than 1000 mm. Deciduous-evergreen forests are multi-tiered, shady in them there are many lianas and epiphytes.
Valuable breeds grow: teak, sal, sandalwood, dalbergia. The monsoon forests have been severely damaged by deforestation.
With a decrease in precipitation to 800-600 mm, monsoon forests are replaced by a shrub zone.
light forests and savannas, the largest areas of which are confined to the Deccan Plateau and inland areas
peninsulas of Indochina. Woody vegetation gives way to formations of tall grasses:
alang-alang, wild sugarcane. In the summer the savannah turns green, in the winter it turns yellow. Solitary palms, banyans and
acacias diversify the landscape.
The soils are dominated by red-colored varieties: red, red-brown, red-brown soils. They are
poor in humus, subject to erosion, but widely used in agriculture. Stable yields only with
irrigation. Rice, cotton, and millet crops are cultivated.
The animal world was rich, now it is heavily exterminated: rhinos, bulls (gayal), antelopes, deer, hyenas,
red wolves, jackals, leopards. There are many monkeys and semi-monkeys (loris) in the forests. Peacocks, wild chickens, parrots,
thrushes, pheasants, starlings.

tropical belt

The tropical belt occupies the southern part of Arabia, south of the Iranian
highlands, the desert of Thar. The radiation balance is 70-75 kcal/cm2 per year. AT
trade wind circulation throughout the year, high temperatures, large
daily fluctuations. Precipitation less than 100 mm at volatility Z000
mm.
Under such conditions, zones of deserts and semi-deserts are formed.
Large areas are occupied by loose sands and barren
rocky deserts (hammads). Vegetation consists of ephemera,
hard shrubs and cereals (wormwood, astragalus, aloe, euphorbia,
ephedra). There is an edible lichen "manna from heaven"
(linacora edible). The date palm grows in the oases. soil
the cover is poorly developed, it is absent in large areas.
In mountainous areas, dragonflies grow on windward slopes.
trees, gum acacias, frankincense trees (myrrh, boswellia).
juniper.
The fauna is diverse: wolf, jackal, fennec fox, striped
hyena, from ungulates - sand gazelle, mountain goat. Rodents - jerboas, gerbils. Birds - eagles, vultures, kites

subtropical belt

The subtropical belt stretches from Asia Minor to the Japanese islands. Radiation balance 55-70
kcal/cm2 per year. It is characterized by sector landscapes.
In the largest continental sector, zones of deserts, semi-deserts and steppes are distinguished. On the
in the west, in the Mediterranean climate, a zone of evergreen hardwood forests and shrubs is developed, in
the Pacific sector - a zone of monsoon mixed forests. Natural zoning is complicated by vertical
explanation.
Continental
sector
Mediterranean
sector
Pacific
sector
evergreens
forests and
bushes
monsoon
evergreens
mixed
the woods
desert,
semi-deserts
Steppes

1. The zone of evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs in Asia enters
a narrow strip along the Mediterranean coast of Asia Minor and Arabia. The climate is more
continental than in Europe, annual temperature amplitudes are greater, precipitation falls
less. The vegetation has pronounced xerophytic features. The forests are almost gone
they were replaced by shrub formations. Maquis prevails, depleted in species
relation compared to the European one. The dominant feature is shrub oak.
kermes. In the Levant, it is mixed with carob, Palestinian pistachio, and in
Asia Minor - red juniper, myrtle, heather, wild olive. On dry coastal
on the slopes, maquis gives way to freegana and shibleak, as well as deciduous shrubs - derzhitree, wild rose, euonymus, jasmine. Brown soils are replaced by chestnut ones.
Altitudinal zonality: Shrub formations rise to mountains up to 600-800 m,
coniferous-deciduous forests grow higher (black pine, Cilician fir, cypress, oak,
maple). From 2000 m, xerophytic vegetation predominates, which often has
pillow-shaped (spurge, Cretan barberry, sticky rose).
2. In the continental sector of the subtropical belt, which occupies the Near East
highlands, the zone of deserts and semi-deserts prevails. The hollow structure of the uplands is
reason that natural areas are shaped like concentric circles. In the central
parts of the uplands are deserts. They are framed by semi-deserts, then by mountain steppes and
shrubby sparse forest.
The largest areas of deserts and semi-deserts are in the Iranian Highlands. More than 30% of it
territories are covered with solonchaks, devoid of vegetation, a significant place is occupied by
rocky and sandy deserts. Zonal soils are desert serozems and burozems.
The animal world is quite diverse. From ungulates - white-browed goat, mouflon, wild
donkey onager (kulan), predators - caracal, striped hyena. Rodents - ground squirrels, jerboas, marmots.

10.

The steppe zone is confined to the foothill areas, in which
wormwood and feather grass formations. In the spring, ephemera develop and some
cereals that burn out by the summer. On the slopes of the mountains, the steppes are replaced by shrubs.
woodlands. The Near Asian highlands are the birthplace of the phryganoid
formations of upland xerophytes - prickly shrubs of the cushion-shaped
forms less than 1 m high. The most typical species are acantolimon, astragalus,
juniper.
The Tibetan Plateau, due to the huge relative heights (more than
4000 m), characterized by the vegetation of alpine steppes, semi-deserts and
deserts.
3. The zone of monsoon evergreen mixed forests is typical for
the Pacific sector of the subtropical zone. It covers the southern regions
Eastern China and the Japanese Islands. The natural vegetation has given way
place for plantations of tea, citrus, cotton, rice. The forests receded into the gorges,
on steep cliffs, in the mountains. The forest stand is dominated by laurels, myrtles, camellias,
podocarpus, cunningamia. The best preserved forest areas in Japan.
Dominated by evergreen species of oak, camphor laurel, Japanese pine,
cypresses, cryptomeria, arborvitae. In the rich undergrowth of bamboo, gardenias, magnolias,
azaleas.
Krasnozems and zheltozems predominate (from 5 to 10% of humus). But
fertility is low, since the soils are poor in calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen.
The animal world is preserved only in the mountains. Among rare animals are lemurs (fat loris), a small predator Asian civet, among ungulates - tapir.
The avifauna is rich: pheasants, one species of parrots, geese, ducks, cranes, herons,
pelicans.

11. Temperate zone

The temperate belt is limited in area, partially occupies Central Asia, Eastern
and Northeast China, Hokkaido Island. The radiation balance is 30-55 kcal/cm2 per year.
The climatic conditions in the continental and oceanic sectors are different. Especially great
contrasts in humidification: more than 1000 mm of precipitation falls on the coast, inland their
the quantity is reduced to 100 mm. Accordingly, landscape features are diverse. Zones
taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests are characteristic of the oceanic sector;
inland is occupied by zones of deserts, semi-deserts, steppes and forest-steppes.
intracontinental
sector
Oceanic sector
desert,
semi-deserts
Taiga
Steppes, forest-steppes
Mixed and
broad-leaved
the woods

12.

OCEANIC SECTOR
1. The taiga zone is found in Northeast China, where Dahurian larch and
common pine. Larger areas of coniferous forests on the island of Hokkaido. Here prevail
Hokkaido spruce and Sakhalin fir, mixed with Ayan spruce, Japanese pine, yew
Far Eastern, in the undergrowth of bamboos, herbs. The soils are podzolic, peat-bog in the lowlands.
2. Zone of mixed forests mainly in Northeast China. Glaciation in
the Quaternary period was not here, so representatives of the arctic-tertiary flora found refuge here.
Mixed forests abound with endemics and relics. This is the so-called Manchurian flora, very
species-rich. Forests include Korean pine, white fir, larch
Olginskaya, Ayan spruce, Mongolian oak, Manchurian walnut, green-skinned and bearded maple. AT
undergrowth, Amur lilac, Ussuri buckthorn, Manchurian currant, chokeberry,
aralia, rhododendrons. From vines: Amur grapes, lemongrass, hops. Soils are dominated
dark-colored to varying degrees podzolized forest burozems and gray soils.
Broadleaf forest zone
adjoins from the south to mixed.
The forests have been mostly cut down
the remaining arrays consist of
maple, linden, elm, ash, walnut
walnut. The best preserved forests
Japan, where beech and
oak, widely represented maple
(up to 20 species), ash
Manchurian, local view
walnuts, as well as chestnuts,
lindens, cherries, birches, magnolias.
Zonal soil type - forest
burozems.

13. Inland sector

1. The prairie zone stands out on the plains of Northeast China. Unlike
North American Asian prairies receive less rainfall (500-600 mm). However
the presence of permafrost spots, thawing in summer, additionally moisten the soil. Formations develop
tall grass prairie, often interspersed with oak woodlands. Currently
natural vegetation is completely destroyed. Fertile meadow chernozem soils (up to
9% of humus) are plowed up and occupied by crops of millet (kaoliang), legumes, corn, rice, vegetables,
watermelons.
2. In the continental sector of the temperate zone, features of aridity are pronounced: especially
the interior parts of Central Asia are arid, dominated by desert and semi-desert zones.
Large areas are devoid of life and represent an ideal desert. Wherever there is vegetation,
sparse and represented by psammophytes (sand-loving) and halophytes (salt-loving). These are various
species of saltwort, wormwood, shrubs of tamarix, juzgun, ephedra, saxaul. developed in deserts
gray soils, in semi-deserts - burozems (less than 1% of humus).
Ungulates and rodents. Among ungulates there are Bactrian camel, kulan, antelopes (gazelle,
gazelle, Przhevalsky), in the mountains - goats and rams. From rodents - ground squirrels, jerboas, voles.
3. The steppe zone occupies the basins of the western Dzungaria, the northern parts of Mongolia (up to
41-42°N) and the foothills of the Greater Khingan. Precipitation up to 250 mm. Short-grass dry steppes predominate,
in which there is no continuous vegetation cover - undersized feather grasses, vostrets, thin-legged, caragans,
wormwood. The soils are chestnut; subdivided into dark and light chestnut. With artificial
Irrigated dark chestnut trees give high yields of wheat, beans, corn, and kaoliang. Light chestnut trees are not used for agriculture, they have developed pasture cattle breeding.

14. Physical-geographical zoning

Regions:
1. SW Asia
2. Western Asian
highlands
3. South Asia
4. SE Asia
5. Central Asia
6. East Asia
Physical-geographical regions of the Foreign
Asia

15. Regions or physical-geographical countries: South-West Asia Western Asia Highlands South Asia South-East Asia Central Asia East Asia

Asian
mediterranean
Omorie
(Levant),
Mesopotamia
and I,
Arabian
peninsula
Asia Minor
highlands,
Armenian
highlands,
Iranian
highlands.
Northeastern
China and
peninsula
Korea,
Central
China, South
China,
Northern Mongolia,
Japanese
plains and
islands
Plateau South
Mongolia and
North China,
mountains and valleys
Northwestern
China, Hindu Kush and
Karakorum, systems
Kunlun-AltyntagaNanshan, Tibetan
highlands
Indochina,
Malay
archipelago,
Philippine
islands
Himalayas,
Indo-Gangetic
lowland,
peninsula
Hindustan,
island
Ceylon
Physical-geographical regions

16. Central Asia: Central Kazakhstan, the Turan lowland and the Balkhash region, the mountains of the southeast and east of Central Asia

D/W: Prepare a presentation according to the plan

17. Physical-geographical countries basically correspond to the main morphostructural regions. They have territorial integrity,

Physical-geographical countries basically correspond to the main
morphostructural regions.
They have territorial integrity, isolation, have
independent history of the development of the relief, hydro-network, organic world,
characterized by a specific landscape structure.
1. Central Asia - high plains, the highest
mountains and highlands on heterogeneous structures with
dominance of dry steppe, semi-desert and desert
landscapes;
2. East Asia - with a strongly dissected relief,
alternation of medium-high and low mountains, extensive
alluvial lowlands, with dissected
sea ​​coasts and chains of islands along them,
monsoon climate (temperate to
tropical), forest landscapes;
3. SW Asia - arid plains and plateaus with tropical
rocky and sandy deserts, dry
trade wind climate, sparse vegetation;

18.

4. Asiatic highlands - closed dry
highlands, vast empty basins and salt marshes,
drainless
hollows,
With
continental
subtropical
climate,
dry
steppes,
woodlands and shrubs.
5. South Asia
6. SE Asia
Most
close to
landscape
respect
regions, with
warm seasonally
wet
climate
equatorial
monsoons and
domination
varied
tropical
forest
landscapes.
Fenced by the Himalayas
north,
characterized
more
high temperatures, high
contrasts in hydration and therefore
a richer range of landscapes
- from evergreen humid tropical
forests to tropical deserts.
Mainly
mountain
relief, higher and uniform
humidification, especially on the islands,
absolute
domination
forest
landscapes - from giley to dry
deciduous monsoon forests and
woodlands.

19. Central Asia - a sharp continental climate and the uniformity of landscapes, associated with an extreme degree of aridity; The region is far from the ocean

Central Asia - sharp continental climate and monotony
landscapes associated with an extreme degree of aridity;
The region is remote from the oceans, isolated by powerful mountain systems, elevated
(from 1000-1200 m in Central Asia itself to 4000-5000 m in Tibet).
After the collapse of the USSR, the territory
Central Asian republics and Kazakhstan
considered
in
composition
Central Asian
subcontinent.
Thus, Central Asia includes
the following physiographic countries:
Central Kazakhstan, Turan plains
plates and Balkhash, mountains and basins
Northwest China and Central Asia,
plains and plateaus of Southern Mongolia and
Northern China, Northern Mongolia,
Pamir - Hindu Kush - Karakorum, Kunlun Altyntag - Nanshan, Tibetan Plateau. On the
in the north the subcontinent borders on the Western
Siberia and the mountains of Southern Siberia, on
East from East, South from South
Asia, in the west - with the South Urals and
Mugodzhar, the Caspian Sea, then in the southwest - with the Iranian Highlands.
Region - a system of basins, limited
more or less high mountains and
hills.

20.

The main natural features of Central Asia:
- "lattice-honeycomb" structure of the surface. Almost the entire region is a system of basins,
bounded by more or less high mountains and hills. The central parts of the basins are
hard blocks of different geological age, mountain uplifts are formed by neotectonic
movements within the mobile belts of different ages. On this basis, all the physiographic countries of the subcontinent are similar, except for Central Kazakhstan.
- Large amplitudes of heights. They are associated with the activity of neotectonic movements (Turfan depression
lies at an altitude of 154 m below sea level, the city of Chogori in the Karakorum has an absolute height of 8611 m). There is
data that over the past 10 thousand years, the mountains of Kunlun, Nanshan and others have risen by 1300-1500 m.
- Aridity of the climate, due to the inland position and hollow relief. With this
many features of different components of nature are connected.
- Erosive dismemberment of mountain slopes occurred only in pluvial epochs; glaciation is not
developed because there was not enough water; ancient leveling surfaces have been preserved;
modern denudation is slow, mainly due to the processes of weathering, scree and work
temporary streams; clastic material is not carried away far from the slopes where it was formed (“mountains are drowning in
own wreckage"); groundwater is usually deep, often mineralized; rivers
shallow, sometimes do not flow anywhere; lakes are mostly salty, often with intermittent
outlines, and in some cases "wander" from one shallow basin to another; dominate
deserts, semi-deserts and dry steppes on brown, gray-brown and sometimes chestnut soils; wide
solonchaks and salt licks are common; Plants and animals have adaptations for living in dry
conditions.
- Disorganized runoff (according to V. M. Sinitsyn): areas of internal runoff and endorheic ones predominate. it
due to both the aridity of the climate and the hollow structure of the territory.
- The highest degree of climate continentality: annual temperature amplitudes can reach 90°С,
low winter temperatures are especially characteristic. The most pronounced features of continentality are manifested in
numerous large and small basins, so characteristic of the relief of the region.
- Central Asia has long been a poorly explored region. Mountain barriers, harsh climate
conditions, remoteness from European countries prevented the penetration of scientific expeditions to
Central Asian territory. The political isolation of many parts of the region also played a role. Only in the XIX
in. the first expeditions took place, and, overcoming natural obstacles and the resistance of the Mongolian,
Tibetan and Chinese authorities, scientists from many countries explored and mapped this territory.
The pluvial period is a stage of intensive climate humidification due to an increase in the amount
liquid precipitation.

21. Relief

Central Asia is characterized by high altitudes, and clearly
2 main tiers of relief are distinguished.
The lower tier is formed by the Gobi, Alashan, Ordos, Dzungarian and
Tarim plains, the prevailing heights of which are 500-1500 m.
The upper tier is the Tibetan Plateau, within which the average
heights increase to 4-4.5 thousand meters.
Plains and plateaus are separated from each other linearly
elongated mountain systems of the Eastern Tien Shan, Kunlun,
Nanshan, Mongolian Altai, Karakorum, Gandishishan, etc.,
having predominantly latitudinal and sublatitudinal strike.
The highest peaks of the Tien Shan, Karakorum, Kunlun reach
6-7 thousand m; the highest point of Central Asia is the city of Chogori, in the Karakorum (8611 m).
Chogori, Karakorum

22. Kun-Lun

23. Turpan depression lies at an altitude of 154 m below sea level

24.

25.

26.

27. Climate

Modern climatic conditions are characterized by large amplitudes
temperatures.
Summers are hot (at average monthly temperatures of 22-24°C, the air can
warm up to 45°C, and the soil - up to 70°C). Winters with frosts, little snow. Veliki
diurnal temperature fluctuations, especially during transitional seasons when they can
reach 2-3 tens of degrees.
In winter, the Asian anticyclone is located over Central Asia, and in summer -
an area of ​​low atmospheric pressure with a predominance of moisture-poor
air masses of oceanic origin.
The climate is sharply continental, dry, with significant seasonal and daily
temperature fluctuations. The average January temperatures on the plains are from -10 to -25 °С,
July from 20 to 25 °С (on the Tibetan Plateau about 10 °С). The annual amount of precipitation for
plains usually does not exceed 200 mm, and areas such as the Takla-Makan desert,
Gashun Gobi, Qaidam, Changtang Plateau, receive less than 50 mm, which is dozens of times
less evaporation. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in summer. In mountain
precipitation ridges 300-500 mm, and in the southeast, where the influence of the summer monsoon is felt, up to 1000
mm per year. Central Asia is characterized by strong winds and an abundance of sunny days.
(240-270 per year).
A reflection of the dryness of the climate is a significant height of the snow line,
reaching 5-5.5 thousand m in Kunlun and Nanshan, and 67 thousand m in the Tibetan Plateau, in Changtang (its highest position on the globe). Therefore, despite the huge
the height of the mountains, there is little snow in them, and intermountain valleys and plains are usually snowless in winter.
The scale of modern glaciation is insignificant (the area of ​​glaciation Central
Asia is estimated at 50-60 thousand km2). The main centers of glaciation are located in the most
high mountain junctions of the Karakoram, Kunlun, as well as the Eastern Tien Shan and
Mongolian Altai. Cirque, hanging and small valley glaciers predominate.

28. Surface water

Due to the dryness of the climate, Central Asia is characterized by low
water cut. Most of the territory belongs to the area of ​​​​inland
runoff, forming a series of closed basins (Tarim, Dzhungar,
Tsaidamsky, the basin of the Big Lakes, etc.).
The main rivers are Tarim, Khotan, Aksu, Konchedarya, Urungu, Manas, Kobdo,
Dzabkhan - originate in high peripheral mountain ranges, and upon exit
on the plains, a significant part of their runoff seeps into loose sediments
foothill plumes, evaporates and is spent on irrigation of fields; that's why
downstream, the water content of rivers usually decreases, many of them dry up
or carry water only during the summer flood, due to the main
melting of snow and ice in the mountains of Central Asia The most arid
regions of Central Asia (Alashan, Beishan, Gashun and Zaaltai Gobi,
the central part of the Takla Makan desert) are practically devoid of surface
watercourses. Their surface is covered with dry channels, in which water appears
only after occasional showers. Only the outskirts have a runoff into the oceans
Central Asia, in the mountains of which the great rivers of Asia originate: the Huang He,
Yangtze, Mekong, Salween, Brahmaputra, Indus, Irtysh, Selenga, Amur.
There are many lakes in Central Asia, the largest of them is the lake
Kukunor, and the deepest - Khubsugul. The largest number of lakes - in the Tibetan
highlands and in the north of the Mongolian People's Republic. Many of them are the terminal floods of rivers
(for example, Lop Nor), due to which their outlines and sizes often change in
depending on fluctuations in the flow of rivers. Salt lakes predominate; from
freshwater, the largest are Khara-Us-Nur, Bagrashköl, Khubsugul. Many lakes in
the plains are in the process of shrinking.

29. Tarim River

Tarim wanders through
hollow,
breaks up into
sleeves, change
direction,
leaving without water
oases with
inhabited
points that
comes due to
throw this.
The place of the mouth of the river has not been determined either: in
different years it flows in different directions.
Most of the rivers flowing from the mountains into the basins
lost in the sands, sorted out for irrigation or
salty lakes sometimes fill with water.

30.

Lake Khuvsgul in Mongolia. Mountain range in the background
Munku-Sardyk

31.

Gobi Desert, Central Asia (the territory of Mongolia and
China).
Construction of the hotel "Lotos",
China

32.

The Hotan River crossing the sandy
Takla Makan Desert, China.

33. Soils. The predominant types of soils in the north are chestnut, in the deserts of Northwestern China - gray-brown, desert, in the Tibetan

Soils.
The predominant soil types in the north are chestnut, in deserts
Northwest China - gray-brown, desert, on the Tibetan Plateau -
permafrost soils of cold alpine deserts. In the depressions of the relief -
salt marshes and takyrs. In the upper belt of mountains there are mountain-meadow and (in the north) mountain-forest soils. The soils of the plains of Central Asia are usually thin, almost
devoid of humus, often contain a large amount of carbonates and gypsum;
significant areas of sandy and rocky deserts are generally devoid of
soil cover. In the mountains - gravel and coarse skeletal soils.

34. Some areas of sandy and gravelly deserts are completely devoid of vegetation, in other places they are typical desert communities with floors

Some areas of sandy and gravelly deserts are completely devoid of vegetation, in
in other places these are typical desert communities with sagebrush, saltwort, ephedra,
camel thorn, tamarisk, sometimes with saxaul on the sands.
Only in the outlying mountains at altitudes of 1800-3000 m do forests appear from pine, Tien Shan
spruce, elm, aspen. Poplar, desert elm, and willows grow along dry riverbeds. AT
mountain valleys and on the slopes of high mountains there are meadows.
Takla Makan - a sandbox in a bowl between mountains

35.

36. Ephedra

37. East Asia

The most extensive region of foreign Asia, located
between the Amur Valley and the coast of South China, including
adjacent islands in the Pacific.
The situation in the eastern oceanic sector of Asia with
its characteristic monsoonal circulation and abundant
moisture in the summer season led to the dominance of forest
landscapes (from the southern taiga to constantly humid tropical
forests).
Downwind, in the north where the monsoon circulation
weakens somewhat, forest-steppes and meadow steppes appear.
In contrast to the monsoonal climate of South and SE Asia, there is a significant
role played by cyclonic activity on the polar front,
therefore, intra-annual moisture in East Asia is more uniform.
The fauna and flora of the region that did not experience glaciation,
characterized by high species diversity and endemism.
A characteristic feature of nature is the indistinctly expressed zonality of landscapes,
associated with dominance
mountainous terrain with its inherent vertical zonality

38.

39.

40. Front Asian highlands

Form a continuous belt from the coast
Mediterranean to Tibet and include
Asia Minor, Armenian and Iranian highlands.
They are characterized by a combination of marginal
folded structures of Cenozoic age with
more
ancient
median
arrays,
the great role of neotectonic movements in
formation of modern relief.
Typical Mediterranean landscapes are similar
with European, and as you move east
the influence of purely Asian features is growing -
continentality
climate,
drainlessness,
landscapes
acquire
dry steppe
and
desert features.

41.

Sandy desert of Rub al-Khali, Arabia
peninsula.

42.

Sandy-saline desert
Deshte Lut, Iran.

43.

infrared satellite
image of Great Salt
desert (Dashte-Kevir), Iran. Natural zones and physiographic zoning
Overseas Asia

Geographical belts and zones

Natural zones are represented in Foreign Asia:
- Equatorial
- Subequatorial
- Tropical
- Subtropical
- temperate zones.
The latitudinal orientation of the zones is preserved only in
continental sector of the temperate zone (in the Central
Asia).
In the oceanic sectors and in the subequatorial
belt, there are violations of latitudinal zonality,
associated with the features of atmospheric circulation and
relief structure, creating a distinctly expressed
"barrier relief": it is especially pronounced in Malaya
Asia, on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, in the NE
China, on the Hindustan and Indochina peninsulas.
LOOK AT THE MAP!!!:

Natural zones of Foreign Asia

vegetation of asia

equatorial belt

The equatorial belt occupies almost the entire Malay Archipelago, south
Philippine Islands, the Malay Peninsula and southwest Sri Lanka. Constantly
high temperatures, abundant and uniform moisture (more than 3000 mm), constantly
high humidity (80-85%). The radiation balance is lower than in the tropics - 60-65 kcal/cm2
per year due to high cloud cover.
The zone of equatorial forests (giley) dominates. Floristically, these are the most
rich forests on the globe (over 45 thousand species). Species composition of tree species
reaches 5 thousand (in Europe there are only 200 species). Forests are multi-tiered, abundantly represented
creepers and epiphytes. There are about 300 species of palms: palmyra, sugar, areca, sago, karyota,
palm liana rattan. There are numerous tree ferns, bamboos, and pandanuses. On the
coast of mangrove from avicenia, rhizophora, nipa palms.
Zonal soils are leached and podzolized laterites. For the mountains
characterized by vertical bands. A typical hylaea at altitudes of 1000-1200 m is replaced by a mountain
hylaea, less tall, but more moist and dense. Above - deciduous formations. On the
at the tops, stunted shrubs alternate with patches of meadow vegetation.
The animal world is rich and varied. Preserved: orangutan, as well as monkeys
gibbon, macaque. From predators - a tiger, a leopard, a solar bear, a wild elephant. Stayed
tapirs, tupai, woolly wings, reptiles - flying dragons, lizards, giant
Komodor lizard (3-4 m). From snakes - pythons (reticulated up to 8-10 m), vipers, arboreal
snakes. Gavial crocodile in the rivers.
Hylaean forests have been preserved on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. On cleared
lands grow hevea, spices, tea, mango, breadfruit.

subequatorial belt

The subequatorial belt covers the Hindustan Peninsula, Indochina, and the north of the Philippine Islands.
The radiation balance is from 65 to 80 kcal/cm2 per year. Differences in moisture led to the formation here
several natural zones: subequatorial forests, seasonally wet monsoon forests, shrub
woodlands and savannas.
Zone of subequatorial forests - along the western coasts of Hindustan, Indochina, northern
extremities of the Philippine archipelago and the lower reaches of the Ganges-Brahmaputra, where more than 2000 mm of precipitation falls. The woods
are distinguished by a variety of species composition, multi-tiered, difficult to pass. They are typical dipterocarpus,
streculia, albizia, ficuses, palms, bamboos. Most are softwood. Trees provide valuable by-products
products: tannins, resin, rosin, rubber.
Zonal soils are red-yellow ferralitic with low fertility. tea plantations,
coffee tree, rubber, spices, bananas, mangoes, citrus fruits.
The zone of seasonally wet monsoon forests is confined to the eastern outskirts of Hindustan and Indochina,
where precipitation is not more than 1000 mm. Deciduous-evergreen forests are multi-tiered, shady in them there are many lianas and epiphytes.
Valuable breeds grow: teak, sal, sandalwood, dalbergia. The monsoon forests have been severely damaged by deforestation.
With a decrease in precipitation to 800-600 mm, monsoon forests are replaced by a shrub zone.
light forests and savannas, the largest areas of which are confined to the Deccan Plateau and inland areas
peninsulas of Indochina. Woody vegetation gives way to formations of tall grasses:
alang-alang, wild sugarcane. In the summer the savannah turns green, in the winter it turns yellow. Solitary palms, banyans and
acacias diversify the landscape.
The soils are dominated by red-colored varieties: red, red-brown, red-brown soils. They are
poor in humus, subject to erosion, but widely used in agriculture. Stable yields only with
irrigation. Rice, cotton, and millet crops are cultivated.
The animal world was rich, now it is heavily exterminated: rhinos, bulls (gayal), antelopes, deer, hyenas,
red wolves, jackals, leopards. There are many monkeys and semi-monkeys (loris) in the forests. Peacocks, wild chickens, parrots,
thrushes, pheasants, starlings.

tropical belt

The tropical belt occupies the southern part of Arabia, south of the Iranian
highlands, the desert of Thar. The radiation balance is 70-75 kcal/cm2 per year. AT
trade wind circulation throughout the year, high temperatures, large
daily fluctuations. Precipitation less than 100 mm at volatility Z000
mm.
Under such conditions, zones of deserts and semi-deserts are formed.
Large areas are occupied by loose sands and barren
rocky deserts (hammads). Vegetation consists of ephemera,
hard shrubs and cereals (wormwood, astragalus, aloe, euphorbia,
ephedra). There is an edible lichen "manna from heaven"
(linacora edible). The date palm grows in the oases. soil
the cover is poorly developed, it is absent in large areas.
In mountainous areas, dragonflies grow on windward slopes.
trees, gum acacias, frankincense trees (myrrh, boswellia).
juniper.
The fauna is diverse: wolf, jackal, fennec fox, striped
hyena, from ungulates - sand gazelle, mountain goat. Rodents - jerboas, gerbils. Birds - eagles, vultures, kites

subtropical belt

The subtropical belt stretches from Asia Minor to the Japanese islands. Radiation balance 55-70
kcal/cm2 per year. It is characterized by sector landscapes.
In the largest continental sector, zones of deserts, semi-deserts and steppes are distinguished. On the
in the west, in the Mediterranean climate, a zone of evergreen hardwood forests and shrubs is developed, in
the Pacific sector - a zone of monsoon mixed forests. Natural zoning is complicated by vertical
explanation.
Continental
sector
Mediterranean
sector
Pacific
sector
evergreens
forests and
bushes
monsoon
evergreens
mixed
the woods
desert,
semi-deserts
Steppes

1. The zone of evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs in Asia enters
a narrow strip along the Mediterranean coast of Asia Minor and Arabia. The climate is more
continental than in Europe, annual temperature amplitudes are greater, precipitation falls
less. The vegetation has pronounced xerophytic features. The forests are almost gone
they were replaced by shrub formations. Maquis prevails, depleted in species
relation compared to the European one. The dominant feature is shrub oak.
kermes. In the Levant, it is mixed with carob, Palestinian pistachio, and in
Asia Minor - red juniper, myrtle, heather, wild olive. On dry coastal
on the slopes, maquis gives way to freegana and shibleak, as well as deciduous shrubs - derzhitree, wild rose, euonymus, jasmine. Brown soils are replaced by chestnut ones.
Altitudinal zonality: Shrub formations rise to mountains up to 600-800 m,
coniferous-deciduous forests grow higher (black pine, Cilician fir, cypress, oak,
maple). From 2000 m, xerophytic vegetation predominates, which often has
pillow-shaped (spurge, Cretan barberry, sticky rose).
2. In the continental sector of the subtropical belt, which occupies the Near East
highlands, the zone of deserts and semi-deserts prevails. The hollow structure of the uplands is
reason that natural areas are shaped like concentric circles. In the central
parts of the uplands are deserts. They are framed by semi-deserts, then by mountain steppes and
shrubby sparse forest.
The largest areas of deserts and semi-deserts are in the Iranian Highlands. More than 30% of it
territories are covered with solonchaks, devoid of vegetation, a significant place is occupied by
rocky and sandy deserts. Zonal soils are desert serozems and burozems.
The animal world is quite diverse. From ungulates - white-browed goat, mouflon, wild
donkey onager (kulan), predators - caracal, striped hyena. Rodents - ground squirrels, jerboas, marmots.

The steppe zone is confined to the foothill areas, in which
wormwood and feather grass formations. In the spring, ephemera develop and some
cereals that burn out by the summer. On the slopes of the mountains, the steppes are replaced by shrubs.
woodlands. The Near Asian highlands are the birthplace of the phryganoid
formations of upland xerophytes - prickly shrubs of the cushion-shaped
forms less than 1 m high. The most typical species are acantolimon, astragalus,
juniper.
The Tibetan Plateau, due to the huge relative heights (more than
4000 m), characterized by the vegetation of alpine steppes, semi-deserts and
deserts.
3. The zone of monsoon evergreen mixed forests is typical for
the Pacific sector of the subtropical zone. It covers the southern regions
Eastern China and the Japanese Islands. The natural vegetation has given way
place for plantations of tea, citrus, cotton, rice. The forests receded into the gorges,
on steep cliffs, in the mountains. The forest stand is dominated by laurels, myrtles, camellias,
podocarpus, cunningamia. The best preserved forest areas in Japan.
Dominated by evergreen species of oak, camphor laurel, Japanese pine,
cypresses, cryptomeria, arborvitae. In the rich undergrowth of bamboo, gardenias, magnolias,
azaleas.
Krasnozems and zheltozems predominate (from 5 to 10% of humus). But
fertility is low, since the soils are poor in calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen.
The animal world is preserved only in the mountains. Among rare animals are lemurs (fat loris), a small predator Asian civet, among ungulates - tapir.
The avifauna is rich: pheasants, one species of parrots, geese, ducks, cranes, herons,
pelicans.

Temperate zone

The temperate belt is limited in area, partially occupies Central Asia, Eastern
and Northeast China, Hokkaido Island. The radiation balance is 30-55 kcal/cm2 per year.
The climatic conditions in the continental and oceanic sectors are different. Especially great
contrasts in humidification: more than 1000 mm of precipitation falls on the coast, inland their
the quantity is reduced to 100 mm. Accordingly, landscape features are diverse. Zones
taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests are characteristic of the oceanic sector;
inland is occupied by zones of deserts, semi-deserts, steppes and forest-steppes.
intracontinental
sector
Oceanic sector
desert,
semi-deserts
Taiga
Steppes, forest-steppes
Mixed and
broad-leaved
the woods

OCEANIC SECTOR
1. The taiga zone is found in Northeast China, where Dahurian larch and
common pine. Larger areas of coniferous forests on the island of Hokkaido. Here prevail
Hokkaido spruce and Sakhalin fir, mixed with Ayan spruce, Japanese pine, yew
Far Eastern, in the undergrowth of bamboos, herbs. The soils are podzolic, peat-bog in the lowlands.
2. Zone of mixed forests mainly in Northeast China. Glaciation in
the Quaternary period was not here, so representatives of the arctic-tertiary flora found refuge here.
Mixed forests abound with endemics and relics. This is the so-called Manchurian flora, very
species-rich. Forests include Korean pine, white fir, larch
Olginskaya, Ayan spruce, Mongolian oak, Manchurian walnut, green-skinned and bearded maple. AT
undergrowth, Amur lilac, Ussuri buckthorn, Manchurian currant, chokeberry,
aralia, rhododendrons. From vines: Amur grapes, lemongrass, hops. Soils are dominated
dark-colored to varying degrees podzolized forest burozems and gray soils.
Broadleaf forest zone
adjoins from the south to mixed.
The forests have been mostly cut down
the remaining arrays consist of
maple, linden, elm, ash, walnut
walnut. The best preserved forests
Japan, where beech and
oak, widely represented maple
(up to 20 species), ash
Manchurian, local view
walnuts, as well as chestnuts,
lindens, cherries, birches, magnolias.
Zonal soil type - forest
burozems.

inland sector

1. The prairie zone stands out on the plains of Northeast China. Unlike
North American Asian prairies receive less rainfall (500-600 mm). However
the presence of permafrost spots, thawing in summer, additionally moisten the soil. Formations develop
tall grass prairie, often interspersed with oak woodlands. Currently
natural vegetation is completely destroyed. Fertile meadow chernozem soils (up to
9% of humus) are plowed up and occupied by crops of millet (kaoliang), legumes, corn, rice, vegetables,
watermelons.
2. In the continental sector of the temperate zone, features of aridity are pronounced: especially
the interior parts of Central Asia are arid, dominated by desert and semi-desert zones.
Large areas are devoid of life and represent an ideal desert. Wherever there is vegetation,
sparse and represented by psammophytes (sand-loving) and halophytes (salt-loving). These are various
species of saltwort, wormwood, shrubs of tamarix, juzgun, ephedra, saxaul. developed in deserts
gray soils, in semi-deserts - burozems (less than 1% of humus).
Ungulates and rodents. Among ungulates there are Bactrian camel, kulan, antelopes (gazelle,
gazelle, Przhevalsky), in the mountains - goats and rams. From rodents - ground squirrels, jerboas, voles.
3. The steppe zone occupies the basins of the western Dzungaria, the northern parts of Mongolia (up to
41-42°N) and the foothills of the Greater Khingan. Precipitation up to 250 mm. Short-grass dry steppes predominate,
in which there is no continuous vegetation cover - undersized feather grasses, vostrets, thin-legged, caragans,
wormwood. The soils are chestnut; subdivided into dark and light chestnut. With artificial
Irrigated dark chestnut trees give high yields of wheat, beans, corn, and kaoliang. Light chestnut trees are not used for agriculture, they have developed pasture cattle breeding.

Physical-geographical zoning

Regions:
1. SW Asia
2. Western Asian
highlands
3. South Asia
4. SE Asia
5. Central Asia
6. East Asia
Physical-geographical regions of the Foreign
Asia

Regions or physical-geographical countries: South-West Asia Near East Asia South-East Asia Central Asia East Asia

Asian
mediterranean
Omorie
(Levant),
Mesopotamia
and I,
Arabian
peninsula
Asia Minor
highlands,
Armenian
highlands,
Iranian
highlands.
Northeastern
China and
peninsula
Korea,
Central
China, South
China,
Northern Mongolia,
Japanese
plains and
islands
Plateau South
Mongolia and
North China,
mountains and valleys
Northwestern
China, Hindu Kush and
Karakorum, systems
Kunlun-AltyntagaNanshan, Tibetan
highlands
Indochina,
Malay
archipelago,
Philippine
islands
Himalayas,
Indo-Gangetic
lowland,
peninsula
Hindustan,
island
Ceylon
Physical-geographical regions

Central Asia: Central Kazakhstan, the Turan lowland and the Balkhash region, the mountains of the southeast and east of Central Asia

D/W: Prepare a presentation according to the plan

The physiographic countries basically correspond to the main morphostructural regions. They have territorial integrity,

Physical-geographical countries basically correspond to the main
morphostructural regions.
They have territorial integrity, isolation, have
independent history of the development of the relief, hydro-network, organic world,
characterized by a specific landscape structure.
1. Central Asia - high plains, the highest
mountains and highlands on heterogeneous structures with
dominance of dry steppe, semi-desert and desert
landscapes;
2. East Asia - with a strongly dissected relief,
alternation of medium-high and low mountains, extensive
alluvial lowlands, with dissected
sea ​​coasts and chains of islands along them,
monsoon climate (temperate to
tropical), forest landscapes;
3. SW Asia - arid plains and plateaus with tropical
rocky and sandy deserts, dry
trade wind climate, sparse vegetation;

4. Asiatic highlands - closed dry
highlands, vast empty basins and salt marshes,
drainless
hollows,
With
continental
subtropical
climate,
dry
steppes,
woodlands and shrubs.
5. South Asia
6. SE Asia
Most
close to
landscape
respect
regions, with
warm seasonally
wet
climate
equatorial
monsoons and
domination
varied
tropical
forest
landscapes.
Fenced by the Himalayas
north,
characterized
more
high temperatures, high
contrasts in hydration and therefore
a richer range of landscapes
- from evergreen humid tropical
forests to tropical deserts.
Mainly
mountain
relief, higher and uniform
humidification, especially on the islands,
absolute
domination
forest
landscapes - from giley to dry
deciduous monsoon forests and
woodlands.

Central Asia - a sharp continental climate and the uniformity of landscapes, associated with an extreme degree of aridity; The region is far from the ocean

Central Asia - sharp continental climate and monotony
landscapes associated with an extreme degree of aridity;
The region is remote from the oceans, isolated by powerful mountain systems, elevated
(from 1000-1200 m in Central Asia itself to 4000-5000 m in Tibet).
After the collapse of the USSR, the territory
Central Asian republics and Kazakhstan
considered
in
composition
Central Asian
subcontinent.
Thus, Central Asia includes
the following physiographic countries:
Central Kazakhstan, Turan plains
plates and Balkhash, mountains and basins
Northwest China and Central Asia,
plains and plateaus of Southern Mongolia and
Northern China, Northern Mongolia,
Pamir - Hindu Kush - Karakorum, Kunlun Altyntag - Nanshan, Tibetan Plateau. On the
in the north the subcontinent borders on the Western
Siberia and the mountains of Southern Siberia, on
East from East, South from South
Asia, in the west - with the South Urals and
Mugodzhar, the Caspian Sea, then in the southwest - with the Iranian Highlands.
Region - a system of basins, limited
more or less high mountains and
hills.

The main natural features of Central Asia:
- "lattice-honeycomb" structure of the surface. Almost the entire region is a system of basins,
bounded by more or less high mountains and hills. The central parts of the basins are
hard blocks of different geological age, mountain uplifts are formed by neotectonic
movements within the mobile belts of different ages. On this basis, all the physiographic countries of the subcontinent are similar, except for Central Kazakhstan.
- Large amplitudes of heights. They are associated with the activity of neotectonic movements (Turfan depression
lies at an altitude of 154 m below sea level, the city of Chogori in the Karakorum has an absolute height of 8611 m). There is
data that over the past 10 thousand years, the mountains of Kunlun, Nanshan and others have risen by 1300-1500 m.
- Aridity of the climate, due to the inland position and hollow relief. With this
many features of different components of nature are connected.
- Erosive dismemberment of mountain slopes occurred only in pluvial epochs; glaciation is not
developed because there was not enough water; ancient leveling surfaces have been preserved;
modern denudation is slow, mainly due to the processes of weathering, scree and work
temporary streams; clastic material is not carried away far from the slopes where it was formed (“mountains are drowning in
own wreckage"); groundwater is usually deep, often mineralized; rivers
shallow, sometimes do not flow anywhere; lakes are mostly salty, often with intermittent
outlines, and in some cases "wander" from one shallow basin to another; dominate
deserts, semi-deserts and dry steppes on brown, gray-brown and sometimes chestnut soils; wide
solonchaks and salt licks are common; Plants and animals have adaptations for living in dry
conditions.
- Disorganized runoff (according to V. M. Sinitsyn): areas of internal runoff and endorheic ones predominate. it
due to both the aridity of the climate and the hollow structure of the territory.
- The highest degree of climate continentality: annual temperature amplitudes can reach 90°С,
low winter temperatures are especially characteristic. The most pronounced features of continentality are manifested in
numerous large and small basins, so characteristic of the relief of the region.
- Central Asia has long been a poorly explored region. Mountain barriers, harsh climate
conditions, remoteness from European countries prevented the penetration of scientific expeditions to
Central Asian territory. The political isolation of many parts of the region also played a role. Only in the XIX
in. the first expeditions took place, and, overcoming natural obstacles and the resistance of the Mongolian,
Tibetan and Chinese authorities, scientists from many countries explored and mapped this territory.
The pluvial period is a stage of intensive climate humidification due to an increase in the amount
liquid precipitation.

Relief

Central Asia is characterized by high altitudes, and clearly
2 main tiers of relief are distinguished.
The lower tier is formed by the Gobi, Alashan, Ordos, Dzungarian and
Tarim plains, the prevailing heights of which are 500-1500 m.
The upper tier is the Tibetan Plateau, within which the average
heights increase to 4-4.5 thousand meters.
Plains and plateaus are separated from each other linearly
elongated mountain systems of the Eastern Tien Shan, Kunlun,
Nanshan, Mongolian Altai, Karakorum, Gandishishan, etc.,
having predominantly latitudinal and sublatitudinal strike.
The highest peaks of the Tien Shan, Karakorum, Kunlun reach
6-7 thousand m; the highest point of Central Asia is the city of Chogori, in the Karakorum (8611 m).
Chogori, Karakorum

Kun-Lun

The Turfan depression lies at an altitude of 154 m below sea level.

Climate

Modern climatic conditions are characterized by large amplitudes
temperatures.
Summers are hot (at average monthly temperatures of 22-24°C, the air can
warm up to 45°C, and the soil - up to 70°C). Winters with frosts, little snow. Veliki
diurnal temperature fluctuations, especially during transitional seasons when they can
reach 2-3 tens of degrees.
In winter, the Asian anticyclone is located over Central Asia, and in summer -
an area of ​​low atmospheric pressure with a predominance of moisture-poor
air masses of oceanic origin.
The climate is sharply continental, dry, with significant seasonal and daily
temperature fluctuations. The average January temperatures on the plains are from -10 to -25 °С,
July from 20 to 25 °С (on the Tibetan Plateau about 10 °С). The annual amount of precipitation for
plains usually does not exceed 200 mm, and areas such as the Takla-Makan desert,
Gashun Gobi, Qaidam, Changtang Plateau, receive less than 50 mm, which is dozens of times
less evaporation. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in summer. In mountain
precipitation ridges 300-500 mm, and in the southeast, where the influence of the summer monsoon is felt, up to 1000
mm per year. Central Asia is characterized by strong winds and an abundance of sunny days.
(240-270 per year).
A reflection of the dryness of the climate is a significant height of the snow line,
reaching 5-5.5 thousand m in Kunlun and Nanshan, and 67 thousand m in the Tibetan Plateau, in Changtang (its highest position on the globe). Therefore, despite the huge
the height of the mountains, there is little snow in them, and intermountain valleys and plains are usually snowless in winter.
The scale of modern glaciation is insignificant (the area of ​​glaciation Central
Asia is estimated at 50-60 thousand km2). The main centers of glaciation are located in the most
high mountain junctions of the Karakoram, Kunlun, as well as the Eastern Tien Shan and
Mongolian Altai. Cirque, hanging and small valley glaciers predominate.

surface water

Due to the dryness of the climate, Central Asia is characterized by low
water cut. Most of the territory belongs to the area of ​​​​inland
runoff, forming a series of closed basins (Tarim, Dzhungar,
Tsaidamsky, the basin of the Big Lakes, etc.).
The main rivers are Tarim, Khotan, Aksu, Konchedarya, Urungu, Manas, Kobdo,
Dzabkhan - originate in high peripheral mountain ranges, and upon exit
on the plains, a significant part of their runoff seeps into loose sediments
foothill plumes, evaporates and is spent on irrigation of fields; that's why
downstream, the water content of rivers usually decreases, many of them dry up
or carry water only during the summer flood, due to the main
melting of snow and ice in the mountains of Central Asia The most arid
regions of Central Asia (Alashan, Beishan, Gashun and Zaaltai Gobi,
the central part of the Takla Makan desert) are practically devoid of surface
watercourses. Their surface is covered with dry channels, in which water appears
only after occasional showers. Only the outskirts have a runoff into the oceans
Central Asia, in the mountains of which the great rivers of Asia originate: the Huang He,
Yangtze, Mekong, Salween, Brahmaputra, Indus, Irtysh, Selenga, Amur.
There are many lakes in Central Asia, the largest of them is the lake
Kukunor, and the deepest - Khubsugul. The largest number of lakes - in the Tibetan
highlands and in the north of the Mongolian People's Republic. Many of them are the terminal floods of rivers
(for example, Lop Nor), due to which their outlines and sizes often change in
depending on fluctuations in the flow of rivers. Salt lakes predominate; from
freshwater, the largest are Khara-Us-Nur, Bagrashköl, Khubsugul. Many lakes in
the plains are in the process of shrinking.

Tarim River

Tarim wanders through
hollow,
breaks up into
sleeves, change
direction,
leaving without water
oases with
inhabited
points that
comes due to
throw this.
The place of the mouth of the river has not been determined either: in
different years it flows in different directions.
Most of the rivers flowing from the mountains into the basins
lost in the sands, sorted out for irrigation or
salty lakes sometimes fill with water.

Lake Khuvsgul in Mongolia. Mountain range in the background
Munku-Sardyk

Gobi Desert, Central Asia (the territory of Mongolia and
China).
Construction of the hotel "Lotos",
China

The Hotan River crossing the sandy
Takla Makan Desert, China.

Soils. The predominant types of soils in the north are chestnut, in the deserts of Northwestern China - gray-brown, desert, in the Tibetan

Soils.
The predominant soil types in the north are chestnut, in deserts
Northwest China - gray-brown, desert, on the Tibetan Plateau -
permafrost soils of cold alpine deserts. In the depressions of the relief -
salt marshes and takyrs. In the upper belt of mountains there are mountain-meadow and (in the north) mountain-forest soils. The soils of the plains of Central Asia are usually thin, almost
devoid of humus, often contain a large amount of carbonates and gypsum;
significant areas of sandy and rocky deserts are generally devoid of
soil cover. In the mountains - gravel and coarse skeletal soils.

Some areas of sandy and gravelly deserts are completely devoid of vegetation, in other places they are typical desert communities with floors

Some areas of sandy and gravelly deserts are completely devoid of vegetation, in
in other places these are typical desert communities with sagebrush, saltwort, ephedra,
camel thorn, tamarisk, sometimes with saxaul on the sands.
Only in the outlying mountains at altitudes of 1800-3000 m do forests appear from pine, Tien Shan
spruce, elm, aspen. Poplar, desert elm, and willows grow along dry riverbeds. AT
mountain valleys and on the slopes of high mountains there are meadows.
Takla Makan - a sandbox in a bowl between mountains

ephedra

East Asia

The most extensive region of foreign Asia, located
between the Amur Valley and the coast of South China, including
adjacent islands in the Pacific.
The situation in the eastern oceanic sector of Asia with
its characteristic monsoonal circulation and abundant
moisture in the summer season led to the dominance of forest
landscapes (from the southern taiga to constantly humid tropical
forests).
Downwind, in the north where the monsoon circulation
weakens somewhat, forest-steppes and meadow steppes appear.
In contrast to the monsoonal climate of South and SE Asia, there is a significant
role played by cyclonic activity on the polar front,
therefore, intra-annual moisture in East Asia is more uniform.
The fauna and flora of the region that did not experience glaciation,
characterized by high species diversity and endemism.
A characteristic feature of nature is the indistinctly expressed zonality of landscapes,
associated with dominance
mountainous terrain with its inherent vertical zonality

Asiatic Highlands

Form a continuous belt from the coast
Mediterranean to Tibet and include
Asia Minor, Armenian and Iranian highlands.
They are characterized by a combination of marginal
folded structures of Cenozoic age with
more
ancient
median
arrays,
the great role of neotectonic movements in
formation of modern relief.
Typical Mediterranean landscapes are similar
with European, and as you move east
the influence of purely Asian features is growing -
continentality
climate,
drainlessness,
landscapes
acquire
dry steppe
and
desert features.

Sandy desert of Rub al-Khali, Arabia
peninsula.

Sandy-saline desert
Deshte Lut, Iran.

infrared satellite
image of Great Salt
desert (Dashte-Kevir), Iran.

The zone of evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs in Asia extends in a narrow strip along the coast of Asia Minor and Arabia. The climate here is more continental, the annual temperature amplitudes are greater, and there is less precipitation. The vegetation has pronounced xerophytic features. Almost no forests survived, they were replaced by shrub formations. Maquis predominates, which is depleted in terms of species in comparison with the European one. The dominant feature in it is the kermes shrub oak. In the Levant, it is mixed with carob, Palestinian pistachio, and in Asia Minor - red juniper, myrtle, heather, wild olive. On arid coastal slopes, maquis gives way to frigana and shibleak, as well as deciduous shrubs - derzhidereva, wild rose, euonymus, jasmine. Brown soils are replaced by chestnut ones.

Shrub formations rise to the mountains up to 600-800 m, coniferous-deciduous forests grow higher (black pine, Cilician fir, cypress, oak, maple). From 2000 m, xerophytic vegetation predominates, often having a pillow-like shape (spurge, Cretan barberry, sticky rose).

In the continental sector of the subtropical zone, which occupies the Near Asian highlands, the zone of deserts and semi-deserts prevails. The hollow structure of the uplands is the reason that the landscape zones have the shape of concentric circles. Deserts are located in the central part of the uplands. They are framed by semi-deserts, then by mountain steppes and shrubby sparse forests.

The largest areas of deserts and semi-deserts are on. More than 30% of its territory is covered by solonchaks, devoid of vegetation, a significant place is occupied by rocky and sandy deserts. Zonal soils are desert serozems and burozems.

The animal world is quite diverse. From ungulates - bezoar goat, mouflon, wild ass onager, from predators - caracal, striped hyena. Rodents - ground squirrels, jerboas, marmots.

The steppe zone is confined to the foothill areas, in which wormwood and feather grass formations alternate. In spring, ephemera and some grasses develop, burning out by summer. On the slopes of the mountains, the steppes are replaced by shrubby woodlands. The Near Asian highlands are the birthplace of the phryganoid formation.

Upland xerophytes - prickly cushion-shaped shrubs less than 1 m high. The most typical species are acantolimon, astragalus, and juniper.

Tibetan Plateau, due to the huge relative heights (more than 4000 m), is characterized by alpine steppes, semi-deserts and deserts.

The zone of subequatorial forests - along the western coasts of Hindustan, Indochina, the northern extremities of the Philippine archipelago and the lower reaches of the Ganges-Brahmaputra, where more than 2000 mm of precipitation falls. Forests are distinguished by a variety of species composition, multi-tiered, difficult to pass. Dipterocarpus, streculia, albizia, ficuses, palm trees, bamboos are typical for them. Most are softwood. Trees provide valuable by-products: tannins, resin, rosin, rubber.

Zonal soils are red-yellow ferralitic with low fertility. Plantations of tea, coffee tree, rubber, spices, bananas, mangoes, citrus fruits.

The zone of seasonally wet monsoon forests is confined to the eastern outskirts of Hindustan and Indochina, where precipitation is not more than 1000 mm. Deciduous-evergreen forests are multi-tiered, shady in them there are many lianas and epiphytes. Valuable breeds grow: teak, sal, sandalwood, dalbergia. The monsoon forests have been severely damaged by deforestation. In they occupy 10-15% of the area.

The zone of equatorial forests (giley) dominates. Floristically, these are the richest forests on the globe (over 45 thousand species). The species composition of trees reaches 5 thousand (in 200 species). The forests are multi-tiered, lianas and epiphytes are abundantly represented. There are about 300 species of palms: palmyra, sugar palm, areca, sago, cariota, rattan palm-liana. There are numerous tree ferns, bamboos, and pandanuses. On the coast there are mangroves from avicenia, rhizophora, nipa palms. Zonal soils are leached and podzolized laterites. Mountains are characterized by vertical belts. A typical hylaea at altitudes of 1000-1200 m is replaced by a mountain hylaea, less high, but more humid and dense. Above - deciduous formations. On the tops, low-growing shrubs alternate with patches of meadow vegetation.

The animal world is rich and varied. Preserved: an orangutan, as well as gibbon monkeys, macaques. Of the predators - tiger, leopard, sun bear, wild elephant. There were tapirs, tupai, woolly wings, from reptiles - flying dragons, lizards, a giant Komodo monitor lizard (3-4 m). Of the snakes - pythons (reticulated up to 8-10 m), vipers, tree snakes. In the gharial crocodile.

Hylaean forests have been preserved on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. Hevea, spices, tea, mango, breadfruit are grown on the cleared lands.

The diverse climate of Asia, complex orography determine the richness of the natural zones of the temperate zone of Asia (Figure 2.1). On its territory there are landscape zones of taiga, mixed forests, forest-steppes, steppes, semi-deserts, deserts.

Figure 2.1

Taiga zones, mixed and broad-leaved forests are characteristic of the oceanic sector; inland is occupied by zones 1) taiga 2) steppes and forest-steppes. 3) deserts, semi-deserts.

Forest zone taiga. According to the species composition, light coniferous (Scots pine, Siberian and Daurian larches) and more characteristic and widespread dark coniferous taiga (spruce, fir, cedar pine) are distinguished. Tree species can form pure (spruce, larch) and mixed (spruce-fir) forest stands.

Light coniferous pine and larch are very unpretentious. They can grow on sands and rocky soils. In Western Siberia, forests consist of spruce, fir and cedar. In Eastern Siberia, in conditions of severe frosts and permafrost, forests of Daurian larch grow. It is well adapted to life in harsh conditions: it sheds needles for the winter and has a superficial root system above the permafrost layer of soil and soil. Small-leaved trees also grow in the taiga - birch and aspen. In most cases, these are secondary forests on the site of burnt areas and clearings.

Different types of podzolic soils are formed under coniferous forests. As a result of the decomposition of coniferous litter, acids are formed, which, under conditions of high humidity, contribute to the breakdown of mineral and organic soil particles. Abundant rainfalls wash the soil and carry dissolved substances from the upper humus layer into the lower soil horizons. As a result, the upper part of the soil acquires a whitish ash color (hence the “podzols”). In areas where deciduous species grow along with conifers, soddy-podzolic soils are formed. Their upper horizon is enriched with humus and ash elements.

In areas of increased and excessive moisture, gleying of soils occurs and gley-podzolic soils are formed. There is little rainfall in the larch forests of Eastern Siberia. This circumstance and permafrost make it difficult to wash the soil. Therefore, weakly podzolized permafrost-taiga soils are developed here.

All taiga soils have a thin humus horizon, a low content of many minerals, and an acid reaction of the soil solution (“acid soils”). As a result, their natural fertility is low. However, podzolic soils are very responsive to fertilizers and, with proper agricultural practices, can produce high yields of potatoes, rye, oats, barley, flax, and forage grasses. To increase soil fertility, liming is also used, with the help of which they reduce their acidity.

The fauna of the taiga is very diverse. Of the mammals, elk, brown bear, lynx, squirrel, sable, chipmunk, hare live here. Many birds: capercaillie, hazel grouse, woodpecker, nutcracker, owl.

Coniferous forests are used for the harvesting and production of wood, paper, and wood chemistry products. In the taiga, fur trade, the collection of mushrooms, berries and medicinal plants are carried out.

The average July temperature is not higher than +18°С. The amount of precipitation (300-900 mm) slightly exceeds evaporation. The snow cover is stable and lasts all winter. The ratio of heat and moisture is such that it favors the growth of trees everywhere. The taiga is dominated by forests of spruce, larch, pine, fir and Siberian cedar. Spruces and firs form dark coniferous forests with poor grass cover, as there is very little light under their dense crown.

The zone of mixed forests is mainly in the territory of Northeast China. It is characterized by a relatively humid climate, the presence of dark coniferous-broad-leaved forests on soddy-podzolic soils on the watersheds. The summer is cool, the average temperature in July is 17-18 °C. Winter is relatively mild, the average January temperature is from -3 to -4 °С. There was no glaciation, so representatives of the arcto-tertiary flora found refuge here. Mixed forests abound with endemics and relics. This is the so-called Manchurian flora, very rich in terms of species. The forests include Korean cedar, white fir, Olginskaya larch, Ayan spruce, Mongolian oak, Manchurian walnut, green and bearded maple. In the undergrowth, Amur lilac, Ussuri buckthorn, Manchurian currant, black chokeberry, aralia, rhododendrons. From vines: Amur grapes, lemongrass, hops. The soils are dominated by dark-colored, to varying degrees, podzolized forest burozems and gray soils.

Broad-leaved forests in Asia are distributed only on the Japanese islands and in northern China in the temperate zone. Broad-leaved forests are common in areas where the natural landscape is characterized by an optimal ratio of heat and moisture. The necessary conditions for the development of these forest ecosystems include the complex interaction of relief, soil, climate, and water. The temperate climate is characterized by warm, long summers and mild winters. The annual amount of precipitation, evenly distributed throughout the year, is somewhat higher than evaporation, which significantly reduces the level of waterlogging of soils. The main tree species of broad-leaved forests are oak, linden, elm, maple, ash, beech, and hornbeam. Most of these forests are multilayered systems: high tree layer, undergrowth, shrub, several herbaceous of varying heights. The ground layer is formed by mosses and lichens. There are also forests in which high and dense crowns of trees exclude undergrowth, grassy cover. The soil in them is densely covered with a layer of old leaves. Decaying, organic residues form humus, contribute to the formation of stable organo-mineral compounds, since the leaves are rich in ash, calcium, potassium, and silicon. In smaller quantities they contain magnesium, aluminum, phosphorus, manganese, iron, sodium, chlorine. Wide leaf blades are not adapted to the adverse conditions of the cold period of the year, therefore they fall off. Falling leaves, thick bark of trunks and branches, resinous, dense scaly buds - all this is a defense against excessive winter evaporation. A stable snow cover during the melting period strikes at the soil due to active leaching. Broad-leaved forests are characterized by soddy-podzolic, gray, brown forest soils (Fig. 2.6), less often varieties of chernozem are found here.

Broad-leaved forests in most cases are longline, two tree tiers can be distinguished (one is higher, the other is lower), shrubby, somewhat herbaceous, consisting of grasses of various heights (up to 3 tiers), ground layer of mosses and lichens. But in some phytocenoses (for example, beech forests), layering may be absent and under the dense crowns of trees there is neither undergrowth nor grass cover, and the soil is covered with a dense layer of old leaves. Unlike rainforests, topstory trees are the same height. It depends on the very small number of tree species that make up this layer. Often there is one species in general and pure beech, oak, hornbeam forests are formed, which brings broad-leaved forests closer to coniferous ones.

The light regime is very characteristic in deciduous forests. There are two light maxima here; one in the spring, when the trees were not yet covered with foliage, the other in the fall, when the foliage of the forest begins to thin out. During the summer months, the light intensity is very low. Such a light regime determines the characteristics of the herbaceous cover. In early spring, these forests are characterized by a sharp explosion of spring vegetation, consisting of perennial ephemerals. They bloom very quickly and then also quickly finish their growing season. By June, they are completely out of the grass cover, hiding under the ground. The explosion of spring ephemera is usually very colorful, as the flowers are brightly colored, and their number is so great that they cover the ground in a continuous cover.

The forest-forming species in these landscapes are beech, oak, maple, linden and chestnut.

Far Eastern forests are more diverse in species composition. Here, along with local species of oak and maple, there are honey locust, magnolia, ailanthus, paulownia.

At present, up to 60-80% of the area of ​​the broad-leaved forest zone has been plowed up, which has led to the convergence of these landscapes in terms of the nature of natural processes with steppe landscapes.

To the south of the taiga and coniferous-deciduous forests, a natural zone of forest-steppe stretches in a continuous strip.

In contrast to the taiga and coniferous-deciduous forests, the forest-steppe zone has a relatively warm and dry climate. Here, summer air temperatures and the duration of the warm season increase, and the probability of cloudy skies decreases. The sum of average daily temperatures for the period with temperatures above 10° increases to 2600-2800° in the southwest of the zone and to 1800-2000° in the east. The frost-free period lasts 165 days in the west and 105-120 days in the east of the zone.

Significant thermal resources are combined in the forest-steppe with sufficient moisture. During the year, almost the same amount of precipitation falls in it as in the taiga zone: in the west - 500-600 mm, in the east - 300-400 mm.

In terms of the amount of heat and moisture received, the forest-steppe zone is very favorable for the cultivation of a wide variety of grain and industrial crops in the temperate zone. An unfavorable feature of the forest-steppe climate for agriculture is the instability of moisture. Wet years in the forest-steppe alternate with dry ones. In dry years, the vegetation of the forest-steppe zone suffers from a lack of moisture. Such years are repeated relatively often.

The flora is characterized by a complex alternation of picturesque massifs of deciduous forests (rarely coniferous forests) with patches of forb steppes on the watersheds. In Siberia, island small-leaved birch-aspen pegs are common.

Steppes in Asia - the south of Western Siberia, the north of Kazakhstan, the north of Mongolia and the People's Republic of China. In the southern part of the West Siberian Lowland, forests give way to forest-steppe and steppe. On vast steppe pastures. The steppes are hotter and drier in summer. Therefore, there are often droughts, dry winds, dust storms.

The steppe vegetation is formed by grasses (feather grass, fescue, bluegrass) and herbs (astragalus, sage, wormwood, irises). There are a lot of rodents among animals: ground squirrel, marmot, ground hare, jerboa. Of the predators, the steppe polecat, badger, fox, and wolf are common. There is a saiga antelope. Typical steppe birds - bustard, gray partridge, lark, steppe eagle. Among the reptiles, the most common are the steppe viper and snake. Now the expanses of the forest-steppe and steppe are almost completely plowed up, the natural vegetation has been changed to cereals (wheat, barley, millet) and other agricultural crops. The appearance of the original natural landscapes is evidenced by small areas that have been preserved in the reserves.

In the east of the mainland in Northern China there are tall grass steppes.

In the temperate zone of Asia, semi-deserts stretch in a continuous strip from west to east for about 10 thousand km from the Caspian lowland to the eastern border of China. The semi-deserts of the temperate zone have a continental climate with cold winters, short springs and long hot and dry summers. Annual rainfall 200--300 mm, in the Center. Asia 100 --160 mm. Precipitation falls unevenly. Vegetation, it is sparse and represented by psammophytes (sand-loving) and halophytes (salt-loving) - These are various types of saltwort, wormwood, shrubs of tamarisk, juzgun, ephedra, saxaul. The fauna is represented mainly by ungulates and rodents. Among the ungulates stands out - Bactrian camel, kulan, antelopes (gazelle, gazelle, Przhevalsky), in the mountains - goats and rams. From rodents - ground squirrels, jerboas, voles.

Deserts of the temperate zone occupy a significant part of Central Asia. The largest of them are the Karakum, Kyzylkum, most of the Gobi, Takla-Makan. They are characterized by a very dry continental climate with hot summers and cold winters, a sharp excess of evaporation over precipitation, desert-shrub vegetation, brown and gray-brown soils. Desert landscapes are formed in those parts of the temperate zone where the annual evaporation exceeds the annual precipitation by 7 times or more. The vegetation cover is dominated by perennial semi-shrubs (wormwood, quinoa, saltwort, teresken, etc.), adapted to the conditions of prolonged dry vegetation. period, cold winters and high salinity of soils. The absence of perennial succulent plants that cannot withstand low winter temperatures is characteristic. The lack of moisture in the spring, in combination with other factors, also causes a small role in the vegetation cover of mesophytic plants - ephemers. In the Middle and Center. Asia is dominated by semi-shrub wormwood and saltwort formations and tree-shrub formations with the participation of saxaul, cherkez, etc. Reptiles predominate in the animal world. Lizards (lizard, agama, roundhead) and snakes (gyurza, cobra) are found here. Many rodents - gerbils, ground squirrels, jerboas. Of the ungulates - two-humped camel, goitered gazelle, Mongolian kulan, saiga; predators - jackals, hyenas.

Natural areas of the plains. In different parts of Central Asia, the amount of total solar radiation is different: in the north it is less (100 kcal/cm2), in the south it is more (160 kcal/cm2). The uneven distribution of temperature and moisture contributes to the formation of climatic zones, and within them natural zones. The presence of high mountains in the territory of Central Asia and the change in temperature and humidity depending on the height contributed to the formation of altitudinal zonation.

Central Asia is located in the southern part of the temperate and in the northern, arid part of the subtropical zone. In the temperate climate zone there are steppe, semi-desert and desert zones, in the subtropical zone - a zone of subtropical deserts.

The steppe zone includes the northern part of the Turgai plateau, the northern and central parts of the Kazakh uplands.

In the north of the steppe zone, chernozems are common, in the south - dark chestnut soils. The steppe vegetation is made up of undersized sedge, hairy feather grass, flax, alfalfa, buttercup caustic, roofing fire, etc. Of the animals in the steppe zone, rodents are the most common. The steppe zone is now almost completely plowed up and turned into sown land.

The semi-desert zone includes the southern part of the Turgai plateau, the large southern part of the Kazakh hills. There is more sun here, the climate is dry and hot in summer, cold in winter. Chestnut soils are common here, their layer is less powerful, compared to chernozem, there is less humus in them. The lack of moisture hinders the intensive development of agriculture. In some places, salinization of the soil is observed. The main plants of the semi-desert zone: weeds, Chernobyl, white quinoa.

The desert zone covers the Turan lowland and the Balkhash plains. In Central Asia, mainly sandy, rocky, clayey deserts are common. The formation of deserts was facilitated by high temperatures, low rainfall, and the absence of rivers. The vegetation is sparse, its mass is small, in a short time, before it has time to grow, it dries up without forming humus. Basically, desert sandy, gray-brown, clay, stony soils and gray soils prevail here. Irrigated gray soils give a good harvest. In the lowlands there are solonchaks and solonetzes.

The vegetation cover consists mainly of saxaul, yantak, sandy acacia, saltwort, and wormwood. Of the animals, kulans live here; from arachnids - scorpions, phalanges; from reptiles - geckos, monitor lizards, boas, cobras, efas. The flora and fauna of the deserts are adapted to waterless conditions. The roots of plants are long, the leaves are needle-like or absent altogether. Animals live in burrows or hide in the sands, some are nocturnal or hibernate for the entire summer period.

Natural zones of the subtropical belt. This belt includes the Turkmen-Khorasan mountains and the Atrek valley. A dry subtropical climate has developed here. The soils are gray earth, thickets of bushes, juniper, pistachios grow on the slopes of the mountains. Agriculture is developed in the valleys.

The belt of deserts is located at the foothills and on the slopes of the Central Kyzylkum, in the foothills of the Kopetdag and Sultan-Uvais.

The semi-desert belt includes foothill adyrs with an absolute height of 500 to 1200 m. Their relief is uneven, mainly gray soils are common, where mainly narrow-leaved sedge and bulbous bluegrass grow.

The steppe belt is developed in the mountains at an altitude of 1200 to 2000 m. The average annual temperature in the steppe zone is 3-4 ° lower than in the adyrs, precipitation occurs in spring, winter and autumn, the soils are gray and brown, rich in humus. Here grow such ephemerals as couch grass, wormwood, feather grass, cornflower, cleft lip (intoxicating lagochilos).

The forest-steppe and forest belts include areas at an altitude of 2000-2700 m above sea level. Mountain-forest brown soils are common here. The vegetation cover consists of trees and shrubs, in some places the content of humus reaches 12%. Precipitation falls from 800 to 1000-1200 mm per year. Precipitation mainly falls in autumn, winter, spring, occasionally - in summer. Four types of juniper, walnut, pistachio, maple, wild rose and other plants grow here.

The belt of subalpine and alpine meadows includes alpine meadows located at an altitude of 2700 m and above. These lands are used only as pastures for the Hissar breed of sheep.

Subalpine meadows include areas at an altitude of 2700-2800 to 3000-3200 m. Light brown and light brown soils are developed here. The main plants are cereals and turf-forming. Apricot, juniper, mountain ash grow from trees, prangos, cousinia, meadow sainfoin, fescue, geranium, adonis (Adonis Turkestan) and others grow from herbs.

Alpine meadows are located at an altitude of 3200 m above sea level. Dark brown, brown soils prevail here. Xerophytic plants are widespread. Precipitation falls throughout the year. Arlaut, azhrikbash, meadow sedge, bulbous bluegrass, etc. grow from the vegetation.

The belt of snows and glaciers (nival) covers the highest parts of the mountains covered with eternal snows and glaciers.