Geography presentation on the natural areas of South America. Natural areas of South America Alexander Humboldt - a German scientist called them Hylaea. And often these forests are also called "lungs of the planet

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Natural areas of South America

Digital dictation "Climatic zones of South America" ​​Climate types Subtropical dry Subtropical humid Tropical humid Subequatorial Equatorial

In which climatic zone: 1. Is the Orinok Lowland and the Guiana Highlands located? 2. In winter and summer, high temperatures (25-27 º C), are there precipitations throughout the year? 3. Is it hot in summer (25-27 º C), warm in winter (16-21 º C), precipitation is uniform throughout the year (1000-1080 mm)? 4. Summer is hot (22-24 º C), winter is warm (8-16 º C), precipitation is mainly in winter (600-800mm)? 5. The difference between summer and winter temperatures and winter air temperatures is insignificant, but seasonal precipitation is typical - dry winters and wet summers? Answers: 4,5,3,1,4

Which river: 1. The second in the world in length and the largest in terms of basin area? 2. Flows from north to south and collects water from the southern slopes of the Brazilian highlands and interior plains, but the water level in it is fickle and fluctuates with the seasons? 3. Flows from south to north and collects water from the northern slopes of the Guiana Highlands and the Orinoco Lowland? Amazon, Parana, Orinoco

Image of the nature of South America

The largest aquatic plant, the diameter of the leaves reaches 2m - Victoria Regia

The smallest bird (weight-1.6-1.8g, length -5.5cm) is a hummingbird

Hoatzin is the only bird whose chicks have 2 fingers at the ends of their wings.

The largest spider - the tarantula - reaches a length of 28 cm

The largest beetle in the world is the Hercules Beetle, its body length is up to 20 cm

Anaconda is the largest snake. It reaches a length of 8.5 m and weighs up to 250 kg.

The most dangerous fish in the Amazon - piranha

The largest rodent is the capybara, weighing up to 100 kg and up to 1 m long.

The smallest monkey - pygmy marmoset - 50-75g and up to 30cm in length

The slowest mammal is the sloth. The speed of its movement is 2.5 m / s

P/R Characterization of natural areas Natural conditions and natural components Moist equatorial forests Savannahs Deserts

1 2 3 4 Natural areas of South America 1. Moist equatorial forest 2. Savannah 3. Desert 4. Pampas

Selva Report 1 group

Savannah Report 2 groups

Desert Report 3 groups

Pampa Leading Task

What? Who it? selva campos llanos pampa patagonia

Homework § 44, task 2

Illustrations http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/eklekta-amon/view/25868 /?page=5 -selva http://radiuscity.ru/files/articles/issue111/article1049/3.jpg -deserts http: //ru.trinixy.ru/pics2/20071219/kapibara_36.jpg -capybara http://m-o-x-i.livejournal.com/216039.html -sloth http://photofile.ru/photo/vitalypol/2579420/48549081.jpg - savanna http://s08.radikal.ru/i181/0909/5e/56196356c78b.jpg -pampa http://foto.rambler.ru/users/wikosha/10/?p=8&sort=sort - victoria regia http:/ /www.25hour.ru/photogallery/hotels/2751058939_472e5751c4.jpg -hoatzin http://s55.radikal.ru/i149/0907/16/a4d8cd7d1a74.jpg -hummingbird http://1nsk.ru/data/foto/48 /600/9b5d568e3d.jpg -anaconda http://www.floranimal.ru/pages/animal/zh/2995.jpg -hercules beetle http://www.tarantulas.ru/photo/Theraphosa_blondi_3_foto.jpg -tarantula spider http: //geoman.ru/news/item/f00/s02/n0000278/pic/000000.jpg - piranha http://www.monkeyworld.ru/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/2292247048-6b60f58d4a.jpg - marmoset http://www.internet-school.ru/@@129228 -map

South America.

natural areas

Prepared by: Zadylyak L.M.,

Kaliningrad

• .
• In what sequence should a natural area be characterized?
• What are the main features of the zone of equatorial forests, savannahs, deserts .

organic world South America, like australia, very idiosyncratic.

 Explain why.

Along with plants that grow in Africa and in australia(e.g. palm trees, acacias, bottle trees), in South America there are their own species - hevea rubber, cocoa tree, cinchona tree, from the bark of which medicine is obtained. South America- the birthplace of many cultivated plants (?).

cinchona

Hevea is the main source of natural rubber. The content of rubber in the milky juice of this rubber tree reaches 40-50%

The animal world is also unique.

Some animals (anteaters, armadillos, cougars) are found in almost all natural areas of the mainland.

Before getting acquainted with the features of individual natural areas South America do a little research on the map.

• What natural areas are on the mainland? Which of them occupy the largest area? Why?
• How does latitudinal zonality manifest itself in South America?

A characteristic feature of the mainland is the presence of impenetrable wet evergreen equatorial forests growing on red-yellow ferralite soils. Call them here selva , which means "forest" in Portuguese. Selva is wetter than African forests, richer in plant and animal species. Here grow trees such as ceiba, reaching a height of 80 m, various types of palms, melon tree (papaya), cocoa, hevea, entwined with lianas. There are many beautifully blooming orchids in the forest. Many selva plants give not only valuable wood, but also fruits, juice, bark for use in technology and medicine.

The fauna of the selva is especially rich. Many animals are adapted to life in trees: chain-tailed monkeys, sloths. Even frogs and lizards live in trees, there are many snakes, including the largest snake on Earth - the anaconda. Ungulates live near the water - tapirs and the largest rodent on Earth - capybara weighing up to 50 kg. There are few predators, among them the jaguar is the most famous.

capybara capybara

Marmosets are among the smallest primates on our planet. Their habitat is Latin America. An adult individual weighs no more than 100 g with a body length of up to 23 cm. The length of the tail always exceeds the length of the body and can reach 30 cm. The smallest among the marmosets is smaller than the thumb of a person - this is the Swiss Lilliput marmoset.

The howler monkey is the largest in South America, its loud roar can be heard at a distance of 5 km

Dwarf marmosets, whose average weight is about 120 g, and the body length does not exceed 15 cm. These primates are considered the smallest on Earth. Their second name is pocket monkeys.

The world of birds is also rich: tiny hummingbirds that feed on the nectar of flowers, parrots, toucans. Lots of different butterflies, beetles and other insects. In the lower tier of the forest and in the soil, a lot of ants live, many of which lead a predatory lifestyle. Some of the ants reach 3 cm in length.

Equatorial forests are replaced by tall-grass palm savannahs. On the plains Orinoco they are interspersed with strips of evergreen gallery forests turning green in the river valleys.

In the savannahs of the Southern Hemisphere, tree vegetation is poorer. In the tropical center of the mainland, where it is dry and hot for many months, twisted, low-growing trees and shrubs, humiliated with thorns and thorns. Among them, the most famous is the quebracho whose bark contains tannins necessary for leather dressing.

Quebracho - the strongest tree in South America, called "break an ax"

In comparison with the African savannas, the wildlife of the savannahs South America poorer. Small deer, wild pigs-bakers, armadillos with a shell of horn shields, anteaters, and ostrich rhea live here.

baker pigs

To the south of the savannas lie the subtropical steppes, which South America called pampa , which in translation from the language of the Indians means "a space devoid of woody vegetation." In the conditions of a humid subtropical climate, fertile chernozem-like and meadow soils were formed in the eastern steppes, therefore, at present, they are completely plowed up and are the largest grain region in Argentina. The vegetation of the wild steppes is grasses, among which feather grass, wild millet, etc. predominate.

The open spaces of the pampas were once characterized by fast-running animals: pampas deer, pampas cat, llamas.

pampas cat

pampas deer

In the south of the mainland, in a temperate climate with low rainfall, a semi-desert zone was formed. This harsh edge of the mainland is called Patagonia. Tufts of grasses and thorny evergreen shrubs form dense thickets here on infertile brown soils. Currently, Patagonia is the main sheep-breeding region of Argentina. Strong south antarctic winds are observed here. The locals say: "If you want to see Patagonia, stop for a moment and she will rush past you."

beauty of Patagonia

In the semi-deserts, as well as in the steppes lying to the north of them, there are many rodents. Among them, viscacha is a rodent whose body length is 60-70 cm. Coypu (marsh beaver) lives along the banks of reservoirs. There are many small armadillos that burrow into the ground in case of danger.

Many plant species, fertile soils, domesticated and wild llamas, fur-bearing animals (nutria, etc.) are of great economic value. There are many fish in the rivers and coastal waters of the oceans.

Altitudinal zonality in Andes

Nowhere on the continents we have already explored are there such high mountains as Andes. Therefore, we will get acquainted with the nature of the mountains in this topic.

• Remember what is called altitudinal zonation. What does it depend on?
• What components of nature most noticeably change as you ascend from the foot of the mountains to the peaks?
• What climate zones does the Andes stretch through?

Plots Andes lying at different latitudes differ in the number and composition of altitudinal zones. The higher the ridges Andes and the closer they are located to the equator, the more natural belts are observed when ascending from the foot to the peaks. So, the foot Andes near the equator are covered with dense equatorial forests, little different from forests Amazonia .

Another change of belts in Andes at the latitude of the Southern Tropic. Here, in the conditions of a subtropical climate, at the foot of the mountains lie semi-deserts, which, when ascending, turn into hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs. Deciduous forests of southern beeches grow even higher, and alpine meadows appear even higher.

Yareta grows at an altitude of 3200 and 4500 m. It is a colony of thousands of individual tiny sprouts. To reduce heat loss during extremely cold dawns at this altitude, the leaves of the plant are very close to each other. In addition, it presses as close to the ground as possible, where the air temperature is a couple of degrees higher /

On the plateau Central Andes, isolated by mountain ranges from the influence of the oceans, dry mountain steppes and semi-deserts are located.

Among the animals living in Andes, there are very ancient species, such as the spectacled bear. Of the rodents, the chinchilla is remarkable for its valuable fur. In some places, wild llamas are preserved - large and strong animals of the camelid family. On the ledges of the mountains, the largest birds of prey on our planet nest - condors with a wingspan of up to 3 m.

spectacled bear

chinchilla

Changing the nature of the mainland under the influence of human activity.

Human impact on nature South America It began even when the indigenous population, engaged in agriculture, burned out areas of forests for this, drained swamps. However, these changes were not so great in comparison with those that arose with the arrival of Europeans on the mainland. From the 16th century began the exploitation of natural resources. The plowing of land, deforestation, pastoralism, the emergence of new plants imported from other continents have led to the weakening or complete destruction of the links between the components of nature, to major changes in natural complexes.

For example, a significant part of the pampas is plowed up or used for grazing. The pastures are overgrown with weeds.

Pampa has lost its original appearance. It has been turned into endless fields of wheat and corn, cattle grazing. Almost destroyed the most valuable forests of araucaria - coniferous trees growing in the east Brazilian plateaus. In place of tropical forests and savannas, there have long been plantations of the coffee tree, brought here from Africa, and cocoa plantations, wild species of which grow in forests Amazonia .

araucaria cone

Forests are being destroyed very quickly Amazonia. The construction of the Trans-Amazon Highway (5 thousand km) opened the way to the selva. At the current rate of use, according to scientists, these forests in the XXI century. may disappear. The problem of nature conservation South America originated at the beginning of the 20th century. But only quite recently they took it seriously: a program was outlined, lists of animals and plants were compiled, for the conservation of which it was necessary to take urgent measures.

About a hundred species of mammals and birds are now included in the Red Book. The area of ​​protected areas on the entire continent is only about 6%.

Many countries South America create nature reserves and national parks, which simultaneously serve as centers of tourism (see map of the atlas).

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

• What are the similarities and differences between the natural zones of South America and Africa. Give reasons.
• Take an imaginary trip to the selva, savanna or pampas and prepare a story in the form of a diary, report, memoir, letter.
• What determines the number of altitudinal belts in mountains?
• In what part of the Andes does the ocean influence the altitudinal zonality? What is this influence?
• Give examples of changes in the nature of South America by man.
• In what natural zones are these changes especially great? Why?
• In what natural areas are national parks located? Where are they the most? Why?

Sources:

• EFU. Geography of continents and oceans. 7th grade. V.A.Korinskaya, I.V.Dushina, V.A.Schenev. M., Bustard. 2015
• Textbook. Geography. Continents and oceans. O.V. Krylova. M., Enlightenment. 1999
• Atlas. Geography. 7 cells M. Bustard.2015
• Internet illustrations

Slide 14

Savannah

Equatorial forests are replaced by grassy palm savannahs, which occupy mainly the subequatorial and tropical climatic zones. The savannahs on the Orinok lowland are called llanos (from Spanish - “smooth”).
The savannahs of the Brazilian plateau - campos (from the Portuguese - "plain") occupy a much larger area than the llanos.
The appearance of llanos and campos is approximately the same: tall grasses, free-standing palm trees, cacti, acacias, mimosas, the Kedracho tree. The fauna of the savannas is rather poor. The ostrich Nandu, small deer, wild pigs-bakers, armadillos, cougars live here.
Equatorial forests are replaced by grassy palm savannahs, which occupy mainly the subequatorial and tropical climatic zones.
The appearance of llanos and campos is approximately the same: tall grasses, free-standing palm trees, cacti, acacias, mimosas, and a cedarcho tree.
The fauna of the savannas is rather poor. The ostrich Nandu, small deer, wild pigs-bakers, armadillos, cougars live here.

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Theme of the lesson: OBJECTIVES AND OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON: To get acquainted with the natural areas characteristic of the mainland; To form an idea of ​​the flora and fauna of South America; Name and show representatives of the flora and fauna of natural areas; Analyze the location of natural areas on the map; To form an idea of ​​the altitudinal zonality in the Andes; Create an image of the nature of South America by watching video clips about the nature of the mainland;

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EQUATORIAL FORESTS A characteristic feature of the mainland is the presence of impenetrable evergreen equatorial forests. They are distinguished by exceptional density, shading, richness and diversity of species composition, an abundance of vines and epiphytes. Tree crowns completely hide what is happening on the ground (view from the plane). The equatorial forests of the Amazon are one of the first places in the world in terms of length. The road in the Amazonian lowland, almost the entire space is occupied by the endless jungle.

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They are located on the Amazonian lowland and the adjacent eastern slopes of the Andes, as well as in the northern part of the Pacific coast in the region of the equatorial climatic zone. The rivers hardly make their way through the dense vegetation.

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TROPICAL FORESTS The zone of evergreen subtropical forests adjoins the equatorial belt of humid evergreen forests of the Amazon Basin from the north and south. These equatorial and tropical forests are called selva, or selvas (translated from Portuguese, this means "forest").

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One of the amazing plants is Victoria amazonica. This is a giant water lily that prefers quiet backwaters, where its rounded, with sides, leaves float on the surface of the water, reaching 2 meters in diameter and capable of supporting weight up to 50 kg.

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Types of a chocolate tree with flowers and fruits sitting right on the trunk are characteristic of the South American rainforest. The fruits of the cultivated chocolate tree, rich in valuable nutrients, provide the raw material for making chocolate. Seeds contain up to 50% fat. Cocoa butter is used in the confectionery industry and for the preparation of medicinal ointments.

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Hevea rubber belongs to the euphorbiaceae family, there are more than 10 species of this tree. Hevea is a source of natural rubber. Collectors receive 3-7.5 kg of rubber per year from one tree. Hevea was taken to Asia and is now cultivated there on plantations.

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The smallest monkey is 50-75 g and up to 30 cm in length. Many animals are adapted to life in trees, such as the spider monkey. The anteater is one of the largest representatives of the local animal world.

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Sloth - an inhabitant of the equatorial forest. This slow-moving animal hangs, hooked on branches with tenacious claws, with its back down. Body length - 50-60 cm. It feeds on leaves and fruits of trees. Its yellow-white coat is sometimes covered with green patches of algae.

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Capybara (capybara) is the largest rodent on Earth. This rodent lives near rivers and lakes, in wetlands. The capybara is a good swimmer. The weight of the animal reaches 100 kg, and the body length is more than 1 meter. Serves as an object of hunting for local residents.

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The world of birds is also rich: there are about 500 species of hummingbirds. This is the smallest bird on earth. Its weight is 1.6-1.8 g, and its length is 2.5 cm.

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SAVANNA Equatorial forests are replaced by grassy palm savannahs, which occupy mainly the subequatorial and tropical climatic zones. The savannahs on the Orinok lowland are called llanos (from Spanish - “smooth”). The savannahs of the Brazilian plateau - campos (from the Portuguese - "plain") occupy a much larger area than the llanos. The appearance of llanos and campos is approximately the same: tall grasses, free-standing palm trees, cacti, acacias, mimosas, the Kedracho tree. The fauna of the savannas is rather poor. The ostrich Nandu, small deer, wild pigs-bakers, armadillos, cougars live here.

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The armadillo belongs to the edentulous mammals. The body of the animal is covered on top with a thick shell of horny scutes. The armadillo reaches 1 m in length. It feeds on insects and larvae. During the day, the armadillo hides in burrows, and at night it wanders in search of food. In case of danger, he quickly burrows into the ground. Armadillo meat is edible and hunted.

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Puma is an American lion, a large predator of the savannas. Body length - up to 190 cm. Once this big cat was distributed from Canada to Patagonia. Currently, this species is heavily exterminated, therefore it is protected as a rare animal.

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Wild pigs-bakers reach a length of 1 meter and weigh up to 50 kg. They eat plant foods. The inhabitants of the savannas and forests hunt them for their edible meat and durable hides.

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STEPPES To the south of the savannahs in the subtropical climatic zone are the steppes, which in South America are called the pampas, which, translated from the language of the Indians, means "a space devoid of woody vegetation." Almost all the lands are plowed up or turned into pastures, so there are almost no wild animals left, with the exception of rodents. The territory is covered with dense herbaceous vegetation: feather grass, wild millet, reeds.

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Lama - body length 1.5–1.75 cm. These animals are domesticated and have long been used as pack animals. They are hardy and submissive.

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SEMI-DESERT AND DESERT Semi-deserts and deserts occupy a small area on the mainland. They are located in subtropical and temperate climatic zones. The vegetation is represented by dry grasses and cushion shrubs. The same animals live in the semi-deserts as in the pampas. This harsh region is called Patagonia.

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