Such different jellyfish. Artificial jellyfish swims like a real thing What kind of water do jellyfish swim in

Photo: Brandon Bourdages/Rusmediabank.ru

In summer, many people go to the seaside for a vacation and have the opportunity to see jellyfish with their own eyes.

I saw them for the first time when our train was ferried across.

Huge cakes, according to my ideas, swayed nearby on the waves, sometimes they fell under the propellers and flew apart. I felt sorry for them.

In the sea near the beaches of Evpatoria, they were not there that year. But the next year in Gurzuf there was a whole invasion of jellyfish. True, they were small. And fortunately, Black Sea jellyfish are not poisonous.

The most amazing thing is that our enterprising people have found a use for these seemingly completely useless marine life. Women caught jellyfish and put them on their feet, so they treated their bumps on their feet. I haven't heard of anyone getting cured though.

They appeared in the world a long time ago, scientists believe that their history goes back at least 600 million years.

Their shapeless appearance with tentacles, apparently, did not dispose the ancient people to benevolent perception, so they called these animals jellyfish in honor of the mythical ancient Greek goddess, who was called the Gorgon Medusa. On the head of this "charm" instead of hair, poisonous snakes moved, and jellyfish have tentacles.

The term "jellyfish" was first used in 1752 by Carl Linnaeus.

And since 1796, this name has been used to identify other medusoid species of animals.

Jellyfish, Latin Medusozoa - an invertebrate marine animal, a lower multicellular creature that belongs to the type of coelenterates.

Among them there are not only free-floating - jellyfish, but also sessile - polyps and attached forms - hydra.

We are interested in the jellyfish. In appearance, it resembles an umbrella or a bell.

The jellyfish has no brain, circulatory, nervous, excretory systems. She breathes with her whole body. Her body is gelatinous, transparent, has no skeleton and is 98% water.

When the jellyfish is in the water, due to its transparency, it is invisible.

Jellyfish living in cold seas are almost all white. But the jellyfish of warm tropical seas are brightly colored - pink, green, blue, red, yellow, sometimes the color of these jellyfish looks like a picture.

Jellyfish have tentacles along the edges. They can be short, long, rare, thick. There may be as few as four or several hundred.

On the tentacles of jellyfish and on other parts of the body are stinging cells that secrete poison. This poison can be mild and insignificant, or it can be strong and cause burns or even death.

Thrown ashore, the jellyfish cannot independently reach the water and dries up.

The British called the jellyfish "jellyfish".

The tissues of the body of a jellyfish consist of ectoderm and endoderm, they are interconnected by a sticky substance - mesoglea.

Each layer has its own function.
The ectoderm is, as it were, "skin" and nerve endings, it is responsible for movement and reproduction.
And the endoderm is responsible for the digestive processes.

The hole in the lower part, in the middle, surrounded by tentacles, serves as a mouth.

The mouth of different types of jellyfish can vary greatly in structure. It may look like a long tube, a proboscis, along its edges there may be blades or tiny tentacles. Undigested food remains are excreted through the same opening.

The jellyfish does not have an eye, but special organs are located along the edge of the umbrella, with the help of which it distinguishes day from night and determines where the top is, where the bottom is.

Jellyfish can be small - from 1-2 cm, tiny, 2 mm in diameter and large - up to 2 meters. And the tentacles can reach the giants 35-40 meters in length.

The weight of such giants can reach up to a ton. It is interesting that jellyfish can grow all their lives.

Some jellyfish can glow in the dark, glow red, and those that swim close to the surface of the water - blue. This phenomenon is called bioluminescence.

Scientists explain that the glow occurs during the decay of a special substance called phosphor.

The number of jellyfish living in salty waters decreases with the beginning of the rainy season.

And there are jellyfish in salty seas all over the world.
They are sometimes found in the brackish lakes of coral islands and in enclosed lagoons that were once part of the sea.

The only freshwater species of jellyfish is the tiny Kraspedakusta jellyfish that lives in the Amazon.

Sometimes jellyfish migrate in search of food, they are carried by the current over long distances. The thin muscle fibers in the umbrella help the movement of the jellyfish a little with their contractions. At the same time, jellyfish always move in the direction opposite to the mouth. Although they can swim in different directions - up, down, horizontally. In a relaxed state, jellyfish sink to the bottom.

Even the largest jellyfish are not capable of resisting sea currents.

Jellyfish are considered solitary animals, as they do not communicate with each other in any way.

Although in places rich in food, a large accumulation of jellyfish can be observed. Sometimes they fill the entire body of water.

Jellyfish is a predatory animal, it captures food with tentacles, swallows it whole and digests it with the help of enzymes of digestive cells.

The diet of jellyfish includes, depending on their type and size: plankton, small crustaceans, fish fry, small fish, fish caviar, smaller jellyfish, just small edible pieces of someone else's prey.

Jellyfish reproduce by budding or transverse division.

But most jellyfish reproduce sexually. Male and female jellyfish in appearance are no different from each other.

Male jellyfish produce spermatozoa, female jellyfish produce eggs, germ cells of jellyfish mature at any time of the year, eggs and spermatozoa are released into the water through the same mouth, after their fusion a larva is formed - planula, which is unable to feed or reproduce.

She, after swimming a little, settles to the bottom and attaches to it. From the planula grows a sexless creature - a polyp. When the polyp reaches maturity, new larvae, similar to small stars, form from it by budding. They swim in the water until they grow up and become jellyfish.

In some species of jellyfish, the polyp stage is absent; in them, new individuals are formed directly from the planula.

And in jellyfish species such as bougainvillea and campanularia, polyps form directly in the gonads of adults. And the jellyfish, as it were, gives birth to small jellyfish of its kind.

Jellyfish breed very quickly, females can produce up to 45,000 larvae - planula - per day.

Therefore, they quickly restore their population numbers both after the rainy season and after any climate change.

Different types of jellyfish live from several months to two years.

All vacationers on the seas need to know that there are jellyfish that are very dangerous for humans. The stinging cells of some species of jellyfish cause severe burns. The poison of some of them does not lose its lethality, even if the jellyfish itself is no longer alive.

The most dangerous of the jellyfish is the "Australian wasp", which lives in the waters of Australia. This animal has enough poison to kill 60 people.

No less dangerous is the jellyfish from the Pacific Ocean - the Irukandji jellyfish.

People often at first do not attach importance to the bite of this jellyfish due to the fact that it is small, only some 12 cm in diameter and its bite is almost painless, but the poison begins to act quickly.

The pink jellyfish inflicts severe and painful burns. It is especially dangerous to be among the accumulation of these jellyfish.

A sting of the beautiful flower cap jellyfish that lives in shallow waters off the southern coast of Japan can cause a severe allergic reaction.

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There are other types of jellyfish whose bite is not fatal, but very unpleasant.

Therefore, you can not touch unknown species, both live and dead jellyfish.

If it was not possible to avoid a burn, then you need to get out of the water as soon as possible, rinse the bite site with plenty of fresh water and consult a doctor who will make the necessary injection.

Recovery after a bite can last 5-7 days.

Enemies of jellyfish are some types of fish.

The fry of some fish live under the jellyfish umbrella, and growing up, they gradually eat it.

Some jellyfish in ancient times and in the Middle Ages were used as a remedy. For example, diuretics and laxatives were made from cornerot. From the poison of some jellyfish, medicines are still made to lower blood pressure and treat lung diseases.

And in China and Japan, some species of jellyfish are used in cooking, although jellyfish are not of nutritional value.

In nature, jellyfish purify seawater from small organic debris, but if there are too many of them, they can clog water sump in desalination plants.

It's no secret that large numbers of jellyfish can pollute beaches.

Interestingly, there are jellyfish lovers who keep them at home in aquariums.

Jellyfish need clean salt water, so a powerful water purification system is needed. Plus, jellyfish need good lighting.

At home, as a rule, they keep moon jellyfish and cassiopeia jellyfish, which do not exceed 30 cm in diameter. But it must be taken into account that although these jellyfish are not life-threatening, their burns can be sensitive.

They feed jellyfish with live food, which is purchased in specialized stores.

In the same aquarium with jellyfish, fish cannot be settled; only motionless animals are suitable for their neighbors.

The good news is that you can swim absolutely calmly in the Black Sea, since dangerous jellyfish simply do not live in it.

One of the most ancient living organisms that are found on our planet are jellyfish. They are present in almost any large body of salt water, so they can be found in almost all seas and oceans. What are the jellyfish of the Black Sea?

What are jellyfish?

As scientists say, jellyfish have existed on the planet for a very long time. They appeared before man arose. And during all this time their way of life has not changed. Even the appearance remained the same. Interestingly, the body of jellyfish is almost entirely composed of water. And to be more precise, 98% is water. Due to their appearance, some call them "water umbrellas", while others consider them "floating bells".

Due to their shape, these marine inhabitants can move very quickly in the water. Their muscles, which are watered connective tissue, begin to contract, which facilitates movement. In total, there are several thousand different types of jellyfish in the world. As for the Black Sea, there are only three types of such marine life. And every vacationer on the Black Sea coast immediately has a question: how dangerous are they, do they pose a threat, if not to human life, then to his health?

Jellyfish of the Black Sea: what is their danger to humans?

Any diver should take into account that there are several inhabitants in the Black Sea, a meeting with which is undesirable:

- medusa.

Although they do not pose a mortal danger, you should still beware of them. Why is a jellyfish dangerous, what troubles can you expect from it?

If we take into account all three types of jellyfish that live here, then their main weapon is stinging cells. They contain a special toxin. When it gets on the skin of a person, it can cause a kind of burn, something comparable to nettle. So after meeting with a jellyfish, although you won’t end up in a hospital bed, unpleasant memories will still be provided. Parents especially need to supervise their children. After all, jellyfish are often washed ashore by waves. And children have more sensitive skin than adults.

Types of jellyfish in the Black Sea

You need to know that most of the jellyfish on the Black Sea coast falls in the second half of summer. There are three varieties of them here, and each species has its own distinctive features. The description should begin with the jellyfish, which is most often found here.

1. Cornerot, which is called the Blue Jellyfish (Rhizostoma pulmo) for its appearance. It is believed that this is the most popular inhabitant of this sea. This is a marine predator that feeds not only on worms, but also on small fish. At first, he paralyzes them with his poison, and then calmly eats them. The jellyfish consists of an upper cap, reaching up to half a meter in size, as well as lower fleshy outgrowths. They act as the oral cavity. This is the most poisonous species of jellyfish that live in the Black Sea. They are able to sting so that a tumor appears on the skin as from a thermal burn.

Medusa Cornerot
Photo: https://destepti.ro

2. Aurelia (Aurelia aurita), which poses little to no danger. Unless you try what this jellyfish tastes like. The skin will not feel contact with it, but a slight burning sensation and redness will appear on the mucous membrane. Most of these jellyfish appear just at the height of the swimming season. The diameter of their dome can reach up to 40 cm.

Medusa-Aurelia. Photo: http://fr.academic.ru

3. Mnemiopsis (Mnemiopsis leidyi) has absolutely no stingers or even tentacles. In fact, this jellyfish appeared here from afar - from the coast of America. But it has taken root here and now it is considered a semi-indigenous inhabitant of the Black Sea. This jellyfish is completely harmless to humans. Today, everything is being done to reduce its population.

Paula Weston

She has no heart, no bones, no eyes, no brain. It is 95% water, but it remains the most active marine predator.

This unusual creature is a jellyfish, an invertebrate animal belonging to the phylum Coelenterates (the same type as corals).

The body of a jellyfish consists of a jelly-like bell, tentacles and mouth cavities used to eat prey. Medusa got its name due to the resemblance to the mythical Gorgon Medusa, who had snakes sticking out of her head instead of hair.

There are more than 200 species of jellyfish (class Cubomedusa) of different sizes: from tiny Caribbean jellyfish to Arctic cyanides, the bell of which reaches 2.5 m in diameter, the length of the tentacles is approximately 60 m (2 times longer than the blue whale), and the weight is more than 250 kg.

How jellyfish move

Some jellyfish swim using jet propulsion, while others attach themselves to other objects, such as seaweed. Despite the use of jet propulsion, jellyfish are still not good enough swimmers to overcome the force of waves and currents.

The reactive movement of the jellyfish is due to the presence of coronal muscles lining the lower part of its bell. When these muscles push water out of the bell, recoil occurs, pushing the body in the opposite direction.

The jellyfish has no brain or eyes, so it relies entirely on nerve cells to help it move and respond to food and danger. The sense organs tell the jellyfish in which direction to move, and also determine the source of light.

With the help of special bags located on the rim of the bell, jellyfish perfectly balance in the water. When the body of the jellyfish rolls over on its side, the bags cause the nerve endings to contract the muscles, and the body of the jellyfish straightens out.

Hunters

Despite their harmless appearance, jellyfish are wonderful hunters. They sting and kill their victims with special stinging cells, nematocysts. Inside each cage is a small harpoon. As a result of touch or movement, he straightens up and shoots at prey, injecting poison into it. The degree of toxicity of this toxin depends on the type of jellyfish. Reactions to poison can also be different: from a small rash to death.

Jellyfish do not prey on humans. They prefer to feed on microscopic organisms, fish and other jellyfish. People can only be accidentally harmed when jellyfish enter the coastal zone.

A jellyfish floating in the open sea can be both a predator and a prey. Due to its transparency, it is perfectly camouflaged and almost invisible in the water. This is important, because, despite the jet propulsion, these organisms are entirely at the mercy of the current, and in the open sea, as you know, there is nowhere to hide.

Life cycle

The beginning of the life cycle of jellyfish is very similar, although not completely, to the beginning. The larvae swim in the water until they find a hard surface (stone or shell) on which they attach. The attached larvae grow and transform into polyps, which at this stage resemble sea anemones.

Then horizontal grooves begin to form in the polyps. They deepen until the polyp turns into a stack of individual, pancake-like polyps. These flat polyps break off the stack one by one and float away. From this point on, the breakaway polyp looks like an adult jellyfish.

Jellyfish have a short life cycle. The most tenacious species live up to 6 months. These creatures usually die in sea waters or fall prey to other predators. Moonfish and leatherback turtle are the most dangerous jellyfish predators (Researchers do not know how turtles and fish can eat jellyfish along with poisonous nematocysts without harming themselves).

Despite their incredible fragility, jellyfish are quite complex. Respiration of these intestinal cavities is carried out through the entire surface of the body. It is able to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

Other "jellyfish"

Many other creatures live in the sea, which, although they are called jellyfish, are not. One of these species is very similar to a jellyfish.

Ctenophores look and act like jellyfish but are not "true jellyfish" because they do not have stinging cells. Jellyfish inhabit the seas and oceans around the world. Most often they live in coastal areas, although deep-sea species are also known to produce fantastic light through bioluminescence.

Evolutionary mystery

Given the complexity of the anatomical structure and the way these sea creatures hunt, it is difficult to imagine how transitional forms between non-jellyfish and modern jellyfish could survive. Jellyfish appear in the fossil record suddenly and without transitional forms.

All the features of a jellyfish are important for survival: sacs that help them swim in the right direction, sensory organs that warn them of the approach of a predator or prey, and stinging nematocysts. Therefore, it is quite logical to conclude that any transitional form, devoid of these fully developed characters, would quickly lead to the extinction of the species. Evidence indicates that jellyfish have always been jellyfish since they were created by God on Day 5 of Creation Week (Genesis 1:21).

Jellyfish can rightly be called one of the most mysterious inhabitants of the deep sea, causing interest and a certain fear. Who are they, where did they come from, what varieties are there in the world, what is their life cycle, are they so dangerous, as popular rumor says - I want to know about all this for sure.

Jellyfish appeared more than 650 million years ago, they can be called one of the oldest organisms on Earth.

About 95% of the body of a jellyfish is water, which is also their habitat. Most jellyfish live in salt water, although there are species that prefer fresh water. Jellyfish - a phase of the life cycle of representatives of the genus Medusozoa, "sea jelly" alternates with an immobile asexual phase of immobile polyps, from which they are formed by budding after maturation.

The name was introduced in the 18th century by Carl Linnaeus, he saw in these strange organisms a certain resemblance to the mythical Gorgon Medusa, due to the presence of tentacles that flutter like hair. With their help, the jellyfish catches small organisms that serve as food for it. The tentacles may look like long or short, spiky threads, but they are all equipped with stinging cells that stun prey and facilitate hunting.

Life cycle of scyphoid: 1-11 - asexual generation (polyp); 11-14 - sexual generation (jellyfish).

Glowing jellyfish

Anyone who has seen how the sea water glows on a dark night is unlikely to be able to forget this spectacle: myriads of lights illuminate the depths of the sea, shimmer like diamonds. The reason for this amazing phenomenon is the smallest planktonic organisms, including jellyfish. One of the most beautiful is considered a phosphorus jellyfish. It is not found very often, living in the near-bottom zone off the coast of Japan, Brazil, and Argentina.

The diameter of the umbrella of a luminous jellyfish can reach 15 centimeters. Living in the dark depths, jellyfish are forced to adapt to the conditions, provide food for themselves, so as not to disappear altogether as a species. An interesting fact is that the bodies of jellyfish do not have muscle fibers and cannot resist water flows.

Since the slow-moving jellyfish, floating by the will of the current, cannot keep up with moving crustaceans, small fish or other planktonic inhabitants, you have to go to the trick and force them to swim themselves, right to the predatory open mouth opening. And the best bait in the darkness of the bottom space is light.

The body of a luminous jellyfish contains a pigment - luciferin, which is oxidized under the influence of a special enzyme - luciferase. Bright light attracts victims like moths to a candle flame.

Some types of luminous jellyfish, such as Ratkeya, Aquorea, Pelagia, live near the surface of the water, and, gathering in large numbers, they literally make the sea burn. The amazing ability to emit light has interested scientists. Phosphors have been successfully isolated from the jellyfish genome and introduced into the genomes of other animals. The results were quite unusual: for example, mice whose genotype was changed in this way began to grow green hairs.

Poison Jellyfish - Sea Wasp

Today, more than three thousand jellyfish are known, and many of them are far from harmless to humans. Stinging cells, “charged” with poison, have all types of jellyfish. They help to paralyze the victim and deal with it without any problems. Without exaggeration, for divers, swimmers, fishermen is a jellyfish, which is called the Sea Wasp. The main habitat of such jellyfish is warm tropical waters, especially a lot of them near the coast of Australia and Oceania.

Transparent bodies of soft blue color are invisible in the warm water of quiet sandy bays. The small size, namely, up to forty centimeters in diameter, also does not attract much attention. Meanwhile, the poison of one individual is enough to send about fifty people to heaven. Unlike their phosphorescent counterparts, sea wasps can change direction, easily finding careless bathers. The poison that enters the body of the victim causes paralysis of smooth muscles, including the respiratory tract. Being in shallow water, a person has a small chance to escape, but even if medical assistance was provided in a timely manner and the person did not die from suffocation, deep ulcers form at the “bites”, causing severe pain and not healing for many days.

Dangerous little ones - Irukandji jellyfish

A similar effect on the human body, with the only difference that the degree of damage is not so deep, is possessed by the tiny Irukandji jellyfish, described by the Australian Jack Barnes in 1964. He, as a true scientist, standing up for science, experienced the effect of poison not only on himself, but also on his own son. Symptoms of poisoning - severe headache and muscle pain, convulsions, nausea, drowsiness, loss of consciousness - are not fatal in themselves, but the main risk is a sharp increase in blood pressure in a person who personally met Irukandji. If the victim has problems with the cardiovascular system, then the probability of death is quite high. The size of this baby is about 4 centimeters in diameter, but thin spindle-shaped tentacles reach 30-35 centimeters in length.

Bright beauty - jellyfish Physalia

Another inhabitant of tropical waters that is very dangerous for humans is Physalia - the Sea Boat. Her umbrella is painted in bright colors: blue, purple, magenta and floats on the surface of the water, so it is noticeable from afar. Entire colonies of attractive sea "flowers" attract gullible tourists, beckoning them to pick them up as soon as possible. This is where the main danger lurks: long, up to several meters, tentacles are hidden under water, equipped with a huge number of stinging cells. The poison acts very quickly, causing severe burns, paralysis and disruption of the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems. If the meeting took place at great depths or simply far from the coast, then its outcome can be the saddest.

Giant Jellyfish Nomura - Lion's Mane

The real giant is the Nomura Bell, which is also called the Lion's Mane for some external resemblance to the king of beasts. The diameter of the dome can reach two meters, and the weight of such a "baby" reaches two hundred kilos. It lives in the Far East, in the coastal waters of Japan, off the coast of Korea and China.

A huge hairy ball, falling into the fishing nets, damages them, causing damage to the fishermen and shooting themselves when they try to free themselves. Although their poison is not fatal to humans, meetings with the Lion's Mane rarely take place in a friendly atmosphere.

Hairy Cyanea - the largest jellyfish in the ocean

One of the largest jellyfish is considered Cyanea. Living in cold waters, it reaches its largest size. The most gigantic specimen was discovered and described by scientists at the end of the 19th century in North America: its dome was 230 centimeters in diameter, and the length of the tentacles turned out to be 36.5 meters. There are a lot of tentacles, they are collected in eight groups, each of which has from 60 to 150 pieces. It is characteristic that the dome of the jellyfish is also divided into eight segments, representing a kind of octagonal star. Fortunately, it does not live in the Azov and Black Seas, so you can not be afraid of them when going to the sea to relax.

Depending on the size, the color also changes: large specimens are painted in bright purple or purple, smaller ones are orange, pink or beige. Cyanei live in surface waters, rarely descending into the depths. The poison is not dangerous to humans, causing only an unpleasant burning sensation and blisters on the skin.

The use of jellyfish in cooking

The number of jellyfish living in the seas and oceans of the globe is truly enormous, and none of the species is threatened with extinction. Their use is limited by the possibilities of extraction, but people have long used the beneficial properties of jellyfish for medicinal purposes and enjoy their taste in cooking. In Japan, Korea, China, Indonesia, Malaysia and other countries, jellyfish have long been eaten, calling them "crystal meat". Its benefits are due to the high content of protein, albumin, vitamins and amino acids, trace elements. And with proper preparation, it has a very refined taste.

Jellyfish "meat" is added to salads and desserts, to sushi and rolls, soups and main dishes. In a world where population growth steadily threatens the onset of famine, especially in underdeveloped countries, jellyfish protein can be a good help in solving this issue.

Jellyfish in medicine

The use of jellyfish for the manufacture of medicines is typical, to a greater extent, in those countries where their use in food has long ceased to be a subject of surprise. For the most part, these are countries located in the seaside, where jellyfish are directly harvested.

In medicine, preparations containing processed bodies of jellyfish are used to treat infertility, obesity, baldness and gray hair. The poison extracted from stinging cells helps to cope with diseases of the upper respiratory tract and normalize blood pressure.

Modern scientists are struggling to find a drug that can defeat cancerous tumors, not excluding the possibility that jellyfish will also help in this difficult struggle.

Today's article is dedicated to one of the strangest creatures on earth - jellyfish! In fact, they are not peculiar to our planet! Let's see what caused such an opinion:

• They feed on small protozoa, large metazoans and other small fish in the sea. They tend to catch them in their tentacles.
• The male jellyfish releases its sperm into the water, which is then sent into the mouth of the female jellyfish. This procedure is necessary for the fertilization of the egg. Most of these fish carry their eggs in their oral armpits, forming a brood in the fertilization chamber.

• The tentacles of the jellyfish are an important defense mechanism. Each tentacle is lined with stinging cells known as "cnidocytes".
• Jellyfish do not have a brain or other sense organs. They have small sensory organs and a "nervous system" for detecting light and smell. Jellyfish use their "nerve networks" to detect the touch of another organism. This simplest type of nervous system is found on the epidermis of these fish.

• Jellyfish swim by creating water currents with their tentacles. They do this by opening and closing their bell-shaped body in rhythm.
• Jellyfish are usually not dangerous to mankind. However, some can be very toxic and cause death in humans. The sting of these fish is extremely painful and can also cause various allergies in humans.

• People in some countries eat jellyfish!

• Besides the fact that jellyfish don't have a brain, some species have eyes! Asking why?
• Jellyfish are mostly made up of water and proteins.

What is a bloom?

• With a huge number of plants or animals appearing suddenly, a process takes place that scientists call " bloom". In some areas of the world, millions of jellyfish can swim together, and these aggregations cause problems for fishing and tourism. If you've been to the beach or on a boat, and at some point, it turned out that jellyfish are everywhere - then you may even have seen jellyfish bloom!

How do jellyfish form blooms?

• Jellyfish are plankton, (from the Greek "Planktos" - wander or drift), that is, swimmers are useless from them, so they rely on the mercy of ocean currents. Blooms often form where two currents meet.

Well, now it's the turn of the most interesting videos about jellyfish:

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