Message on the topic of migration habitats. Training tasks. Development and patterns of distribution of animals on Earth. A9. Divergence, according to Ch. Darwin, is a process
Messed up table. Types of areas. Features Examples Types of habitats 1. Broken It is characterized by the distribution of the species in it in all habitats suitable for it. - Hatteria inhabiting the nearest islands of New Zealand 2. Relic = discontinuous Occurs due to the division of a continuous range into two or more isolated areas. - White bear beyond the Arctic Circle - Common fox on the territory of the Russian Federation 3. Continuous Species preserved from past geological eras live in small areas. -Black rat in the European part of Russia and the Far East
Exercise. Using the text of the textbook (page), correct the columns of the table and fill them in correctly. Answer the questions.
Answer to the task. A range is a strictly defined area occupied by a species in natural conditions. Endemic are relatively small groups of animals that live in certain, often small areas and are not found anywhere else. An example of an endemic species: pink gull. Cosmopolitans are organisms distributed over a very large area. An example of a cosmopolitan species: passeriformes
Messed up table. Types of areas. Types of rangesFeaturesExamples 1. Continuous It is characterized by the distribution of a species in it in all habitats suitable for it. - White bear beyond the Arctic Circle - Common fox on the territory of the Russian Federation 2. Broken = discontinuous Occurs as a result of the division of a continuous range into two or more isolated areas. - Black rat in the European part of Russia and the Far East 3. Relic Species preserved from the time of past geological epochs live in small areas. Hatteria living on the nearest islands of New Zealand
Incomplete table. Types of migrations. Types of migrationFeaturesExamples 1.Age Search for the conditions necessary for an individual of a certain age to exist tunicates 2. Periodic = seasonal Very diverse and associated with the movement of animals within the area Butterflies, dragonflies, orthoptera
Zoogeographic regions (265 p. 195) Zoogeographic regions are……………………………………. Zoogeographic regions are……………………………………. Types of zoogeographic areas: Types of zoogeographic areas:
Level A tasks
Choose one correct answer from the four given
A1. Paleontology is the science that studies
2) ancient organisms of past geological epochs according to fossil remains
A2. By comparing animals of different geological eras, it was established that over time, the animal world
1) changed slightly
A3. The study of the embryonic development of representatives of various groups of vertebrates made it possible to establish
4) the similarity of the embryos of different groups of animals
A4. The commonality of the structural plan of vertebrates indicates
1) about the origin of modern chordates from primitive ancestral organisms
A5. The manifestation of signs of ancestors in modern individuals is called
2) atavism
A6. The occurrence of the same changes in a number of related animals under the influence of the same living conditions Ch. Darwin
1) indefinite variability
A7. The occurrence of various changes in a number of related animals under the influence of similar conditions, Ch. Darwin called
3) natural selection
A9. Divergence, according to Ch. Darwin, is a process
1) divergence of signs
A10. The variety of species is formed by
1) divergence and directional action of natural selection
A11. The area is
2) a strictly defined territory occupied by each species
A12. Areas can be
1) continuous, intermittent, relic
A13. The regular movements of animals associated with a change in habitat and caused by changes in the conditions of existence are called
1) migration
Level B assignments
Choose three correct answers from the six given
IN 1. The existence of animal evolution is proved by the data of the following sciences
2) paleontology
3) comparative anatomy
6) Embryology
IN 2. In vertebrates, homologous organs are
2) bat wings
3) whale flippers
5) monkey hands
AT 3. Select the causes of evolution that led to the current diversity of vertebrate species
1) hereditary variability
4) struggle for existence
5) natural selection
AT 4. Establish a correspondence between animals and the types of their migrations
ANIMALS
A) harp seal
B) lemming
B) common squirrel
D) spruce crossbill
E) common waxwing
TYPE OF MIGRATION
1) non-periodic
2) periodic
AT 6. Establish a correspondence between examples of variability and its main forms
EXAMPLES OF VARIABILITY
A) a change in the density of rabbit fur when kept at low temperatures
B) increased egg production in chickens
B) born with short legs
D) growth retardation of wild and domestic animals
D) lack of pigment and feather cover of birds
FORMS OF VARIABILITY
1) certain
2) indefinite
AT 8. Arrange the groups of vertebrates that have different methods of reproduction in order of simplification of the reproduction system
Habitats. Migrations. Patterns of placement of animals.
1. What is the main driving force of evolution (according to Darwin) and why?
2. What is a certain variability?
3. What is Uncertain Variability?
4. What role does the intensity of reproduction of organisms play in the struggle for existence?
5. What is heredity and variability?
6. Name the work of Charles Darwin, in which he revealed the driving forces of evolution.
Range - a strictly defined area occupied by a certain type of animal.
The size and shape of the areas depend on:
1) on the ability of the species to adapt to adverse habitat conditions;
2) from the ability to overcome life's obstacles;
3) from the ability to compete with other species for food, light, heat, places of reproduction and development.
Characteristics of areas
Solid Torn Relic
Definition
Distribution of a species in all suitable habitats. Dividing a continuous range into two or more isolated areas. Dealing with species that have survived from past geological eras.
Polar bear in the Arctic Circle. Magpie blue in the Iberian Peninsula and the Far East. Hatteria on the islands of New Zealand.
Types of animals
Relics Cosmopolitans Endemics
Range boundaries can
expand shrink stay constant
Patterns of placement of animals. Migrations.
(independent work with the text of the textbook p. 263, 264 and tasks 5, 6, 7, 8.9 in the workbook p. 131, 132
MIGRATION
Periodic (seasonal) (movements within the range) seasonal, daily
vertical in mountains, water column, soil; movement of migratory fish from seas to rivers and vice versa
Non-periodic
(displacement of individuals from the range)
mass evictions due to unusual deterioration of conditions (drought, fire), overpopulation (lack of food)
Age
search for the necessary conditions of existence for an individual of a certain age
The study of migrations is carried out by labeling animals, conducting an experiment
Homework: § 52 repeat § 49 - 51.
Download:
Preview:
To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com
Slides captions:
1. What is the main driving force of evolution (according to Darwin) and why? 2. What is a certain variability? 3. What is Uncertain Variability? 4. What role does the intensity of reproduction of organisms play in the struggle for existence? 5. What is heredity and variability? 6. Name the work of Charles Darwin, in which he revealed the driving forces of evolution.
Range - a strictly defined area occupied by a certain type of animal. Zoogeographical area - territories characterized by a set of animal species that differ from those living in other territories. The size and shape of the ranges depend on: 1) the ability of the species to adapt to adverse habitat conditions; 2) from the ability to overcome life's obstacles; 3) from the ability to compete with other species for food, light, heat, places of reproduction and development.
Zoogeographic regions: Holarctic, Neotropical, Australian, Ethiopian, Indo-Malayan, Antarctic
Characteristics of ranges Ranges Solid Fractured Relic Definition Example Distribution of a species in all suitable habitats. Polar bear in the Arctic Circle. Dividing a continuous range into two or more isolated areas. Magpie blue in the Iberian Peninsula and the Far East. Deals with species preserved from the time of past geological epochs. Tuatara in the islands of New Zealand.
Animal species Relics Cosmopolitans Endemic Relics - preserved from the time of past geological epochs (tuatara, some species of ground beetles). Cosmopolitans - animal species found in most areas of the Earth (few, houseflies, city sparrows, gray rats, rotifers, freshwater crustaceans). Endemics - species, genera, families of animals, limited in their distribution, living in certain areas, are not found anywhere else (platypus, coelacanth, pink gull). The boundaries of the range can expand, narrow, remain constant.
Patterns of placement of animals. Migrations. (independent work with the text of the textbook pp. 263, 264 and tasks 5, 6, 7, 8,9 in the workbook pp. 131, 132 MIGRATION Periodic (seasonal) (movements within the range) seasonal, daily vertical in the mountains, water column , soil; movement of migratory fish from the seas to rivers and vice versa Non-periodic (eviction of individuals from the range) mass migrations under the influence of an unusual deterioration in conditions (drought, fire), overpopulation (lack of food) Age-related search for the necessary living conditions for an individual of a certain age The study of migrations is carried out by marking animals, conducting an experiment
lesson type - combined
Methods: partially exploratory, problem presentation, reproductive, explanatory-illustrative.
Target: mastering the skills to apply biological knowledge in practical activities, to use information about modern achievements in the field of biology; work with biological devices, tools, reference books; conduct observations of biological objects;
Tasks:
Educational: the formation of a cognitive culture, mastered in the process of educational activities, and aesthetic culture as an ability to have an emotional and value attitude towards objects of wildlife.
Developing: development of cognitive motives aimed at obtaining new knowledge about wildlife; cognitive qualities of the individual associated with the assimilation of the foundations of scientific knowledge, mastering the methods of studying nature, the formation of intellectual skills;
Educational: orientation in the system of moral norms and values: recognition of the high value of life in all its manifestations, the health of one's own and other people; ecological consciousness; education of love for nature;
Personal: understanding of responsibility for the quality of acquired knowledge; understanding the value of an adequate assessment of one's own achievements and capabilities;
cognitive: the ability to analyze and evaluate the impact of environmental factors, risk factors on health, the consequences of human activities in ecosystems, the impact of one's own actions on living organisms and ecosystems; focus on continuous development and self-development; the ability to work with various sources of information, convert it from one form to another, compare and analyze information, draw conclusions, prepare messages and presentations.
Regulatory: the ability to organize independently the execution of tasks, evaluate the correctness of the work, reflection of their activities.
Communicative: the formation of communicative competence in communication and cooperation with peers, understanding the characteristics of gender socialization in adolescence, socially useful, educational, research, creative and other activities.
Technology: Health saving, problematic, developmental education, group activities
Activities (elements of content, control)
Formation of students' activity abilities and abilities to structure and systematize the studied subject content: collective work - study of the text and illustrative material, compilation of the table "Systematic groups of multicellular organisms" with the advisory assistance of expert students, followed by self-examination; pair or group performance of laboratory work with the advisory assistance of a teacher, followed by mutual verification; independent work on the studied material.
Planned results
subject
understand the meaning of biological terms;
describe the features of the structure and the main processes of life of animals of different systematic groups; compare the structural features of protozoa and multicellular animals;
recognize organs and systems of organs of animals of different systematic groups; compare and explain the reasons for similarities and differences;
to establish the relationship between the features of the structure of organs and the functions that they perform;
give examples of animals of different systematic groups;
to distinguish in drawings, tables and natural objects the main systematic groups of protozoa and multicellular animals;
characterize the direction of evolution of the animal world; give evidence of the evolution of the animal world;
Metasubject UUD
Cognitive:
work with different sources of information, analyze and evaluate information, convert it from one form to another;
draw up abstracts, various types of plans (simple, complex, etc.), structure educational material, give definitions of concepts;
make observations, set up elementary experiments and explain the results obtained;
compare and classify, independently choosing criteria for the specified logical operations;
build logical reasoning, including the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships;
create schematic models highlighting the essential characteristics of objects;
identify possible sources of necessary information, search for information, analyze and evaluate its reliability;
Regulatory:
organize and plan their educational activities - determine the purpose of the work, the sequence of actions, set tasks, predict the results of work;
independently put forward options for solving the tasks set, foresee the final results of the work, choose the means to achieve the goal;
work according to a plan, compare your actions with the goal and, if necessary, correct mistakes yourself;
own the basics of self-control and self-assessment for making decisions and making a conscious choice in educational and cognitive and educational and practical activities;
Communicative:
listen and engage in dialogue, participate in a collective discussion of problems;
integrate and build productive interaction with peers and adults;
adequately use speech means for discussion and argumentation of one's position, compare different points of view, argue one's point of view, defend one's position.
Personal UUD
Formation and development of cognitive interest in the study of biology and the history of the development of knowledge about nature
Receptions: analysis, synthesis, conclusion, transfer of information from one type to another, generalization.
Basic concepts
Reasons for the uneven distribution of animals on the planet, the concept of "migration", types of migration
During the classes
Knowledge update ( concentration of attention when learning new material)
Question 1. What can be the reason for the change in the area of the range?
The reason for the decrease in the area of the range may be the disappearance of favorable environmental conditions, the presence of obstacles insurmountable for the resettlement of the species. The reason for the increase in the area of \u200b\u200bthe range is that some individuals leave the area, unable to withstand competition for housing, shelter and food. If they find other favorable conditions for reproduction and development outside it, then they settle there - the range of their species, thus, expands.
Question 2. What are the reasons for the formation of discontinuous areas?
Discontinuous ranges arise as a result of dividing a continuous range into two or more isolated areas, for example, due to the formation of some kind of barrier within the range (a territory or water area with unfavorable conditions for the life of a given species) or overcoming it in the process of dispersal -villages and formations beyond its borders of a new colony of this species.
Question 3. What determines the size of the range?
The size of the range depends on the ability of the species to adapt to adverse living conditions, overcome obstacles, compete with other species for food, light, warmth, breeding and development sites.
Question 4. What causes influence the density of animals in the area?
The distribution density of animals in the area is affected by: the presence of favorable conditions for intensive reproduction and maximum survival, intraspecific requirements for the size of the individual territory of each individual, and migration processes.
Question 5. What conditions of existence are necessary for the life of animals
For the life of animals, first of all, food resources are needed, since in natural communities they are not producers capable of producing primary organic substances from inorganic ones. Everything else depends on the individual features of the structure and lifestyle of animals of this systematic group.
Learning new material(teacher's story with elements of conversation)
Animal migrations: examples, causes, types. Why do animals migrate?
The reasons for migrations are changes in the living conditions of animals. Examples are the migration of birds, locusts to places where there is enough food, etc.
Do you know why animals migrate?
Grade 7 learns about this in biology lessons. And even then, during the acquaintance with the secrets of biological science, the minds of children begin to be accustomed to understanding the everyday fact: people migrate, animals migrate. And if you understand well, the reasons are the same for everyone. Animal migration (lat. migratio) is the regular movement of a group of animals with a change in the main habitat along a certain route. Such phenomena are most common in birds (we all observe the migration of storks, geese, ducks, starlings and other birds in autumn) and fish. Movements of animals have been studied less. This is due to the fact that they lead a mostly secretive lifestyle, it is often impossible to track them.
Migrations have a pronounced adaptive character; this feature of representatives of the animal world is observed in a variety of species and arose in the process of evolution.
Seasonal migrations are more characteristic of birds, inhabitants of temperate latitudes. They are also inherent in some mammals: wildebeest, reindeer, some varieties of bats, fish (sturgeon, European eel), reptiles (sea turtle), crustaceans (lobster), insects (monarch butterfly) change their habitat.
Why do animals migrate?
The main reason for the movement of animals is a change in living conditions, most often for the worse. For example, reindeer move from the tundra to the forest-tundra with the onset of winter due to the lack of food and the difficulty of obtaining it in areas covered with snow. And seasonal migrations of microscopic animals to shallow waters from the deep parts of lakes are associated with changes in water temperature. An equally important motivation is reproduction, when an animal needs a different environment for procreation. Another reason for migration is related to natural disasters. We will try to consider each of the reasons in this article with an example.
Types of animal migration
Conventionally, two types of migration can be distinguished - active and passive.. In the active migration of animals, several subspecies are distinguished: movements are seasonal (daily), periodic (horizontal and vertical), and age. Let's try to figure out what each variety is. So, seasonal (daily) migration of animals. Examples of such movements are best seen in fish and birds. To date, about 8,500 species of birds are known to science, most of which lead a sedentary lifestyle, although they are subject to migration within their habitat for the duration of nesting.
Seasonal movements of birds for wintering are more characteristic of the inhabitants of the Arctic and temperate latitudes: with the approach of winter, birds fly to a milder, warmer climate. An interesting fact: the larger the bird, the farther distances it moves, at the same time, the smallest migratory birds can stay in the air continuously for up to 90 hours, covering a route up to 4000 km.
Fish migrate vertically: during the rain they are practically on the surface, in the heat or in winter they tend to the depths of the reservoirs. But only two fish change their habitual habitat - salmon and European eel. Surprisingly, it is a fact: these fish change reservoirs with salt and fresh water twice in their lives - at the time of birth and during the breeding season, however, this only applies to females, who die after laying eggs.
Interestingly, at the time of salmon spawning, brown bears also migrate, leaving the forests, settling on rivers teeming with salmon. Thus, it turns out that they follow their food supply. As noted earlier, periodic animal migrations can be divided into two subspecies: horizontal and vertical. Let's consider these phenomena in more detail.
Horizontal migrations of animals are associated with the movement of individuals in search of food.. So, for example, by summer, a gray whale moves from the North Ocean to the Atlantic (subtropical, tropical part), where at this time it is full of plankton - the whale's main food.
Vertical migrations are inherent in alpine animals, which in winter descend into the forest belt, and in summer, as the snow melts and the grasses burn out in the lowland, they rise back to the mountain
There is also such a thing as age-related migration of animals. Similar movements are revealed better on the example of large predators. So, the tiger, in essence, is a solitary animal with its own huge territory, which it leaves only during the rutting season. The cubs born into the world live with the female until they reach sexual maturity (usually 3-4 years), after which the males separate and leave the family in search of their own territory.
Reasons and examples of migration
We have already talked about what such a phenomenon as animal migration is connected with. Examples on specific representatives will be considered below. Let's start with fish, since only two of their species are subject to movement. These include salmon and European eel. There are other few species of animals that migrate, but we will talk about them later. So why do fish migrate? What causes it? Change of fish habitat
Anadromous fish - a species that lives in a particular habitat, but changes it drastically at the time of reproduction. What is it connected with? Salmon (lat. Salmo salar) is born in fresh water, then with river flows quickly moves to the sea-ocean, where it lives for 5-7 years in anticipation of puberty. And now the long-awaited moment has come - the individuals have grown and are ready to leave offspring. Only bad luck - they like salt water, but the kids refuse to be born in it. The fish “remembers” that it was born in fresh water, which means that it needs to change the salty seas-oceans to rivers, and even better, to mountain ones. There are the most favorable conditions for reproduction. Only not all parents will achieve the desired goal - a predator sits here, which deftly catches a fish from a mountain stream, ripping open its belly and eating only caviar. Only a brown bear is capable of this, which is tied to animal migration - a source of food supply.
European eel (lat. Anguilla anguilla) is the exact opposite of salmon. The eel is born in the salty water of the Sargasso Sea, it happens at a depth of up to 400 m. The female produces about half a million eggs, which turn into a larva that looks like a willow leaf. For their fundamental difference from their parents, the larvae received a separate name - leptocephalus. On the example of these fish, we can consider in detail the type of passive migration: the larvae float to the surface, they are picked up by the Gulf Stream, and so for three years they move in warm water to the coast of the European part of Eurasia. By this time, the leptocephalus takes on the shape of an eel, only reduced - about 6 cm. At this moment, the eel moves to the mouths of the rivers, rising upstream, the fish turns into an adult. So 9 or maybe 12 years pass (no more), acne becomes sexually mature, sexual differences in color appear sharply. It's time to spawn - back to the ocean.
Mammal migrations
The gray whale (from lat. Eschrichtius robustus) lives in the Arctic Ocean, but, paradoxically, females and males begin to move south along the coast from October. By December-January, couples reach the Gulf of California, where they start mating and giving birth in warm waters, after which the males return to the north, and pregnant females and individuals with cubs return home only in March-April. Pregnancy in whales lasts about a year, so in warm waters they either conceive or bring new offspring into the world. For young animals, this is very important - in the first 2-3 weeks of life, babies in warm waters gain a fat layer that allows them to return to the harsh Arctic Ocean.
Using the example of moose, we can explain such a concept as animal migration routes. Elk, in the common people "elk" (from lat. Alces alces), is common in the forest zone of the Northern Hemisphere. As soon as the first snow appears, the rivers are covered with ice, the elk begins to move to the southern regions, where grass growth is preserved, and water bodies do not freeze. It is interesting that, migrating from October to January, moose follow a trodden path: females with young animals follow first, followed by males. On the way back, the animals return by the same road, only now the males go ahead, clearing the path from overgrown greenery. As they approach the habitat, the groups disperse - single females in one direction, females with cubs in the other, and males in the third. Tigers (lat. Panthera tigris), the largest representatives of cats, lead a solitary lifestyle: a female requires up to 50 km² of personal territory, for a male - up to 100 km². The meeting takes place during the breeding season, most often the female herself attracts the male, leaving various marks. Having fertilized the tigress, the male returns to his territory or in search of the next female. Here we see an example of animal migration within the habitat, but with violation of territorial boundaries. The new offspring lives with their mother until the "kids" learn to hunt, which takes quite a long time. So, the cubs are with the tigress until puberty, after which the already grown individuals go to conquer new territories. The previously described European eel can be added to examples of age migration.
Mass migrations of animals are inherent in many species, but the movement of bats is an indescribable sight.. In general, bats are prone to a sedentary lifestyle, but if the animals live in the temperate zone, then they are forced to go south for wintering. If the air temperature in winter is kept within 0 ºС, then bats can overwinter in the attics of buildings. At this time, the mice fall into winter sleep. During forced migration, bats are guided by instincts and move along those routes that are used from generation to generation. -
Let's think about vertical migration and pay attention to the inhabitants of the mountains. In the mountains, at an altitude of thousands of meters, there is an extraordinary zoodiversity: chinchillas, snow leopards, cougars, goats, rams, yaks, juniper grosbeak, white-eared pheasant, kea. All inhabitants of the highlands are characterized by thick wool and plumage, which prevent hypothermia of animals. Some animals hibernate in burrows in winter, and birds make nests in rock crevices and bask in groups. But representatives of ungulates descend to the foot of the rocks in search of food, followed by predators chasing their prey. An interesting fact: mountain goats and sheep are able to migrate over the rocks without stepping on mountain paths. And all thanks to the special structure of the hooves: soft pads are quickly restored, the hooves have the ability to move apart widely, which is important when moving on rocky terrain.
Reasons for changing bird habitats
Migratory birds are observed in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The sharper the climate changes, the more pronounced the flights. Thus, the crows and turtledoves familiar to us become migratory if they live in the northern regions, where harsh, snowy winters deprive birds of the opportunity to obtain food. The inhabitants of the southern part of Europe lead a sedentary lifestyle due to the absence of sudden changes in temperature. The behavior of birds in Africa is interesting: here one can simultaneously observe movements both from north to south and from south to north. The reason for such migrations is hidden in the preference for a humid or arid climate. Birds can make quite long flights. For example, the habitat of the white stork (lat. Ciconia ciconia) is in Europe, and the bird winters in Africa, covering a distance of 10-15 thousand km 2 times a year. But the most unique among migratory birds is the arctic tern (lat. Sterna paradisaea). The tern nests in the tundra and breeds chicks here. With the onset of autumn, she migrates to the Southern Hemisphere, and returns in the spring. So, twice a year this bird travels up to 17 thousand km. It is interesting that in spring and autumn the tern flies by different routes.
Movement of reptiles
Let's look at the example of a sea turtle (lat. Cheloniidae), what is the reason for the mass migrations of animals. Sea turtles only breed in certain places. Thus, the Atlantic Ridley (lat. Lepidochelys kempii) breeds on a single island in Mexico, where in 1947 scientists recorded approximately 42,000 females that sailed to lay eggs. Thanks to the olive sea turtle (lat. Lepidochelys olivacea), the term "arribida" appeared in science. The phenomenon is that thousands of olive ridleys gather for mating in one day, after which, having chosen an island, the females lay millions of eggs almost simultaneously.
Why do crustaceans migrate
Lobster (lat. Achelata) also moves at a certain time. Science still does not explain the reasons for the migration of animals of this species. In autumn, lobsters gather in a column of thousands of individuals and make a forced march from Bimini Island to the Grand Bahama Bank. So far, there is only one hypothetical explanation for this behavior: in the fall, daylight hours begin to decrease, which forces the spiny lobsters to change their habitat. Spiny lobster (lat. Panulirus argus) is also considered a nomadic representative of crustaceans. At the beginning of winter, it moves to deeper waters. Scientists have long believed that the reason for the movement of the spiny lobster is reproduction, but later it was found that egg laying occurs much later than migration, only after a few months. Scientists name different reasons for changing the habitat of spiny lobsters. Some, for example, believe that the migration of these crustaceans is a relic of the ice age, when in winter they changed cold waters for warmer deep ones. Migration of lobsters is a truly amazing sight! Several hundred individuals move in columns one after another. What is most interesting, lobsters maintain constant contact with each other. So, the one who is behind keeps his antennae on the shell of the one who goes in front.
Examples of insect migrations
Butterfly danaid-monarch(lat. Danaus plexippus) is the most famous inhabitant of North America. During periods of animal migration, it is noticed on the territory of Ukraine, Russia, the Azores, North Africa. In Mexico, the state of Michoacán, there is even a monarch butterfly sanctuary. In the issue of migration, this insect also distinguished itself: the danaid is one of the few representatives of its class that can cross the Atlantic Ocean. Already in August, the monarchs begin to migrate to the southern territories.
The life span of this butterfly is about two months, so the migration of animals occurs in generations. Diabase - the reproductive phase, which enters the danaid, born at the end of summer, which allows the butterfly to live for about 7 more months and reach the wintering place. The monarch butterfly has an amazing "solar sensor" that allows the third and fourth generations to return to the wintering places of their ancestors. Interestingly, the most favorable climate for these butterflies turned out to be in Bermuda, where some insects remain all year round.
European species also migrate. burdock, for example, they winter and breed in North Africa, and already their offspring move to the north and hatch the summer generation there, after which they fly back to Africa.
In the spring, history repeats itself. Interestingly, burdocks fly in groups and can cover a distance of 500 km in one day. In total, during the migration they can fly as much as 5000 km! And their flight speed is rather big - it is 25-30 km / h. Some butterflies do not migrate constantly, but only depending on conditions. These include urticaria, swallowtail, mourning, cabbage, admiral. All these species are found in Northern and Central Europe, but may move south under adverse circumstances. But the oleander hawk moth, for example, annually moves from Turkey and North Africa to Eastern and Central Europe. There, these butterflies breed, but, unfortunately, in winter, most of their offspring die. In spring, the next generation migrates from the south.
conclusions
So we figured out a little about why animals migrate. Indeed, the reasons are varied, but I want to note the two most common. We all remember the story of Mowgli, especially the moment when a period of drought began in the jungle. All the animals reached for the only river where parity was to be observed: everyone is equal, hunting is taboo. Such migration occurs, as a rule, within the habitat, when animals (more often inhabitants of the steppes, semi-deserts, deserts) migrate in search of food and water from place to place during the drought, most often they are representatives of ungulates. However, the movement of herds, herds also entails the movement of some predators (hyenas, vultures), which need to be close to the food supply.
Thus, food and water force large groups of animals of several species to migrate.
An important reason is reproduction. The active migration of animals during the breeding season, in particular, sea turtles, is impressive and fascinating.
Many species of animals move: some within their habitat, others travel thousands of kilometers to reach a favorable climate; still others radically change their habitat (remember the sturgeon and the European eel). Yes, the migrations of different animals have a different character, different reasons, but they all have one thing in common - the thirst for life.
MigrationANIMALS
Interesting! Documentary 1 "Call of Nature" great migrations
Bird migrations (says ornithologist Sergei Kharitonov)
Migrationbirds - observationfromspace
Sockeye salmon (Sockeye salmon) migration on the Adams River
Massive sardine migration attracts predators and divers (news)
Resources
Biology. Animals. Grade 7 textbook for general education. institutions / V. V. Latyushin, V. A. Shapkin.
Active Formsandbiology teaching methods: Animals. Kp. for the teacher: From work experience, —M.:, Enlightenment. Molis S. S. Molis S. A
Work program in biology grade 7 to the teaching materials of V.V. Latyushina, V.A. Shapkina (M.: Bustard).
V.V. Latyushin, E. A. Lamekhova. Biology. 7th grade. Workbook for the textbook by V.V. Latyushina, V.A. Shapkin "Biology. Animals. 7th grade". - M.: Bustard.
Zakharova N. Yu. Control and verification work in biology: to the textbook by V. V. Latyushin and V. A. Shapkin “Biology. Animals. Grade 7 "/ N. Yu. Zakharova. 2nd ed. - M.: Publishing house "Exam"
Presentation Hosting
What is an area?
Area - the surface of land or sea, within which one or another species or genus of plants, animals is distributed.
How to determine the range limit?
Why are animals of different species unevenly distributed on our planet?
The uneven distribution of animals on our planet is associated with the unevenness and heterogeneity of natural conditions.
Why do animals migrate?
Animal migrations are usually caused by changing environmental conditions. Migrations are age-related, seasonal (regular), irregular.
Questions
1. What can cause changes in the area of the range?
The main reason for changing the area of the range is a change in environmental conditions. With their improvement, the range can expand. When conditions worsen, the number of organisms decreases, and the range narrows.
2. What are the reasons for the formation of discontinuous areas?
Discontinuous ranges can arise as a result of the appearance of a barrier within the range itself, by overcoming the barrier by a group of animals and the founding of a new colony, or by the death of animals in intermediate territories.
3. What determines the size of the range?
Area sizes may vary. There are very extensive - cosmopolitan and very small - endemic areas. The size of the range depends on the mobility of the species, its ecological valency and its age.
4. What causes affect the density of animals in the area?
The density of animals in the range depends on the presence of a combination of favorable conditions for the species. As a rule, the central territories of the range are the most populated, where the set of favorable conditions is the most complete. Closer to the boundaries of the range, conditions become less favorable and the density of animals decreases.
5. What conditions of existence are necessary for the life of animals?
For different types of animals, there are their own conditions that are necessary for life. It is possible to single out the most important conditions necessary for most animals: a sufficient amount of food, water, heat, territory.
6. What are the reasons for migrations? Give examples.
Animal migrations are usually caused by changing environmental conditions. Migrations are age-related, seasonal (regular), irregular. Age migrations are associated with the search for habitats corresponding to a certain age. An example would be eel migration. Seasonal migrations are varied and are associated with the movement of animals within the range. For example, the migration of migratory birds. Irregular migrations are accompanied by the eviction of individuals of the species far beyond the range. An example is the migration of lemmings, locusts. At the time of such migrations, most animals die.
7. How can one explain that the Holarctic region has such a large area?
The Holarctic region occupies such a large area because it unites territories that have recently lost land communication with each other. That is why the fauna of these territories is similar and can be combined into one zoogeographic unit.
Tasks
Using various sources of information, prepare a report on the migrations of various animals.
There is no mystery of lemming suicide, as there is no suicide
For more than a hundred years, one of the strangest and most mysterious phenomena in nature has been for biologists the sudden mass suicide of lemmings, which together rushed off a cliff into the waters of the sea. Finnish scientists dealt with this problem for 15 years, and found an explanation for the reasons for such an ambiguous behavior of animals.
Oliver Gilg of the University of Helsinki in Finland and colleagues published their findings on this topic in the October 31 issue of Science. The unexplained tragedies of the population of this rodent, which lives in the high northern latitudes, caused the birth of legends and myths that, as if, whenever the number of animals becomes too huge and there is not enough food for everyone, they unite in one horde and together commit suicide, rushing from the cliffs to the sea. The researchers say the real reasons for this behavior in lemmings are more complex.
Lemming numbers, they say, are easily regulated by tight control by their natural predators: stoats, arctic foxes, snowy owls and skuas (gulls).
For 15 years, scientists have collected data on lemmings and their predators from 75 square kilometers of eastern Greenland. It turned out that periodically the population of lemmings can increase dramatically to 100 or even 1000 times their original number. The stoat is a key predator that regulates the balance of lemmings. This in turn increases the number of their natural predators, which become so numerous that they devour the lemmings in gigantic numbers, and the population of the latter falls sharply. The next stage - the lack of lemmings in the environment of breeding predators leads to a decrease in the population of predators.
The growth and decline cycles of predator and prey populations are familiar to biologists, but the interesting thing about lemmings in this case is that they are almost clockwork. The stoat is a key predator that regulates the balance of lemmings. For him, lemmings are the main source of food. The other three predators are "generalists" - they love to feast on lemmings, but also have alternative sources of food. Therefore, only the number of stoats drops sharply during the year after the decline in the population of lemmings.
The question of the lemming cycle remained open for nearly a century. Various schools argued about this. This was a very hot topic. As for the unusual phenomenon among lemmings to gather in hordes, it is due to the moment when, during the period of maximum growth of their population, they are forced to migrate. If the sea gets in their way, then a decent part of the flock will not have time to notice how it will be there, since the animals look only at each other's tails and follow the leaders. Therefore, if the leaders see a cliff, even if they stop abruptly, they will not be able to stop the entire mass behind the runners, who will simply push them and begin to fall themselves. But this does not mean that the whole flock will drown without exception and the animals that have fallen into the water will drown. They swim well and will then be able to get out to the shore, where they will again gather in a flock and continue their migration.