meteorological factors. Biological rhythm and human psyche. Meteorological factors Meteorological factors
Meteorological conditions have a significant impact on the transfer and dispersion of harmful impurities entering the atmosphere. Modern cities usually occupy territories of tens and sometimes hundreds of square kilometers, so the change in the content of harmful substances in their atmosphere occurs under the influence of meso- and macroscale atmospheric processes. The greatest influence on the dispersion of impurities in the atmosphere is exerted by the regime of wind and temperature, in particular its stratification.
The influence of meteorological conditions on the transport of substances in the air manifests itself in different ways, depending on the type of emission source. If the gases emanating from the source are overheated relative to the surrounding air, then they have an initial rise; in this regard, a field of vertical velocities is created near the source of emissions, which contribute to the rise of the torch and the removal of impurities upwards. With weak winds, this rise causes a decrease in the concentrations of impurities near the ground. The concentration of impurities near the ground also occurs during very strong winds, but in this case it occurs due to the rapid transfer of impurities. As a result, the highest concentrations of impurities in the surface layer are formed at a certain speed, which is called dangerous. Its value depends on the type of emission source and is determined by the formula
where is the volume of the ejected gas-air mixture, is the temperature difference between this mixture and the ambient air, is the height of the pipe.
At low sources of emissions, an increased level of air pollution is observed with weak winds (0-1 m/s) due to the accumulation of impurities in the surface layer.
Undoubtedly, the duration of a wind of a certain speed, especially a weak one, is also important for the accumulation of impurities.
The direction of the wind has a direct influence on the nature of air pollution in the city. A significant increase in the concentration of impurities is observed when winds from industrial facilities prevail.
The main forms that determine the dispersion of impurities include the stratification of the atmosphere, including temperature inversion, (i.e., an increase in air temperature with height). If the temperature rise starts directly from the earth's surface, the inversion is called surface, but if it starts from a certain height above the earth's surface, then it is called elevated. Inversions hinder vertical air exchange. If the layer of elevated inversion is located at a sufficiently high height from the pipes of industrial enterprises, then the concentration of impurities will be significantly lower. The inversion layer, located below the level of emissions, prevents their transfer to the earth's surface.
Temperature inversions in the lower troposphere are mainly determined by two factors: cooling of the earth's surface due to radiation and advection of warm air onto the cold underlying surface; often they are associated with the cooling of the surface layer due to heat consumption for the evaporation of water or the melting of snow and ice. The formation of inversions is also facilitated by descending movements in anticyclones and the flow of cold air into lower parts of the relief.
As a result of theoretical studies, it was found that at high emissions, the concentration of impurities in the surface layer increases due to increased turbulent exchange caused by unstable stratification. The maximum surface concentration of heated and cold impurities is determined, respectively, by the formulas:
where; and - the amount of substance and volumes of gases emitted into the atmosphere into the atmosphere per unit time; - diameter of the mouth of the emission source; , - dimensionless coefficients that take into account the rate of settling of harmful substances in the atmosphere and the conditions for the exit of the gas-air mixture from the mouth of the source of emissions; - overheating of gases; - coefficient that determines the conditions for vertical and horizontal dispersion of harmful substances and depends on the temperature stratification of the atmosphere. The coefficient is determined under adverse meteorological conditions for the dispersion of impurities, with intensive vertical turbulent exchange in the surface layer of air, when the surface concentration of impurities in the air from a high source reaches a maximum. Thus, in order to know the value of the coefficient for various physical and geographical regions, information is needed on the spatial distribution of the values of the turbulent exchange coefficient in the surface layer of the atmosphere
As a characteristic of the stability of the boundary layer of the atmosphere, the so-called "height of the mixing layer" is used, which corresponds approximately to the height of the boundary layer. In this layer, intense vertical motions caused by radiative heating are observed, and the vertical temperature gradient approaches or exceeds the dry adiabatic one. The height of the mixing layer can be determined from the data of aerological sounding of the atmosphere and the maximum air temperature near the ground per day. An increase in the concentration of impurities in the atmosphere is usually observed with a decrease in the mixing layer, especially when its height is less than 1.5 km. With a mixing layer height of more than 1.5 km, there is practically no increase in air pollution.
When the wind weakens to calm, impurities accumulate, but at this time, the rise of superheated emissions into the upper layers of the atmosphere increases significantly, where they dissipate. However, if an inversion occurs under these conditions, then a "ceiling" may form, which will prevent the rise of emissions. Then the concentration of impurities near the ground increases sharply.
The relationship between air pollution levels and meteorological conditions is very complex. Therefore, when studying the reasons for the formation of an increased level of atmospheric pollution, it is more convenient to use not individual meteorological characteristics, but complex parameters corresponding to a specific meteorological situation, for example, wind speed and thermal stratification index. For the state of the atmosphere in cities, the surface temperature inversion in combination with weak winds, i.e. stagnant air situation. It is usually associated with large-scale atmospheric processes, most often with anticyclones, during which weak winds are observed in the atmospheric boundary layer and surface radiative temperature inversions are formed.
The formation of the level of air pollution is also influenced by fog, precipitation and the radiation regime.
Fogs affect the content of impurities in the air in a complex way: fog droplets absorb impurities, not only near the underlying surface, but also from the overlying, most polluted air layers. As a result, the concentration of impurities strongly increases in the fog layer and decreases above it. In this case, the dissolution of sulfur dioxide in fog drops leads to the formation of more toxic sulfuric acid. Since the weight concentration of sulfur dioxide increases in the fog, when it is oxidized, sulfuric acid can be formed 1.5 times more.
Precipitation cleans the air of impurities. After prolonged and intense precipitation, high concentrations of impurities are observed very rarely.
Solar radiation causes photochemical reactions in the atmosphere and the formation of various secondary products that often have more toxic properties than substances coming from emission sources. So, in the process of photochemical reactions in the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide is oxidized with the formation of sulfate aerosols. As a result of the photochemical effect, photochemical smog is formed in polluted air on clear sunny days.
The above review made it possible to identify the most important meteorological parameters influencing the level of air pollution.
A person, being in a natural environment, is influenced by various meteorological factors : temperature, humidity and air movement, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, solar and cosmic radiation, etc. The listed meteorological factors together determine the weather.
Weather is the physical state of the atmosphere at a given location at a given time. The long-term weather regime, due to solar radiation, the nature of the terrain (relief, soil, vegetation, etc.), and the atmospheric circulation associated with it create a climate. There are various classifications of weather depending on what factors are taken as the basis.
From a hygienic point of view, there are three types of weather:
1. Optimal type of weather favorably affects the human body. These are moderately humid or dry, calm and mostly clear, sunny weather.
2. K annoying type include weather with some violation of the optimal impact of meteorological factors. These are sunny and cloudy, dry and wet, calm and windy weather.
3. Acute types of weather characterized by sharp changes in meteorological elements. These are damp, rainy, cloudy, very windy weather with sharp daily fluctuations in air temperature and barometric pressure.
Although humans are affected by climate as a whole, individual meteorological elements can play a leading role under certain conditions. It should be noted that the influence of climate on the state of the organism is determined not so much by the absolute values of meteorological elements characteristic of one or another type of weather, but by the non-periodicity of fluctuations in climatic influences, which are therefore unexpected for the organism.
Meteorological elements, as a rule, cause normal physiological reactions in a person, leading to adaptation of the body. This is based on the use of various climatic factors for active influence on the body in order to prevent and treat various diseases. However, under the influence of adverse climatic conditions in the human body, pathological changes can occur, leading to the development of diseases. All these problems are dealt with by medical climatology.
Medical climatology- a branch of medical science that studies the influence of climate, seasons and weather on human health, develops a methodology for using climatic factors for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.
Air temperature. This factor depends on the degree of heating by sunlight of various zones of the globe. Temperature differences in nature are quite large and amount to more than 100 °C.
The temperature comfort zone for a healthy person in a calm state with moderate humidity and stillness of the air is in the range of 17–27 ° C. It should be noted that this range is individually determined. Depending on climatic conditions, place of residence, endurance of the body and health status, the boundaries of the thermal comfort zone for different individuals can move.
Regardless of the environment, the temperature in humans remains constant at about 36.6 ° C and is one of the physiological constants of homeostasis. The limits of body temperature at which the organism remains viable are relatively small. Human death occurs when it rises to 43 ° C and when it falls below 27-25 ° C.
The relative thermal constancy of the internal environment of the body, maintained through physical and chemical thermoregulation, allows a person to exist not only in comfortable, but also in subcomfortable and even in extreme conditions. At the same time, adaptation is carried out both due to urgent physical and chemical thermoregulation, and due to more persistent biochemical, morphological and hereditary changes.
Between the human body and its environment there is a continuous process of heat exchange, which consists in the transfer of heat produced by the body to the environment. Under comfortable meteorological conditions, the bulk of the heat generated by the body passes into the environment by radiation from its surface (about 56%). The second place in the process of body heat loss is occupied by heat transfer by evaporation (approximately 29%). The third place is occupied by heat transfer by a moving medium (convection) and is approximately 15%.
The ambient temperature, affecting the body through the body surface receptors, activates a system of physiological mechanisms, which, depending on the nature of the temperature stimulus (cold or heat), respectively, reduces or increases the processes of heat production and heat transfer. This, in turn, ensures that body temperature is maintained at a normal physiological level.
When the air temperature drops the excitability of the nervous system and the release of hormones by the adrenal glands are significantly increased. Basal metabolism and body heat production increase. Peripheral vessels constrict, the blood supply to the skin decreases, while the temperature of the core of the body is maintained. Narrowing of the vessels of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, and at lower temperatures and contraction of the smooth muscles of the skin (the so-called "goose bumps") contribute to the weakening of blood flow in the outer integument of the body. In this case, the skin is cooled, the difference between its temperature and the ambient temperature is reduced, and this reduces heat transfer. These reactions contribute to the maintenance of normal body temperature.
Local and general hypothermia can cause chills of the skin and mucous membranes, inflammation of the walls of blood vessels and nerve trunks, as well as frostbite of tissues, and with significant cooling of the blood, freezing of the whole organism. Cooling during sweating, sudden changes in temperature, deep cooling of internal organs often lead to colds.
When adapting to cold, thermoregulation changes. In physical thermoregulation, vasodilation begins to predominate. Slightly reduced blood pressure. Aligns the frequency of breathing and heart rate, as well as the speed of blood flow. In chemical thermoregulation, non-contractile heat generation without shivering is enhanced. Various types of metabolism are rebuilt. The adrenal glands remain hypertrophied. The surface layer of the skin of open areas thickens and thickens. The fat layer increases, and high-calorie brown fat is deposited in the most cooled places.
Almost all physiological systems of the body are involved in the reaction of adaptation to cold exposure. In this case, both urgent measures to protect the usual reactions of thermoregulation, and ways to increase endurance to prolonged exposure are used.
With urgent adaptation, reactions of thermal isolation (vasoconstriction), a decrease in heat transfer and an increase in heat generation occur.
With prolonged adaptation, the same reactions acquire a new quality. Reactivity decreases, but resistance increases. The body begins to respond with significant changes in thermoregulation to lower environmental temperatures, maintaining the optimal temperature not only of internal organs, but also of surface tissues.
Thus, in the course of adaptation to low temperatures, persistent adaptive changes occur in the body from the cellular and molecular level to behavioral psychophysiological reactions. Physicochemical restructuring is taking place in the tissues, providing enhanced heat generation and the ability to tolerate significant cooling without damaging effects. The interaction of local tissue processes with self-regulating body-wide processes occurs due to nervous and humoral regulation, contractile and non-contractile muscle thermogenesis, which increases heat generation several times. The overall metabolism increases, the function of the thyroid gland increases, the amount of catecholamines increases, the blood circulation of the brain, heart muscle, and liver increases. An increase in metabolic reactions in tissues creates an additional reserve for the possibility of existence at low temperatures.
Moderate hardening significantly increases a person's resistance to the damaging effects of cold, to colds and infectious diseases, as well as the overall resistance of the body to adverse factors of the external and internal environment, and increases efficiency.
When the temperature rises basal metabolism, and, accordingly, the production of heat in humans are reduced. Physical thermoregulation is characterized by reflex expansion of peripheral vessels, which increases the blood supply to the skin, while heat transfer from the body increases as a result of increased radiation. At the same time, sweating increases - a powerful factor in heat loss when sweat evaporates from the surface of the skin. Chemical thermoregulation is aimed at reducing heat generation by reducing metabolism.
When the body adapts to elevated temperature, regulatory mechanisms come into play aimed at maintaining the thermal constancy of the internal environment. The respiratory and cardiovascular systems are the first to react, providing enhanced radiation-convection heat transfer. Next, the most powerful sweat-evaporative cooling system is turned on.
A significant increase in temperature causes a sharp expansion of peripheral blood vessels, an increase in respiration and heart rate, an increase in the minute volume of blood with a slight decrease in blood pressure. The blood flow in the internal organs and in the muscles decreases. The excitability of the nervous system decreases.
When the temperature of the external environment reaches the temperature of the blood (37–38 °C), critical conditions for thermoregulation arise. In this case, heat transfer is carried out mainly due to sweating. If sweating is difficult, for example, when the environment is very humid, overheating of the body (hyperthermia) occurs.
Hyperthermia is accompanied by an increase in body temperature, a violation of water-salt metabolism and vitamin balance with the formation of under-oxidized metabolic products. In cases of lack of moisture, blood thickening begins. When overheated, circulatory and respiratory disorders, an increase and then a drop in blood pressure are possible.
Prolonged or systematically repeated exposure to moderately high temperatures leads to an increase in tolerance to thermal factors. There is a hardening of the body. A person maintains efficiency with a significant increase in the temperature of the external environment.
Thus, a change in ambient temperature in one direction or another from the thermal comfort zone activates a complex of physiological mechanisms that help maintain body temperature at a normal level. Under extreme temperature conditions, when adaptation is disrupted, self-regulation processes may be disturbed and pathological reactions may occur.
Air humidity. It depends on the presence of water vapor in the air, which appears as a result of condensation when warm and cold air meet. Absolute humidity is the density of water vapor or its mass per unit volume. A person's tolerance for ambient temperature depends on relative humidity.
Relative humidity- this is the percentage of the amount of water vapor contained in a certain volume of air to the amount that completely saturates this volume at a given temperature. When the air temperature drops, the relative humidity rises, and when it rises, it falls. In dry and hot areas during the day, relative humidity ranges from 5 to 20%, in damp areas - from 80 to 90%. During precipitation, it can reach 100%.
Relative air humidity of 40-60% at a temperature of 18-21 ° C is considered optimal for humans. The air, the relative humidity of which is below 20%, is assessed as dry, from 71 to 85% - as moderately humid, more than 86% - as highly humid.
Moderate air humidity ensures the normal functioning of the body. In humans, it helps to moisturize the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Maintaining the constancy of the humidity of the internal environment of the body to a certain extent depends on the humidity of the inhaled air. Combining with temperature factors, air humidity creates conditions for thermal comfort or disrupts it, contributing to hypothermia or overheating of the body, as well as hydration or dehydration of tissues.
Simultaneous increase in air temperature and humidity sharply worsens the well-being of a person and reduces the possible duration of his stay in these conditions. In this case, there is an increase in body temperature, increased heart rate, respiration. There is a headache, weakness, decreased motor activity. Poor heat tolerance in combination with high relative humidity is due to the fact that, simultaneously with increased sweating at high ambient humidity, sweat does not evaporate well from the surface of the skin. Heat dissipation is difficult. The body overheats more and more, and heat stroke can occur.
High humidity at low air temperature is an unfavorable factor. In this case, a sharp increase in heat transfer occurs, which is dangerous to health. Even a temperature of 0 °C can lead to frostbite of the face and limbs, especially in the presence of wind.
Low air humidity (less than 20%) is accompanied by significant evaporation of moisture from the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. This leads to a decrease in their filtering capacity and to unpleasant sensations in the throat and dry mouth.
The boundaries within which the heat balance of a person at rest is maintained already with a significant stress are considered to be an air temperature of 40 ° C and a humidity of 30% or an air temperature of 30 ° C and a humidity of 85%.
In any natural phenomenon that surrounds us, there is a strict repetition of processes: day and night, high and low tide, winter and summer. Rhythm is observed not only in the movement of the Earth, the Sun, the Moon and the stars, but it is also an integral and universal property of living matter, a property penetrating into all life phenomena - from the molecular level to the level of the whole organism.
In the course of historical development, a person has adapted to a certain rhythm of life, due to rhythmic changes in the natural environment and the energy dynamics of metabolic processes.
Currently, there are many rhythmic processes in the body, called biorhythms. These include the rhythms of the heart, breathing, bioelectrical activity of the brain. Our whole life is a constant change of rest and activity, sleep and wakefulness, fatigue from hard work and rest.
With a sharp change in the weather, physical and mental performance decreases, diseases become aggravated, the number of errors, accidents and even deaths increases. Weather changes do not equally affect the well-being of different people. In a healthy person, when the weather changes, the physiological processes in the body are timely adjusted to the changed environmental conditions. As a result, the protective reaction is enhanced and healthy people practically do not feel the negative effects of the weather.
Solar radiation and its prevention
The most powerful natural factor of physical impact is sunlight. Prolonged exposure to the sun can cause burns of varying degrees, cause heat stroke or sunstroke.
Meteopathology. Most healthy people are practically insensitive to weather changes. However, quite often there are people who show increased sensitivity to fluctuations in weather conditions. Such people are called meteolabile. As a rule, they react to sharp, contrasting weather changes or to the occurrence of weather conditions that are unusual for this time of year. It is known that meteopathic reactions usually precede sharp fluctuations in the weather. As a rule, weather-labile people are sensitive to complexes of weather factors. However, there are people who do not tolerate certain meteorological factors. They may suffer from anemopathy (reactions to the wind), aerophobia (a state of fear of sudden changes in the air), heliopia (increased sensitivity to the state of solar activity), cyclonopathy (a painful condition to weather changes caused by a cyclone), etc. Meteopathic reactions due to the fact that the adaptive mechanisms in such people are either underdeveloped or weakened under the influence of pathological processes.
Subjective signs of meteorological lability are deterioration of health, general malaise, anxiety, weakness, dizziness, headache, palpitations, pain in the heart and behind the sternum, increased irritability, decreased performance, etc.
Subjective complaints, as a rule, are accompanied by objective changes occurring in the body. The autonomic nervous system is especially sensitive to weather changes: the parasympathetic, and then the sympathetic department. As a result, functional shifts appear in internal organs and systems. Cardiovascular disorders occur, cerebral and coronary circulation disorders occur, thermoregulation changes, etc. Indicators of such shifts are changes in the nature of the electrocardiogram, vectorcardiogram, rheoencephalogram, and blood pressure parameters. The number of leukocytes, cholesterol increases, blood clotting increases.
Meteorolability is usually observed in people suffering from various diseases: autonomic neuroses, hypertension, coronary and cerebral circulatory failure, glaucoma, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, gastric and duodenal ulcers, cholelithiasis and urolithiasis, allergies, bronchial asthma. Often, meteorological lability appears after illnesses: influenza, tonsillitis, pneumonia, exacerbation of rheumatism, etc. Based on a comparison of synoptic situations with body reactions (bioclimatogram), it became known that patients with cardiovascular and pulmonary insufficiency are most sensitive to meteorological factors due to their spastic states.
Mechanisms of occurrence of meteopathic reactions are not clear enough. It is believed that they can have a different nature: from biochemical to physiological. At the same time, it is known that the higher vegetative centers of the brain are the places of coordination of the body's reactions to external physical factors. With the help of therapeutic and especially preventive measures, meteolabile people can be helped to cope with their condition.
METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS
physical properties of the atmosphere that determine the weather and climate (or microclimate) and affect the state of the organism.
Medical terms. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, word meanings and what METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS are in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
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NON-PRICE DEMAND AND SUPPLY - see NON-PRICE FACTORS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY... - FACTORS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
PRODUCTIONS PRIMARY - see. PRIMARY FACTORS… - FACTORS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
PRODUCTION MAIN - see PRIMARY FACTORS OF PRODUCTION ... - FACTORS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
PRODUCTION - the resources used in production, on which the volume of output depends to a decisive extent. These include land, labor,... - FACTORS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
INSTITUTIONAL - see INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS... - FACTORS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
- conditions, causes, parameters, indicators that affect the economic process and the result of this process. For example, to F., affecting performance ... - METEOROLOGICAL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS, characteristics of the state of the atmosphere and atm. processes: temperature, pressure, air humidity, wind, cloudiness and precipitation, visibility range, fogs, thunderstorms ... - RISK FACTORS FOR HEALTH in the Encyclopedia of a sober lifestyle:
- factors of a behavioral, biological, genetic, social nature, factors associated with environmental pollution, natural and climatic conditions, which most increase ... - ANTHROPOGENIC ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS in Medical terms:
(anthropo- + Greek -genes generated; synonym: anthropourgical environmental factors, household environmental factors) environmental factors, the occurrence of which is due to human activity, ... - THERMOMETERS METEOROLOGICAL
meteorological, a group of liquid thermometers of a special design, intended for meteorological measurements, mainly at meteorological stations. Various T. m. depending ... - METEOROLOGICAL CONGRESSES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
congresses, scientific meetings of specialists in the field of meteorology. In Russia, the 1st and 2nd M. s. took place in St. Petersburg in ... - METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
instruments, devices and installations for measuring and recording the values of meteorological elements. M. items are designed to work in natural ... - METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATIONS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
international organizations, organizations created for international cooperation in the field of meteorology. Basic M. o. - World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Along with … - METEOROLOGICAL JOURNALS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
journals (more precisely, meteorological and climatological journals), scientific periodicals covering the issues of meteorology, climatology and hydrology. In the USSR, the most famous and ... - EARTH ATMOSPHERE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Earth (from the Greek atmos - steam and sphaira - ball), a gaseous shell that surrounds the Earth. A. It is customary to consider that area around ... - METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS
see Meteorological... - INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS in Collier's Dictionary:
any factors related to production and capable of adversely affecting human health. Ambient conditions, substances or loads associated with … - BIODETERMINISM in Gender Studies Glossary.:
(biological determinism) - the principle of considering phenomena, in which biological characteristics are considered decisive for human characteristics, in this case, gender or sexual ... - TOL EDUARD
Toll (Eduard, Baron) - zoologist, geologist and traveler, born in 1858 in Reval, studied from 1877 to 1882 ... - RUSSIA, DIV. METEOROLOGY in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Retheorological observations in Russia began, according to their first historian, K.S. Veselovsky, - around the middle of the 18th century: for St. Petersburg ... - Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Przhevalsky (Nikolai Mikhailovich) - a famous Russian traveler, major general. Born in 1839. His father, Mikhail Kuzmich, served in the Russian army. … - ZHELEZNOV NIKOLAI IVANOVICH in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Zheleznov (Nikolai Ivanovich 1816 - 1877) - an outstanding botanist and agronomist. He received his secondary education in the then mining corps, and ... - COLON AND RECTAL CANCER in the Medical Dictionary.
- in the Medical Dictionary:
- in the Medical Dictionary:
- ULCERATE PEPTIC DISEASE in the Medical Dictionary:
- ANEMIA HEMOLYTIC in the Medical Dictionary:
- COLON AND RECTAL CANCER in the big medical dictionary.
- ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
Acute renal failure (ARF) is a sudden onset pathological condition characterized by impaired renal function with a delay in the excretion of nitrogenous products from the body ... - HEPATIC CELL INSUFFICIENCY in the Medical Big Dictionary:
Hepatocellular insufficiency (HCI) is a term that combines various disorders of the liver, ranging from mild subclinical manifestations to hepatic encephalopathy and coma. … - ULCERATE PEPTIC DISEASE in the Medical Big Dictionary:
The terms ulcer, peptic ulcer disease, peptic ulcer disease are used in relation to a group of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by the formation of areas of destruction of the mucous membrane ... - ANEMIA HEMOLYTIC in the Medical Big Dictionary:
Hemolytic anemia is a large group of anemia characterized by a decrease in the average lifespan of erythrocytes (normally 120 days). Hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) can... - FACTOR ANALYSIS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
analysis, section of multivariate statistical analysis,. combining methods for estimating the dimension of a set of observed variables by studying the structure of covariance or correlation matrices. … - RADIO METEOROLOGY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
a science that studies, on the one hand, the influence of meteorological conditions in the troposphere and stratosphere on the propagation of radio waves (mainly VHF), ... - METEOROLOGY AGRICULTURAL in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
agricultural, agrometeorology, applied meteorological discipline that studies the meteorological, climatic and hydrological conditions of importance for agriculture, in their interaction with ... - METEOROLOGY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from the Greek meteoros - raised up, heavenly, meteora - atmospheric and celestial phenomena and ... ology), the science of the atmosphere ... - METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
observatory, a scientific and technical institution in which meteorological observations and studies of the meteorological regime are carried out on the territory of a region, territory, republic, country. Some … - SPACE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from space and Greek nautike the art of navigation, ship navigation), flights in outer space; a set of branches of science and technology that ensure the development of ... - EVAPORATOR (IN METEOROLOGY) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
evaporometer (in meteorology), a device for measuring evaporation from the surface of water bodies and soil. To measure evaporation from the surface of water bodies in the USSR ... - ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLITES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Earth satellites (AES), spacecraft launched into orbits around the Earth and designed to solve scientific and applied problems. Launch... - POPULATION DYNAMICS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
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station, an institution conducting meteorological and hydrological observations on the state of the weather, the regime of the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and swamps. Depending… - BIOLOGY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from bio... and...logy), the totality of the sciences of wildlife. The subject of study of B. is all manifestations of life: structure and ... - AEROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
devices, devices for measurements in the free atmosphere at various altitudes of temperature, pressure and air humidity, as well as solar radiation, altitude ... - ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
economic activity of socialist enterprises (economic analysis of the work of enterprises), a comprehensive study of the economic activity of enterprises and their associations in order to increase it ... - KHARKOV PROVINCE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
I is between 48°W1" and 51°16"N. sh. and between 33°50" and 39°50"E. d.; it is elongated with ... - PHYSICAL OBSERVATORY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
by its name, a "physical" observatory should have as its goal all kinds of physical observations, among which meteorological observations would constitute only one ...
Long-term and annual patterns of distribution of precipitation, air temperature, humidity. Climatic (meteorological) factors largely determine the features of the groundwater regime. Groundwater is significantly affected by air temperature, precipitation, evaporation, as well as a lack of air humidity and atmospheric pressure. In their totality of impact, they determine the size and timing of groundwater recharge and give their regime characteristic features.
Under climate in meteorology understand a regular change in atmospheric processes resulting from the complex effects of solar radiation on the earth's surface and atmosphere. The main indicators of climate can be considered:
Radiation balance of the Earth;
Atmospheric circulation processes;
The nature of the underlying surface.
cosmogenic factors. Climate change largely depends on the magnitude solar radiation, it determines not only the heat balance of the Earth but also the distribution of other meteorological elements. The annual amounts of heat radiation falling on the territory of Central Asia and Kazakhstan range from 9,000 to 12,000 thousand kcal.
M.S. Eigenson (1957), N.S. Tokarev (1950), V.A. Korobeinikov (1959) note a regular connection between groundwater level fluctuations and changes in solar energy. At the same time, 4, 7, 11-year cycles are established. M.S. Eigenson notes, on average, once every 11 years, the number of spots (and flares) reaches its maximum number. After this epoch of maximum, it decreases relatively slowly in order to reach its minimum value in about 7 years. After the epoch of the 11-year cyclic minimum is reached, the number of sunspots naturally increases again, namely, on average, 4 years after the minimum, the next maximum of the 11-year cycle is again observed, etc.
A mass correlation analysis of the groundwater regime with different solar activity indices showed generally low correlations. Only occasionally does the coefficient of this connection reach 0.69. Relatively better connections are established with the Sun's geomagnetic disturbance index.
Many researchers have established long-term patterns atmospheric circulation. They distinguish two main forms of heat and moisture transfer: zonal and meridional. In this case, the meridional transfer is determined by the presence of an air temperature gradient between the equator and the pole, and the zonal transfer is determined by the temperature gradient between the ocean and the mainland. In particular, it is noted that the amount of precipitation increases for the European part of the CIS, Kazakhstan and Central Asia with the western type of circulation, which ensures the influx of moisture from the Atlantic, and decreases compared to the norm with the eastern type of circulation.
Paleogeographic data show that throughout the life of the Earth, climatic conditions have undergone repeated and significant changes. Climate change occurs as a result of many reasons: displacement of the axis of rotation and displacement of the Earth's poles, changes in solar activity in the past geological time, transparency of the atmosphere, etc. One of the serious reasons for its change are also major tectonic and exogenous processes that change the shape (relief) of the earth's surface .
Air temperature. Three temperature provinces can be distinguished on the territory of the CIS.
The first is a province with a negative average annual temperature. It occupies a significant part of the Asian territory. There is a wide development of permafrost rocks here (water is in a solid state and forms temporary flows only in the warm summer period).
The second province is characterized by a positive average annual air temperature and the presence of seasonally frozen soil in winter (the European part, the south of Western Siberia, Primorye, Kazakhstan and part of the territory of Central Asia). During the period of soil freezing, the supply of groundwater due to precipitation stops, while their runoff is still taking place.
The third province has a positive air temperature during the coldest period of the year. It covers the south of the European part of the CIS, the Black Sea coast, Transcaucasia, the south of the Turkmen and part of the Uzbek Republic, as well as Tajikistan (food takes place throughout the year).
Short-term temperature rises in winter, creating thaws, cause sharp rises in the level and an increase in the flow of groundwater.
A change in air temperature does not affect groundwater directly, but through the rocks of the aeration zone and the waters of this zone.
The mechanism of the impact of air temperature on the groundwater regime is very diverse and complex. Observations established regular rhythmic temperature fluctuations, the amplitude of which gradually decreases. The maximum groundwater temperature gradually decreases with depth to a zone of constant temperatures. The minimum temperature, on the contrary, increases with depth. The depth of occurrence of the belt of constant temperatures depends on the lithological composition of the rocks (aeration zone) and the depth of groundwater.
Precipitation are one of the most important regime-forming factors. It is known that atmospheric precipitation is spent on surface and slope runoff, evaporation and infiltration (they feed groundwater).
The amount of surface runoff depends on climatic and other conditions and ranges from a few percent to half of the annual amount of precipitation (in some cases even higher).
The most difficult value to determine evaporation , which also depends on a large number of different factors (deficiency of air humidity, nature of vegetation, wind strength, lithological composition, condition and color of the soil, and many others).
Of the part of atmospheric precipitation that penetrates into the aeration zone, a part does not reach the groundwater surface, but is spent on physical evaporation and transpiration by plants.
Lysimetric studies (Gordeev, 1959) obtained data on lysimeters laid at different depths:
A.V.Lebedev (1954, 1959) by calculation established the dependence of the value of groundwater recharge or infiltration and evaporation on the thickness of the aeration zone. The infiltration data characterize the period of maximum nutrition (spring), and the evaporation data characterize the minimum (summer).
Water infiltration in the aeration zone depends on the intensity of rain, lack of saturation and total water loss, filtration coefficient and reaches the greatest depth with longer sprinkling. The cessation of rain slows down the process of water advancement, in such cases, the formation of a “perched water” is possible.
Thus, the best conditions for groundwater recharge exist at shallow depths, mainly in spring during snowmelt and in autumn during prolonged precipitation.
The impact of precipitation on groundwater causes changes in reserves, chemical composition and temperature.
A few words about the snow cover, which is about 10 cm in the south, 80-100 cm in the north and 100-120 cm in the Far North, Kamchatka. The presence of water reserves in the snow does not yet indicate the magnitude of groundwater recharge. A significant role here is played by the thickness of the seasonally freezing layer and the duration of its thawing, the amount of evaporation and the dissection of the relief.
Evaporation. The amount of evaporation depends on a very large number of factors (air humidity, wind, air temperature, radiation, unevenness and color of the earth's surface, as well as the presence of vegetation, etc.).
In the aeration zone, both water coming from the surface as a result of infiltration and water from the capillary fringe evaporate. As a result of evaporation, water that has not yet reached groundwater is removed, and the amount of their supply decreases.
The influence of evaporation on the chemical composition of water is a complex process. The composition of water as a result of evaporation (in the arid zone) does not change, since water leaves salts during evaporation at the level of the capillary border. With subsequent infiltration, groundwater is enriched with the most easily soluble salts, their total mineralization and the content of individual components increase.
The greater the power of the aeration zone, the less evaporation (with depth). At a depth of more than 4-5 m in porous or slightly fractured rocks, evaporation becomes very small. Below this depth (up to 40 m and more), the evaporation process is almost constant (0.45-0.5 mm per year). With depth, the amplitude of fluctuations in the groundwater level attenuates, which can be explained by the dispersal of the feeding process in time and its balancing by groundwater flow.
In the Moscow region, with a sandy composition of the aeration zone and groundwater depths of 2–3 m on average, summer precipitation reaches groundwater only when rainfall is above 40 mm or during prolonged drizzling rain.
Atmosphere pressure. An increase in atmospheric pressure leads to a decrease in water levels in wells and flow rates of sources, and a decrease, on the contrary, to their decrease.
The ratio of groundwater level changes Δh caused by a corresponding change in atmospheric pressure Δp is called the barometric efficiency (Jacob, 1940).
Parameter B, equal to
Where γ is the density of water (equal to 1 g / cm 3 for fresh water),
characterizes the elastic and filtration properties of the horizon, as well as the degree of its isolation from the atmosphere (B=0.3-0.8).
A change in atmospheric pressure can cause a change in the level of groundwater up to 20-30 cm. In addition, gusts of wind, creating a rarefaction of atmospheric pressure, can lead to a rise in the level of up to 5 cm.
The regime-forming climatic factors discussed above do not exhaust the list of numerous natural processes that affect the groundwater regime.
Main: 3
Extras: 6
Test questions:
What is climate?
2. What are the three main indicators of climate?
3. List meteorological (climatic) regime-forming factors.
4. What is the impact of cosmogenic factors on the groundwater regime?
5. What are the long-term patterns atmospheric circulation, What are the main forms of heat and moisture transfer?
6. Give a description of the temperature provinces in the CIS.
7. What determines the depth of the belt of constant groundwater temperatures?
8. Impact of precipitation on groundwater.
9. Influence of evaporation on the chemical composition of water.
10. What determines the amount of groundwater recharge or infiltration and evaporation?
11. How does the water level in wells and the flow rate of sources change depending on atmospheric pressure?
12. What parameter is called barometric efficiency and what properties of the groundwater horizon does it characterize?
13. Can a change in atmospheric pressure cause a change in the level of groundwater?
Similar information.
RESEARCH OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN PRODUCTION AND TRAINING ROOMS
Meteorological factors of the working area
The normal well-being of a person at the enterprise and at home primarily depends on meteorological conditions (microclimate). The microclimate is a set of physical factors of the production environment (temperature, humidity and air velocity, atmospheric pressure and intensity of thermal radiation), which comprehensively affect the thermal state of the body.
Atmospheric air is a mixture of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, about 1% argon, carbon dioxide and other gases in small concentrations, as well as water in all phase states. Reducing the oxygen content to 13% makes it difficult to breathe, can lead to loss of consciousness and death, high oxygen levels can cause harmful oxidative reactions in the body.
Man is constantly in the process of thermal interaction with the environment. The body constantly produces heat, and its excess is released into the surrounding air. At rest, a person loses about 7,120 kJ per day, when doing light work - 10,470 kJ, when doing moderate work - 16,760 kJ, when performing heavy physical work, energy losses are 25,140 - 33,520 kJ. The release of heat occurs mainly through the skin (up to 85%) by convection, and also as a result of evaporation of sweat from the surface of the skin.
Due to thermoregulation, the body temperature remains constant - 36.65 ° C, which is the most important indicator of normal well-being. A change in ambient temperature leads to changes in the nature of heat transfer. At an ambient temperature of 15 - 25 ° C, the human body produces a constant amount of heat (rest zone). With an increase in air temperature to 28 ° C, normal mental activity is complicated, the attention and resistance of the body to various harmful influences are weakened, and working capacity drops by a third. At temperatures above 33°C, the release of heat from the body occurs only due to the evaporation of sweat (I phase of overheating). Losses can be up to 10 liters per shift. Together with sweat, vitamins are excreted from the body, which disrupts vitamin metabolism.
Dehydration leads to a sharp decrease in the volume of blood plasma, which loses twice as much water as other tissues and becomes more viscous. Additionally, salt chlorides up to 20-50 g per shift leave the blood with water, blood plasma loses its ability to retain water. Compensate for the loss of chlorides in the body by taking salted water at the rate of 0.5 - 1.0 g / l. Under unfavorable conditions of heat exchange, when less heat is given off than is generated in the process of labor, a person may experience phase II of overheating of the body - heat stroke.
With a decrease in ambient temperature, the blood vessels of the skin narrow, blood flow to the surface of the body slows down, and heat transfer decreases. Strong cooling leads to frostbite of the skin. A decrease in body temperature to 35 ° C causes pain, when it drops below 34 ° C, loss of consciousness and death occurs.
Sanitary norms and rules (SN) set the optimal microclimatic conditions of the production environment: 19 - 21 ° C for computer equipment rooms; 17 - 20 ° С for classrooms, classrooms, auditoriums and a sports hall; 16 - 18°C for training workshops, lobby, cloakroom and library. Relative air humidity is taken as a norm of 40 - 60%, in warm weather up to 75%, in classes of computer equipment 55 - 62%. The speed of air movement should be within 0.1 - 0.5 m / s, and in the warm season 0.5 - 1.5 m / s and 0.1 - 0.2 m / s for rooms with computer equipment.
Human life can take place in a wide pressure range of 73.4 - 126.7 kPa (550 - 950 mm Hg), however, the most comfortable state of health occurs under normal conditions (101.3 kPa, 760 mm Hg. Art.). ). A change in pressure of several hundred Pa from the normal value causes pain. Also, a rapid change in pressure is dangerous for human health.