Which corresponds to the characteristics of the main climatic zone. Brief description of the climatic zones of the earth. Brief overview of transitional natural zones

03.05.2020

Climate- the long-term weather regime characteristic of the area. The climate, unlike the weather, is characterized by stability. It is characterized not only by meteorological elements, but also by the frequency of phenomena, the deadlines for their onset, and the values of all characteristics.

It is possible to identify the main groups of climate-forming factors :

geographical latitude of a place , since the angle of inclination of the sun's rays depends on it, which means the amount of heat;
atmospheric circulation - prevailing winds bring certain air masses;
ocean currents ;
absolute altitude of the place (temperature decreases with altitude)
distance from the ocean - on the coasts, as a rule, less sharp temperature changes (day and night, seasons of the year); more precipitation;
relief(mountain ranges can trap air masses: if a moist air mass meets mountains on its way, it rises, cools, moisture condenses and precipitation falls);
solar radiation (the main source of energy for all processes).

The climate, like all meteorological elements, is zonal. Allocate:

7 major climatic zones - equatorial, two tropical, temperate, polar,
6 transitional - by two subequatorial, subtropical, subpolar.

The classification of climatic zones is based on types of air masses and their movement . In the main belts, one type of air mass dominates throughout the year; in transitional belts, the types of air masses change depending on the season and the displacement of atmospheric pressure zones.

air masses

air masses- large volumes of air in the troposphere, which have more or less the same properties (temperature, humidity, dust content, etc.). The properties of air masses are determined by the territory or water area over which they form.

Characteristics zonal air masses: equatorial– warm and humid; tropical- warm, dry; moderate- less warm, more humid than tropical, seasonal differences are characteristic; arctic and Antarctic- cold and dry.

Within the main (zonal) types of VMs, there are subtypes - continental(forming over the mainland) and oceanic(forming over the ocean). An air mass is characterized by a general direction of movement, but within this volume of air there can be different winds. The properties of air masses change. Thus, marine temperate air masses, carried by western winds to the territory of Eurasia, gradually warm up (or cool down) when moving to the east, lose moisture and turn into temperate continental air.

Climatic zones

equatorial belt characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high air temperatures, a large amount of precipitation.

tropical belts characterize high atmospheric pressure, dry and warm air, low precipitation; winter is colder than summer, trade winds.

temperate zones characterized by moderate air temperatures, western transfers, uneven distribution of precipitation throughout the year, pronounced seasons.

Arctic (Antarctic) belt characterized by low average annual temperature and humidity, constant snow cover.

AT subequatorial belt in summer equatorial air masses come, summer is hot and dry. In winter, tropical air masses come, so it is warm and dry.

AT subtropical zone tropical air in summer (hot and dry) and temperate in winter (cool and humid).

AT subarctic belt in summer temperate air dominates (warmth, a lot of precipitation), in winter - arctic air, making it harsh and dry.

climatic regions

Climatic zones change from the equator to the poles, as the angle of incidence of the sun's rays changes. This, in turn, determines the law of zoning, i.e., the change in the components of nature from the equator to the poles. Within the climatic zones there are climatic regions- a part of the climatic zone with a certain type of climate. Climatic regions arise as a result of the influence of various climate-forming factors (peculiarities of atmospheric circulation, the influence of ocean currents, etc.). For example, in temperate climate zone The northern hemisphere is divided into areas of continental, temperate continental, maritime and monsoon climates.

Nautical The climate has high humidity, a large amount of annual precipitation, and small temperature amplitudes. Continental- little precipitation, significant temperature range, pronounced seasons. monsoonal characterizes the influence of monsoons, wet summers, dry winters.

The role of climate.

The climate has a great influence on many important branches of economic activity and human life. It is especially important to take into account the climatic features of the territory when organizing agricultural production . Agricultural crops can produce high sustainable yields only if they are placed in accordance with the climatic conditions of the territory.

All types modern transport are highly dependent on climatic conditions. Storms, hurricanes and fogs, drifting ice make navigation difficult. Thunderstorms and fogs make it difficult, and sometimes even become an insurmountable obstacle for aviation. Therefore, the safety of the movement of sea and air ships is largely ensured by weather forecasts. For the uninterrupted movement of railway trains in winter, one has to deal with snow drifts. For this, forest belts have been planted along all the country's railways. The movement of vehicles is hindered by fog and ice on the roads.

Definition 1

climate zone- This is a latitudinal strip on the surface of the Earth, with a relatively uniform climate.

Climatic zones differ from each other air temperature and dominating air masses. In accordance with their properties, the main features of the climate are determined. Change of climatic zones on the planet occurs zonal, i.e. from equator to the poles. The classification of climatic zones, which is used in Russia and in most countries of the world, was created by a Soviet climatologist B.P. Alisov in $1956$. He singles out basic and transitional climatic zones.

There are seven main climatic zones:

equatorial belt;
Two tropical belts;
Two temperate belts;
Two polar belts arctic and antarctic.

In these climatic zones, only air masses dominate during the year, with the same names.

Equatorial climate zone located on both sides of the equator. The territory and water area of the belt receives a large amount of heat during the year, and the average monthly temperatures are $24$-$28$ degrees. On land, the radiation balance reaches $90$ kcal/cm2. in year. The annual precipitation is up to $3000$ mm per year, and on the windward slopes - up to $10,000$ mm. Humidification is excessive here, because the amount of precipitation is much greater than evaporation.

Tropical climate zones. One tropical belt is located in Northern hemisphere of the planet, the second - in Southern hemisphere. Tropical belts cross all continents except Antarctica and are well expressed in the oceans between the $20$ and $30$ parallels of both hemispheres. The climate of the tropics is influenced by tropical air masses, with their characteristic high atmospheric pressure and anticyclonic circulation. During the year there is very little cloudiness, relative humidity and annual precipitation. The prevailing winds are trade winds. Summer average monthly air temperatures are + $30$-$35$ degrees, winter temperatures are not lower than +$10$ degrees. Daily and annual amplitudes are quite high. Annual precipitation is from $50$-$200$ mm. The exception is the eastern outskirts of the continents, and on the islands the windward slopes of the mountains receive up to $2000$ mm or more. For example, in the Hawaiian Islands about $13,000 mm falls. On the western coasts of the continents, the climate will be cooler due to cold ocean currents. There will be higher air humidity, an even temperature course and frequent fogs.

temperate climatic zones. One temperate zone is located in Northern hemisphere, between $40$ and $65$ parallel, the other - in Southern between $42$ and $58$ parallel. These are the largest climatic zones in terms of area. One of the differences between these belts is that in the Northern Hemisphere, the belt occupies more than half sushi, while in the Southern Hemisphere, the opposite is true. There $98\%$ falls on ocean. In temperate zones, there is a clear seasonality of the climate. It is expressed in a large difference between summer and winter temperatures. Moreover, in the Northern Hemisphere, the annual and daily amplitude is much higher than in the Southern. The western transport of air masses of temperate latitudes dominates here, and intense cyclonic activity is observed. To the margins of the continents, the amount of precipitation increases, and the annual amount is $800$-$2000$ mm. On the windward oceanic slopes, their number increases and reaches $5000$-$8000$ mm.

Polar climate zones(Arctic and Antarctic). in the northern hemisphere arctic the belt begins north of the $70$ parallel, and Antarctic south of the $65$ parallel. Both belts are characterized by polar nights and polar days. Eternal ice and snow radiate a huge amount of solar heat, which is the cause of very cold air. Atmospheric pressure is high all year round and easterly winds prevail. Located in Antarctica cold pole planets. In summer, the average air temperature is $30$ degrees, and in winter - $70$. At the Russian polar station East» The temperature drops to -$88.3$ degrees. On the Antarctic coast, average monthly summer temperatures range from -$1$ to -$5$ degrees, and winter temperatures from -$18$ to -$20$ degrees. over the Greenland ice sheet Arctic climatic conditions are similar, but milder. In the Atlantic regions Arctic and up to the Pole, the summer temperature is about $0$ degrees, and with warm air intrusion, it rises to +$5$. Average winter temperatures are around - $20$ degrees. American the Arctic sector is more severe with temperatures of -$50 degrees in winter and -$10 degrees in summer. Most of the precipitation falls on European sector of the Arctic, where $300-$350 mm falls, and in Asian and American sector from $160$-$250$ mm.

Transitional climatic zones.

Between the main climatic zones are zones transitional belts. They are $6$ and are characterized by a seasonal change in the prevailing air masses, i.e. In summer, one air mass dominates there, and in winter, another. The prefix " sub", which in Latin means " under”, i.e., a belt located under the main.

Transition belts include:

Two subequatorial belts;
Two subtropical belts;
Subarctic belt;
Subantarctic belt.

Subequatorial climate zone. These belts are located south and north of the equatorial. As a result of the shift of climatic zones according to the seasons of the year, humid equatorial air comes here in summer, and dry tropical air comes in winter. Summer for subequatorial belts will be wet, a winter is dry. Despite this, the average annual precipitation is excessive and reaches $1500$ mm per year. On the slopes of the mountains, precipitation is even more - $6,000-$10,000 mm per year. The difference between summer and winter temperatures is small, but the difference with the equatorial belt is felt. Summer temperatures range from $22$-$30$ degrees. In addition to the oceans, the subequatorial belt passes through South America, Central Africa, Hindustan, Indochina, and North Australia.

Subtropical climatic zones. They are located within $30$-$40$ degrees of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. From the south, the subtropics border on the tropical zone, and on the north with the temperate zone in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, north of the subtropics is the tropical zone, and the temperate zone to the south. Thermal regimes alternate in half a year - a moderate regime is observed in winter, and a tropical regime in summer. Frosts are already possible for the subtropics. Within the ocean belts are characterized by high temperature and high salinity of water.

Subarctic climate zone. This transitional belt is closest to North Pole Earth. Moderate and arctic air masses alternate during the year. The belt occupies northern Canada, Alaska, the southern tip of Greenland, northern Iceland and the Scandinavian Peninsula. Within Russia, it passes through the northern part of Western and Central Siberia, as well as the Far East.

Subantarctic climate zone. Located in the Southern Hemisphere, this belt occupies a number of Antarctic islands and the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. The belt is characterized by a short summer with temperatures below + $20$ degrees. Cold air masses in winter reduce the temperature to negative values. And it stays below freezing most of the year. The same is true for the subarctic zone. There are few precipitations and they are reduced from $500$-$250$ mm and below.

climate-forming factors

The formation of the planet's climate is greatly influenced by external and internal factors. Most of the external factors affect the total amount of incoming solar radiation, its distribution over the seasons of the year, across the hemispheres and continents.

External factors include the parameters of the earth's orbit and the earth's axis:

Distance between Sun and Earth. It determines the amount of solar energy received;
The inclination of the rotation of the earth's axis to the plane of the orbit, which determines seasonal changes;
The eccentricity of the Earth's orbit. Influences heat distribution and seasonal changes.

Internal factors include:

The configuration of the oceans and continents and their relative position;
The presence of active volcanoes that can change the climate up to the volcanic winter;
Albedo of the Earth's atmosphere and its surface;
Air masses;
The proximity of oceans and seas that moderate the climate, with the exception of cold currents in them;
The nature of the underlying surface;
Human economic activity;
Heat flows of the planet.

Climatic zones are continuous or discontinuous regions that are parallel to the latitudes of the planet. Between themselves, they differ in the circulation of air currents and the amount of solar energy. The terrain, proximity to or are also important climate-forming factors.

According to the classification of the Soviet climatologist B.P. Alisov, there are seven main types of Earth's climate: equatorial, two tropical, two temperate and two polar (one each in the hemispheres). In addition, Alisov identified six intermediate belts, three in each hemisphere: two subequatorial, two subtropical, as well as subarctic and subantarctic.

Arctic and Antarctic climate zone

Arctic and Antarctic climate zone on the world map

The polar region adjacent to the North Pole is called the Arctic. It includes the territory of the Arctic Ocean, margins and Eurasia. The belt is represented by icy and, which are characterized by long severe winters. The maximum summer temperature is +5°C. Arctic ice affects the climate of the Earth as a whole, preventing it from overheating.

The Antarctic belt is located in the very south of the planet. Nearby islands are also under his influence. The cold pole is located on the mainland, so winter temperatures average -60°C. Summer figures do not rise above -20°C. The territory is located in the Arctic desert zone. The mainland is almost completely covered with ice. Land areas are found only in the coastal zone.

Subarctic and Subantarctic climate zone

Subarctic and Subantarctic climate zone on the world map

The subarctic zone includes Northern Canada, the south of Greenland, Alaska, the north of Scandinavia, the northern regions of Siberia and the Far East. The average winter temperature is -30°C. With the advent of a short summer, the mark rises to +20°C. In the north of this climatic zone dominates, which is characterized by high humidity, swampiness and frequent winds. The south is located in the forest-tundra zone. The soil has time to warm up during the summer, so bushes and woodlands grow here.

Within the subantarctic belt are the islands of the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. The zone is subject to the seasonal influence of air masses. In winter, arctic air dominates here, and in summer masses come from the temperate zone. The average temperature in winter is -15°C. Storms, fogs and snowfalls often occur on the islands. In the cold season, the entire water area is occupied by ice, but with the onset of summer, they melt. Warm months average -2°C. The climate can hardly be called favorable. The flora is represented by algae, lichens, mosses and herbs.

temperate climate zone

Temperate climate zone on the world map

In the temperate zone lies a quarter of the entire surface of the planet: North America, and. Its main feature is a clear expression of the seasons of the year. The prevailing air masses give high humidity and low pressure. The average winter temperature is 0°C. In summer, the mark rises above fifteen degrees. Cyclones prevailing in the northern part of the zone provoke snow and rain. Most of the precipitation falls as summer rain.

Territories deep into the continents are prone to droughts. represented by an alternation of forests and arid regions. It grows in the north, the flora of which is adapted to low temperatures and high humidity. Gradually it is replaced by a zone of mixed broad-leaved forests. The strip of steppes in the south encircles all the continents. The zone of semi-deserts and deserts covers the western part of North America and Asia.

Temperate climates are subdivided into the following subtypes:

nautical;
temperate continental;
sharply continental;
monsoon.

Subtropical climate zone

Subtropical climate zone on the world map

In the subtropical zone there is a part of the Black Sea coast, the southwest and, the south of the North and. In winter, the territories are influenced by air moving from the temperate zone. The thermometer rarely drops below zero. In summer, the climate zone is affected by subtropical cyclones, which warm the earth well. Humid air prevails in the eastern part of the continents. There are long summers and mild winters without frost. The western coasts are characterized by dry summers and warm winters.

Temperatures are much higher in the interior regions of the climate zone. The weather is almost always clear. Most of the precipitation falls during the cold period, when the air masses shift to the side. On the coasts, hard-leaved forests grow with an undergrowth of evergreen shrubs. In the northern hemisphere, they are replaced by a zone of subtropical steppes, smoothly flowing into the desert. In the southern hemisphere, the steppes turn into broad-leaved and deciduous forests. Mountain areas are represented by forest-meadow zones.

In the subtropical climate zone, the following climate subtypes are distinguished:

subtropical oceanic climate and Mediterranean climate;
subtropical inland climate;
subtropical monsoon climate;
climate of high subtropical highlands.

Tropical climate zone

Tropical climate zone on the world map

The tropical climate zone covers separate territories in everything except Antarctica. An area of high pressure dominates the oceans all year round. Because of this, there is little rainfall in the climate zone. Summer temperatures in both hemispheres exceed +35°C. Average winter temperatures are +10°C. The average daily temperature fluctuation is felt in the interior of the continents.

Most of the time the weather is clear and dry. Most of the precipitation occurs during the winter months. Significant temperature fluctuations provoke dust storms. On the coasts, the climate is much milder: winters are warm, and summers are mild and humid. Strong winds are practically absent, precipitation falls in the calendar summer. The dominant natural areas are tropical forests, deserts and semi-deserts.

The tropical climate zone includes the following climate subtypes:

trade wind climate;
tropical dry climate;
tropical monsoon climate;
monsoon climate on tropical plateaus.

Subequatorial climate zone

Subequatorial climatic zone on the world map

The subequatorial climatic zone affects both hemispheres of the Earth. In summer, the zone is influenced by equatorial wet winds. In winter, the trade winds dominate. The average annual temperature is +28°C. Daily temperature fluctuations are insignificant. Most of the precipitation falls during the warm season under the influence of the summer monsoons. The closer to the equator, the more abundant it rains. In summer, most rivers overflow their banks, and in winter they dry up completely.

The flora is represented by monsoon mixed forests and light forests. The foliage on the trees turns yellow and falls during the drought period. With the arrival of rains, it is restored. In the open spaces of the savannas, cereals and herbs grow. The plant world adapted to periods of rain and drought. Some remote forest areas have not yet been studied by man.

Equatorial climate zone

Equatorial climate zone on the world map

The belt is located on both sides of the equator. The constant flow of solar radiation creates a hot climate. Weather conditions are affected by air masses coming from the equator. The difference between winter and summer temperatures is only 3°C. Unlike other climatic zones, the equatorial climate remains virtually unchanged throughout the year. Temperatures do not fall below +27°C. Due to heavy rainfall, high humidity, fogs and clouds are formed. Strong winds are practically absent, which favorably affects the flora.

The amount of solar radiation decreases from the equator to the poles, and air masses form along thermal zones, i.e. depending on latitude. The latitude also determines the climatic zone - vast territories within which the main climate indicators practically do not change. Climatic zones were determined by the Russian climatologist B.P. Alisov. Their definition is based on the dominant types of air masses, from which the climatic zones got their name.

Climatic zones are divided into basic and transitional. Where the influence of one type of air masses prevails throughout the year, the main climatic zones have formed. There are only seven of them: equatorial, two tropical, two temperate, arctic and antarctic. The seven main climatic zones correspond to four types of air masses.

The equatorial climatic zone is dominated by low atmospheric pressure and equatorial air masses. The sun here is high above the horizon, which contributes to high air temperatures, and due to the predominance of ascending air currents and the influence of moist oceanic air masses that come with the trade winds, a lot (1000-3500 mm) of precipitation falls in this belt.

In tropical zones dominated by tropical air masses, high pressure and low air masses. Tropical air masses are always dry, because the air that comes from the equator in the tropics at an altitude of 10-12 km already contains little moisture. As it descends, it heats up and becomes even drier. Therefore, it does not rain often here. The air temperature is high. Such climatic conditions contributed to the creation of zones of tropical deserts and semi-deserts here.

The temperate climate zone is influenced by westerly winds and moderate air masses. There are clearly defined four seasons. The amount of precipitation depends on the remoteness of the territories from the ocean. Thus, most precipitation falls in the western part of Eurasia. They are brought by westerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean. The farther to the east, the less precipitation, i.e., the continentality of the climate increases. In the far east, under the influence of the ocean, the amount of precipitation increases again.

The Arctic and Antarctic climatic zones are areas of high pressure that are influenced by katabatic winds. The air temperature rarely rises above 0⁰С. Climatic conditions in both belts are very similar - it is always cold and dry here. Precipitation is less than 200 mm for the whole year.

Territories where air masses change seasonally twice a year are classified as transitional climatic zones. The prefix “sub” appears in the names of transitional zones, which means “under”, i.e. under the main belt. Transitional climatic zones are located between the main zones. There are only six of them: two subequatorial, two subtropical, subarctic and subantarctic.

So, the subarctic zone is located between the arctic and temperate, the subtropical - between the temperate and tropical, the subequatorial - between the tropical and equatorial zones. In transitional zones, the weather is determined by air masses that come from neighboring main belts and change with the seasons. So, for example, the climate of the subtropical zone in summer is similar to the climate of the tropical zone, and in winter - to the climate of the temperate zone. And the climate of the subequatorial belt in summer has signs of an equatorial climate, and in winter - a tropical climate. In the subarctic zone, moderate air masses determine the weather in summer, and arctic ones in summer.

Thus, climatic zones are located in zones and this is due to the influence of solar radiation. Thus, the type of climate on Earth varies zonal. Under the type of climate is understood a constant set of climatic indicators characteristic of a certain period of time and a certain territory. But the earth's surface is not uniform, therefore, different types of climate can form inside the climatic zones.

The boundaries of climatic zones do not always coincide with the direction of the parallels. And in some places they deviate significantly to the north or south. This is primarily due to the nature of the underlying surface. Therefore, within the same climatic zone, different types of climate can form. They differ from each other in the amount of precipitation, the seasonality of their distribution, and the annual amplitudes of temperature fluctuations. For example, in the temperate zone of Eurasia, maritime, continental and monsoon climates are distinguished. Therefore, individual climatic zones are also subdivided into climatic regions.

Thus, 13 climatic zones are conditionally distinguished on Earth: 7 of them are main and 6 are transitional. The definition of climatic zones is based on the air masses prevailing in the region throughout the year. Separate climatic zones (temperate, subtropical, tropical) are also divided into climatic regions. Climatic regions are formed under the influence of the underlying surface within the boundaries of one climatic zone.

On the climate (and, therefore, climate zone) have an impact and form it, depending on geographical conditions, climate-forming factors. These include: the amount of solar radiation reaching a certain surface of the Earth; atmospheric circulation processes; biomass volumes. These climate-determining factors can vary considerably depending on the geographic latitude of the area. It is latitude that determines at what angle sunlight falls on the surface of the globe and, accordingly, how intensely the surface located at different distances from the equator will warm up.

The thermal regime of a certain area depends to a large extent on its proximity to the oceans, which act as heat accumulators. On the land surfaces bordering the oceans, there is more mild climate climate zone compared to the climate in the depths of the continents. Daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations near large volumes of water are more gradual than in continental climates closer to the center of the continents. There is more rainfall here and the sky is often covered with clouds. On the contrary, the continental climate is characterized by sharp temperature changes and less rainfall.

Ocean-related phenomena such as sea currents are also the most important factor in determining the weather on Earth. Carrying warm masses of water around the continents, they warm the atmospheric air, bring cyclones with a large amount of precipitation. How dramatically the current can affect nature can be seen on the example of the North Atlantic Current. In those areas that fall into his zone of influence, dense forests grow. And in Greenland, located in the same latitudes, there is only a thick layer of ice.

It has no less influence on the climate and relief (which also affects the formation of the climatic zone). Everyone knows the footage of climbers climbing the mountains, who, starting from green meadows at the foot of the mountain, stand on snow-capped peaks a few days later. This happens due to the fact that with every kilometer above sea level, the ambient temperature drops by 5-6 °C. In addition, mountain systems prevent the movement of both warm and cold air masses. Often the climate on one and the other side of the mountain range can differ significantly. A striking example of this is the difference in air temperature and humidity in Sochi and Stavropol, located on opposite sides of the Caucasus Mountains.

In order to properly define the term climate zone» You need to distinguish between terms such as weather and climate.

Weather is the state of the troposphere at a certain time in a particular area. And the climate is considered to be the average well-established weather regime. What climate zone What are its varieties?

Climatic zone and its properties.

climate zone It is customary to call the latitudinal band, which differs from other bands by the circulation of the atmosphere, as well as by the intensity of heating of the Sun.

In total, there are 7 varieties on the planet climatic zones c, which in turn are divided into main and transitional belts. The category of main belts is also commonly called permanent.

Permanent and transitional climatic zones.

The permanent (main) is called climate zone, in which one air mass dominates throughout the year. The main types of belts include: temperate, tropical, equatorial and arctic.

Transitional zones are characterized by a change in air masses, that is, it is hot in summer and colder in winter. Allocate subarctic, subtropical and subequatorial belts.

Equatorial climate zone.

This subtype of the main climate zone located at the equator. This is a one-of-a-kind belt that is divided into several parts. During the year it is under the influence of the equatorial air mass.

The main features of the equatorial belt:

high humidity;
high precipitation (up to 7 thousand mm per year);
high temperature (from 20 ° C and above).

The natural area of this climate zone moist forests are considered to be filled with various poisonous plants and animals.

In this belt is the Amazonian lowland, equatorial Africa, as well as the Greater Sunda Islands.

Subequatorial climatic zone.

This subtype of transitional climate zone located between the equatorial and tropical zones. Consequently, 2 air masses change on its territory during the year.

In the subequatorial zone there is Northern Australia, the north of South America, the Hindustan Peninsula, Southeast Asia.

Tropical and subtropical zones.

The tropical zone is characteristic of tropical latitudes. Weather in the tropics depends on the height of the sun above the horizon. For tropical climate zone characterized by sharp temperature changes - from hot to cold.

This is considered the main reason why the world of flora and fauna is very poor. North Africa, Mexico and the Caribbean Islands are in this subspecies of permanent belts.

The subtropical zone is located in the middle of the temperate and tropical zones. It is customary to distinguish between the northern and southern subtropical belts. In summer, tropical heat prevails here, which is characterized by dryness, and cold air mass reigns in winter.

The climate zone characteristic of the Great China Plain, North Africa, North America and southern Japan.

temperate climate zone.

A distinctive feature of the temperate zone is the ability of temperature to change seasonally. For such climate zone negative temperature.

A significant part of Europe, Great Britain, Russia, Canada and the north of the USA are located in temperate latitudes.