This week, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko signed a law on a moratorium on the payment of the country's foreign debts. This law allows Kyiv to freeze payments at any time due to the difficult economic situation in the country. However, a demonstrative refusal to pay, as history shows, does any country more harm than good, even with all the adjustments for circumstances. A classic example of this is the decision of Soviet Russia not to return imperial debts. The win turned out to be extremely doubtful and had an extremely negative impact on the history of the country in the medium term.

In early 1918, the Bolsheviks who seized power in St. Petersburg and Moscow found themselves in a dilemma. On the one hand, the ideological position demanded both "peace without annexations and indemnities" and non-recognition of debts to the capitalist system, and the financial and economic situation in the revolutionary country was difficult. On the other hand, spoiling relations with the Entente without strengthening its position within the country was fraught with danger. As a result, the Bolshevik government nevertheless decided to take a risk, and on February 3 a decree was issued to cancel all internal and external public debt. The latter included almost 18.5 billion rubles in gold, of which more than half were recruited during the First World War.

Photo: Mary Evans Picture Library / Global Look

The reaction of the Entente was predictable. Especially considering that a month later the Bolsheviks signed a separate peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary. All economic relations with Soviet Russia were interrupted, and the allies relied on the whites. Assistance was limited, but serious problems arose for the Soviet government. The result was a severe and destructive civil war for the country and mass famine.

I forgive everyone

Russia found itself in a blockade, from which it was necessary to somehow get out. Moreover, the former allies also realized that the communist regime was established for a long time and, therefore, points of contact should be sought with it. The greatest efforts in this direction were made by Great Britain under the leadership of Prime Minister David Lloyd George, which had already managed to conclude a trade agreement with Moscow. In the end, all participants in the war agreed for the first time to meet at a conference in Genoa, to which Russian representatives were supposed to arrive.

The conference opened on April 10, 1922. The Soviet delegation in Genoa was headed by People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Georgy Chicherin, that is, the representation was as serious as possible. But the conversation was tough. Immediately after the conversation about the return of debts came up, the Soviet side put forward counter-demands: compensation in the amount of 39 billion rubles for damage caused during the civil war. In addition, the Soviet representatives refused to return the foreign property nationalized during the revolution.

The tactics of the Soviet side was to negotiate with different countries separately. For example, Great Britain and Italy, which did not lose much in Russia, were ready to cooperate. But there were also France and Belgium, categorically dissatisfied with the too soft treatment of the Bolsheviks. The uncompromising stance of French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré also played a role in the unwillingness of the participants to negotiate for real. Great Britain, the strongest player in Europe at that time, was ready to give in to France in exchange for its concessions on Germany, which at that time was a higher priority diplomacy target for the ex-Entente.

In addition, the goals of the Soviet side were rather ambiguous. The instructions of the Soviet party organs ordered Chicherin's delegation "in fact, behind the scenes of the negotiations, it is possible to more quarrel the bourgeois states ... while pursuing real interests, that is, creating the possibility of individual agreements with individual states even after the breakdown of the Genoa Conference." With such an attitude, one should not be surprised that a normal dialogue did not work out.

As a result, the negotiations ended in nothing. It was proposed to continue the conversation a few months later in The Hague, but it was not possible to work out any common position there either. Instead, Soviet diplomats went to Rapallo, where they were able to settle all disputes with Germany. Moscow repeated its rejection of German reparations, but at the same time asserted the property of Germany and its citizens confiscated during and after the war. Thus, it was Berlin that became the main partner of the USSR for the next ten years.

Although it was much better than nothing, the success of the young Soviet state on the basis of financial and economic diplomacy was modest. Weimar Germany, with its prohibitive hyperinflation, was as impoverished as Russia, and it would be strange to expect help from her to restore the economy. And in 1933, the Nazis came to power, and the Soviet Union was isolated.

Over time, political relations with the former Entente settled to a certain extent, the countries of the West recognized the USSR one by one during the 1920s. However, the issue of refusing to repay loans hung like a sword of Damocles over economic ties. The biggest problem was the inability to refinance loans, as well as to enter Western, primarily American financial markets, although Soviet structures from time to time issued bonds on the British and American exchanges and even lent for export. However, all these were not the amounts that could be expected with a more favorable attitude of the creditor states.

For example, in 1933 the USSR raised the issue of a loan to the United States in the amount of a billion dollars. This amount was about one-fifth of the total cost of the industrialization plans. The Americans hesitated and said no. Unsuccessful were attempts to lend in other countries.

If the USSR had initially had a good credit history, then the probability of receiving these and even larger amounts would have been much greater. The possibility of borrowing money abroad in conditions of such an expensive pleasure as industrialization would be of exceptional help to the Soviet government. With access to the world credit market, the state would act more confidently and probably would not try to use such a controversial method of confiscating goods from the population as collectivization. The latter, carried out in a hurry and extremely unprofessionally, dealt a severe blow to Soviet agriculture (for example, the number of cattle could not be restored for several decades).

Image: RIA Novosti

If everyone should, then no one should

But perhaps there was no other way out for Soviet Russia than to refuse debts? Indeed, the amount of liabilities at first glance looked unbearable, exceeding the entire GDP of the country. In Soviet historiography, this default was justified, among other things, by the fact that the state was freed from a heavy burden and could start from scratch.

However, the reality is much more complex. First, in fact, not all debts (as it turned out) had to be repaid. Most of them in the case of Russia belonged to the military taken already during the First World War. And if we look at international experience, we see that practically none of the debtors paid not only the full amount of these obligations, but even half of them.

After the war, the United States turned out to be the world's largest creditor, which drove even the British Empire into debt. In total, the Americans financed the Entente countries (excluding Russia) for 10.5 billion dollars (more than 200 billion dollars in current prices). By the beginning of the 1920s, it became clear that the ruined economies of European countries would not be able to pull such amounts. In 1922, Congress created a commission to deal with the settlement of this debt.

After negotiations with the allies, a new payment program was approved. The Europeans agreed to a colossal restructuring. All debts had to be paid over 62 years, while the total amount due was only $22 billion. That is, the yield did not exceed 1 percent per annum, which is simply ridiculous even in our time of ultra-low rates. In fact, this meant writing off 51 percent of the debt.

In fact, even this amount could not be recovered. For some time, the debtors paid relatively regularly, although negotiations on concessions were ongoing. But then came the crisis of 1929 and the Great Depression, again brought down the European economy. US President Herbert Hoover imposed a moratorium on all cross-national payments because of the general panic and capital flight. When the moratorium expired, European countries, citing various circumstances, en masse denied America further payments. By 1934, all the states of Europe, with the exception of Finland, declared a default against the United States. Thus the story of "exorbitant war debts" ended.

The difference between the behavior of Soviet Russia and the Entente countries, however, is obvious. If the former showed demonstrative stubbornness and disrespect for accepted norms, which seriously complicated relations with foreign states, then the Europeans acted more cunningly. Until the last moment, agreeing with the need to pay, they knocked out various concessions and indulgences from creditors. At the same time, lenders objectively understood that they would not be able to get everything one way or another, so they were ready to meet halfway. Ultimately, European debtors, speaking as a united front, were able to achieve a complete cancellation of the debt burden.

Russia is a debtor. According to official data, Russia's external public debt at the beginning of 1999 amounted to $158.8 billion. According to some estimates, on the eve of the crisis, the debt of private Russian borrowers amounted to $54 billion, including banks - $29 billion, enterprises - $25 billion. the amount of Russian liabilities exceeded $212 billion.

Russia inherited a significant part of the debt from the Soviet Union. The debt of the USSR was mainly formed in 1985-1991, increasing from 22.5 in 1985 to 96.6 billion dollars at the beginning of 1992. The rapid growth of external debt was due, firstly, to economic conditions, and above all falling oil prices on the world market. The Soviet economy, based on the petrodollar "recharge", was unable to rebuild, and large external loans were required to pay for imports. Secondly, the ill-conceived liberalization of foreign economic activity. Within its framework, in April 1989, the union ministries received the right, on behalf of the state, to issue credit guarantees to enterprises. Because the Soviet Union had been meticulous in its debt-servicing schedule until 1990, international banks and other Western creditors were willing to lend it new loans.

After the collapse of the USSR, the problem of distributing debt among the union republics arose. As a criterion for the section, an indicator was adopted that took into account the population, national income, exports and imports on average for 1986-1990. The share of Russia was 61.3%. In second place by a wide margin (16.3%) was Ukraine. This indicator was extended to external assets, including property abroad and the debt of foreign states to the Soviet Union.

However, it soon became clear that only Russia was fulfilling its debt obligations to one degree or another. But due to the principle of joint and several liability laid down in the agreement, claims could be brought against Russia. In this regard, Russia offered to take responsibility for the entire debt of the USSR, subject to the transfer of rights to external assets to it. Based on this principle, a compromise was reached, which satisfied the parties concerned. In April 1993, the West officially recognized Russia as the only state responsible for the debts of the USSR.

Russian public debt is divided into internal and external in accordance with the currency of obligations. Ruble debt is considered internal, debt in foreign currency - external.

if non-residents are admitted to the domestic financial market, then debt can be classified according to another criterion: domestic debt is debt to residents, external debt to non-residents. From the point of view of the balance of payments, the state of the foreign exchange market, the second classification is preferable.

Taking into account the GKO-OFZ owned by non-residents, as well as the external debt of Russian private legal entities, the ratio between the "old" Soviet debt and the "new" Russian debt will be approximately 50:50. In terms of structure and conditions, Russian debt differs from Soviet debt for the worse; it is overwhelmingly not amenable to restructuring. Therefore, the legacy of the "old" debt cannot be considered as the main cause of the debt crisis experienced by Russia.

Russia is one of the three largest debtors among countries with emerging markets (Mexico, Brazil, Russia). However, the absolute amount of debt says little about a country's solvency.

For a long period of time, Russia was forced to borrow money to cover the budget deficit. In Art. The Budget Code defines state borrowings of the Russian Federation as loans and credits attracted from individuals and legal entities, foreign states, international financial organizations, for which debt obligations arise as a borrower or a guarantor of repayment of loans (credits) by other borrowers.

Public debt consists of the debt of past years and newly arisen debt. The Russian Federation is not responsible for the debt obligations of the national-territorial entities of the Russian Federation, if they were not guaranteed by the Government of the Russian Federation. The form of debt obligations of the national-state and administrative-territorial entities of the Russian Federation and the conditions for their issuance are determined independently on the ground.

Depending on the currency in which loans are issued, the Budget Code of the Russian Federation divides them into two groups: internal and external. The groups also differ from each other in terms of types of loan instruments, terms of placement, composition of creditors.

Lenders for internal loans are mainly individuals and legal entities that are residents of this state, although a certain part of them can also be acquired by foreign investors. Domestic loans are issued in national currency. To raise funds, securities are issued that are in demand on the national stock market. Various tax incentives are used to further encourage investors.

Budget Code in Art. 89 defines state domestic borrowings as "loans and credits attracted from individuals and legal entities, foreign states, international financial organizations, for which debt obligations of the Russian Federation arise as a borrower or a guarantor of repayment of loans (credits) by other borrowers, denominated in the currency of the Russian Federation."

Foreign loans are placed on foreign stock markets in the currency of other states. When placing such loans, the specific interests of investors in the country of placement are taken into account. Budget Code in Art. 89 defines state external borrowings of the Russian Federation as "loans and credits attracted from individuals and legal entities, foreign states, international financial organizations, for which debt obligations of the Russian Federation arise as a borrower or guarantor of repayment of loans (credits) by other borrowers, denominated in foreign currency".

Internal loans of the Russian Federation. In the Law on the federal budget of the Russian Federation for 2006, the maximum amount of the state internal debt as of January 1, 2007 is set at 1,148.7 billion rubles.

Prior to the mid-1990s, loans from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation were used to finance the federal budget deficit. In 1995, a decision was made to stop the practice of lending by the Central Bank to the Government of the Russian Federation, and the entire burden of covering the budget deficit was transferred to the financial market. However, already in 1998, the legislature was forced to make a decision to provide loans from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to cover the budget deficit. Similar decisions were made in the Laws on the federal budget for 1999 and 2000. In particular, the Law on the Federal Budget for 2000 provides for covering intra-annual gaps between current revenues and expenditures of the federal budget to allow the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to purchase government securities during their initial placement in the amount of 30 billion rubles.

Sub-federal government loan. Like the Russian Federation, subjects of the Russian Federation can enter into credit relations as borrowers, creditors and guarantors. In quantitative terms, borrowing activities predominate.

Loans of subjects of the Russian Federation. According to the RF BC (Article 90), government borrowings of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipal borrowings are loans and credits attracted from individuals and legal entities, for which debt obligations arise, respectively, of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipality as a borrower or guarantor of repayment of loans (credits) by other borrowers, denominated in the currency of the liability.

The totality of debt obligations of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation forms the state debt of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. Debt obligations of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation may exist in the form (Article 99 of the BC):

• * credit agreements and contracts;
• * government loans of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, carried out by issuing securities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation;
• * contracts and agreements on the receipt by the subject of the Russian Federation of budget loans from the budgets of other levels of the budget system of the Russian Federation;
• * agreements on the provision of state guarantees of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation;
• * agreements and contracts, including international ones, concluded on behalf of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, on the prolongation and restructuring of debt obligations of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation of previous years.

Debt obligations of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation cannot exist in other forms, with the exception of those listed above.

Subjects of the Federation have acquired the right to borrow funds in accordance with Law No. 4807-1 of 1993 from other budgets, from commercial banks, or to issue loans for investment purposes. The same Law provided that the maximum ratio of the total amount of loans, credits, other debt obligations of the relevant budget and the volume of its expenditures would be established additionally. Such a measure is quite justified, since the experience of the developed countries of the West gives us numerous examples of the bankruptcy of certain territories, including such large cities as New York. However, for a long time, the borrowing activities of territories within our state were not legally limited.

Since the beginning of the XXI century. Russia is refusing to widely use budget credits. On the one hand, this is explained by the fact that in practice the system of budget crediting has not justified itself. Loans were not repaid in a timely manner, and interest on them was not paid. On the other hand, commercial banks began to lend more actively to enterprises, interest rates on loans began to decline, and the critical importance of budget loans disappeared.

For these reasons, the conditions for budget lending are beginning to tighten, and its volumes and areas of use are curtailing. A requirement is introduced according to which budget loans by legal entities that are not state or municipal enterprises are received only if the borrower provides security for the fulfillment of the obligation to repay the loan. Only bank guarantees, guarantees, pledge of property in the amount of at least 100% of the loan provided can be used as security methods.

A prerequisite for granting a budget loan is a preliminary check of the financial condition of the borrower. The purposes for which a budget loan should be granted, the conditions and procedure for granting are determined upon approval of the budget for the next financial year.

Today, the recipients of loans provided from the federal budget? are mainly the budgets of other levels, and the policy of budgetary lending pursued by the Russian Federation is concentrated on two basic directions?

• ??? loans are allocated primarily to cover cash gaps;
• ??? Significant steps are being taken to streamline arrears and minimize them.

External government loans. In accordance with the Budget Code (Article 122), “State loans provided by the Russian Federation to foreign states, their legal entities and international organizations are loans (loans) for which foreign states, their legal entities and international organizations have debt obligations to the Russian Federation as a lender??. Such government loans form the external assets of the Russian Federation.

The debt obligations of foreign states to the Russian Federation as a creditor form the debt of foreign states to the Russian Federation.

External government loans and debts to Russia on them are usually divided into three groups?

• 1) the debt of foreign states (except for the CIS countries);
• 2) debt of the CIS countries;
• 3) the debt of foreign commercial banks and firms (to the USSR or the Russian Federation).

The Soviet Union, despite its declared independence from the West, nevertheless used foreign loans. To some extent, Western assistance helped the USSR overcome devastation, industrialize and accelerate the victory over fascism.

urgent need

In the early years of Soviet power, foreign loans were out of the question, since the cancellation of the tsarist debts left the Bolsheviks in a credit blockade. Meanwhile, at the end of the Civil War, exhausted Russia was in dire need of money and goods. Soon the USSR began to receive short-term foreign loans, and by 1926 an external public debt was even accumulating in the region of 210 million dollars.

In 1928, the USSR set a course for industrialization. Internal resources were not enough, and therefore the government began to resort more actively to external loans. The vast majority of them were provided by private banks and companies under state guarantees. Such, for example, were the Czechoslovak and German loans.

In early 1934, Stalin, in an interview with the New York Times correspondent, touched upon the topic of loans, noting that the amount of external public debt in 1932 was 1.4 billion rubles. In the same interview, the Soviet leader noted that in two years the amount of debt was reduced by 1 billion rubles.

During the Great Patriotic War, the volume of imports increased sharply in the USSR. Under Lend-Lease, civilian and military equipment, medicines, food, and raw materials are imported into the country. In 1941, Moscow concludes a framework loan agreement with London, and 100 tons of gold are transferred to British banks as a deposit. Later, a similar agreement is signed with the United States.

Responsible Borrower

In the postwar period, the Soviet Union has established itself as an exemplary borrower by repaying loans in a timely manner and in full. Until 1983, the external debt of the USSR did not exceed 5 billion dollars. However, it should be noted that at this time the USSR rarely resorted to foreign loans, preferring to rely on its own resources.

The USSR returned to more or less active borrowing in the mid-1960s. As a rule, such loans were provided by private banks for certain projects implemented with the participation of Western companies. For example, in 1966, 7 loan agreements were signed in the amount of 450 million rubles. The money first of all went to the construction of the VAZ. And in the 1970s, 11 billion credit dollars poured into the gas industry.

Since 1984, a gradual increase in the debt obligations of the USSR begins. In 1986, the amount of external loans exceeded $30 billion, and in 1989 the external debt reached $50 billion. After the collapse of the USSR, ten republics that declared themselves successors to the USSR signed a memorandum confirming joint and several liability for the external debt of the Soviet Union.

However, on April 2, 1993, the government of the Russian Federation announced that Russia, as the legal successor of the USSR, assumes all the obligations of the former Soviet republics to pay off the external debt of the collapsed state. Instead, the CIS countries were supposed to give up their share in the foreign assets of the USSR. So Russia got the entire external Soviet debt in the amount of $ 96.6 billion.

Rare theme

The topic of foreign loans in the USSR, especially during the period of industrialization, is quite rare. It is symptomatic that not a single scientific work was published on it either in the USSR or in Russia. There is only scarce information about commercial loans from Soviet offshore organizations, as well as scattered information about loans for the supply of equipment.

The other side of the problem, according to researchers, is the well-established stereotype that Soviet industrialization was carried out exclusively at the expense of internal resources. Although now there is already enough information proving the large-scale cooperation of the USSR during the period of industrialization with the West.

Thus, according to the industrialization plan, its approximate total cost was determined at 4.5 billion Soviet chervonets, or more than 2.2 billion US dollars. For a country whose annual exports rarely exceeded 400 million US dollars, this was an unaffordable amount of money.

USA

On November 26, 1927, in the Main Concession Council under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, a loan agreement was signed with the American businessman Farquhar to provide the Soviet government with a 6-year loan in the amount of $40 million. The money was intended for the restructuring and re-equipment of the Makeevka metallurgical plant.

In the same year, in Vienna, the Vneshtorgbank of the USSR and the American businessman Victor Freeman entered into an agreement to open a $50 million credit line secured by Soviet exports. A little later, an agreement was reached with the American company "Standard Oil" on a loan of 75 million dollars for the supply of Baku oil to the company "Vacuum Oil".

According to the authoritative researcher of the history of Soviet industrialization Igor Orlov, by the beginning of 1929 the USSR owed about 350 million dollars to American firms. The Soviet Union willingly resorted to American loans even further. This can be indirectly evidenced by the data, according to which by 1932 the USSR owed the United States at least 635 million dollars.

Until 1934, the United States did not provide the USSR with state loans, although it is known that the USSR expressed its readiness to take a loan of up to $ 1 billion, and the People's Commissariat of Finance even made a detailed development of a lending scheme.

During the war years, the USSR received aid from the United States under lend-lease, but it is not possible to calculate the amount of this aid and the pledge of the USSR for a number of reasons.

Immediately after the war, the US gave the USSR two more small loans. The amount is not clear, but it is known that in 1972 the Soviet Union and the United States identified a debt of $722 million, and at the time of the collapse of the USSR it was still not repaid.

Germany

Germany issued its first short-term loan of 100 million marks to the USSR in 1925, a year later it opened a credit line in the amount of 300 million marks for a period of 4 years. Germany allocated the next tranche of the USSR in the amount of 300 million marks and for a period of 21 months in 1931.

By 1935, cooperation between the USSR and Germany reached a qualitatively new level. At this time, a consortium of German banks provided the Soviet trade mission in Berlin with a loan of 200 million marks. Thus, officially, over 9 years, the USSR borrowed funds from Germany in the amount of 900 million marks, or about 300-320 million US dollars.

After the war, the economic cooperation of the USSR was mainly with East Germany. So, in the course of mutual deliveries of goods (raw materials went to the GDR, and final products went to the USSR), a debt arose, which Germany estimated at $6.4 billion in 2000. However, the Russian side claims that if we recalculate the supply of raw materials by world prices, the debt of the GDR will even exceed the estimated debt of the Soviet Union by $4.2 billion.

United Kingdom

In the late 1920s - the first half of the 1930s, Great Britain annually credited Soviet purchases in the amount of up to 20-25 million pounds sterling. In 1936, London gave the USSR a loan of 10 million pounds.

Czechoslovakia

In 1935, financial relations between the USSR and Czechoslovakia began, when the Soviet side received a loan from its European partners in the amount of 250 million crowns (at 6% per annum). In connection with the liquidation of Czechoslovakia in 1938, the loan was only partially repaid.

After the war, the credit history was connected with the purchases of Czechoslovakian locomotives, trams, and machine tools by the USSR. As a result, by the beginning of the 90s, the USSR owed about $3.6 billion to the Czech Republic, and $1.8 billion to Slovakia.

Other countries

Among other countries lending to the USSR, one can note Italy, which issued a loan of 200 million liras for Soviet purchases in 1930 and 350 million liras in 1931, and Sweden, which in 1940 provided the USSR with a loan of 100 million crowns.

Methodological development of the lesson

by discipline"Story"

for students in specialties

secondary vocational education

(in accordance with the approximate program and curriculum of the institution)

Topic of the lesson

teacher Zakharova Tamara Vyacheslavovna

Moscow 2015

Explanatory note

This methodological development of a training session on the topic “The First Conflicts and Crises of the Cold War” was prepared within the framework of the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard on the basis of an exemplary program recommended by the Federal State Educational Budgetary Institution of Higher Professional Education “Federal Institute under the Government of the Russian Federation” for specialties: 080110 “Banking”, 080114 "Economics and accounting (by industry)", 080109 "Finance", 080118 "Insurance business".

The training session presented in the methodological development is included in section I “Post-war peace settlement. The Beginning of the Cold War” according to KTP. This topic of the lesson is included in the relevant section and topic of the work program and KTP and is aimed at studying the main processes of political and economic development of the leading states of the world and Russia in the second half of the 20th century.

Within the framework of this lesson, the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for the formation of ideas about the features of the development of modern history are implemented on the basis of understanding the most important events and problems of the second half of the 20th century.

Purpose of the lesson- formation of ideas about the specifics of international relations after the Second World War;

Lesson objectives:

1. Systematize and summarize the historical facts of the Cold War period
2. Develop skills for independent work with primary sources
3. Develop teamwork skills to achieve results
4. To instill aversion to resolving contentious issues by military means.

Interdisciplinary connections within the framework of the lesson, they are implemented in integrated tasks focused on politics, economics, and law.

The teaching methods used in the training session make it possible to organize the independent activities of students as efficiently as possible.

Self-control and mutual control have become forms of monitoring the results of educational activities (testing, compiling a syncwine).

This methodological development of the lesson is a variant of the implementation of the pedagogical plan of the teacher in the framework of organizing and conducting a training session in the disciplines of OOD.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF MOSCOW

State budget professional

Moscow educational institution

"MOSCOW COLLEGE OF BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES"

(GBPOU KBT)

Topic of the lesson

"The First Conflicts and Crises of the Cold War"

teacher Zakharova T.V.

1. Passport of the lesson

Teacher	Zakharova T.V.
Discipline
Group
Speciality	080110 "Banking"
No. of classes in KTP
Lesson topic	"The First Conflicts and Crises of the Cold War"
Lesson type	Formation of new knowledge, skills and abilities.
Class type	Combined lesson
Information support (didactic material)	Presentation Handout: excerpts from primary sources, test tasks, syncwine compilation algorithm.
Pedagogical technology(s)	Critical thinking technology: writing syncwine. Group work
Purpose of the lesson	formation of ideas about the specifics of international relations after the Second World War;
Lesson objectives	Systematize and summarize the historical facts of the Cold War period; Develop skills of independent work with primary sources; Develop teamwork skills to achieve results; To instill aversion to resolving contentious issues by military means.
Form organization of the training session	Individual work of students; work in small groups.
Expected results: Active participation of students in the process of learning new material; Effective work of students in small groups; Understanding the patterns of the development of the historical process Presentation of syncwines; Formation of conviction in the need to resolve disputed issues peacefully.
Formed competencies:	1. Communicative competence - obtaining information when working in a group, the ability to present and defend one's point of view in public speaking; 2. Readiness for self-education - the ability to assess the need for this or that information for one's activities; 3. Technological competence - understanding of instructions, activity algorithm;
Educational product:	Chronological series of events, syncwines.
Homework:

The structure of the training session on the topic "Main types of professional activity"

(technological process algorithm)

Lesson structure Stages lessons stage name)	Purpose of learning activity students (step-by-step goal-setting, determined by the overall goal of the lesson)	Student activities (practical actions according to the algorithm given by the teacher in accordance with the stages of the lesson)	Teaching methods (verbal, visual, problem-search, practical, etc.)	Control methods oral questioning(frontal, individual), conversation Written survey(testing, questioning, independent, practical, laboratory, tests) Observation	Level formation of competence Elementary(possession of skills of working with the main scientific categories) Average(ownership of technology use advanced (advanced) (ownership of technology use, acquisitions and upgrades acquired skills, practical experience)
Knowledge update Organizational moment (3 min) Knowledge check on the topics: "World War I", "World War II" (10 minutes)	Know World War II dates Umet to systematize factual material on the stages of the war	Testing by topic (Appendix No. 1)	practical method	Observation
Preparation for the main stage of the lesson (5 min) Communication of the topic, lesson plan, involvement of students in goal setting.	Understanding topics of the lesson; Participation in goal setting; readiness to the perception of new material;	Answers students for questions; Putting forward a hypothesis.	Elements of the discussion	Oral survey in the form of a conversation	elevated
Learning new material(65 minutes) 1 . Problem task “What contradictions arose between the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition?” (10 minutes.) 2. Work with the original source (20 min) 3. Drawing up a chronological series events of the Cold War (25 min.) 4. Compilation of a syncwine on the topic: "cold war"	Be able to formulate a hypothesis and substantiate it through the arguments presented Be able to formulate conclusions and find answers to questions based on the text of the original source. Be able to choose the main thing from the text, generalize, draw a conclusion and present the result of their activities Develop l teamwork skills; Apply new knowledge when performing group tasks Understand task execution algorithm .	Participation in the discussion problematic situation. Drafting response plan, work in small groups Individual work with a document (Appendix No. 2) and maps. Work in small groups with educational literature Drawing up a syncwine in small groups (Appendix No. 3)	verbal method practical method Problem-search Practical Problem-search Practical Practical	Observation Observation Observation Commenting	Elementary elevated
Consolidation of new material (4 min)	Be able to apply new knowledge when doing group assignments.	Performance cinquain with explanations	visual Problem-search		elevated
Information about homework, briefing on its implementation (2 min)	Understand the specifics of international relations after the Second World War	Prepare a mini-presentation on one of the events of the Cold War period (optional)	Problem-search	Written independent work	elevated

Appendix 1

Control-changing materials make it possible to diagnose the knowledge of students when checking homework and consolidating the knowledge gained in the classroom. Tasks help to test analytical and information-communicative skills, universal educational actions to systematize information, establish cause-and-effect and structural relationships. Each correct answer is worth one point.

Option 1

1. The definition of "fascism" most fully corresponds to the concept

1. Open state terrorist dictatorship
2. One-party political system
3. Establishment of press censorship
4. The power of one man

2. Establish a correspondence between the text of the agreement and the name of the agreement.

A) The creditor states ... cannot assume any obligations regarding the claims made by the Soviet government. In view, however, of the difficult economic situation in Russia, the creditor states are inclined to reduce Russia's military debt in relation to them in percentage terms, the amount of which should subsequently be	1. Resolution of the Allied delegations at the Genoa Conference
B) The German state and the RSFSR mutually refuse to reimburse their military expenses, as well as compensation for military losses ... Diplomatic and consular relations between Germany and the RSFSR are immediately resumed	2. Pact of the Rhine
C) The High Contracting Parties, considering that in order to develop cooperation among peoples and to guarantee their peace and security, it is important to accept certain obligations not to resort to war ... accept the present Statute, which establishes the League of Nations	3. Treaty of Rappal
	4. Briand-Kellogg Pact
	5. Treaty of Versailles

3. Joint actions of states with the aim of maintaining international peace and security, preventing or suppressing acts of aggression is called.

1. Isolationism
2. Appeasement policy
3. Big stick"
4. "Collective security" policy

4. The result of the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the secret protocols to it.

1. Creation of a collective security system
2. Settlement of the question of reparations and debts
3. Division of Eastern Europe into spheres of influence
4. Hitler postponed the start of World War II by two years

5. I.V. Stalin. “We ask that the distance from Leningrad to the border line be seventy kilometers. These are our minimum requirements, and you should not think that we will reduce them. We cannot move Leningrad, therefore the border line must be moved”, was addressed to the government:

1. Poland
2. Sweden
3. Germany
4. Finland

6. The decision to demilitarize and demonopolize Germany after the end of World War II was taken on.

1. Paris conference
2. Tehran Conference
3. Potsdam conference
4. Yalta (Crimean) Conference

7. The concept of "denazification" means.

1. Disarmament
2. Punishment of war criminals
3. Restoration of activities of various parties
4. Transfer of state property to private

Test key:

2- A-1, B-3, C-5.

Annex 2

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended on the continent. Behind this line are stored all the treasures of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, Sofia - all these famous cities and the population in their areas are in the Soviet sphere and all are subject in one form or another not only to Soviet influence, but also to the largely increasing control of Moscow. .

The Communist parties, which were very insignificant in all these eastern states of Europe, have reached an exceptional strength, far outnumbering them, and are striving to establish totalitarian control everywhere. Police governments prevail in almost all these countries, and to the present day, with the exception of Czechoslovakia, there is no real democracy in them...

I do not believe that Soviet Russia wants war. She wants the fruits of war and the unlimited expansion of her power and her doctrines. But what we have to consider here today is a system to avert the threat of war, to provide conditions for the development of freedom and democracy as quickly as possible in all countries... ...Russians... do not revere anything so as strength, and have no less respect for anything than military weakness. For this reason, our old doctrine of the balance of power is untenable. We cannot afford, as far as we can, to act from positions of small margin, which leads to the temptation to test our strength. Our old doctrine of equilibrium is untenable. We cannot afford to rely on a slight advantage in strength, thus creating a temptation to test our strength. If Western democracies stick together strictly following the principles of the UN Charter, their influence on the implementation of these principles would be enormous and no one could stand in their way. But if something separates them or they hesitate in fulfilling their duty, then indeed a catastrophe can threaten us all ... "

Questions and tasks for the document:

1. Find on the historical map "Europe after the Second World War" the states that, according to Churchill, were behind the "Iron Curtain". How do you understand this term?

3. What did the former prime minister of Great Britain consider the main threat to the West? Formulate it.

4. W. Churchill's speech does not speak directly about the need for confrontation between the superpowers. However, historians consider Churchill's speech to be the beginning of the Cold War. Find in the document provisions that confirm this conclusion of historians.

From the answer of I. V. Stalin to the correspondent of Pravda

“In fact, Mr. Churchill and his friends in England and the United States are presenting to the nations that do not speak the English language, something like an ultimatum: recognize our domination voluntarily, and then everything will be in order - otherwise war is inevitable. ... The Soviet Union lost several times more people than England and the United States of America combined. It is possible that in some places they are inclined to consign to oblivion these colossal sacrifices of the Soviet people, which ensured the liberation of Europe from the Nazi yoke. But the Soviet Union cannot forget about them. The question is, what can be surprising in the fact that the Soviet Union, wishing to secure itself for the future, is trying to ensure that in these countries there are governments loyal to the Soviet Union? How can one, without losing one's mind, qualify these peaceful aspirations of the Soviet Union as expansionist tendencies of our state? ... The growth of the influence of the communists cannot be considered an accident. It represents a completely natural phenomenon. The influence of the Communists grew because, during the difficult years of fascism's rule in Europe, the Communists proved to be reliable, courageous, self-sacrificing fighters against the fascist regime and for the freedom of peoples.

I do not know whether Mr. Churchill and his friends will be able to organize a new campaign against "Eastern Europe" after the Second World War. But if they succeed - which is unlikely, because millions of ordinary people stand guard over the cause of peace - then it is safe to say that they will be beaten in the same way as they were beaten in the past, 26 years ago.

Questions for the document:

1. What arguments does Stalin give to justify the foreign policy interests of the Soviet Union? On the basis of the document, formulate the foreign policy interests of the USSR after the war.

2. What events that took place "26 years ago*" did Stalin have in mind?

3. Compare the positions of Churchill and Stalin. Whose position do you find more convincing? Why?

Appendix 3

Reception "writing syncwine"

Translated from French, the word "cinquain" means a poem consisting of five lines, which is written according to certain rules. Compiling a syncwine requires the student to briefly summarize the educational material, information. This is a form of free creativity, but according to certain rules.

The rules for writing syncwine are as follows:

On the first line one word is written - a noun. This is the theme of syncwine.

On the second line you need to write two adjectives that reveal the theme of syncwine.

On the third line three verbs are written that describe actions related to the topic of syncwine.

On the fourth line hosts a whole phrase, sentence, consisting of several words, with the help of which the student expresses your attitude to the topic This can be a catch phrase, a quote, or a phrase compiled by the student in the context of the topic.

Fifth line- This summary word, which gives newinterpretation of the topic lets express to her personal relation.

Plan:

I. Civil War

1.1 Causes of the Civil War

1.2 Periodization of the Civil War

1.3 Outcomes of the Civil War

1.4 Commanders of the White Army

1.5 Commanders of the Red Army

II. New economic policy

2.1 Causes of the NEP

2.2 Characteristic features of the NEP

2.3 Reasons for canceling the NEP

Civil War.

Causes of the Civil War.

✔︎exacerbation of socio-economic and political contradictions caused by a change of power and a change in the form of ownership;

✔︎the predominance in society of a psychological attitude towards confrontation and solving issues of politics and everyday life with weapons in hand;

✔︎the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks, which was the collapse of the democratic alternative for the development of the country;

✔︎rejection by political opponents of the Bolsheviks of the Brest peace;

✔︎Agrarian policy of the Bolsheviks in the spring - summer of 1918;

✔︎lack of experience of compromise between various political forces and social groups;

Reasons for Intervention:

✔︎ refusal of foreign states to recognize the new political power in Russia;

✔︎ struggle for the return of capital invested in the Russian economy;

✔︎ elimination of the hotbed of “revolutionary infection”, prevention of “export of revolution” to Europe;

✔︎ refusal of the Soviet government from allied obligations and Russia's exit from the world war;

✔︎ maximum weakening of Russia;

✔︎ territorial division of the former Russian Empire;

The Reds participated in the Civil War - the proletariat, the poorest peasantry; whites - the bourgeoisie, the nobility, part of the intelligentsia; the greens are anarchists and peasants.

The political program of the "reds" and "whites" who participated in the Civil War.

comparison line	Reds (supporters of Soviet power)	Whites (opponents of Soviet power)
Target	✓ socialism immediately; ✓ world revolution, internationalism;	✓ salvation of Russia; ✓ "non-predecision": all issues to be resolved after the victory over the Bolsheviks;
Economy	War Communism: ✓ nationalization of all industrial enterprises; ✓ Withdrawal of food through surplus appropriation, food orders; ✓ requisitions, mobilizations, militarization of all life; ✓ egalitarian card distribution;	War capitalism: ✓ militarization of the economy, the use of all resources for the needs of the war; ✓- restoration of the old order of property relations, its return to the former owners; ✓ requisitions, mobilizations, coercion; ✓ restoring inequality in distribution and consumption
Domestic politics	✓ establishment of a rigid one-party political regime; ✓ formation of a command and administrative system, "emergency"; ✓Equality, self-determination of nations and peoples, creation of a military-economic union of Soviet republics; ✓ a combination of massive persuasion, coercion and red terror;	✓ Establishment of rigid military dictatorial regimes (A.V. Kolchak, A.I. Denikin, P.N. Wrangel) ✓ unwillingness to cooperate with liberals and moderate socialists; ✓ Russia is a single and indivisible, great-power national policy; ✓ first “appeasement”, then – reforms ✓ combination of propaganda, coercion and white terror;
Foreign policy	✓ salvation of the Russian revolution, the Soviet state with the help of the world revolutionary movement ("Hands off Soviet Russia!"); ✓ condemnation of foreign intervention;	✓ cooperation with Western countries that sought to dismember Russia; ✓ condemnation of the internationalism of the Bolsheviks, their collapse of united Russia, etc.

Socialism - the first phase of the communist formation. The economic basis of socialism is social ownership of the means of production, the political basis is the power of the working masses, with the leading role of the working class, headed by the Marxist-Leninist Party; Socialism is a social system that excludes the exploitation of man by man and is systematically developing in the interests of raising the well-being of the people and the all-round development of each member of society.

Nationalization - transfer of land, industrial enterprises, banks, transport or other property belonging to private individuals to the ownership of the state.

Civil War- a form of struggle for power, characterized by a split in society into two or more opposing groups, each of which controls part of the country's territory and uses weapons against each other.

Intervention- forcible military intervention of foreign states in the internal affairs of Russia. It was carried out by the Entente countries in 1918-1920. under the pretext of returning the debts of the tsarist and provisional governments in the form of loans and arms supplies.

Chronology of the Civil War.

I stage (May - November 1918) - the beginning of a full-scale civil war.

EAST	NORTH
May 25 - performance of the Czechoslovak Corps (prisoners of war Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian army, back in 1916 agreed to participate in hostilities on the side of the Entente) in the territory from Penza to Vladivostok	August 2 - landing of the Entente in Arkhangelsk. Formation of the "government of the North of Russia" (head - N.V. Tchaikovsky). By September, the Bolsheviks control only ¼ of the territory of Russia. landing of the Entente in Arkhangelsk
May 29 - transition to general mobilization - mandatory recruitment into the Red Army
July 6 - the assassination of the German ambassador to Russia W. von Mirbach - the beginning of the rebellion of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries (destroyed on July 7)
6-21 July - performance in Yaroslavl – anti-Soviet armed
July - introduction of universal military service (18-40 years old)
July 16 - execution of the royal family in Yekaterinburg
August 30 - attempt on V.I. Lenin at the Michelson plant in Moscow
September 2 - declaration of Soviet Russia as a single military camp
September 5 - decision of the Council of People's Commissars on providing rear by means of terror
6 September - the creation of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RVSR) (headed by People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs L.D. Trotsky). Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Republic - I.I. Vatsetis (until July 1919), then - S.S. Kamenev (until April 1924)
MAIN FRONT EASTERN August - the beginning of the offensive of the Red Army on the Eastern Front. September October - the capture by the Red Army troops (S.S. Kamenev, M.N. Tukhachevsky, P.A. Slavin) of Kazan, Simbirsk, Samara M.N. Tukhachevsky
WEST	SOUTH
Violation of the conditions of the Brest peace by Germany, occupation of Bessarabia by Romania	Formation and first combat operations of the Volunteer Army(A.M. Kaledin - L.G. Kornilov - A.I. Denikin) - the capture of Yekaterinodar, the advance of Krasnov on Tsaritsyn, the capture by the Cossacks of A.I. Dutov Orenburg A.I. Denikin
	July - October – defense of Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd) from the advancing army of P.N. Krasnova P.N. Krasnov
	August 4 – the occupation of Baku by the British - on September 20, the execution of 26 Baku commissars

I I stage (November 1918 - March 1919) - intensification of the military confrontation between the Reds and Whites, intensification of intervention. The fight against the invaders. The beginning of the withdrawal of their troops from the south of Ukraine. The establishment of Soviet power in the territories liberated from German troops.

EAST	SOUTH
November 18, 1918 - coup led by Admiral A.V. Kolchak in Omsk: the overthrow of the SR-Menshevik Directory - A.V. Kolchak - the supreme ruler of Russia and the supreme commander in chief	MAIN FRONT - SOUTHERN November 23 - the beginning of the Anglo-French intervention on the Black Sea coast
	November - offensive of the Red Army in the Baltic States (until January 1919) - the establishment of Soviet regimes in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
	November 30th - the creation of the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense (SRKO) (head - V.I. Lenin) - an emergency government body to which the RVSR is subordinate
	February 1919 - victory over the troops of P.N. Krasnov, advancing on Tsaritsyn

Stage III (March 1919 - March 1920) - the defeat of the main forces of the Whites, the evacuation of the main forces of foreign troops.

EAST	NORTHWEST
MAIN FRONT EASTERN Mass army A.V. Kolchak	May, September - October 1919- troops of the North-Western Army N.N. Yudenich, they are trying to capture Petrograd - at the end of November - the beginning of December they were thrown back to the territory of Estonia N.N. Yudenich
April 28 - June 20- counteroffensive of the Red Army units (M.V. Frunze, S.S. Kamenev) - offensive along the entire eastern front M.V. Frunze
June 21, 1919 - January 7, 1920 - the defeat of the army of A.V. Kolchak - the restoration of Soviet power in Siberia and the Far East
February 7, 1920 - execution of Admiral A.V. Kolchak in Irkutsk
SOUTH	NORTH
	February March – Bolsheviks take control of Arkhangelsk and Murmansk
May 19, 1919 – the beginning of the offensive of the army of A.I. Denikin on the Southern Front in the direction of the Volga
June – the capture of Kharkov by Denikin's troops. Tsaritsyn, Kyiv
3 July – Moscow directive (army to Moscow) Denikin. September 12 - the beginning of the offensive of Denikin's troops on Moscow
September – the capture of Kursk and Orel by Denikin
October 11 - November 18 – the counter-offensive of the Red Army, which was continued by the actions of the Southern and South-Eastern fronts (until March 1920) - the remnants of Denikin's troops took refuge in the Crimea
April 4, 1920 – A.I. Denikin announced P.N. Wrangel and left Russia P.N. Wrangel

IV stage (April - November 1920) - the war with Poland, the defeat of the army of P.N. Wrangel, the establishment of Soviet power in Central Asia and partly in Transcaucasia.

April 25 - October 12 - Soviet-Polish war

May 7 - occupation of Kyiv by Polish troops

June 5 - counteroffensive of the troops of the Southwestern Front (A.I. Egorov) - Zhitomir and Kyiv were taken

June 4 - the beginning of the offensive of the troops of the Western Front (M.N. Tukhachevsky) - in early August they approach Warsaw; the Bolshevik plan: entry into Poland should lead to the establishment of Soviet power there and cause a revolution in Germany

August 16 -“miracle on the Vistula”: near Vepshem, Polish troops enter the rear of the Red Army and win - the liberation of Warsaw by the Poles, their transition to the offensive

June - the offensive of the Russian army P.N. Wrangel from Crimea to Ukraine

Troops of the Turkestan Front(M.V. Frunze) overthrew the power of the Emir of Bukhara and the Khan of Khiva - April 26 - the proclamation of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic. October 8 - proclamation of the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic

April 28 - the entry of the Red Army into Azerbaijan - the formation of the Azerbaijan SSR

October 28 - November 17 - the defeat in the Crimea of ​​the Russian army P.N. Wrangel by the troops of the southern front (M.V. Frunze): forcing Lake Sivash, assault and capture of Perekop (November 7-11). The flight of the whites from the Crimea - the ships of the allies evacuate to Constantinople more than 140 thousand people - civilians and military personnel of the white army - the first wave of emigration. The defeat of Wrangel put an end to the White Movement

29th of November- the offensive of the Red Army in Armenia - the formation of the Armenian USSR

Stage V (1921 - 1922) - the end of the Civil War on the outskirts of Russia.

February 16 - 25, 1921 - the entry of the Red Army into Georgia - the formation of the Georgian SSR

March 18, 1921 - Treaty of Riga between Soviet Russia and Poland - Western Ukraine and Western Belarus retreat to Poland

"Small Civil War": uprisings of peasants in Central Russia under the leadership of A.S. Antonov and N.I. Makhno

February 28 - March 18, 1921- Kronstadt uprising of soldiers and sailors

February 12, 1922 - victory of the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic (FER) near Volochaevka - entry of the People's Revolutionary Army into Khabarovsk .

October 9 - Defeat NRA of the Whites in the Spassky fortified area

November 15, 1922 - entry of the Far Eastern Republic into the RSFSR

The main reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks:

🖊 social and ideological heterogeneity of the white movement;

🖊 the use by the Bolsheviks of the possibilities of the state apparatus, capable of carrying out mass mobilization and repression;

🖊 the creation of a politicized Red Army, ready to defend Soviet power;

🖊 the implementation by the Bolsheviks of a national policy aimed at the real implementation of the right of peoples to create sovereign independent national states;

🖊 thoughtful ideological support of military operations by the Bolsheviks;

🖊 support by a significant part of the population of the slogans and policies of the Bolsheviks;

🖊 skillful use by the Bolsheviks of contradictions in the ranks of opponents;

🖊 lack of coordination in the actions of the white armies and foreign invaders;

🖊 features of the geographical position of the RSFSR - the ability to use the country's industrial base and maneuver resources;

Consequences of the civil war:

📌 in the civil war, the Bolsheviks won, but their victory cannot be called a triumph, because. the civil war was also a tragedy for the entire people - society was split into two parts;

📌 during the civil war, the most active social elements of the people on both sides died, whose energy, talent were not used for creative activities (from hunger, disease, terror and in battles, according to various sources, from 8 to 13 million people died, emigrated up to 2 million people).

From “War Communism” to NE Pu.

During the Civil War, the government of V.I. Lenin introduced the economic policy of the Soviet state, called "war communism":

✔︎ the introduction of a surplus appropriation - the obligatory delivery of all grain and other products by the peasants to the state, with the exception of the minimum necessary for personal and household needs;

✔︎ militarization of the economy; introduction of a card system;

✔︎ free public transport, utilities;

✔︎ strengthening the centralized management of industry;

✔︎ forced nationalization of property;

✔︎ the actual abolition of legal commodity-money relations.

P reasons for the introduction of "war communism":

- ideological:

1. representation of a part of the leadership of the Bolsheviks about the possibility of a quick, immediate transition to communist production and distribution;

2. the Bolsheviks' focus on creating and strengthening the public sector in an economy with a rigid centralized control system

- economic:

1. economic disruption, disruption of traditional economic ties between town and countryside due to the prohibition of trade and the introduction of a food dictatorship

- political:

1. international isolation - non-recognition of the Soviet state by other countries - the need to rely in the development of the country only on internal reserves

- military:

1. the need to mobilize all material and human resources in the emergency conditions of the Civil War and foreign intervention.

Methods for implementing the policy of "war communism".

— economic: centralization and regulation of the production and distribution of consumer goods;

— ideological: the establishment of the dictatorship of the Bolshevik Party, the forcible imposition of communist views, the prohibition of the activities of other political parties;

— administrative: command and repressive management of the economy and the life of society;

— political: violation of democratic freedoms. Subordination of trade unions to party-state control, "Red Terror"

Effects:

✳︎ folding the rigid dictatorship of the Bolshevik Party;

✳︎ formation of a command economy;

✳︎ nationalization of many aspects of public life;

✳︎ the concentration of material and labor resources in the hands of the Soviet government, contributing to its victory in the Civil War;

✳︎ the formation of a certain social psychology: the confidence of a significant part of the Bolsheviks in the possibility of the rapid construction of socialism by the methods of dictatorship;

In 1921, at the X Congress of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks (RKP (b)) the program of the New Economic Policy (NEP) was adopted - economic policy (1921 - 1928), which replaced "war communism", aimed at introducing market principles into the Soviet economy .

Reasons for the introduction of the NEP:

📌 uprising of sailors and Red Army soldiers of Kronstadt (March 1921);

📌 uprising of the peasants of the Tambov region (“Antonovshchina”), Ukraine, the Don, Kuban, the Volga region and Siberia, dissatisfied with the surplus appraisal.

Goals of the NEP:

📍 overcoming the political crisis of the power of the Bolsheviks;

📍 search for new ways of building the economic foundations of socialism;

📍 improving the socio-economic condition of society, creating internal political stability - strengthening the base of Soviet power;

📍 overcoming international isolation and restoring relations with other states;

Characteristic features of the NEP:

✔︎ replacement of the surplus with the tax in kind - the exact fixation of the norms for the delivery of grain by peasants;

✔︎ development of industrial and consumer cooperation;

✔︎ creation of a national banking system; freedom of small and medium business;

✔︎ monetary reform (1922-1924), which ensured the convertibility of the ruble;

✔︎ freedom of trade;

✔︎ creation of concessions with the attraction of foreign capital;

✔︎ introduction of cost accounting at enterprises;

✔︎ cash wages.

Under the NEP, the unified state economic plan GOERLO (general electrification of the country), which worked after October 1917, was canceled. Large-scale industry remained in the hands of the government, and the state's monopoly on foreign trade was maintained.

By 1928, the country's national income reached the pre-war level.

Reasons for canceling the NEP:

📍 foreign policy crisis of 1927-28. - the severance of relations with England, the threat of war from the side of the capitalist powers was perceived as real, because of which the terms for industrialization were adjusted to ultra-short, as a result, the NEP could not now provide sources of funds for industrialization at a super-accelerated, forced pace;

📍 contradictions and crises of the NEP itself (the marketing crisis of 1923 and 1924, the grain procurement crises of 1925/26 and 1928/29 → the last of them led to the disruption of the industrialization plan);

📍 inconsistency of the NEP with the ideology of the ruling party.

Contradictions of the NEP: liberal reforms affected only the economic sphere, in the socio-political sphere, the old priorities were preserved.

1929 - the final abolition of the NEP, the transition to a command-administrative economy.

Events of foreign history of the XX century (1918 - 1924)

✳︎ Paris Peace Conference - 1919-1920 - XX century;

✳︎ establishment of the League of Nations - 1919 - XX century;

✳︎ Washington Conference - 1921-1922 - XX century;

✳︎ the coming of the Nazis to power in Italy - 1922 - XX century;

(found in the exam):

✔︎ establishment of the League of Nations - 1919 - XX century;

The Soviet state in the 20th century (1918 - 1924) (found in the Unified State Examination):

Processes (phenomena, events) and facts:

📍civil war in Russia - the defeat of the troops of P.N. Wrangel in the Crimea; the offensive of the troops of General N.N. Yudenich;

📍 the policy of "war communism" - the introduction of universal labor service;

📍 NEP (conducting a new economic policy) - replacing the surplus appropriation with a tax in kind; financial reform under the leadership of G.Ya. Sokolnikov;

📍the exit of the USSR from international isolation - the establishment of diplomatic relations with Great Britain;

Events and years:

✳︎ adoption of the first Constitution of the USSR - 1924;

✳︎ the defeat of the troops of P.N. Wrangel in the Crimea - 1920;

✳︎ Rappal Treaty - 1922;

✳︎ death of Lenin - 1924;

✳︎ transition of the Bolshevik government to the new economic policy - 1921;

✳︎ announcement of the "Red Terror" - 1918;

✳︎ the performance of the Left SRs against the Bolsheviks - 1918;

✳︎ offensive of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia under the command of A.I. Denikin to Moscow - 1919;

Terms that are related to the period:

✓ surplus appropriation ✓ Nepman

✓ comedy ✓ educational program

✓ food orders ✓ food dictatorship

✓ sales crisis ✓ war communism

Terms and their definition (recording the missing word):

🖍commercial enterprises with foreign investments (full or partial) that existed on the territory of the USSR in the 1920s - early 1930s. - concessions;

A fragment of the source and its brief description:

did not come across;

Which of the following events relate to the 1920s (selection from the list):

♕ adoption of the first Constitution of the USSR;

♕ the speech of the "Trotskyist opposition";

♕ rupture of diplomatic relations between the USSR and England;

Which of the following provisions relate to the policy of "war communism" (selection from the list):

✑ implementation of surplus appraisal;

✑ prohibition of private trade;

✑ forced labor service;

Which of the following applies to the New Economic Policy (1921 - 1928) (selection from the list):

✑ introduction of cost accounting at state enterprises;

✑ the emergence of a credit and banking system and stock exchanges;

✑ introduction of concessions;

Events and participants:

⚔️ civil war in Russia - A.V. Kolchak; A.I. Denikin;

⚔️ struggle for power after the death of V.I. Lenin - L.D. Trotsky;

⚔️ Defeat the army of P.N. Wrangel in the Crimea - V.K. Blucher; M.V. Frunze;

⚔️ suppression of the anti-Bolshevik uprising in Kronstadt - M.N. Tukhachevsky;

⚔️ formation of the USSR - V.I. Lenin;

Read an excerpt from the memoirs of a politician and indicate the word missing in the text:

📚 “... The party was talking about how fast the nationalization of the trade unions should go, while the question was about daily bread, about fuel, about raw materials for industry. The Party was feverishly arguing about the "school of communism", while in essence it was a question of an economic catastrophe that was imminent. The uprisings in Kronstadt and in the Tambov province broke into the discussion as a final warning. Lenin formulated the first, very cautious theses on the transition to _____________ economic policy. I immediately joined them. For me, they were only a renewal of the proposals that I had made a year ago. The dispute about trade unions immediately lost all meaning”;

🖍 new

Read an excerpt from the resolution adopted at the international conference and write the name of the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR during the period of its holding:

📚 “1. The allied creditor states represented at Genoa cannot assume any obligations regarding the claims made by the Soviet Government. 2. In view, however, of Russia's difficult economic situation, the creditor states are inclined to reduce Russia's war debt towards them in percentage terms, the size of which is to be determined subsequently. The nations represented in Genoa are inclined to take into account not only the question of deferring the payment of current interest, but also of deferring the payment of a part of the interest that has expired or is in arrears. 3. Nevertheless, it must finally be established that no exceptions can be made to the Soviet government ... "

🖍 Chicherin

Read an excerpt from the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and write the name of the leader of the country at the time of its publication:

📚 “In order to ensure the correct and calm management of the economy on the basis of a freer disposal of the agriculturist with the products of his labor and his economic means, in order to strengthen the peasant economy and raise its productivity, as well as in order to accurately determine the state obligations that fall on the farmers, appropriation, as a method of state procurement food, raw materials and fodder, is replaced by a tax in kind ... "

🖍 Lenin

Century and event in the history of Russia:

✍️ XX century - the offensive of the army of A.I. Denikin to Moscow;

✍️ XX century - the collapse of the NEP;

✍️ XX century - anti-Bolshevik uprising in Kronstadt;

Correct judgments for a passage from a historical source:

📜 “To the entire population of the Tambov province. The hopes of our enemies did not come true. The attack on red Petrograd was repulsed, the enemy was crushed at its very gates, in Kronstadt. The majority of the workers and sailors of Kronstadt, seeing where they were being taken by the provocateurs of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the White Guards, came to their senses and helped our advancing Red Army to put an end to the vile undertaking. And Kronstadt again raised the Soviet banner. In the face of all our enemies and our friends, the invincible strength of Soviet power has been confirmed. Citizens! It's time for us in the Tambov province to put an end to SR banditism. Our province has already become emaciated during the war and crop failure, it needs a firm internal order, it needs calm, friendly work. All honest citizens are obliged to help the Soviet government to restore this order. From March 21 to April 5, in the districts covered by the bandit movement, a voluntary appearance of members of the white gangs is held. Those who voluntarily come with weapons will be forgiven. Citizens! Contribute to the success of this endeavor. Explain to those who are involved by their foolishness or deceit in robbery, all its harm to the working people. Explain that the Soviet government is merciful to misguided workers and harsh only to the unconscious enemies of the people. Banditry must be put an end to immediately and decisively. We must give the working peasantry the opportunity to freely take up field work. We must also rid the peasantry as soon as possible of the burdensome billeting of the Red troops. Now, by order of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, a broad campaign of all-round assistance to peasant agriculture is being carried out. Now, by decision of the Communist Party, a law is being developed to replace food appropriations with a food tax.

✍︎ this appeal was written in 1921;

📜 “Do not idealize this period. It did not become a golden age for either the city or the countryside. The assumption of market relations made it possible to restore the country's economy destroyed by wars and revolutions, but the level of material security of the population remained low. Not abundance, but relative prosperity - an island between the devastation of the civil war and the hungry life of the first five-year plan - that's what it was. As money incomes of the population grew, limited production and trade began to have an effect: by the end of the decade, there was already an acute shortage of manufactured goods. However, it should be recognized that at this time the famine did not threaten the country. The nutrition of the population improved from year to year ... This well-being rested on a few whales. Chief among them is the individual peasant economy. Thanks to him, more than 80% of the country's population provided for themselves. Being monopoly producers of food and raw materials, the peasants disposed of the grown products at their own discretion. Their only serious obligation to the state was the agricultural tax, which was paid first in kind and then in cash. The peasant himself planned his farm - how much to sow, how much to leave in the bins, how much to sell. He lived by the principle - first of all to provide for himself. Inside the peasant yard, clothes, shoes, simple furniture, and household utensils were produced in a handicraft way. And what was left to do? Rural trade did not indulge in abundance and was only an addition to the semi-subsistence peasant economy. If a peasant went to a village shop, then not for bread and meat. He bought there what he could not produce himself: salt, matches, soap, kerosene, chintz. Of course, handicraft home production was not of high quality and determined the low standard of living. The peasantry was not socially homogeneous. However, the prosperity of the village grew. The share of middle peasant farms has increased. The strong middle peasantry and wealthy peasants were a kind of guarantor against starvation for the poor and weak: in case of need, despite the enslaving terms of the loan, there was someone to borrow food until the new harvest.

✍︎ in the period described in the passage, market relations were allowed in the country's economy;

✍︎ the beginning of the economic policy referred to in the passage was laid by the decisions of the X Congress of the RCP (b);

📜 “Mironov did not have communist cells in the division, and he was suspicious of the commissars, but he was a good strategist, a good specialist in military affairs, he got out of all the most difficult situations with small losses. Therefore, the Cossacks strove for him. The population all sympathized with him (both Cossack and non-Cossack: the peasants of the Saratov province came out to him with bread and salt). There was excellent discipline among the units subordinate to him. He did not have robberies, robbery and violent requisitions. Its parts did not offend the religious feelings of the population. In general, the population did not see enemies in the units subordinate to it, and thus was attracted to Soviet power. This exalted Mironov all the more because in neighboring units, for example, in the Kikvidze division, this was not observed, due to the unbridledness of the units, the population treated them with hostility ... Most of the Krasnovsky regiments willingly surrendered to Mironov, who enjoyed special authority, both among the Red Army and among the labor Cossacks in the White Guard camp. But the more his popularity grew, and the closer he came to Novocherkassk, the more the discontent of the population in his rear grew, thanks to the inept construction of Soviet power, indiscriminate requisitions, mass executions, etc. Rebellions even broke out in many places, for example, in the Verkhnedonsky district (the villages of Veshenskaya and Kazanskaya), as well as in the Ust-Medveditsky district.

✍︎ the author of the report explains the dissatisfaction of the population with the Soviet authorities with the inept actions of the Bolsheviks, indiscriminate requisitions, mass executions;

✍︎ contemporaries of the described events were K.E. Voroshilov and S.M. Budyonny;