TTX of modern radar stations of the NATO armed forces. Radar stations of military air defense of NATO countries. Does the American missile defense system threaten Russia?
The recent developments in the situation in Europe (the events in the Balkans) are of a very dynamic nature, both in the political and military fields. As a result of the implementation of the principles of new thinking, it became possible to reduce NATO's armed forces in Europe, while simultaneously increasing the qualitative state of the NATO system, as well as starting to reorganize the system itself.
A significant place in these reorganization plans is given to the issues of combat and logistic support of hostilities, as well as the creation of reliable air defense (air defense), without which, according to foreign experts, one cannot count on success in combat in modern conditions. One of the manifestations of NATO's efforts in this direction was the unified air defense system created by Europe, which includes active forces and assets allocated by NATO countries, as well as the Neige automated system.
1. Organization of a unified NATO air defense system
NATO command the following purpose of the unified air defense system is definitely:
to prevent the intrusion of aircraft assets of a possible enemy into the airspace of NATO countries in peacetime;
to maximally prevent them from delivering strikes in the course of hostilities in order to ensure the functioning of the main political and military-economic centers, strike groups of the Armed Forces, RTS, aviation assets, as well as other objects of strategic importance.
To accomplish these tasks, it is considered necessary:
provide advance warning of the command of a possible attack by continuously monitoring the airspace and obtaining intelligence data on the state of the enemy's means of attack;
cover from air strikes of nuclear forces, the most important military-strategic and administrative-economic facilities, as well as areas of concentration of troops;
maintaining high combat readiness of the maximum possible number of air defense forces and means to immediately repel an attack from the air;
organization of close interaction of forces and means of air defense;
in the event of a war - the destruction of enemy air attack means.
The creation of a unified air defense system is based on the following principles:
covering not individual objects, but entire areas, bands
allocation of sufficient forces and means to cover the most important directions and objects;
high centralization of command and control of air defense forces and means.
The overall management of the NATO air defense system is carried out by the Supreme Commander of the NATO Allied Forces in Europe through his Deputy for the Air Force (he is also the Commander-in-Chief of the NATO Air Force), i.e. commander in chief The Air Force is the commander of the air defense.
The entire area of responsibility of the joint NATO air defense system is divided into 2 air defense zones:
northern zone;
southern zone.
Northern air defense zone occupies the territories of Norway, Belgium, Germany, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and the coastal waters of countries and is divided into three air defense regions ("North", "Center", "Northeast").
Each region has 1-2 air defense sectors.
Southern air defense zone occupies the territory of Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Mediterranean and Black Seas and is subdivided into 4 air defense areas
"Southeast";
"South Center";
"Southwest;
Air defense areas have 2-3 air defense sectors. In addition, 2 independent air defense sectors have been created within the boundaries of the Southern Zone:
Cypriot;
Maltese;
For air defense purposes:
fighters - interceptors;
SAM long, medium and short range;
anti-aircraft artillery (FOR).
A) armed NATO air defense fighters The following groups of fighters are composed:
group - F-104, F-104E (capable of attacking one target at medium and high altitudes up to 10000m from the rear hemisphere);
group - F-15, F-16 (capable of destroying one target from all angles and at all heights),
group - F-14, F-18, "Tornado", "Mirage-2000" (capable of attacking several targets from different angles and at all heights).
Air defense fighters are tasked with intercepting air targets at the highest possible strike heights from their base over enemy territory and outside the SAM zone.
All fighters are cannon and missile armed and are all-weather, equipped with a combined weapon control system designed to detect and attack air targets.
This system typically includes:
radar interception and aiming;
counting device;
infrared sight;
optical sight.
All radars operate in the range λ=3–3.5cm in pulsed (F–104) or pulsed Doppler mode. All NATO aircraft have a radar radiation receiver operating in the range λ = 3–11.5 cm. Fighters are based at airfields 120-150 km from the front line.
B)Fighter tactics
When performing combat missions, fighters use three ways to fight:
interception from the position "On duty at the road";
interception from the “Air watch” position;
free attack.
"On duty at the a / d"- the main type of combat missions. It is used in the presence of a developed radar and provides energy savings, the presence of a full supply of fuel.
Disadvantages: displacement of the interception line to its territory when intercepting low-altitude targets
Depending on the threatening situation and the type of alert, the duty forces of air defense fighters can be in the following degrees of combat readiness:
Got. No. 1 - departure in 2 minutes, after the order;
Got. No. 2 - departure in 5 minutes, after the order;
Got. No. 3 - departure in 15 minutes, after the order;
Got. No. 4 - departure in 30 minutes, after the order;
Got. No. 5 - departure 60 minutes after the order.
The possible boundary of the meeting of the military-technical cooperation with a fighter from this position is 40–50 km from the front line.
"Air Watch" – used to cover the main group of troops in the most important objects. At the same time, the band of the army group is divided into duty zones, which are assigned to air units.
Duty is carried out at medium, low and high altitudes:
-In PMU - by groups of aircraft up to the link;
-In the SMU - at night - by single planes, change of cat. produced in 45–60 minutes. Depth - 100-150 km from the front line.
Disadvantages: - the ability to quickly detect areas of duty by the enemy;
forced to more often adhere to defensive tactics;
the possibility of creating superiority in forces by the enemy.
"Free Hunt" – for the destruction of air targets in a given area that do not have a continuous cover of the air defense system and a continuous radar field Depth - 200–300 km from the front line.
Air defense and TI fighters, equipped with radar detection and aiming, armed with air-to-air missiles, use 2 methods of attack:
Attack from the front HEMISPHERE (under 45–70 0 to the target's course). It is used when the time and place of interception is calculated in advance. This is possible with longitudinal target wiring. It is the fastest, but requires high pointing accuracy both in place and in time.
Attack from the rear HEMISPHERE (within the heading angle sector 110–250 0). It is used against all targets and with all types of weapons. It provides a high probability of hitting the target.
With a good weapon and moving from one method of attack to another, one fighter can perform 6–9 attacks , which makes it possible to break 5–6 BTA aircraft.
A significant disadvantage air defense fighters, and in particular the radar of fighters, is their work, based on the use of the Doppler effect. There are so-called "blind" heading angles (approach angles to the target), in which the fighter's radar is not able to select (select) the target against the background of interfering ground reflections or passive interference. These zones do not depend on the attacking fighter flight speed, but are determined by the target flight speed, heading angles, approach angles and the minimum radial component of the relative approach speed ∆Vbl., set by the performance characteristics of the radar.
Radar is capable of isolating only those signals from the target that have a certain Doppler ƒ min. Such ƒ min is for radar ± 2 kHz.
In accordance with the laws of radar ƒ = 2 V2 ƒ 0
where ƒ 0 is the carrier, C–V light. Such signals come from targets with V 2 =30–60 m/s. => 790–110 0, and 250–290 0, respectively.
The main air defense systems in the joint air defense system of NATO countries are:
Long-range air defense systems (D≥60 km) - "Nike-Hercules", "Patriot";
Medium-range air defense systems (D = from 10-15 km to 50-60 km) - improved "Hawk" ("U-Hawk");
Short-range air defense systems (D = 10–15 km) - Chaparel, Rapier, Roland, Indigo, Crotal, Javelin, Avenger, Adats, Fog-M, " Stinger, Bluepipe.
NATO anti-aircraft defenses principle of use subdivided into:
Centralized use, applied according to the plan of the senior chief in zone , area and air defense sector;
Military air defense systems that are part of the ground forces according to the state and are used according to the plan of their commander.
To funds applied according to plans senior leaders include long-range and medium-range air defense systems. Here they work in automatic guidance mode.
The main tactical subdivision of anti-aircraft weapons is a division or equivalent units.
Long-range and medium-range air defense systems, with a sufficient number of them, are used to create a zone of continuous cover.
With a small number of them, only individual, most important objects are covered.
Short-range air defense systems and FOR used to cover the ground forces, a / d, etc.
Each anti-aircraft weapon has certain combat capabilities for firing and hitting a target.
Combat capabilities - quantitative and qualitative indicators that characterize the capabilities of the air defense system units to carry out combat missions at the set time and in specific conditions.
The combat capabilities of the SAM battery are estimated by the following characteristics:
Sizes of zones of fire and damage in vertical and horizontal planes;
The number of simultaneously fired targets;
System reaction time;
The ability of the battery to conduct a long fire;
The number of launches during the shelling of this target.
These characteristics can only be predetermined for a non-maneuvering target.
fire zone - a part of space, at every point of which missile guidance is possible.
Kill zone - part of the firing zone within which the missile meets the target and is hit with a given probability.
The position of the affected area in the firing zone may change depending on the direction of the target's flight.
When the air defense system is operating in the mode automatic guidance the affected area occupies a position in which the bisector of the angle limiting the affected area in the horizontal plane always remains parallel to the direction of flight towards the target.
Since the target can be approached from any direction, the affected area can occupy any position, while the bisector of the angle limiting the affected area rotates following the turn of the aircraft.
Hence, a turn in the horizontal plane at an angle greater than half the angle limiting the affected area is equivalent to the exit of the aircraft from the affected area.
The affected area of any air defense system has certain boundaries:
according to H - lower and upper;
on D from start. mouth - far and near, as well as restrictions on the heading parameter (P), which determines the lateral boundaries of the zone.
Lower limit of the affected area - determined Hmin firing, which provides a given probability of hitting the target. It is limited by the influence of the reflection of the radiated from the ground on the operation of the RTS and the angles of closing positions.
Position closing angle ( α ) – is formed in the presence of an excess of the terrain and local objects over the position of the batteries.
Top and Data Bounds zones of lesions are determined by the energy resource of the river.
near border the affected area is determined by the time of uncontrolled flight after launch.
Side borders the affected areas are determined by the heading parameter (P).
Heading parameter P - the shortest distance (KM) from the position of the battery and the projection of the aircraft track.
The number of simultaneously fired targets depends on the amount of radar irradiation (illumination) of the target in the batteries of the air defense system.
The reaction time of the system is the time elapsed from the moment an air target is detected to the moment the missile is admitted.
The number of possible launches on the target depends on the early detection of the target by the radar, the heading parameter P, H of the target and Vtarget, T of the system reaction and the time between missile launches.
Materials provided by: S.V.Gurov (Russia, Tula)
The promising mobile anti-aircraft missile system MEADS (Medium Extended Air Defense System) is designed to defend groups of troops and important objects from operational-tactical ballistic missiles with a range of up to 1000 km, cruise missiles, aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles of the enemy.
The development of the system is carried out by the Orlando (USA)-based joint venture MEADS International, which includes the Italian division of MBDA, the German LFK and the American company Lockheed Martin. The management of the development, production and support of air defense systems is carried out by the NAMEADSMO (NATO Medium Extended Air Defense System Design and Development, Production and Logistics Management Organization) organization created in the NATO structure. The US finances 58% of the costs of the program. Germany and Italy provide 25% and 17%, respectively. According to the initial plans, the United States intended to purchase 48 MEADS air defense systems, Germany - 24 and Italy - 9.
The conceptual development of the new air defense system began in October 1996. In early 1999, a $300 million contract was signed to develop a prototype of the MEADS air defense system.
According to the statement of the First Deputy Inspector of the German Air Force, Lieutenant General Norbert Finster, MEADS will become one of the main elements of the country's and NATO's missile defense system.
The MEADS complex is the main candidate for the German Taktisches Luftverteidigungssystem (TLVS) - a new generation air and missile defense system with a flexible network architecture. It is possible that the MEADS complex will become the basis of the national air defense / missile defense system in Italy. In December 2014, the Polish Armaments Inspectorate informed that the MEADS International project will participate in the competition for the Narew short-range air defense system, designed to defend against aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles and cruise missiles.
Compound
The MEADS system has a modular architecture, which makes it possible to increase the flexibility of its application, produce it in various configurations, provide high firepower with a reduction in maintenance personnel and reduce material support costs.
The composition of the complex:
- launcher (photo1, photo2, photo3, photo4 Thomas Schulz, Poland);
- interceptor missile;
- combat control point (PBU);
- multifunctional radar station;
- detection radar.
All nodes of the complex are located on off-road vehicle chassis. For the Italian version of the complex, the chassis of the Italian ARIS tractor with an armored cab is used, for the German one - the MAN tractor. C-130 Hercules and Airbus A400M aircraft can be used to transport MEADS air defense systems.
The mobile launcher (PU) of the MEADS air defense system is equipped with a package of eight transport and launch containers (TLCs) designed to transport, store and launch guided interceptor missiles. PU provides the so-called. batch loading (see photo1, photo2) and is characterized by a short transfer time to the firing position and reloading.
Lockheed Martin's PAC-3MSE interceptor missile is expected to be used as a means of destruction as part of the MEADS air defense system. The PAC-3MSE differs from its prototype - an anti-missile, by a 1.5-fold increase in the affected area and the possibility of using it as part of other air defense systems, including shipborne ones. The PAC-3MSE is equipped with a new Aerojet double-acting main engine with a diameter of 292 mm, a two-way communication system between the missile and the PBU. To increase the effectiveness of defeating maneuvering aerodynamic targets, in addition to using a kinetic warhead, it is possible to equip the rocket with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead of directed action. The first test of the PAC-3MSE took place on May 21, 2008.
It was reported on the conduct of research and development work on the use of guided missiles and air-to-air missiles, upgraded for ground launch, as part of the MEADS complex.
The PBU is designed to control an open architecture network-centric air defense system and ensures the joint operation of any combination of detection tools and launchers combined into a single air defense and missile defense system. In accordance with the "plug and play" concept, the means of detection, control and combat support of the system interact with each other as nodes of a single network. Thanks to the capabilities of the control center, the system commander can quickly turn on or off such nodes, depending on the combat situation, without turning off the entire system, ensuring quick maneuver and concentration of combat capabilities in threatened areas.
The use of standardized interfaces and an open network architecture provides the PBU with the ability to control detection tools and launchers from various air defense systems, incl. not included in the MEADS air defense system. If necessary, the MEADS air defense system can interact with complexes, etc. The PBU is compatible with modern and advanced control systems, in particular, with NATO's Air Command and Control System (NATO's Air Command and Control System).
A set of communication equipment MICS (MEADS Internal Communications Subsystem) is designed to organize the joint operation of MEADS air defense systems. MICS provides secure tactical communication between radars, launchers and control units of the complex through a high-speed network built on the basis of the IP protocol stack.
Multifunctional three-coordinate X-band pulse-Doppler radar provides detection, classification, identification of nationality and tracking of air targets, as well as missile guidance. The radar is equipped with an active phased antenna array (see). The rotation speed of the antenna is 0, 15 and 30 rpm. The station ensures the transmission of correction commands to the interceptor missile via the Link 16 data exchange channel, which allows the missile to be redirected to trajectories, as well as the selection of the most optimal launcher from the system to repel an attack.
According to the developers, the multifunctional radar of the complex is highly reliable and efficient. During the tests, the radar provided the search, classification and tracking of targets with the issuance of target designation, suppression of active and passive interference. The MEADS air defense system can simultaneously fire at up to 10 air targets in a difficult jamming environment.
The composition of the multifunctional radar includes a system for determining the nationality "friend or foe", developed by the Italian company SELEX Sistemi Integrati. The antenna of the "friend or foe" system (see) is located in the upper part of the main antenna array. The MEADS air defense system became the first American complex that allows the use of cryptographic means of other states in its composition.
The mobile detection radar is being developed for MEADS by Lockheed-Martin and is a pulse-Doppler station with an active phased array, operating both in a stationary position and at a rotation speed of 7.5 rpm. To search for aerodynamic targets in the radar, a circular view of the airspace is implemented. The design features of the radar also include a high-performance signal processor, a programmable probing signal generator, and a digital adaptive beamformer.
The MEADS air defense system has an autonomous power supply system, which includes a diesel generator and a distribution and conversion unit for connecting to an industrial network (frequency 50 Hz / 60 Hz). The system was developed by Lechmotoren (Altenstadt, Germany).
The main tactical unit of the MEADS air defense system is an anti-aircraft missile battalion, which is planned to include three firing and one headquarters batteries. The MEADS battery includes a detection radar, a multifunctional radar, a PBU, up to six launchers. The minimum system configuration includes one copy of the radar, launcher and PBU.
Tactical and technical characteristics
Testing and operation
01.09.2004 NAMEADSMO has signed a $2 billion and €1.4 billion ($1.8 billion) contract with joint venture MEADS International for the R&D phase of the MEADS SAM program.
01.09.2006 The PAC-3MSE interceptor missile was chosen as the main means of destruction of the MEADS complex.
05.08.2009 The preliminary design of all the main components of the complex has been completed.
01.06.2010 When discussing the draft US defense budget for FY2011. The Senate Armed Forces Commission (SASC) expressed concern about the cost of the MEADS program, which is $1 billion over budget and 18 months late. The Commission recommended that the US Department of Defense stop funding the development of MEADS if the program does not pass the stage of protection of the working draft. In a response from US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates to the commission, it was reported that the program schedule had been agreed, and the cost of developing, manufacturing and deploying MEADS had been estimated.
01.07.2010 Raytheon has proposed a modernization package for the Patriot air defense systems in service with the Bundeswehr, which will improve their performance to the level of the MEADS air defense system by 2014. According to Raytheon, a phased modernization process would save from 1 to 2 billion euros without reducing the combat readiness of the German armed forces. The German Ministry of Defense decided to continue the development of the MEADS air defense system.
16.09.2010 The MEADS air defense system development program has successfully passed the stage of defending the working draft. The project was recognized as meeting all the requirements. The results of the defense were sent to the countries participating in the program. The estimated cost of the program was $19 billion.
22.09.2010 As part of the implementation of the MEADS program, a work plan was presented to reduce the costs of the life cycle of the complex.
27.09.2010 The possibility of joint operation of the MEADS PBU with the NATO air defense command and control complex was successfully demonstrated. The unification of NATO's layered missile defense facilities was carried out on a special test bench.
20.12.2010 At the Fusaro air base (Italy), for the first time, a PBU was demonstrated, located on the chassis of the Italian tractor ARIS. Five more PBUs, planned for use at the testing and certification stages of the complex, are in the production stage.
14.01.2011 LFK (Lenkflugkorpersyteme, MBDA Deutschland) announced the delivery of the first MEADS SAM launcher to the joint venture MEADS International.
31.01.2011 As part of the work on the creation of the MEADS complex, tests of the first multifunctional radar station were successfully completed.
11.02.2011 The US Department of Defense announced its intention to stop funding the MEADS project after FY2013. The reason was the proposal of the consortium to increase the development time of the complex by 30 months in excess of the originally announced 110. The extension of the time will require an increase in US funding for the project by $974 million. The Pentagon estimates that total funding will rise to $1.16bn and production start will be delayed to 2018. However, the US DoD decided to continue the development and testing phase within the budget established in 2004 without entering the production phase.
15.02.2011 In a letter sent by the German Ministry of Defense to the Bundestag budget committee, it was noted that due to the possible termination of the joint development of the complex, the acquisition of the MEADS air defense system is not planned in the foreseeable future. The results of the program implementation can be used in the framework of national programs for the creation of air defense / missile defense systems.
18.02.2011 Germany will not continue the MEADS air defense / missile defense system program after the development phase is completed. According to a representative of the German Defense Ministry, it will not be able to finance the next stage of the project if the United States withdraws from it. It was noted that the official decision to close the MEADS program has not yet been made.
01.04.2011 MEADS International Business Development Director Marty Coyne reported on his meetings with representatives of a number of countries in Europe and the Middle East who expressed their intention to take part in the project. Among the potential participants in the project are Poland and Turkey, which are interested in purchasing modern air defense / missile defense systems and gaining access to technologies for the production of such systems. This would allow the completion of the MEADS development program, which was in danger of being closed after the US military department refused to participate in the production phase.
15.06.2011 Lockheed Martin has delivered the first set of communication equipment MICS (MEADS Internal Communications Subsystem), designed to organize the joint operation of MEADS air defense systems.
16.08.2011 Testing of the software for the combat command, control, control, communications and intelligence complex in Huntsville (Alabama, USA) has been completed.
13.09.2011 With the help of an integrated training complex, a simulated launch of the MEADS SAM interceptor rocket was carried out.
12.10.2011 MEADS International has started comprehensive testing of the first MEADS MODU at a test facility in Orlando (Florida, USA).
17.10.2011 Lockheed Martin Corporation has delivered MICS communications equipment kits for use as part of the MEADS complex.
24.10.2011 The first MEADS SAM launcher has arrived at the White Sands missile range for comprehensive testing and preparation for flight tests scheduled for November.
30.10.2011 The US DoD has signed Amendment #26 to the base memorandum, which provides for the restructuring of the MEADS program. In accordance with this amendment, before the completion of the contract for the design and development of MEADS in 2014, two test launches are envisaged to determine the characteristics of the system. According to a statement by representatives of the US Department of Defense, the approved completion of the development of MEADS will allow the US defense department to use the technologies created under the project in the implementation of programs for the development of advanced weapons systems.
03.11.2011 The directors of national armaments of Germany, Italy and the United States approved an amendment to the contract to provide funding for two tests to intercept targets for the MEADS system.
10.11.2011 At the Pratica di Mare air base, a successful virtual simulation of the destruction of aerodynamic and ballistic targets using the MEADS air defense system was completed. During the tests, the combat control center of the complex demonstrated the ability to organize an arbitrary combination of launchers, combat control, command, control, communications and intelligence into a single network-centric air defense and missile defense system.
17.11.2011 The first flight test of the MEADS system as part of the PAC-3 MSE interceptor missile, a lightweight launcher and a combat control center was successfully completed at the White Sands missile range. During the test, a missile was launched to intercept a target attacking in the rear half-space. After completing the task, the interceptor missile self-destructed.
17.11.2011 Information has been published on the start of negotiations on Qatar's entry into the MEADS air defense system development program. Qatar has expressed interest in using the facility to secure the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
08.02.2012 Berlin and Rome are pressuring Washington to continue US funding for the MEADS development program. On January 17, 2012, the participants of the international consortium MEADS received a new proposal from the United States, which actually provided for the termination of funding for the program as early as 2012.
22.02.2012 Lockheed Martin Corporation announced the start of comprehensive testing of the third MEADS PBU in Huntsville (Alabama, USA). PBU tests are planned for the whole of 2012. Two PBUs are already involved in testing the MEADS system at Pratica di Mare (Italy) and Orlando (Florida, USA) air bases.
19.04.2012 Commencement of comprehensive testing of the first copy of the MEADS multifunctional air defense radar at the Pratica di Mare air base. Earlier it was reported about the completion of the first stage of testing the station at the facility of SELEX Sistemi Integrati SpA in Rome.
12.06.2012 The acceptance tests of the autonomous power supply and communication unit of the MEADS air defense system, designed for the upcoming comprehensive tests of the multifunctional radar station of the complex at the Pratica di Mare airbase, have been completed. The second copy of the block is being tested at the technical center for self-propelled and armored vehicles of the German armed forces in Trier (Germany).
09.07.2012 The first MEADS mobile test kit has been delivered to the White Sands missile range. A set of test equipment provides real-time virtual tests of the MEADS complex for intercepting targets without launching an interceptor missile for various air attack scenarios.
14.08.2012 On the territory of the Pratica di Mare airbase, the first comprehensive tests of the multifunctional radar were carried out together with the combat control center and launchers of the MEADS air defense system. It is reported that the radar has demonstrated key functionality, incl. the possibility of a circular view of the airspace, the capture of a target and its tracking in various scenarios of a combat situation.
29.08.2012 A PAC-3 interceptor missile at the White Sands missile range successfully destroyed a target simulating a tactical ballistic missile. As part of the test, two targets imitating tactical ballistic missiles and an MQM-107 unmanned aircraft were involved. A salvo launch of two PAC-3 interceptor missiles completed the task of intercepting a second target, a tactical ballistic missile. According to published data, all test tasks were completed.
22.10.2012 On the territory of the Pratica di Mare air base, the next stage of testing the system for determining the nationality of the MEADS complex has been successfully completed. All system operation scenarios were tested in conjunction with the American "friend or foe" identification system Mark XII / XIIA Mode 5 of the ATCBRBS (Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System) airspace control system. The total volume of certification tests was 160 experiments. After integrating the system with the MEADS multifunctional radar, additional tests were performed.
29.11.2012 The MEADS air defense system provided detection, tracking and interception of the MQM-107 target with an air-breathing engine on the territory of the White Sands missile range (New Mexico, USA). During the tests, the complex included: a command and control center, a light launcher for PAC-3 MSE interceptor missiles and a multifunctional radar.
06.12.2012 The Senate of the US Congress, despite the request of the President of the United States and the Department of Defense, decided not to allocate funds for the MEADS air defense program in the next fiscal year. The Senate-approved defense budget did not include the $400.8 million needed to complete the program.
01.04.2013 The US Congress decided to continue funding the MEADS air defense system development program. As Reuters reported, Congress approved a bill guaranteeing the allocation of funds to cover current financial needs until September 30, 2013. This bill provides for the allocation of $ 380 million to complete the development and testing phase of the complex, which will avoid cancellation of contracts and negative consequences on an international scale.
19.04.2013 The upgraded detection radar was tested in joint operation as part of a single set of MEADS air defense systems. During the tests, the radar ensured the detection and tracking of a small aircraft, the transmission of information to the MEADS PBU. After its processing, the PBU issued target designation data to the multifunctional radar of the MEADS complex, which carried out additional search, recognition and further tracking of the target. The tests were carried out in the all-round view mode in the Hancock airport area (Syracusa, New York, USA), the distance between the radars was more than 10 miles.
19.06.2013 A press release from Lockheed Martin reports on the successful testing of the MEADS air defense system as part of a unified air defense system with other anti-aircraft systems in service with NATO countries.
10.09.2013 The first launcher of the MEADS air defense system on the chassis of a German truck was delivered to the USA for testing. Tests of two launchers are planned for 2013.
21.10.2013 During tests at the White Sands missile range, the MEADS multifunctional radar for the first time successfully captured and tracked a target simulating a tactical ballistic missile.
06.11.2013 During the tests of the MEADS air defense system, to assess the capabilities of the all-round defense complex, two targets were intercepted, simultaneously attacking from opposite directions. The tests took place on the territory of the White Sands missile range (New Mexico, USA). One of the targets simulated a class ballistic missile, the QF-4 target simulated a cruise missile.
21.05.2014 The system for determining the nationality "friend or foe" of the MEADS complex received an operational certificate from the US Department of Defense Airspace Control Administration.
24.07.2014 Demonstration tests of the MEADS air defense system at the Pratica di Mare airbase have been completed. During two-week tests, the complex's ability to work in various architectures, incl. under the control of higher control systems were demonstrated to the German and Italian delegations.
23.09.2014 Six-week operational tests of the multifunctional radar from the MEADS air defense system at the Pratica di Mare airbase (Italy) and at the German air defense center of the MBDA concern in Freinhausen have been completed.
07.01.2015 The MEADS air defense system is being considered as a candidate for compliance with the requirements for next-generation air and missile defense systems in Germany and Poland.
Said Aminov, editor-in-chief of the Vestnik PVO website (PVO.rf)
Basic provisions:
Today, a number of companies are actively developing and promoting new air defense systems, which are based on air-to-air missiles used from ground launchers;
Given the large number of aircraft missiles in service with different countries, the creation of such air defense systems can be very promising.
The idea of creating anti-aircraft missile systems based on aircraft weapons is not new. Back in the 1960s. The United States created Chaparral self-propelled short-range air defense systems with the Sidewinder aircraft missile and the Sea Sparrow short-range air defense system with the AIM-7E-2 Sparrow aircraft missile. These complexes were widely used and were used in combat operations. At the same time, a ground-based Spada air defense system (and its shipborne version of Albatros) was created in Italy, using Aspide anti-aircraft guided missiles similar in design to Sparrow.
Today, the United States has returned to the design of "hybrid" air defense systems based on the Raytheon AIM-120 AMRAAM aircraft missile. The SLAMRAAM air defense system, which has been created for a long time, designed to complement the Avenger complex in the US Army and Marine Corps, can theoretically become one of the best-selling in foreign markets, given the number of countries armed with AIM-120 aircraft missiles. An example is the US-Norwegian NASAMS air defense system, which has already gained popularity, also created on the basis of AIM-120 missiles.
The European group MBDA is promoting vertical launch air defense systems based on the French MICA aircraft missile, and the German company Diehl BGT Defense is promoting IRIS-T missiles.
Russia also does not stand aside - in 2005, the Tactical Missile Weapons Corporation (KTRV) presented at the MAKS air show information on the use of an air defense medium-range missile RVV-AE. This missile with an active radar guidance system is designed for use from fourth-generation aircraft, has a range of 80 km and was exported in large quantities as part of the Su-30MK and MiG-29 family fighters to China, Algeria, India and other countries. True, information on the development of the anti-aircraft version of the RVV-AE has not been received recently.
Chaparral (USA)
The Chaparral self-propelled all-weather air defense system was developed by Ford based on the Sidewinder 1C (AIM-9D) aircraft missile. The complex was adopted by the US Army in 1969, and since then it has been modernized several times. In combat, Chaparral was first used by the Israeli army in the Golan Heights in 1973, and subsequently used by Israel in 1982 during the Israeli occupation of Lebanon. However, by the early 1990s. The Chaparral air defense system was hopelessly outdated and was decommissioned by the United States, and then by Israel. Now it has remained in operation only in Egypt, Colombia, Morocco, Portugal, Tunisia and Taiwan.
Sea Sparrow (USA)
The Sea Sparrow is one of the most massive short-range ship-based air defense systems in the NATO navies. The complex was created on the basis of the RIM-7 missile, a modified version of the AIM-7F Sparrow air-to-air missile. Tests began in 1967, and since 1971 the complex began to enter service with the US Navy.
In 1968, Denmark, Italy and Norway came to an agreement with the US Navy on joint work to modernize the Sea Sparrow air defense system as part of international cooperation. As a result, a unified air defense system for NATO surface ships NSSMS (NATO Sea Sparrow Missile System) was developed, which has been in serial production since 1973.
Now a new anti-aircraft missile RIM-162 ESSM (Evolved Sea Sparrow Missiles) is being offered for the Sea Sparrow air defense system, the development of which began in 1995 by an international consortium led by the American company Raytheon. The consortium includes companies from Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Spain, Greece, Holland, Italy, Norway, Portugal and Turkey. The new missile can be launched from both inclined and vertical launchers. The RIM-162 ESSM anti-aircraft missile has been in service since 2004. The modified RIM-162 ESSM anti-aircraft missile is also planned to be used in the US SLAMRAAM ER land-based air defense system (see below).
RVV-AE-ZRK (Russia)
In our country, research work (R&D) on the use of aircraft missiles in air defense systems began in the mid-1980s. In the Klenka Research Institute, specialists from the Vympel State Design Bureau (today part of the KTRV) confirmed the possibility and expediency of using the R-27P missile as part of the air defense system, and in the early 1990s. Research work "Yelnik" showed the possibility of using an air-to-air missile of the RVV-AE (R-77) type in an air defense system with a vertical launch. A model of a modified missile under the designation RVV-AE-ZRK was demonstrated in 1996 at the Defendory international exhibition in Athens at the stand of the Vympel State Design Bureau. However, until 2005, there were no new references to the anti-aircraft version of the RVV-AE.
Possible launcher of a promising air defense system on an artillery carriage of an S-60 anti-aircraft gun GosMKB "Vympel"
During the MAKS-2005 air show, the Tactical Missiles Corporation presented an anti-aircraft version of the RVV-AE missile without external changes from an aircraft missile. The RVV-AE missile was placed in a transport and launch container (TPK) and had a vertical launch. According to the developer, the missile is proposed to be used against air targets from ground launchers that are part of anti-aircraft missile or anti-aircraft artillery systems. In particular, layouts for placing four TPKs with RVV-AE on the S-60 anti-aircraft gun cart were distributed, and it was also proposed to upgrade the Kvadrat air defense system (an export version of the Kub air defense system) by placing TPKs with RVV-AE on the launcher.
Anti-aircraft missile RVV-AE in a transport and launch container in the exposition of the Vympel State Design Bureau (Tactical Missiles Corporation) at the MAKS-2005 exhibition Said Aminov
Due to the fact that the anti-aircraft version of the RVV-AE almost does not differ from the aircraft version in terms of equipment and there is no launch accelerator, the launch is carried out using a sustainer engine from a transport and launch container. Because of this, the maximum launch range has decreased from 80 to 12 km. The anti-aircraft version of the RVV-AE was created in cooperation with the Almaz-Antey air defense concern.
After MAKS-2005, there were no reports on the implementation of this project from open sources. Now the aviation version of the RVV-AE is in service with Algeria, India, China, Vietnam, Malaysia and other countries, some of which also have Soviet artillery and air defense missile systems.
Pracka (Yugoslavia)
The first examples of the use of aircraft missiles in the role of anti-aircraft missiles in Yugoslavia date back to the mid-1990s, when the Bosnian Serb army created an air defense system on the chassis of a TAM-150 truck with two rails for Soviet-designed R-13 infrared-guided missiles. It was a "handicraft" modification and does not appear to have had an official designation.
A self-propelled anti-aircraft gun based on R-3 missiles (AA-2 "Atoll") was first shown to the public in 1995 (Source Vojske Krajine)
Another simplified system, known as Pracka ("Sling"), was an infrared-guided R-60 missile on an improvised launcher based on the carriage of a towed 20 mm M55 anti-aircraft gun. The actual combat effectiveness of such a system seems to have been low, given such a disadvantage as a very short launch range.
Towed handicraft air defense system "Sling" with a missile based on air-to-air missiles with an infrared homing head R-60
The beginning of the NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999 prompted the engineers of this country to urgently create anti-aircraft missile systems. Specialists from the VTI Military Technical Institute and the VTO Air Test Center quickly developed the Pracka RL-2 and RL-4 self-propelled air defense systems armed with two-stage missiles. Prototypes of both systems were created on the basis of the chassis of a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun with a 30-mm double-barreled gun of the Czech production type M53 / 59, more than 100 of which were in service with Yugoslavia.
New versions of the Prasha air defense system with two-stage missiles based on the R-73 and R-60 aircraft missiles at an exhibition in Belgrade in December 2004. Vukasin Milosevic, 2004
The RL-2 system was created on the basis of the Soviet R-60MK missile with the first stage in the form of an accelerator of a similar caliber. The booster appears to have been created by a combination of a 128mm multiple rocket launcher engine and large cross-mounted tail fins.
Vukasin Milosevic, 2004
The RL-4 rocket was created on the basis of the Soviet R-73 rocket, also equipped with an accelerator. It is possible that boosters for RL-4
were created on the basis of Soviet 57-mm unguided aircraft missiles of the S-5 type (a package of six missiles in a single body). An unnamed Serbian source, in an interview with a representative of the Western press, stated that this air defense system was successful. The R-73 missiles significantly outperform the R-60 in homing head sensitivity and reach in range and altitude, posing a significant threat to NATO aircraft.
Vukasin Milosevic, 2004
It is unlikely that the RL-2 and RL-4 had a great chance of independently conducting successful firing at suddenly appeared targets. These SAMs depend on air defense command posts or a forward observation post to have at least some idea of the direction to the target and the approximate time of its appearance.
Vukasin Milosevic, 2004
Both prototypes were built by VTO and VTI staff, and there is no information in the public domain about how many (or if any) test runs were made. The prototypes remained in service throughout the 1999 NATO bombing campaign. Anecdotal reports suggest that the RL-4 may have been used in combat, but there is no evidence that RL-2 missiles were fired at NATO aircraft. After the end of the conflict, both systems were withdrawn from service and returned to VTI.
SPYDER (Israel)
Israeli companies Rafael and IAI have developed and are promoting SPYDER short-range air defense systems based on Rafael Python 4 or 5 and Derby aircraft missiles, respectively, with infrared and active radar guidance. For the first time, the new complex was presented in 2004 at the Indian arms exhibition Defexpo.
Experienced launcher of the SPYDER air defense system, on which Rafael worked out the Jane "s complex
SAM SPYDER is capable of hitting air targets at ranges up to 15 km and at altitudes up to 9 km. The SPYDER is armed with four Python and Derby missiles in the TPK on the Tatra-815 off-road chassis with an 8x8 wheel arrangement. Rocket launch inclined.
Indian version of the SPYDER air defense system at the Bourges air show in 2007 Said Aminov
Derby, Python-5 and Iron Dome rockets at Defexpo-2012
The main export customer of the SPYDER short-range air defense system is India. In 2005, Rafael won the corresponding tender of the Indian Air Force, while the competitors were companies from Russia and South Africa. In 2006, four SPYDER SAM launchers were sent to India for testing, which were successfully completed in 2007. The final contract for the supply of 18 SPYDER systems for a total of $ 1 billion was signed in 2008. It is planned that the systems will be delivered in 2011-2012 Also, the SPYDER air defense system was purchased by Singapore.
SAM SPYDER Singapore Air Force
After the end of hostilities in Georgia in August 2008, evidence appeared on Internet forums that the Georgian military had one battery of SPYDER air defense systems, as well as their use against Russian aircraft. So, for example, in September 2008, a photograph of the head of the Python 4 rocket with serial number 11219 was published. Later, two photographs appeared, dated August 19, 2008, of a SPYDER air defense missile launcher with four Python 4 missiles on the chassis captured by Russian or South Ossetian military Romanian made Roman 6x6. Serial number 11219 is visible on one of the missiles.
Georgian SAM SPYDER
VL MICA (Europe)
Since 2000, the European concern MBDA has been promoting the VL MICA air defense system, the main armament of which is MICA aircraft missiles. The first demonstration of the new complex took place in February 2000 at the Asian Aerospace exhibition in Singapore. And already in 2001, tests began at the French training ground in Landes. In December 2005, the MBDA concern received a contract to create the VL MICA air defense system for the French armed forces. It was planned that these complexes would provide object air defense of air bases, units in the combat formations of the ground forces and be used as shipboard air defense. However, to date, the purchase of the complex by the armed forces of France has not begun. The aviation version of the MICA missile is in service with the French Air Force and Navy (they are equipped with Rafale and Mirage 2000 fighters), in addition, MICA is in service with the Air Force of the United Arab Emirates, Greece and Taiwan (Mirage 2000).
Model of the ship launcher VL MICA air defense system at the LIMA-2013 exhibition
The land version of the VL MICA includes a command post, a three-coordinate detection radar and three to six launchers with four transport and launch containers. VL MICA components can be installed on standard off-road vehicles. Anti-aircraft missiles of the complex can be with an infrared or active radar homing head, completely identical to aviation options. The TPK for the land version of the VL MICA is identical to the TPK for the ship modification of the VL MICA. In the basic configuration of the ship's VL MICA air defense system, the launcher consists of eight TPKs with MICA missiles in various combinations of homing heads.
Model of self-propelled launcher SAM VL MICA at the exhibition LIMA-2013
In December 2007, VL MICA air defense systems were ordered by Oman (for three Khareef project corvettes under construction in the UK), subsequently these complexes were purchased by the Moroccan Navy (for three SIGMA project corvettes under construction in the Netherlands) and the UAE (for two small missile corvettes contracted in Italy project Falaj 2) . In 2009, at the Paris Air Show, Romania announced the acquisition of the VL MICA and Mistral complexes for the country's Air Force from the MBDA concern, although deliveries to the Romanians have not begun so far.
IRIS-T (Europe)
As part of the European initiative to create a promising short-range aviation missile to replace the American AIM-9 Sidewinder, a consortium of countries led by Germany created the IRIS-T missile with a range of up to 25 km. The development and production is carried out by Diehl BGT Defense in partnership with enterprises in Italy, Sweden, Greece, Norway and Spain. The missile was adopted by the participating countries in December 2005. The IRIS-T missile can be used from a wide range of fighter aircraft, including Typhoon, Tornado, Gripen, F-16, F-18 aircraft. Austria was the first export customer for IRIS-T, and South Africa and Saudi Arabia later ordered the missile.
Layout self-propelled launcher Iris-T at the exhibition in Bourges-2007
In 2004, Diehl BGT Defense began developing a promising air defense system using the IRIS-T aircraft missile. The IRIS-T SLS complex has been undergoing field tests since 2008, mainly at the Overberg test site in South Africa. The IRIS-T missile is launched vertically from a launcher mounted on the chassis of an off-road light truck. The detection of air targets is provided by the Giraffe AMB all-round radar developed by the Swedish company Saab. The maximum range of destruction exceeds 10 km.
In 2008, a modernized launcher was demonstrated at the ILA exhibition in Berlin
In 2009, Diehl BGT Defense introduced an upgraded version of the IRIS-T SL air defense system with a new missile, the maximum range of which should be 25 km. The missile is equipped with an advanced rocket engine, as well as automatic data transmission and GPS navigation systems. Tests of the improved complex were carried out at the end of 2009 at the South African test site.
Launcher of the German air defense system IRIS-T SL 25.6.2011 at the Dubendorf Miroslav Gyürösi airbase
In accordance with the decision of the German authorities, it was planned to integrate the new version of the air defense system into the promising MEADS air defense system (created jointly with the United States and Italy), as well as to ensure interaction with the Patriot PAC-3 air defense system. However, the announced withdrawal of the United States and Germany in 2011 from the MEADS air defense program makes the prospects of both MEADS itself and the IRIS-T anti-aircraft missile variant planned for integration into its composition extremely uncertain. The complex can be offered to the countries-operators of IRIS-T aircraft missiles.
NASAMS (USA, Norway)
The concept of an air defense system using the AIM-120 aircraft missile was proposed in the early 1990s. by the American company Hughes Aircraft (now part of Raytheon) when creating a promising air defense system under the AdSAMS program. In 1992, the AdSAMS complex was tested, but in the future this project was not developed. In 1994, Hughes Aircraft signed a contract to develop NASAMS (Norwegian Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System) air defense systems, the architecture of which largely repeated the AdSAMS project. The development of the NASAMS complex together with Norsk Forsvarteknologia (now part of the Kongsberg Defense group) was successfully completed, and in 1995 its production for the Norwegian Air Force began.
The NASAMS air defense system consists of a command post, a Raytheon AN / TPQ-36A three-coordinate radar and three transportable launchers. The launcher carries six AIM-120 missiles.
In 2005, Kongsberg was awarded a contract to fully integrate Norwegian NASAMS air defense systems into NATO's integrated air defense control system. The modernized air defense system under the designation NASAMS II entered service with the Norwegian Air Force in 2007.
SAM NASAMS II Ministry of Defense of Norway
For the Spanish ground forces in 2003, four NASAMS air defense systems were delivered, and one air defense system was transferred to the United States. In December 2006, the Dutch ground forces ordered six upgraded NASAMS II air defense systems, deliveries began in 2009. In April 2009, Finland decided to replace three divisions of Russian Buk-M1 air defense systems with NASAMS II. The estimated cost of the Finnish contract is 500 million euros.
Now Raytheon and Kongsberg are jointly developing the HAWK-AMRAAM air defense system, using AIM-120 aircraft missiles on universal launchers and Sentinel detection radars in the I-HAWK air defense system.
High Mobility Launcher NASAMS AMRAAM on FMTV Raytheon chassis
CLAWS / SLAMRAAM (USA)
Since the early 2000s in the United States, a promising mobile air defense system is being developed based on the AIM-120 AMRAAM aircraft missile, similar in its characteristics to the Russian medium-range missile RVV-AE (R-77). Raytheon Corporation is the lead developer and manufacturer of rockets. Boeing is a subcontractor and is responsible for the development and production of the SAM fire control command post.
In 2001, the US Marine Corps signed a contract with Raytheon Corporation to create the CLAWS (Complementary Low-Altitude Weapon System, also known as HUMRAAM) air defense systems. This air defense system was a mobile air defense system, based on a launcher based on an HMMWV off-road army vehicle with four AIM-120 AMRAAM aircraft missiles launched from inclined rails. The development of the complex was extremely delayed due to the repeated curtailment of funding and the lack of clear views from the Pentagon on the need to acquire it.
In 2004, the US Army ordered Raytheon to develop the SLAMRAAM (Surface-Launched AMRAAM) air defense system. Since 2008, tests of the SLAMRAAM air defense system at the test sites began, during which interaction with the Patriot and Avenger air defense systems was also tested. At the same time, the army eventually abandoned the use of the light HMMWV chassis, and the latest version of SLAMRAAM was already being tested on the chassis of an FMTV truck. In general, the development of the system was also sluggish, although it was expected that the new complex would enter service in 2012.
In September 2008, information appeared that the UAE had applied for the purchase of a certain number of SLAMRAAM air defense systems. In addition, this air defense system was planned to be acquired by Egypt.
In 2007, Raytheon Corporation proposed to significantly improve the combat capabilities of the SLAMRAAM air defense system by adding two new missiles to its armament - an AIM-9X infrared-guided short-range aircraft missile and a longer-range SLAMRAAM-ER missile. Thus, the modernized complex should have been able to use two types of short-range missiles from one launcher: AMRAAM (up to 25 km) and AIM-9X (up to 10 km). Due to the use of the SLAMRAAM-ER missile, the maximum range of the complex's destruction increased to 40 km. The SLAMRAAM-ER missile is being developed by Raytheon on its own initiative and is a modified ESSM ship-based anti-aircraft missile with a homing head and a control system from the AMRAAM aircraft missile. The first tests of the new SL-AMRAAM-ER rocket were carried out in Norway in 2008.
Meanwhile, in January 2011, information appeared that the Pentagon had finally decided not to acquire the SLAMRAAM air defense system for either the army or the marines due to budget cuts, despite the lack of prospects for modernizing the Avenger air defense system. This, apparently, means the end of the program and makes its possible export prospects doubtful.
Tactical and technical characteristics of air defense systems based on aircraft missiles
| Name of air defense system | Developer company | anti-aircraft missile | Type of homing head | Range of destruction of air defense systems, km | Range of destruction of the aviation complex, km |
| Chaparral | Lockheed Martin (USA) | Sidewinder 1C (AIM-9D) - MIM-72A | IR AN/DAW-2 rosette scan (Rosette Scan Seeker) - MIM-72G | 0.5 to 9.0 (MIM-72G) | Up to 18 (AIM-9D) |
| SAM based on RVV-AE | KTRV (Russia) | RVV-AE | ARL | 1.2 to 12 | 0.3 to 80 |
| Pracka-RL-2 | Yugoslavia | R-60MK | IR | n/a | Up to 8 |
| Pracka-RL-4 | R-73 | IR | n/a | up to 20 | |
| SPYDER | Rafael, IAI (Israel) | Python 5 | IR | 1 to 15 (SPYDER-SR) | Up to 15 |
| Derby | ARL GOS | 1 to 35 (up to 50) (SPYDER-MR) | Up to 63 | ||
| VL Mica | MBDA (Europe) | IR Mica | IR GOS | To 10 | 0.5 to 60 |
| RF Mica | ARL GOS | ||||
| SL-AMRAAM / CLAWS / NASAMS | Raytheon (USA), Kongsberg (Norway) | AIM-120AMRAAM | ARL GOS | 2.5 to 25 | up to 48 |
| AIM-9X Sidewinder | IR GOS | To 10 | Up to 18.2 | ||
| SL-AMRAAMER | ARL GOS | up to 40 | No analogue | ||
| Sea Sparrow | Raytheon (USA) | AIM-7F Sparrow | PARL GOS | Under 19 | 50 |
| ESSM | PARL GOS | Up to 50 | No analogue | ||
| IRIS-TSL | Diehl BGT Defense (Germany) | IRIS-T | IR GOS | Up to 15 km (estimated) | 25 |
The integrated air defense-missile defense system in the theater of operations provides for the integrated use of forces and means against air and ballistic targets in any part of the flight path.
The deployment of a joint air defense-missile defense system on theaters of operations is carried out on the basis of air defense systems by including new and modernized means in their composition, as well as introducing "network-centric principles of construction and operational use" (network-centric architecture & operation).
Sensors, fire weapons, centers and command posts are based on ground, sea, air and space carriers. They may belong to different types of aircraft operating in the same zone.
Integration technologies include the formation of a single picture of the air situation, combat identification of air and ground targets, automation of combat control and weapon control systems. It provides for the fullest possible use of the control structure of existing air defense systems, interoperability of communication and data transmission systems in real time and the adoption of common standards for data exchange based on the principles of open architecture.
The formation of a unified picture of the air situation will be facilitated by the use of sensors that are heterogeneous in physical principles and the placement of sensors integrated into a single information network. Nevertheless, the leading role of ground-based information facilities will remain, the basis of which is over-the-horizon, over-the-horizon and multi-position air defense radar.
MAIN TYPES AND TECHNICAL FEATURES OF RADAR AIR DEFENSE OF NATO COUNTRIES
Ground-based over-the-horizon air defense radars as part of an information system solve the problem of detecting targets of all classes, including ballistic missiles, in a complex jamming and target environment when exposed to enemy weapons. These radars are modernized and created on the basis of integrated approaches, taking into account the criterion "efficiency / cost".
The modernization of radar facilities will be carried out on the basis of the introduction of elements of radar subsystems developed as part of ongoing research to create advanced radar facilities. This is due to the fact that the cost of a completely new station is higher than the cost of upgrading existing radars and reaches about several million US dollars. At present, the vast majority of air defense radars in service with foreign countries are stations in the centimeter and decimeter ranges. Representative examples of such stations are radars: AN / FPS-117, AR 327, TRS 2215 / TRS 2230, AN / MPQ-64, GIRAFFE AMB, M3R, GM 400.
Radar AN / FPS-117, designed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin. uses a frequency range of 1-2 GHz, is a completely solid-state system designed to solve the problems of early warning, positioning and identification of targets, as well as for use in the ATC system. The station provides the possibility of adapting the operating modes depending on the emerging interference situation.
Computing tools used in the radar station allow you to constantly monitor the state of the radar subsystems. Determine and display the location of the failure on the monitor of the operator's workplace. Work continues to improve the subsystems that make up the AN / FPS-117 radar. which will make it possible to use the station to detect ballistic targets, determine their place of impact and issue target designation to interested consumers. At the same time, the main task of the station is still the detection and tracking of air targets.
AR 327, developed on the basis of the AR 325 station by specialists from the USA and Great Britain, is capable of performing the functions of a complex of low-level automation tools (when it is additionally equipped with a cabin with additional jobs). The estimated cost of one sample is 9.4-14 million dollars. The antenna system, made in the form of headlights, provides phase scanning in elevation. The station uses digital signal processing. The radar and its subsystems are controlled by the Windows operating system. The station is used in the automated control systems of European NATO countries. In addition, interfaces are being upgraded to enable the operation of the radar.
AR 327, developed on the basis of the AR 325 station by specialists from the USA and Great Britain, is capable of performing the functions of a complex of low-level automation tools (when equipped with a cab with additional jobs), the estimated cost of one sample is 9.4-14 million dollars. The antenna system, made in the form of headlights, provides phase scanning in elevation. The station uses digital signal processing. The radar and its subsystems are controlled by the Windows operating system. The station is used in the automated control systems of European NATO countries. In addition, interface means are being upgraded to ensure the operation of the radar with a further increase in the power of computing facilities.
A feature of the radar is the use of a digital system of the SDC and an active interference protection system, which is capable of adaptively reconfiguring the operating frequency of the station in a wide frequency range. There is also a “pulse-to-pulse” frequency tuning mode, and the accuracy of determining the height at low target elevation angles has been improved. It is planned to further improve the transceiver subsystem and the equipment for coherent processing of received signals to increase the range and improve the accuracy indicators of detecting air targets.
French three-coordinate radars with phased array TRS 2215 and 2230, designed to detect, identify and track ATs, developed on the basis of the SATRAPE station in mobile and transportable versions. They have the same transceiver systems, data processing facilities and components of the antenna system, and their difference lies in the size of the antenna arrays. Such unification makes it possible to increase the flexibility of the logistics of stations and the quality of their service.
Transportable three-coordinate radar AN / MPQ-64, operating in the centimeter range, created on the basis of the station AN / TPQ-36A. It is designed to detect, track, measure the coordinates of air objects and issue target designation to interception systems. The station is used in the mobile units of the US Armed Forces in the organization of air defense. The radar is able to work in conjunction with both other detection radars and with short-range air defense information systems.
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The GIRAFFE AMB mobile radar station is designed to solve the problems of detecting, determining coordinates and tracking targets. This radar uses new technical solutions in the signal processing system. As a result of the modernization, the control subsystem makes it possible to automatically detect helicopters in hovering mode and assess the degree of threat, as well as automate combat control functions.
The M3R mobile modular multifunctional radar was developed by the French company Thales as part of the project of the same name. This is a new generation station designed for use in the combined GTVO-PRO system, created on the basis of the Master family of stations, which, having modern parameters, are the most competitive among long-range mobile detection radars. It is a multifunctional three-coordinate radar operating in the 10-cm range. The station uses the technology of "intelligent radar control" (Intelligent Radar Management), which provides for optimal control of the waveform, repetition period, etc. in various operating modes.
The GM 400 (Ground Master 400) air defense radar, developed by Thales, is intended for use in the integrated air defense-missile defense system. It is also being created on the basis of the Master family of stations and is a multifunctional three-coordinate radar operating in the 2.9-3.3 GHz band.
In the radar under consideration, a number of such promising construction concepts as “fully digital radar” (digital radar) and “fully environmentally friendly radar” (green radar) are successfully implemented.
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The features of the station include: digital control of the antenna pattern; long target detection range, including NLC and BR; the ability to remotely control the operation of radar subsystems from remote automated workstations of operators.
In contrast to over-the-horizon stations, over-the-horizon radars provide longer warning times for airborne or ballistic targets and advance the detection line of air targets to considerable distances due to the characteristics of the propagation of radio waves in the frequency range (2-30 MHz) used in over-the-horizon facilities, and also make it possible to significantly increase effective scattering surface (ESR) of detected targets and, as a result, increase the range of their detection.
The specificity of the formation of transmitting radiation patterns of over-the-horizon radars, in particular ROTHR, makes it possible to carry out multi-layer (all-altitude) coverage of the viewing area in critical areas, which is relevant in solving the problems of ensuring the security and defense of the US national territory, protection against sea and air targets, including cruise missiles . Representative examples of over-the-horizon radars are: AN / TPS-7I (USA) and Nostradamus (France).
The United States has developed and is continuously upgrading the AN / TPS-71 ZG radar, designed to detect low-flying targets. A distinctive feature of the station is the possibility of its transfer to any region of the globe and relatively fast (up to 10-14 days) deployment to previously prepared positions. For this, the station equipment is mounted in specialized containers.
Information from the over-the-horizon radar enters the target designation system of the Navy, as well as other types of aircraft. In order to detect carriers of cruise missiles in areas adjacent to the United States, in addition to stations located in the states of Virginia, Alaska and Texas, it is planned to install an upgraded over-the-horizon radar in the state of North Dakota (or Montana) to control the airspace over Mexico and the surrounding areas of the Pacific Ocean. A decision was made to deploy new stations to detect carriers of cruise missiles in the Caribbean, over Central and South America. The first such station will be installed in Puerto Rico. The transmitting point is deployed on about. Vieques, reception - in the southwestern part of about. Puerto Rico.
In France, under the Nostradamus project, the development of an oblique-reciprocating sounding radar, which detects small targets at ranges of 700-3000 km, has been completed. Important distinguishing features of this station are: the ability to simultaneously detect air targets within 360 degrees in azimuth and the use of a monostatic construction method instead of the traditional bistatic one. The station is located 100 km west of Paris. The possibility of using elements of the over-the-horizon radar "Nostradamus" on space and air platforms to solve the problems of early warning of a raid by means of air attack and effective control of interception weapons is being considered.
Foreign specialists consider over-the-horizon surface-wave radars (OH RLS) as relatively inexpensive means of effective control over the air and surface space of the territory of states.
The information received from such radars makes it possible to increase the warning time necessary for making appropriate decisions.
A comparative analysis of the capabilities of over-the-horizon and over-the-horizon surface wave radars for the detection of air and surface objects shows that the ground-based ZG radars are significantly superior to conventional ground-based radars in terms of detection range and ability to track both low-observable and low-flying targets, and surface ships of various displacements. At the same time, the ability to detect airborne objects at high and medium altitudes is reduced slightly, which does not affect the effectiveness of over-the-horizon radar facilities. In addition, the costs of acquiring and operating a surface bath MG radar are relatively low and commensurate with their efficiency.
The main models of surface wave radars adopted by foreign countries are SWR-503 stations (an upgraded version of SWR-603) and OVERSEER.
The SWR-503 surface wave radar was developed by the Canadian branch of Raytheon in accordance with the requirements of the Canadian Department of Defense. The radar is designed to monitor the air and surface space over the ocean areas adjacent to the eastern coast of the country, detect and track surface and air targets within the boundaries of the exclusive economic zone.
Station SWR-503 Can also be used to detect icebergs, monitor the environment, search for ships and aircraft in distress. Two stations of this type and an operational control center are already in use to monitor air and sea space in the Newfoundland region, in whose coastal zones there are significant fish and oil reserves. It is assumed that the station will be used to control the air traffic of aircraft over the entire range of altitudes and to monitor targets below the radar horizon.
During testing, the radar detected and tracked all targets that were also observed by other means of air defense and coastal defense. In addition, experiments were carried out aimed at ensuring the possibility of detecting missiles flying over the sea surface, however, in order to effectively solve this problem in full, according to the developers of this radar, it is necessary to expand its operating range to 15-20 MHz. According to foreign experts, countries with a long coastline can install a network of such radars at intervals of up to 370 km to ensure complete coverage of the air and sea surveillance zone within their borders.
The cost of one sample of the SWR-5G3 air defense radar in service is 8-10 million dollars. The processes of operation and complex maintenance of the station cost about 400 thousand dollars a year.
The OVERSEER ZG radar represents a new family of surface wave stations, which was developed by Marconi and is intended for civil and military use. Using the effect of wave propagation over the surface, the station is able to detect air and sea objects of all classes at long ranges and different heights, which cannot be detected by conventional radars.
Station subsystems combine many technological advances that allow you to get a better information picture of targets over large areas of sea and airspace with fast data updates.
The cost of one sample of the OVERSEER surface wave radar in a single-position version is approximately 6-8 million dollars, and the operation and comprehensive maintenance of the station, depending on the tasks being solved, are estimated at 300-400 thousand dollars.
In the implementation of the principles of "network-centric operations" in future military conflicts, according to foreign experts, it necessitates the use of new methods for building information system components, including those based on multi-position (MP) and distributed sensors and elements that are part of the information infrastructure of advanced detection systems and air defense and missile defense control, taking into account the requirements of integration within NATO.
Multi-position radar systems can become the most important component of the information subsystems of advanced air defense and missile defense control systems, as well as an effective tool in solving problems of detecting UAVs of various classes and cruise missiles.
MULTIPLE LONG-RANGE RADAR (MP RLS)
According to foreign experts, in the NATO countries much attention is paid to the creation of advanced ground-based multi-position systems with unique capabilities for detecting various types of air targets (ATs). An important place among them is occupied by long-range systems and "distributed" systems created under the programs "Silent Sentry-2", "Rias", CELLDAR, etc. Such radars are designed to work as part of control systems when solving problems of detecting CC in all altitude ranges in the conditions of the use of electronic warfare. The data they receive will be used in the interests of advanced air defense and missile defense systems, detection and tracking of targets carried out at long ranges, as well as detection of ballistic missile launches, including through integration with similar means within NATO.
MP radar "Silent Sentry-2". According to foreign press reports, radars, which are based on the possibility of using radiation from television or radio broadcasting stations to illuminate targets, have been actively developed in NATO countries since the 1970s. A variant of such a system, created in accordance with the requirements of the US Air Force and the US Army, was the Silent Sentry MP radar, which, after improvement, received the name Silent Sentry-2.
According to foreign experts, the system makes it possible to detect aircraft, helicopters, missiles, control air traffic, control airspace in conflict zones, taking into account the secrecy of the work of US and NATO air defense and missile defense systems in these regions. It operates in the frequency ranges corresponding to the frequencies of TV or radio broadcasting transmitters that exist on the theater.
The radiation pattern of the experimental receiving phased array (located in Baltimore at a distance of 50 km from the transmitter) was oriented towards the Washington International Airport, where targets were detected and tracked during the testing process. A mobile version of the radar receiving station has also been developed.
In the course of work, the receiving and transmitting positions of the MP radar were combined by broadband data transmission lines, and the system includes processing facilities with high performance. According to foreign press reports, the capabilities of the Silent Sentry-2 system for detecting targets were confirmed during the flight of the MTKK STS 103, equipped with the Hubble telescope. During the experiment, targets were successfully detected, tracking of which was duplicated by onboard optical means, including a telescope. At the same time, the capabilities of the Saileng Sentry-2 radar to detect and track more than 80 ATs were confirmed. The data obtained during the experiments were used for further work on the creation of a multi-position system of the STAR type, designed to track low-orbit spacecraft.
MP radar "Rias". Specialists from a number of NATO countries, according to foreign press reports, are also successfully working on the problem of creating MP radars. The French firms Thomson-CSF and Onera, in accordance with the requirements of the Air Force, carried out the relevant work within the framework of the Rias program. It was reported that in the period after 2015, such a system could be used to detect and track targets (including small-sized and made using stealth technology), UAVs and cruise missiles at long ranges.
According to foreign experts, the Rias system will allow solving the problems of air traffic control for military and civil aviation aircraft. Station "Rias" is a system with correlation processing of data from several receiving positions, which operates in the frequency range of 30-300 MHz. It consists of up to 25 distributed transmitters and receivers equipped with omnidirectional dipole antennas, which are similar to over-the-horizon radar antennas. Transmitting and receiving antennas on the 15th masts are located at intervals of tens of meters in concentric circles (up to 400 m in diameter). An experimental model of the "Rias" radar deployed on about. Levant (40 km from Toulon), during the test, ensured the detection of a high-altitude target (such as an airplane) at a distance of more than 100 km.
According to the foreign press, this station provides a high level of survivability and noise immunity due to the redundancy of the system elements (the failure of individual transmitters or receivers does not affect the efficiency of its operation as a whole). During its operation, several independent sets of data processing equipment with receivers installed on the ground, on board the aircraft (when forming MP radars with large bases) can be used. As reported, the version of the radar, designed for use in combat conditions, will include up to 100 transmitters and receivers and solve the tasks of air defense, missile defense and air traffic control.
MP radar CELLDAR. According to foreign press reports, specialists from NATO countries (Great Britain, Germany, etc.) are actively working on the creation of new types of multi-position systems and means that use the radiation of transmitters of cellular networks of mobile communications. The research is carried out by Roke Mainsr. "Siemens", "BAe Systems" and a number of others in the interests of the Air Force and the Ground Forces as part of the creation of a variant of a multi-position detection system for solving air defense and missile defense tasks using correlation processing of data from several receiving positions. The multi-position system uses radiation generated by transmitting antennas mounted on cell phone towers, which provides target illumination. As receiving devices, special equipment is used, operating in the frequency bands of GSM 900, 1800 and 3G standards, which receives data from antenna subsystems in the form of phased array.
According to foreign press reports, the receivers of this system can be placed on the surface of the earth, mobile platforms, on board aircraft by integrating the AWACS system and transport and refueling aircraft into structural elements of aircraft. To improve the accuracy characteristics of the CELLDAR system and its noise immunity, together with receiving devices, it is possible to place acoustic sensors on the same platform. To make the system more efficient, it is also possible to install individual elements on UAVs and AWACS and control aircraft.
According to foreign experts, in the period after 2015 it is planned to widely use MP radars of this type in air defense and missile defense detection and control systems. Such a station will provide detection of moving ground targets, helicopters, submarine periscopes, surface targets, reconnaissance on the battlefield, support for the actions of special forces, and protection of objects.
MP radar "Dark". According to foreign press reports, the French company "Thomson-CSF" conducted research and development to create a system for detecting air targets under the "Dark" program. In accordance with the requirements of the Air Force, the specialists of the lead developer, Thomson-CSF, tested an experimental sample of the Dark receiver, made in a stationary version. The station was located in Palaiseau and solved the problem of detecting aircraft flying from the Paris Orly airport. Radar signals for target illumination were generated by TV transmitters located on the Eiffel Tower (more than 20 km from the receiving device), as well as television stations in the cities of Bourges and Auxerre, located 180 km from Paris. According to the developers, the accuracy of measuring the coordinates and speed of movement of air targets is comparable to those of the detection radar.
According to foreign press reports, in accordance with the plans of the company's management, work on further improvement of the receiving equipment of the "Dark" system will be continued, taking into account the improvement in the technical characteristics of the receiving paths and the choice of a more efficient operating system of the computer complex. One of the most convincing arguments in favor of this system, according to the developers, is the low cost, since in the course of its creation, well-known technologies for receiving and processing radio and TV signals were used. After completion of work in the period after 2015, such a MP radar will effectively solve the problems of detecting and tracking ATs (including small ones and those made using the Stealth technology), as well as UAVs and KR at long ranges.
AASR radar. As noted in foreign press reports, the specialists of the Swedish company Saab Microwave Systems announced that work was underway to create a multi-position air defense system AASR (Associative Aperture Synthesis Radar), which is designed to detect aircraft developed using stealth technology. According to the principle of operation, such a radar is similar to the CELLDAR system, which uses the radiation of transmitters of cellular mobile communication networks. According to AW&ST, the new radar will intercept low-profile aerial targets, including missiles. It is planned that the station will include about 900 junction stations with spaced transmitters and receivers operating in the VHF band, while the carrier frequencies of the radio transmitters differ in ratings. Aircraft, KR and UAVs made using radar absorbing materials will create inhomogeneities in the radar field of transmitters due to absorption or re-reflection of radio waves. According to foreign experts, the accuracy of determining the coordinates of the target after joint processing of data received at the command post from several receiving positions can be about 1.5 m.
One of the significant drawbacks of the radar station being created is that effective target detection is possible only after it has passed through the defended airspace, so there is little time left to intercept an air target. The design cost of the MP radar will be about 156 million dollars, taking into account the use of 900 receiving units, which theoretically cannot be disabled by the first missile strike.
NLC Homeland Alert 100 detection system. Specialists from the American company Raytheon, together with the European company Tkhels, have developed a passive coherent NLC detection system designed to obtain data on low-speed low-altitude ATs, including UAVs, CR and targets created using stealth technology. It was developed in the interests of the Air Force and the US Army to solve air defense tasks in the conditions of the use of electronic warfare, in conflict zones, and to ensure the actions of special forces. protection of facilities, etc. All Homeland Alert 100 equipment is placed in a container mounted on the chassis (4x4) of an off-road vehicle, however, it can also be used in a stationary version. The system includes an antenna mast that can be deployed in a working position in a few minutes, as well as equipment for analyzing, classifying and storing data on all detected sources of radio emission and their parameters, which makes it possible to effectively detect and recognize various targets.
According to foreign press reports, the Homeland Alert 100 system uses signals generated by digital VHF broadcasting stations, analog TV broadcast transmitters, and terrestrial digital TV transmitters to illuminate targets. This provides the ability to receive signals reflected by targets, detect and determine their coordinates and speed in the azimuth sector of 360 degrees, elevation - 90 degrees, at ranges up to 100 km and up to 6000 m in height. Round-the-clock all-weather monitoring of the environment, as well as the possibility of autonomous operation or as part of an information network, allow relatively inexpensive ways to effectively solve the problem of detecting low-altitude targets, including in difficult jamming conditions, in conflict zones in the interests of air defense and missile defense. When using the Homeland Alert 100 MP radar as part of network control systems and interacting with warning and control centers, the Asterix / AWCIES protocol is used. The increased noise immunity of such a system is based on the principles of multipositional information processing and the use of passive modes of operation.
Foreign media reported that the Homeland Alert 100 system was planned to be acquired by a number of NATO countries.
Thus, the ground-based air defense-missile defense radar stations in the theater that are in service with NATO countries and are being developed remain the main source of information about air targets and are the main elements in the formation of a unified picture of the air situation.
(V. Petrov, S. Grishulin, "Foreign Military Review")
NATO command the following purpose of the unified air defense system is definitely:
Ø to prevent the intrusion of aircraft assets of a possible enemy into the airspace of NATO countries in peacetime;
Ø to maximally prevent them from delivering strikes in the course of hostilities in order to ensure the functioning of the main political and military-economic centers, strike groups of the Armed Forces, RTS, aviation assets, as well as other objects of strategic importance.
To accomplish these tasks, it is considered necessary:
Ø provide advance warning of the command of a possible attack by continuously monitoring the airspace and obtaining intelligence data on the state of the enemy’s means of attack;
Ø cover from air strikes of nuclear forces, the most important military-strategic and administrative-economic facilities, as well as areas of concentration of troops;
Ø maintaining high combat readiness of the maximum possible number of air defense forces and means to immediately repel an attack from the air;
Ø organization of close interaction of air defense forces and means;
Ø in the event of a war - the destruction of enemy air attack means.
The creation of a unified air defense system is based on the following principles:
Ø covering not individual objects, but entire areas, bands
Ø allocation of sufficient forces and means to cover the most important directions and objects;
Ø high centralization of command and control of air defense forces and means.
The overall management of the NATO air defense system is carried out by the Supreme Commander of the NATO Allied Forces in Europe through his Deputy for the Air Force (he is also the Commander-in-Chief of the NATO Air Force), i.e. commander in chief The Air Force is the commander of the air defense.
The entire area of responsibility of the joint NATO air defense system is divided into 2 air defense zones:
Ø northern zone;
Ø southern zone.
Northern air defense zone occupies the territories of Norway, Belgium, Germany, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and the coastal waters of countries and is divided into three air defense regions ("North", "Center", "Northeast").
Each region has 1-2 air defense sectors.
Southern air defense zone occupies the territory of Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Mediterranean and Black Seas and is subdivided into 4 air defense areas
Ø "Southeast";
Ø "South-center";
Ø “Southwest;
Air defense areas have 2-3 air defense sectors. In addition, 2 independent air defense sectors have been created within the boundaries of the Southern Zone:
Ø Cypriot;
Ø Maltese;
For air defense purposes:
Ø fighters - interceptors;
Ø ADMS of long, medium and short range;
Ø anti-aircraft artillery (FOR).
A) armed NATO air defense fighters The following groups of fighters are composed:
I. group - F-104, F-104E (capable of attacking one target at medium and high altitudes up to 10000m from the rear hemisphere);
II. group - F-15, F-16 (capable of destroying one target from all angles and at all heights),
III. group - F-14, F-18, "Tornado", "Mirage-2000" (capable of attacking several targets from different angles and at all heights).
Air defense fighters are tasked with intercepting air targets at the highest possible strike heights from their base over enemy territory and outside the SAM zone.
All fighters are cannon and missile armed and are all-weather, equipped with a combined weapon control system designed to detect and attack air targets.
This system typically includes:
Ø Radar interception and aiming;
Ø calculating and deciding device;
Ø infrared sight;
Ø optical sight.
All radars operate in the range λ=3–3.5cm in pulsed (F–104) or pulsed Doppler mode. All NATO aircraft have a radar radiation receiver operating in the range λ = 3–11.5 cm. Fighters are based at airfields 120-150 km from the front line.
B) Fighter tactics
When performing combat missions, fighters use three ways to fight:
Ø interception from the position "On duty at the road";
Ø Interception from the “Air Duty” position;
Ø free attack.
"On duty at the a / d"- the main type of combat missions. It is used in the presence of a developed radar and provides energy savings, the presence of a full supply of fuel.
Disadvantages: displacement of the interception line to its territory when intercepting low-altitude targets
Depending on the threatening situation and the type of alert, the duty forces of air defense fighters can be in the following degrees of combat readiness:
1. Got. No. 1 - departure in 2 minutes, after the order;
2. Got. No. 2 - departure in 5 minutes, after the order;
3. Got. No. 3 - departure in 15 minutes, after the order;
4. Got. No. 4 - departure in 30 minutes, after the order;
5. Got. No. 5 - departure 60 minutes after the order.
The possible boundary of the meeting of the military-technical cooperation with a fighter from this position is 40–50 km from the front line.
"Air Watch" – used to cover the main group of troops in the most important objects. At the same time, the band of the army group is divided into duty zones, which are assigned to air units.
Duty is carried out at medium, low and high altitudes:
-In PMU - by groups of aircraft up to the link;
-In the SMU - at night - by single planes, change of cat. produced in 45–60 minutes. Depth - 100-150 km from the front line.
Disadvantages: -possibility of quick opponents of duty areas;
Ø are forced to adhere to defensive tactics more often;
Ø the possibility of creating superiority in forces by the enemy.
"Free Hunt" – for the destruction of air targets in a given area that do not have a continuous cover of the air defense system and a continuous radar field Depth - 200–300 km from the front line.
Air defense and tactical fighters, equipped with radar detection and aiming, armed with air-to-air missiles, use 2 methods of attack:
1. Attack from the front HEMISPHERE (under 45–70 0 to the target's course). It is used when the time and place of interception is calculated in advance. This is possible with longitudinal target wiring. It is the fastest, but requires high pointing accuracy both in place and in time.
2. Attack from the rear HEMISPHERE (in the aisles of the heading angle sector 110–250 0). It is used against all targets and with all types of weapons. It provides a high probability of hitting the target.
With a good weapon and moving from one method of attack to another, one fighter can perform 6–9 attacks , which makes it possible to break 5–6 BTA aircraft.
A significant disadvantage air defense fighters, and in particular the radar of fighters, is their work, based on the use of the Doppler effect. There are so-called "blind" heading angles (approach angles to the target), in which the fighter's radar is not able to select (select) the target against the background of interfering ground reflections or passive interference. These zones do not depend on the attacking fighter flight speed, but are determined by the target flight speed, heading angles, approach angles and the minimum radial component of the relative approach speed ∆Vbl., set by the performance characteristics of the radar.
Radar is capable of isolating only those signals from the target, the cat. have a certain ƒ min Doppler. Such ƒ min is for radar ± 2 kHz.
According to the laws of radar 
, where ƒ 0 is the carrier, C–V light. Such signals come from targets with V 2 =30–60 m/s. => 790–110 0, and 250–290 0, respectively.
The main air defense systems in the joint air defense system of NATO countries are:
Ø Long-range air defense systems (D≥60km) - "Nike-Ggerkules", "Patriot";
Ø Medium-range air defense systems (D = from 10-15 km to 50-60 km) - improved "Hok" ("U-Hok");
Ø Short-range air defense systems (D = 10–15 km) - Chaparel, Rapra, Roland, Indigo, Krosal, Javelin, Avenger, Adats, Fog-M, Stinger, Bloommap.
NATO anti-aircraft defenses principle of use subdivided into:
Ø Centralized use, applied according to the plan of the senior chief in zone , area and air defense sector;
Ø Troop air defense systems that are part of the ground forces according to the state and are used according to the plan of their commander.
To funds applied according to plans senior leaders include long-range and medium-range air defense systems. Here they work in automatic guidance mode.
The main tactical unit of anti-aircraft weapons is– division or equivalent parts.
Long-range and medium-range air defense systems, with a sufficient number of them, are used to create a zone of continuous cover.
With a small number of them, only individual, most important objects are covered.
Short-range air defense systems and FOR used to cover the ground forces, a / d, etc.
Each anti-aircraft weapon has certain combat capabilities for firing and hitting a target.
Combat capabilities - quantitative and qualitative indicators that characterize the capabilities of the air defense system units to carry out combat missions at the set time and in specific conditions.
The combat capabilities of the SAM battery are estimated by the following characteristics:
1. The dimensions of the zones of fire and destruction in the vertical and horizontal planes;
2. The number of simultaneously fired targets;
3. System reaction time;
4. The ability of the battery to conduct a long fire;
5. The number of launches during the shelling of a given target.
Specified characteristics can be predetermined only for a non-maneuvering target.
fire zone - a part of the space, at each point of which it is possible to point p.
Kill zone - part of the firing zone within which, the meeting p with the target and its defeat with a given probability is ensured.
The position of the affected area in the firing zone may change depending on the direction of the target's flight.
When the air defense system is operating in the mode automatic guidance the affected area occupies a position in which the bisector of the angle limiting the affected area in the horizontal plane always remains parallel to the direction of flight towards the target.
Since the target can be approached from any direction, the affected area can occupy any position, while the bisector of the angle limiting the affected area rotates following the turn of the aircraft.
Hence, a turn in the horizontal plane at an angle greater than half the angle limiting the affected area is equivalent to the exit of the aircraft from the affected area.
The affected area of any air defense system has certain boundaries:
Ø on H - lower and upper;
Ø on D from start. mouth - far and near, as well as restrictions on the heading parameter (P), which determines the lateral boundaries of the zone.
Lower limit of the affected area - determined Hmin firing, which provides a given probability of hitting the target. It is limited by the influence of the reflection of the radiated from the ground on the operation of the RTS and the angles of closing positions.
Position closing angle (α)– is formed in the presence of an excess of the terrain and local objects over the position of the batteries.
Top and Data Bounds zones of lesions are determined by the energy resource of the river.
near border the affected area is determined by the time of uncontrolled flight after launch.
Side borders the affected areas are determined by the heading parameter (P).
Heading parameter P - the shortest distance (KM) from the position of the battery and the projection of the aircraft track.
The number of simultaneously fired targets depends on the amount of radar irradiation (illumination) of the target in the batteries of the air defense system.
The reaction time of the system is the time elapsed from the moment an air target is detected to the moment the missile is admitted.
The number of possible launches on the target depends on the early detection of the target by the radar, the heading parameter P, H of the target and Vtarget, T of the system reaction and the time between missile launches.
Brief information about weapon guidance systems
I. Command telecontrol systems - flight control is carried out with the help of commands generated on the launcher and transmitted to fighters or missiles.
Depending on the method of obtaining information, there are:
Ø - command telecontrol systems of type I (TU-I);
Ø - command telecontrol systems of the II type (TU-II);
- target tracking device;
Missile tracking device;
Device for generating control commands;
Command radio link receiver;
Launchers.
II. homing systems - systems in which flight control p is carried out by control commands formed on board the rocket itself.
In this case, the information necessary for their formation is issued by the on-board device (coordinator).
In such systems, self-guided r are used, in the flight control of which the launcher does not take part.
According to the type of energy used to obtain information about the parameters of the movement of the target, systems are distinguished - active, semi-active, passive.
Active - homing systems, in the cat. the source of target exposure is installed on board the river. Reflection from the target signals are received by the onboard coordinator and serve to measure the parameters of the target's movement.
Semi-active - the TARGET radiation source is placed on the launcher. The signals reflected from the target are used by the onboard coordinator to change the mismatch parameters.
Passive - to measure the motion parameters of the TARGET, the energy emitted by the target is used. It can be thermal (radiant), light, radiothermal energy.
The homing system includes devices that measure the mismatch parameter: a calculating device, an autopilot and a steering path
III. TV guidance system - missile control systems, in the cat. flight control commands are formed on board the rocket. Their value is proportional to the deviation of the rocket from the equal-signal control created by the radar sights of the control point.
Such systems are called radio beam guidance systems. They are single beam and double beam.
IV. Combined guidance systems – systems, in a cat. missile guidance on targets is carried out sequentially by several systems. They can be used in long-range complexes. It can be a combination of the command system. remote control in the initial section of the missile's flight path and homing in the final one, or radio beam guidance in the initial section and homing in the final one. This combination of control systems ensures that missiles are guided to targets with sufficient accuracy at long firing ranges.
Let us now consider the combat capabilities of individual air defense systems of NATO countries.
a) Long range SAM
–SAM - "Nike-Hercules" - designed to hit targets at medium, high altitudes and in the stratosphere. It can be used to destroy ground targets with nuclear weapons at a distance of up to 185 km. It is in service with the armies of the USA, NATO, France, Japan, Taiwan.
Quantitative indicators
Ø fire zone- circular;
Ø D max the marginal zone of destruction (where it is still possible to hit the target, but with a low probability);
Ø The nearest border of the affected area = 11km
Ø Lower The boundary of the zone is pore-1500m and D=12km and up to H=30km with increasing range.
Ø V max p.–1500m/s;
Ø V max hit.r.–775–1200m/s;
Ø n max cancer–7;
Ø t guidance (flight) of the rocket–20–200s;
Ø Rate of fire-for 5min→5 missiles;
Ø t / ream. Mobile air defense system -5-10 hours;
Ø t / clotting - up to 3 hours;
Qualitative indicators
The control system of the N-G missile defense system is radio command with separate radar stacking behind the missile target. In addition, by installing special equipment on board, it can homing to a source of interference.
The following types of pulse radars are used in the battery management system:
1. 1 targeting radar operating in the range λ=22–24cm, type AN/FRS–37–D max rel.=320km;
2. 1 targeting radar s (λ=8.5–10cm) s D max rel.=230km;
3. 1 target tracking radar (λ=3.2–3.5cm)=185km;
4. 1 radar identified. range (λ=1.8cm).
A battery can fire only one target at a time, because only one target and one missile can be tracked to a target tracking radar and a missile at the same time, and one of these radars can be in batteries.
Ø Mass of conventional warhead.– 500kg;
Ø Nuclear warhead. (trot. equiv.) – 2–30kT;
Ø Start m cancer.–4800kg;
Ø Fuse type– combined (contact + radar)
Ø Damage radius at high altitudes:– OF BCH–35–60m; I. Warhead - 210-2140m.
Ø Probable Non-maneuvering defeats. goals 1 cancer. on effective. D–0,6–0,7;
Ø T reload PU-6 min.
Strong zones of the N-G air defense system:
Ø large D defeat and a significant reach in H;
Ø the ability to intercept high-speed targets "
Ø good noise immunity of all radar batteries in terms of angular coordinates;
Ø homing to the source of interference.
Weaknesses of the N-G air defense system:
Ø the impossibility of hitting a target flying at H> 1500m;
Ø with an increase in D → the accuracy of missile guidance decreases;
Ø highly susceptible to radar interference over the range channel;
Ø decrease in efficiency when firing at a maneuvering target;
Ø low rate of fire of the battery and the impossibility of firing more than one target at the same time
Ø low mobility;
SAM "Patriot"
- is an all-weather complex designed to destroy aircraft and ballistic missiles for operational-tactical purposes at low altitudes 
in conditions of strong enemy radio countermeasures.
(In service with the United States, NATO).
The main technical unit is a division consisting of 6 batteries of 6 fire platoons in each.
The platoon consists of:
Ø multifunctional radar with phased array;
Ø up to 8 launchers of missiles;
Ø truck with generators, power supply for radar and KPUO.
Quantitative indicators
Ø Firing zone - circular;
Ø Kill zone for a non-maneuvering target (see fig.)
Ø Far border:
on Nb-70km (limited by V targets and R and missiles);
at Nm-20km;
Ø The near boundary of the defeat (limited by t uncontrollable missile flight) - 3 km;
Ø The upper limit of the affected area. (limited by Ru missiles = 5 units) - 24 km;
Ø Minimum the boundary of the affected area - 60m;
Ø Vcancer. - 1750m/s;
Ø Vts.- 1200m/s;
Ø t pos. cancer.
Ø tpol.cancer-60sec.;
Ø nmax. cancer. - 30 units;
Ø reaction syst. - 15sec;
Ø Rate of fire:
One PU -1 cancer. after 3 sec.;
Different launchers - 1 cancer. after 1sec.
Ø tdep.. complex -. 30 min.
Qualitative indicators
Control system SAM "Periot" combined:
At the initial stage of the rocket flight, control is carried out by the command method of the 1st type, when the rocket approaches the target (for 8-9 seconds), a transition is made from the command method to met. guidance through a rocket (command guidance of the 2nd type).
The guidance system uses a radar with HEADLIGHTS (AN / MPQ-53). It allows you to detect and identify air targets, track up to 75-100 targets and provide data for guiding up to 9 missiles at 9 targets.
After the launch of the rocket, according to a given program, it enters the radar coverage area and its command guidance begins, for which, in the process of reviewing the space, all selected targets and those induced by the rocket are tracked. At the same time, 6 missiles can be aimed at 6 targets using the command method. In this case, the radar operates in a pulsed mode in the range l = 6.1-6.7 cm.
In this mode, the sector of view Qaz=+(-)45º Qum=1-73º. Beam width 1.7*1.7º.
The command guidance method stops when 8-9 seconds remain until R. meets C. At this point, there is a transition from the command method to the guidance method through the rocket.
At this stage, when irradiating C. and R., the radar operates in a pulse-Doppler mode in the wavelength range = 5.5-6.1 cm. In the guidance mode through the rocket, the tracking sector corresponds, the beam width with illumination is 3.4 * 3.4 .
D max update at \u003d 10 - 190 km
Start mr - 906 kg