Presentation - weapons of mass destruction - nuclear weapons. Physics presentation on the topic: "Nuclear weapons" The history of the emergence of nuclear weapons presentation

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Year Italian physicist Enrico Fermi conducted a series of experiments on the absorption of neutrons by various elements, including uranium. Irradiation of uranium produced radioactive nuclei with different half-lives. Fermi suggested that these nuclei belong to transuranium elements, i.e. elements with atomic numbers greater than 92. The German chemist Ida Nodak criticized the alleged discovery of the transuranium element and suggested that under the action of neutron bombardment, uranium nuclei decay into nuclei of elements with lower atomic numbers. Her reasoning was not accepted among scientists and was ignored.

Year At the end of 1939, an article by Hahn and Strassmann was published in Germany, in which the results of experiments proving the fission of uranium were presented. In early 1940, Frisch, who worked in the laboratory of Niels Bohr in Denmark, and Lise Meitner, who had emigrated to Stockholm, published an article explaining the results of the experiments of Hahn and Strassmann. Scientists in other laboratories immediately tried to repeat the experiments of German physicists, and came to the conclusion that their conclusions were correct. At the same time, Joliot-Curie and Fermi, independently, in their experiments found out that during the fission of uranium by one neutron, more than two free neutrons are released that can cause the continuation of the fission reaction in the form of a chain reaction. Thus, the possibility of a spontaneous continuation of this nuclear fission reaction, including an explosive one, was experimentally substantiated.

4 Theoretical assumptions of a self-sustaining fission chain reaction were made by scientists even before the discovery of uranium fission (employees of the Institute of Chemical Physics Yu. Khariton, Ya. in 1935 patented the fission chain reaction principle. In 1940 LPTI scientists K. Petrzhak and G. Flerov discovered spontaneous fission of uranium nuclei and published an article that received a wide response among physicists in the world. Most physicists no longer had any doubts about the possibility of creating weapons of great destructive power.

5 The Manhattan Project On December 6, 1941, the White House decided to allocate large sums of money for the construction of the atomic bomb. The project itself was codenamed the Manhattan Project. Initially, the political administrator Bush was appointed the head of the project, who was soon replaced by Brigadier General L. Groves. The scientific part of the project was headed by R. Oppenheimer, who is considered the father of the atomic bomb. The project was carefully classified. As Groves himself pointed out, of the 130,000 people involved in the implementation of the nuclear project, only about a few dozen knew the project as a whole. Scientists worked in an environment of surveillance and strict isolation. Things literally came to oddities: the physicist G. Smith, who simultaneously headed two departments, had to get permission from Groves to talk with himself.

7 Scientists and engineers face two main problems in obtaining fissile material for an atomic bomb - the separation of uranium isotopes (235 and 238) from natural uranium or the artificial production of plutonium. Scientists and engineers face two main problems in obtaining fissile material for an atomic bomb - the separation of uranium isotopes (235 and 238) from natural uranium or the artificial production of plutonium. The first problem faced by the participants in the Manhattan Project was the development of an industrial method for isolating uranium-235 by using a negligible difference in the mass of uranium isotopes. The first problem faced by the participants in the Manhattan Project was the development of an industrial method for isolating uranium-235 by using a negligible difference in the mass of uranium isotopes.

8 The second problem is to find an industrial possibility of converting uranium-238 into a new element with efficient fission properties - plutonium, which could be separated from the original uranium by chemical means. This could be done either by using an accelerator (the way that the first microgram quantities of plutonium were produced at the Berkeley lab) or by using another more intense source of neutrons (for example: a nuclear reactor). The possibility of creating a nuclear reactor in which a controlled fission chain reaction can be maintained was demonstrated by E. Fermi on December 2, 1942. under the west stand of the University of Chicago stadium (the center of the densely populated area). After the reactor was started and the possibility of maintaining a controlled chain reaction was demonstrated, Compton, the director of the university, transmitted the now famous encrypted message: An Italian navigator has landed in the New World. The natives are friendly. The second problem is to find an industrial possibility of converting uranium-238 into a new element with efficient fission properties - plutonium, which could be chemically separated from the original uranium. This could be done either by using an accelerator (the way that the first microgram quantities of plutonium were produced at the Berkeley lab) or by using another more intense source of neutrons (for example: a nuclear reactor). The possibility of creating a nuclear reactor in which a controlled fission chain reaction can be maintained was demonstrated by E. Fermi on December 2, 1942. under the west stand of the University of Chicago stadium (the center of the densely populated area). After the reactor was started and the possibility of maintaining a controlled chain reaction was demonstrated, Compton, the director of the university, transmitted the now famous encrypted message: An Italian navigator has landed in the New World. The natives are friendly.

9 The Manhattan project included three main centers 1. The Hanford complex, which included 9 industrial reactors for plutonium production. Characteristic are very short terms of construction - 1.5–2 years. 2. Factories in the town of OK Ridge, where electromagnetic and gas diffusion separation methods were used to obtain enriched uranium. The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, where the design of the atomic bomb and the technological process for its manufacture were developed theoretically and practically.

10 Cannon projectCannon project The simplest design for creating critical mass is to use the cannon method. In this method, one subcritical mass of fissile material is directed like a projectile towards another subcritical mass, which plays the role of a target, and this allows you to create a supercritical mass that should explode. At the same time, the approach speed reached m / s. This principle is suitable for creating an atomic bomb on uranium, since uranium - 235 has a very low spontaneous fission rate, i.e. own background of neutrons. This principle was used in the design of the uranium bomb Malysh, dropped on Hiroshima. The simplest design for creating a critical mass is to use the gun method. In this method, one subcritical mass of fissile material is directed like a projectile towards another subcritical mass, which plays the role of a target, and this allows you to create a supercritical mass that should explode. At the same time, the approach speed reached m / s. This principle is suitable for creating an atomic bomb on uranium, since uranium - 235 has a very low spontaneous fission rate, i.e. own background of neutrons. This principle was used in the design of the uranium bomb Malysh, dropped on Hiroshima. U–235 BANG!

11 Implosion project However, it turned out that the “gun” design principle cannot be used for plutonium due to the high intensity of neutrons from the spontaneous fission of the plutonium-240 isotope. Such speeds of approach of two masses would be required that cannot be provided by this design. Therefore, the second principle of the design of the atomic bomb was proposed, based on the use of the phenomenon of an explosion converging inwards (implosion). In this case, the converging blast wave from the explosion of a conventional explosive is directed at the fissile material located inside and compresses it until it reaches a critical mass. According to this principle, the Fat Man bomb, dropped on Nagasaki, was created. However, it turned out that the "gun" design principle cannot be used for plutonium due to the high intensity of neutrons from the spontaneous fission of the plutonium-240 isotope. Such speeds of convergence of two masses would be required that cannot be provided by this design. Therefore, the second principle of the design of the atomic bomb was proposed, based on the use of the phenomenon of an explosion converging inwards (implosion). In this case, the converging blast wave from the explosion of a conventional explosive is directed at the fissile material located inside and compresses it until it reaches a critical mass. According to this principle, the Fat Man bomb, dropped on Nagasaki, was created. Pu-239 TNT Pu-239 BANG!

12 First Tests The first test of the atomic bomb was carried out at 0530 hours on July 16, 1945 in the state of Alomogardo (an implosion type bomb on plutonium). It is this moment that can be considered the beginning of the era of the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The first test of the atomic bomb was made at 05:30 on July 16, 1945 in the state of Alomogardo (an implosion-type bomb on plutonium). It is this moment that can be considered the beginning of the era of the proliferation of nuclear weapons. On August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay, flown by Colonel Tibbets, dropped a bomb on Hiroshima (12–20 kt). The destruction zone extended for 1.6 km from the epicenter and covered an area of ​​4.5 sq. km, 50% of the buildings in the city were completely destroyed. According to the Japanese authorities, the number of killed and missing was about 90 thousand people, the number of wounded was 68 thousand. On August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay, flown by Colonel Tibbets, dropped a bomb on Hiroshima (12–20 kt). The destruction zone extended for 1.6 km from the epicenter and covered an area of ​​4.5 sq. km, 50% of the buildings in the city were completely destroyed. According to the Japanese authorities, the number of killed and missing was about 90 thousand people, the number of wounded was 68 thousand. On August 9, 1945, shortly before dawn, a delivery plane (led by Major Charles Sweeney) and two accompanying aircraft took off with the Fat Man bomb. The city of Nagasaki was destroyed by 44%, which was explained by the mountainous terrain. On August 9, 1945, shortly before dawn, a delivery plane (led by Major Charles Sweeney) and two accompanying aircraft took off with the Fat Man bomb. The city of Nagasaki was destroyed by 44%, which was explained by the mountainous terrain.

13 "Baby" (LittleBoy) and "Fat Man" - FatMan

15 3 research areas proposed by I.V. Kurchatov isolation of the isotope U-235 by diffusion; isolation of the isotope U-235 by diffusion; obtaining a chain reaction in an experimental reactor on natural uranium; obtaining a chain reaction in an experimental reactor on natural uranium; study of the properties of plutonium. study of the properties of plutonium.

16 Personnel The research tasks facing I. Kurchatov were incredibly difficult, but at the preliminary stage the plans were to create experimental prototypes rather than full-scale installations that would be needed later. First of all, I. Kurchatov needed to recruit a team of scientists and engineers to the staff of his laboratory. Before choosing them, he visited many of his colleagues in November 1942. The recruitment continued throughout 1943. It is interesting to note this fact. When I. Kurchatov raised the issue of personnel, the NKVD within a few weeks compiled a census of all the physicists available in the USSR. There were about 3,000 of them, including teachers who taught physics.

17 Uranium ore In order to carry out experiments to confirm the possibility of a chain reaction and create an "atomic boiler", it was necessary to obtain a sufficient amount of uranium. According to estimates, from 50 to 100 tons could be needed. To conduct experiments to confirm the possibility of a chain reaction and create an "atomic boiler", it was necessary to obtain a sufficient amount of uranium. According to estimates, from 50 to 100 tons could be needed. Beginning in 1945, the Ninth Directorate of the NKVD, assisting the Ministry of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, began an extensive program of exploration to find additional sources of uranium in the USSR. In mid-1945, a commission headed by A. Zavenyagin was sent to Germany to search for uranium, and it returned with about 100 tons. Beginning in 1945, the Ninth Directorate of the NKVD, assisting the Ministry of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, began an extensive program of exploration to find additional sources of uranium in the USSR. In mid-1945, a commission headed by A. Zavenyagin was sent to Germany to search for uranium, and it returned with about 100 tons.

18 We had to decide which of the isotope separation methods would be the best. I. Kurchatov divided the problem into three parts: A. Alexandrov investigated the thermal diffusion method; I. Kikoin supervised the work on the method of gaseous diffusion, and L. Artsimovich studied the electromagnetic process. Equally important was the decision on what type of reactor to build. Three types of reactors were considered in Laboratory 2: heavy water, heavy water, graphite moderated gas cooled, graphite moderated gas cooled, graphite moderated water cooled. with graphite moderator and water cooling.

19. In 1945, I. Kurchatov obtained the first nanogram quantities by irradiating a target of uranium hexafluoride with neutrons from a radium-beryllium source for three months. Almost at the same time, the Radium Institute. Khlopina began radiochemical analysis of submicrogram amounts of plutonium obtained at the cyclotron, which was returned to the institute from evacuation during the war years and restored. Significant (microgram) quantities of plutonium appeared at disposal a little later from a more powerful cyclotron at Laboratory 2. In 1945, I. Kurchatov obtained the first nanogram quantities by irradiating a target of uranium hexafluoride with neutrons from a radium-beryllium source for three months. Almost at the same time, the Radium Institute. Khlopina began radiochemical analysis of submicrogram amounts of plutonium obtained at the cyclotron, which was returned to the institute from evacuation during the war years and restored. Significant (microgram) quantities of plutonium came into use a little later from the more powerful cyclotron in Laboratory 2.

20 The Soviet atomic project remained small-scale from July 1940 to August 1945 due to insufficient attention of the country's leadership to this problem. The first phase, from the creation of the Uranium Commission at the Academy of Sciences in July 1940 to the German invasion in June 1941, was limited by the decisions of the Academy of Sciences and did not receive any serious state support. With the outbreak of war, even small efforts disappeared. During the next eighteen months - the most difficult days of war for the Soviet Union - several scientists continued to think about the nuclear problem. As mentioned above, the receipt of intelligence forced the top management to return to the atomic problem. The Soviet atomic project remained small-scale in the period from July 1940 to August 1945 due to insufficient attention of the country's leadership to this problem. The first phase, from the creation of the Uranium Commission at the Academy of Sciences in July 1940 to the German invasion in June 1941, was limited by the decisions of the Academy of Sciences and did not receive any serious state support. With the outbreak of war, even small efforts disappeared. During the next eighteen months - the most difficult days of war for the Soviet Union - several scientists continued to think about the nuclear problem. As mentioned above, the receipt of intelligence forced the top management to return to the atomic problem.

On August 21, 1945, the GKO adopted resolution 9887 on the organization of a Special Committee (Special Committee) to solve the nuclear problem. The special committee was headed by L. Beria. According to the memoirs of veterans of the Soviet atomic project, Beria's role in the project would be critical. Thanks to his control over the Gulag, L. Beria provided an unlimited number of prisoner labor for the large-scale construction of the sites of the Soviet nuclear complex. The eight members of the Special Committee also included M. Pervukhin, G. Malenkov, V. Makhnev, P. Kapitsa, I. Kurchatov, N. Voznesensky (Chairman of the State Planning Commission), B. Vannikov and A. Zavenyagin. The Special Committee included the Technical Council, organized on August 27, 1945, and the Engineering and Technical Council, organized on December 10, 1945.

22 The nuclear project was directed and coordinated by a new interdepartmental, semi-ministry called the First Main Directorate (PGU) of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, which was organized on August 29, 1945 and was led by the former Minister of Arms B. Vannikov, who in turn was under control of L. Beria. The PGU led the bomb project from 1945 until 1953. By decree of the Council of Ministers of April 9, 1946, the PGU received rights comparable to those of the Ministry of Defense in obtaining materials and coordinating interdepartmental activities. Seven deputies of B. Vannikov were appointed, including A. Zavenyagin, P. Antropov, E. Slavsky, N. Borisov, V. Emelyanov and A. Komarovsky. At the end of 1947, M. Pervukhin was appointed First Deputy Head of PSU, and in 1949 E. Slavsky was appointed to this position. In April 1946, the Engineering and Technical Council of the Special Committee was transformed into the Scientific and Technical Council (NTS) of the First Main Directorate. The NTS played an important role in providing scientific expertise; in the 40s. it was led by B. Vannikov, M. Pervukhin and I. Kurchatov. The nuclear project was managed and coordinated by a new interdepartmental, semi-ministry called the First Main Directorate (PGU) of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, which was organized on August 29, 1945 and was led by the former Minister of Arms B. Vannikov, who in turn was under the control L. Beria. The PGU led the bomb project from 1945 until 1953. By decree of the Council of Ministers of April 9, 1946, the PGU received rights comparable to those of the Ministry of Defense in obtaining materials and coordinating interdepartmental activities. Seven deputies of B. Vannikov were appointed, including A. Zavenyagin, P. Antropov, E. Slavsky, N. Borisov, V. Emelyanov and A. Komarovsky. At the end of 1947, M. Pervukhin was appointed First Deputy Head of PSU, and in 1949 E. Slavsky was appointed to this position. In April 1946, the Engineering and Technical Council of the Special Committee was transformed into the Scientific and Technical Council (NTS) of the First Main Directorate. The NTS played an important role in providing scientific expertise; in the 40s. it was led by B. Vannikov, M. Pervukhin and I. Kurchatov.

23 E. Slavsky, who later had to manage the Soviet nuclear program at the ministerial level from 1957 to 1986, was originally brought into the project to supervise the production of ultrapure graphite for I. Kurchatov's experiments with a nuclear boiler. E. Slavsky was a classmate of A. Zavenyagin at the Mining Academy and at that time was the deputy head of the magnesium, aluminum and electronic industries. Subsequently, E. Slavsky was put in charge of those areas of the project that were associated with the extraction of uranium from ore and its processing. E. Slavsky, who later had to lead the Soviet nuclear program at the ministerial level from 1957 to 1986, was initially brought into the project to control the production of ultrapure graphite for I. Kurchatov's experiments with a nuclear boiler. E. Slavsky was a classmate of A. Zavenyagin at the Mining Academy and at that time was the deputy head of the magnesium, aluminum and electronic industries. Subsequently, E. Slavsky was put in charge of those areas of the project that were associated with the extraction of uranium from ore and its processing.

24 E. Slavsky was a super-secret person, and few people know that he has three Hero stars and ten Orders of Lenin. E. Slavsky was a super-secret person, and few people know that he has three Hero stars and ten Orders of Lenin. In such a large-scale project could not do without emergency situations. Accidents happened often, especially at first. And very often E. Slavsky was the first to go into the danger zone. Much later, doctors tried to determine exactly how much he took x-rays. They called a figure of the order of one and a half thousand, i.e. three lethal doses. But he survived and lived to be 93 years old. In such a large-scale project could not do without emergency situations. Accidents happened often, especially at first. And very often E. Slavsky was the first to go into the danger zone. Much later, doctors tried to determine exactly how much he took x-rays. They called a figure of the order of one and a half thousand, i.e. three lethal doses. But he survived and lived to be 93 years old.

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26 The first reactor (F-1) produced 100 standard units, i.e. 100 g of plutonium per day, a new reactor (industrial reactor) - 300 g per day, but this required loading up to 250 tons of uranium. The first reactor (F-1) produced 100 standard units, i.e. 100 g of plutonium per day, a new reactor (industrial reactor) - 300 g per day, but this required loading up to 250 tons of uranium.

27 For the construction of the first Soviet atomic bomb, a fairly detailed diagram and description of the first tested American atomic bomb, which came to us thanks to Klaus Fuchs and intelligence, were used. These materials were at the disposal of our scientists in the second half of 1945. Arzamas-16 specialists had to perform a large amount of experimental research and calculations to confirm that the information was reliable. After that, the top management decided to make the first bomb and test it using the already proven, workable American scheme, although Soviet scientists proposed more optimal design solutions. This decision was primarily due to purely political reasons - to demonstrate as soon as possible the possession of an atomic bomb. In the future, the designs of nuclear warheads were made in accordance with those technical solutions that were developed by our specialists. 29 The information obtained by intelligence made it possible at the initial stage to avoid the difficulties and accidents that occurred at Los Alamos in 1945, for example, during the assembly and determination of the critical masses of plutonium hemispheres. 29One of the criticality accidents at Los Alamos occurred in a situation where one of the experimenters, bringing the last reflector cube to a plutonium assembly, noticed on a neutron-detecting instrument that the assembly was close to critical. He jerked his hand away, but the cube fell on the assembly, increasing the effectiveness of the reflector. There was an outbreak of a chain reaction. The experimenter destroyed the assembly with his hands. He died 28 days later as a result of overexposure to a dose of 800 roentgens. In total, by 1958, 8 nuclear accidents occurred at Los Alamos. It should be noted that the extreme secrecy of the work, the lack of information created fertile ground for various fantasies in the media.

Presentation on the topic "Atomic bomb"

Bystrov Kirill

Grade 11 MOU Sukromlenskaya secondary school, Torzhok district.

Tver region

Teacher: Mikhailov S.B.

Atomic bomb

A single-phase or single-stage explosive device in which the main energy output comes from the nuclear fission reaction of heavy nuclei (uranium-235 or plutonium) with the formation of lighter elements.

The atomic bomb is a nuclear weapon.

Classification of atomic bomb charges by power:

• up to 1 kt - ultra-small;
• 1 - 10 kt - small;
• 10 - 100 kt - medium;
• 100-1000 ct - large;
• over 1 Mt - super-large.

Atomic bomb device

An atomic bomb includes a number of different components. As a rule, two main elements of this type of weapon are distinguished: the body and the automation system.

The case contains a nuclear charge and automation, and it is he who performs a protective function in relation to various types of influence (mechanical, thermal, and so on). And the role of the automation system is to ensure that the explosion occurs at a clearly defined time, and not earlier or later. The automation system consists of such systems as: emergency detonation; protection and cocking; source of power; detonation and detonation sensors.

The history of the creation of the atomic bomb

The history of the creation of the atomic bomb, and in particular weapons, begins in 1939, with the discovery made by Joliot-Curie. It was from that moment that scientists realized that a uranium chain reaction could become not only a source of enormous energy, but also a terrible weapon. And so, the device of the atomic bomb is based on the use of nuclear energy, which is released during a nuclear chain reaction.

The latter implies the process of fission of heavy nuclei or the synthesis of light nuclei. As a result, the atomic bomb is a weapon of mass destruction, due to the fact that in the shortest period of time a huge amount of intranuclear energy is released in a small space.

First atomic bomb test

The first test of an atomic weapon was carried out by the US military on July 16, 1945 at a place called Almogordo, which showed the full power of atomic energy. After that, the atomic bombs available to the US forces were loaded onto a warship and sent to the shores of Japan. The refusal of the Japanese government from peaceful dialogue made it possible to demonstrate in action the full power of atomic weapons, the victims of which were the city of Hiroshima first, and a little later Nagasaki.

And just four days later, two planes with dangerous cargo on board left the US military base at once, the targets of which were Kokura and Nagasaki. From the atomic bomb in Nagasaki in the first days, 73 thousand people died. the list has already been added to 35 thousand people.

• shock wave ( the speed of propagation of a shock wave in a medium exceeds the speed of sound in this medium)
• light emission ( power is many times greater than the power of the sun's rays)
• penetrating radiation
• radioactive contamination
• electromagnetic pulse (EMP) (disables equipment and devices)
• x-rays

shock wave

Main striking

factor of a nuclear explosion.

Represents

region of sharp compression

environment, spreading

in all directions from the place

supersonic explosion

speed.

light emission

A stream of radiant energy, including visible,

ultraviolet and

infrared rays.

Spreads almost

instantly and lasts

dependencies

from nuclear power

explosion up to 20s.

electromagnetic pulse

A short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion with the atoms of the environment.

The action of the atomic bomb

After the explosion, there will be a bright flash, turning into a fiery sphere, which, as it cools, turns into a hat of a nuclear mushroom. Next comes light emission. The pressure of the shock wave at the boundary of the fire sphere at its maximum development is 7 atmospheres (0.7 MPa), regardless of power, the air temperature in the wave is about 350 degrees, and in combination with light radiation, objects at the boundary of the sphere can heat up to 1200 degrees during an explosion with power in 1 megaton.

In the case of a person, heat will spread throughout the body. The light makes clothes even tighter, welding them to the body. The duration of the flash depends on the power of the explosion, from about one second at one kiloton to forty seconds at fifty megatons; one megaton will shine for ten seconds, twenty kilotons (Hiroshima) for three seconds. The shock wave can go before the end of the glow.

• Soviet intelligence had information about work on the creation of the atomic bomb in the United States coming from atomic physicists who sympathize with the USSR, in particular Klaus Fuchs. This information was reported Beria Stalin. However, it is believed that the letter of the Soviet physicist addressed to him in early 1943 was of decisive importance. Flerova who managed to explain the essence of the problem popularly. As a result February 11th 1943 a resolution was adopted GKO about the beginning of work on the creation of an atomic bomb. General leadership was entrusted to the Deputy Chairman of the State Defense Committee V. M. Molotova, who, in turn, appointed the head of the atomic project I. Kurchatova(his appointment was signed 10th of March). The information received through intelligence channels facilitated and accelerated the work of Soviet scientists.

• On November 6, 1947, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, V. M. Molotov, made a statement regarding the secret of the atomic bomb, saying that "this secret has long ceased to exist." This statement meant that the Soviet Union had already discovered the secret of atomic weapons, and they had these weapons at their disposal. The scientific circles of the United States of America accepted this statement by V. M. Molotov as a bluff, believing that the Russians could master atomic weapons no earlier than 1952.

• US spy satellites have located the exact location of Russian tactical nuclear weapons in the Kaliningrad region, contradicting Moscow's claims that tactical weapons were transferred there.

• The successful test of the first Soviet atomic bomb was carried out on August 29, 1949 at the built test site in Semipalatinsk regions of Kazakhstan. On September 25, 1949, the newspaper " Truth» posted a message TASS"in connection with the statement of US President Truman on the conduct of an atomic explosion in the USSR":

"Nuclear Club"

An informal name for a group of countries with nuclear weapons. It includes the USA (since 1945), Russia (originally the Soviet Union: since 1949), Great Britain (1952), France (1960), China (1964), India (1974), Pakistan (1998) and North Korea (2006). Israel is also considered to have nuclear weapons.

The "old" nuclear powers of the USA, Russia, Great Britain, France and China are the so-called. the nuclear five - that is, the states that are considered "legitimate" nuclear powers under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The remaining countries with nuclear weapons are called "young" nuclear powers.

In addition, several states that are members of NATO and other allies have or may have US nuclear weapons on their territory. Some experts believe that in certain circumstances, these countries can take advantage of it.

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Weapons of mass destruction. Nuclear weapon. Grade 10

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Checking homework:
The history of the creation of MPVO-GO-MChS-RSChS. Name the tasks of GO. Rights and obligations of citizens in the field of civil defense

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First nuclear test
In 1896, the French physicist Antoine Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactive radiation. On the territory of the United States, in Los Alamos, in the desert expanses of the state of New Mexico, in 1942, an American nuclear center was established. On July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45 local time, a bright flash lit up the sky over the plateau in the Jemez Mountains north of New Mexico. A characteristic cloud of radioactive dust, resembling a mushroom, rose to 30,000 feet. All that remains at the site of the explosion are fragments of green radioactive glass, which the sand has turned into. This was the beginning of the atomic era.

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NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND ITS DAMAGE FACTORS
Contents: Historical data. Nuclear weapon. The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Types of nuclear explosions Basic principles of protection against damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

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The first nuclear explosion was carried out in the USA on July 16, 1945. The creator of the atomic bomb is Julius Robert Oppenheimer. By the summer of 1945, the Americans managed to assemble two atomic bombs, called "Kid" and "Fat Man". The first bomb weighed 2722 kg and was loaded with enriched Uranium-235. "Fat Man" with a charge of Plutonium-239 with a capacity of more than 20 kt had a mass of 3175 kg.

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Julius Robert Oppenheimer
The creator of the atomic bomb:

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Atomic bomb "Little Boy", Hiroshima August 6, 1945
Types of bombs:
Atomic bomb "Fat Man", Nagasaki August 9, 1945

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Hiroshima Nagasaki

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On the morning of August 6, 1945, the American B-29 Enola Gay bomber, named after the mother (Enola Gay Haggard) of the crew commander, Colonel Paul Tibbets, dropped the Little Boy atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. 13 to 18 kilotons of TNT. Three days later, on August 9, 1945, the atomic bomb "Fat Man" ("Fat Man") was dropped on the city of Nagasaki by pilot Charles Sweeney, commander of the B-29 "Bockscar" bomber. The total number of deaths ranged from 90 to 166 thousand people in Hiroshima and from 60 to 80 thousand people in Nagasaki.

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In the USSR, the first test of an atomic bomb (RDS) was carried out on August 29, 1949. at the Semipalatinsk test site with a capacity of 22 kt. In 1953, the USSR tested a hydrogen, or thermonuclear, bomb (RDS-6S). The power of the new weapons was 20 times greater than the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, although they were the same size.
History of the creation of nuclear weapons

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History of the creation of nuclear weapons

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In the 60s of the XX century, nuclear weapons are being introduced into all branches of the USSR Armed Forces. On October 30, 1961, the most powerful hydrogen bomb (Tsar Bomba, Ivan, Kuzkina Mother) with a capacity of 58 megatons was tested on Novaya Zemlya. In addition to the USSR and the USA, nuclear weapons appear: in England (1952), in France (1960) .), in China (1964). Later, nuclear weapons appeared in India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel.
History of the creation of nuclear weapons

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Participants in the development of the first samples of thermonuclear weapons, who later became Nobel Prize winners
L.D. Landau I.E. Tamm N.N. Semenov
V.L.Ginzburg I.M.Frank L.V.Kantorovich A.A.Abrikosov

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The first Soviet aviation thermonuclear atomic bomb.
RDS-6S
Bomb body RDS-6S
Bomber TU-16 - carrier of nuclear weapons

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"Tsar Bomba" AN602

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NUCLEAR WEAPONS are explosive mass destruction weapons based on the use of intranuclear energy released during a nuclear chain fission reaction of heavy nuclei of uranium-235 and plutonium-239 isotopes.

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The power of a nuclear charge is measured in TNT equivalent - the amount of trinitrotoluene that must be exploded to obtain the same energy.

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Atomic bomb device
The main elements of nuclear weapons are: the body, the automation system. The case is designed to accommodate a nuclear charge and an automation system, and also protects them from mechanical, and in some cases, from thermal effects. The automation system ensures the explosion of a nuclear charge at a given moment of time and excludes its accidental or premature operation. It includes: - a safety and arming system, - an emergency detonation system, - a charge detonation system, - a power source, - a detonation sensor system. Means of delivery of nuclear weapons can be ballistic missiles, cruise and anti-aircraft missiles, aviation. Nuclear munitions are used to equip air bombs, land mines, torpedoes, artillery shells (203.2 mm SG and 155 mm SG-USA). Various systems have been invented to detonate the atomic bomb. The simplest system is an injector-type weapon in which a projectile made of fissile material crashes into the target, forming a supercritical mass. The atomic bomb fired by the United States on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 had an injection-type detonator. And it had an energy equivalent of approximately 20 kilotons of TNT.

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Atomic bomb device

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Delivery vehicles for nuclear weapons

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Nuclear explosion
2. Light emission
4. Radioactive contamination of the area
1. Shock wave
3. Ionizing radiation
5. Electromagnetic pulse
Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

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(Air) shock wave - a region of sharp compression of air, propagating in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. The front boundary of the wave, characterized by a sharp pressure jump, is called the front of the shock wave. Causes destruction over a large area. Protection: cover.

Slide 33

Its action lasts for several seconds. A shock wave travels a distance of 1 km in 2 s, 2 km in 5 s, and 3 km in 8 s.
Shock wave injuries are caused by both the action of excess pressure and its propelling action (velocity pressure), due to the movement of air in the wave. Personnel, weapons and military equipment located in open areas are affected mainly as a result of the propelling action of the shock wave, and large objects (buildings, etc.) are affected by the action of excess pressure.

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Nuclear explosion site
This is the area directly affected by the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.
The focus of a nuclear lesion is divided into:
Zone of complete destruction
Zone of severe destruction
Medium damage zone
Zone of weak damage
Destruction zones

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2. Light radiation is visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, acting for a few seconds. Defense: Any obstruction that provides shade.
The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

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The light radiation of a nuclear explosion is visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, acting for several seconds. For personnel, it can cause skin burns, eye damage and temporary blindness. Burns occur from direct exposure to light radiation on open areas of the skin (primary burns), as well as from burning clothes, in fires (secondary burns). Depending on the severity of the lesion, burns are divided into four degrees: the first is redness, swelling and soreness of the skin; the second is the formation of bubbles; the third - necrosis of the skin and tissues; the fourth is charring of the skin.

Slide 37

The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:
3. Penetrating radiation - an intense flow of gamma particles and neutrons emitted from the zone of a nuclear explosion cloud and lasting for 15-20 seconds. Passing through living tissue, it causes its rapid destruction and death of a person from acute radiation sickness in the very near future after the explosion. Protection: shelter or barrier (layer of soil, wood, concrete, etc.)
Alpha radiation is helium-4 nuclei and can be easily stopped with a piece of paper. Beta radiation is a stream of electrons that an aluminum plate is enough to protect against. Gamma radiation has the ability to penetrate even denser materials.

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The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is characterized by the magnitude of the radiation dose, i.e., the amount of radioactive radiation energy absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated medium. Distinguish between exposure and absorbed dose. The exposure dose is measured in roentgens (R). One X-ray is such a dose of gamma radiation that creates about 2 billion ion pairs in 1 cm3 of air.

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Reducing the damaging effect of penetrating radiation depending on the protective environment and material
Layers of half attenuation of radiation

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4. Radioactive contamination of the area - in the event of an explosion of nuclear weapons, a “trace” is formed on the surface of the earth, formed by precipitation from a radioactive cloud. Protection: personal protective equipment (PPE).
The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

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The trace of a radioactive cloud on a flat terrain with the same direction and speed of the wind has the shape of an elongated ellipse and is conditionally divided into four zones: moderate (A), strong (B), dangerous (C) and extremely dangerous (D) contamination. The boundaries of radioactive contamination zones with varying degrees of danger to people are usually characterized by the dose of gamma radiation received during the time from the moment the trace is formed to the complete decay of radioactive substances D∞ (changes in rads), or by the radiation dose rate (radiation level) 1 hour after the explosion

Slide 42

Zones of radioactive contamination
Zone of extremely dangerous infection
Zone of dangerous infection
Highly contaminated area
Zone of moderate infection

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5. Electromagnetic pulse: occurs for a short period of time and can disable all enemy electronics (aircraft on-board computers, etc.)
The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

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On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. As before, the approach from the east of two American aircraft (one of them was called Enola Gay) at an altitude of 10-13 km did not cause alarm (because every day they appeared in the sky of Hiroshima). One of the planes dived and dropped something, and then both planes turned and flew away. The dropped object on a parachute slowly descended and suddenly exploded at an altitude of 600 m above the ground. It was the "Baby" bomb. On August 9, another bomb was dropped over the city of Nagasaki. The total loss of life and the scale of destruction from these bombings are characterized by the following figures: 300 thousand people died instantly from thermal radiation (temperature about 5000 degrees C) and a shock wave, another 200 thousand were injured, burned, irradiated. On an area of ​​12 sq. km, all buildings were completely destroyed. In Hiroshima alone, out of 90,000 buildings, 62,000 were destroyed. These bombings shocked the whole world. It is believed that this event marked the beginning of the nuclear arms race and the confrontation between the two political systems of that time at a new qualitative level.

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Types of nuclear explosions

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ground explosion
air burst
high altitude explosion
underground explosion
Types of nuclear explosions

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Types of nuclear explosions
General Thomas Farrell: “The effect that the explosion had on me can be called magnificent, amazing and at the same time terrifying. Mankind has never created a phenomenon of such incredible and terrifying power.

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Trial Name: Trinity Date: July 16, 1945 Location: Alamogordo, New Mexico

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Test name: Baker Date: July 24, 1946 Location: Bikini Atoll Lagoon Type of explosion: Underwater, depth 27.5 meters Power: 23 kilotons.

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Test Name: Truckee Date: June 9, 1962 Location: Christmas Island Yield: over 210 kilotons

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Test Name: Castle Romeo Date: March 26, 1954 Location: On a barge in Bravo Crater, Bikini Atoll Explosion type: Surface Yield: 11 megatons.

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Test name: Castle Bravo Date: March 1, 1954 Location: Bikini Atoll Explosion type: surface yield: 15 megatons.

The history of the creation of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons testing. Presentation on physics Pupils of grade 11b of the Pushkin gymnasium Cossack Elena. Introduction In the history of mankind, individual events become epoch-making. The creation of atomic weapons and their use was caused by the desire to rise to a new level in mastering the perfect method of destruction. Like any event, the creation of atomic weapons has its own history. . . Topics for discussion - The history of the creation of nuclear weapons. - Prerequisites for the creation of atomic weapons in the United States. - Tests of atomic weapons. - Conclusion. The history of the creation of nuclear weapons. At the very end of the 20th century, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity. 1911-1913. Discovery of the atomic nucleus by Rutherford and E. Rutherford. Since the beginning of 1939, a new phenomenon has been studied immediately in England, France, the USA and the USSR. E. Rutherford Finishing spurt 19391945. In 1939 the Second World War began. In October 1939, the first government committee on atomic energy appears in the USA. In Germany In 1942, failures on the German-Soviet front led to a reduction in work on nuclear weapons. The United States began to lead in the creation of weapons. Test of atomic weapons. On May 10, 1945, a committee to select targets for the first nuclear strikes met at the Pentagon in the United States. Tests of atomic weapons. On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. As before, the approach of two American planes from the east caused no alarm. One of the planes dived and threw something, then both planes flew back. Nuclear Priority 1945-1957. The dropped object on a parachute slowly descended and suddenly exploded at an altitude of 600m above the ground. The city was destroyed with one blow: out of 90 thousand buildings, 65 thousand were destroyed. Out of 250 thousand inhabitants, 160 thousand were killed and wounded. Nagasaki A new attack was planned for August 11th. On the morning of August 8, the weather service reported that target No. 2 (Kokura) on August 11 would be covered by clouds. And so the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. This time, about 73 thousand people died, another 35 thousand died after much torment. Nuclear weapons in the USSR. On November 3, 1945, the Pentagon received report No. 329 on the selection of the 20 most important targets on the territory of the USSR. In the United States, a plan for war was ripe. The start of hostilities was scheduled for January 1, 1950. The Soviet nuclear project lagged behind the American one by exactly four years. In December 1946, I. Kurchatov launched the first nuclear reactor in Europe. But be that as it may, the USSR had an atomic bomb, and on October 4, 1957, the USSR launched the first artificial Earth satellite into space. Thus, the beginning of the Third World War was prevented! I. Kurchatov Conclusion. Hiroshima and Nagasaki are a warning for the future! According to experts, our planet is dangerously oversaturated with nuclear weapons. Such arsenals are fraught with a huge danger for the entire planet, and not for individual countries. Their creation absorbs huge material resources that could be used to combat diseases, illiteracy, poverty in a number of other regions of the world.