How are processing complexes arranged?

• The first element of such a complex is the receiver. Usually this is a group of devices that provide waste unloading, their preliminary radiometric control and weighing.
• The next operation is transportation to the site of preliminary, rough separation. Often these operations are combined. At this stage, the garbage passes through mechanical screens, in which the compacted waste is pressed out, plastic packaging is cut with rotating flange knives, and sandy impurities are screened out. Reloading machines absorb the largest elements.
• Then the mixture enters the accumulators, and from there to the manual and automatic sorting conveyors. This is where the final division into necessary and unnecessary garbage takes place. All substances are grouped according to their purpose: metals, fuels, plastics, etc.
• Some materials can be washed, chemically cleaned, disinfected. After sorting, all types of waste are subject to briquetting, packaging and compaction.

The packages delivered to the shipping sites can hardly be called waste: these are semi-finished products ready for processing, waiting for their buyer.

Models from market leaders

Powerscreen

Equipment for building materials and minerals. The Chinese manufacturer is part of the Terex group of corporations specializing in mining and construction equipment.

Among the products dominated by mobile plants designed for crushing and separating into fractions of minerals of any type - from calcite and dolomite to coal and granite.

Powerscreen sorting complexes have the power and durability of quarry plants. These crushing and screening complexes, weighing 27-29 tons, are quite mobile, as they are designed for open mine workings. Their productivity reaches 600 t/h. Can be mounted on caterpillar or large-wheel drive.

Hammel

Produced by a German corporation with a representative office in Russia. Universal installation that allows you to process (crush) and sort all types of industrial and domestic waste. The machine copes with garden waste, tires, household waste. It is capable of processing 60–200 tons per hour. It has high mobility and reliability.

Thus, a wide selection of multifunctional equipment and highly specialized devices makes it possible to apply effective technology at all stages of waste processing. Innovations from market leaders will ensure high profitability, reliability and environmental friendliness of any enterprise.

1. Unloading MSW at the receiving site.

2. Supply of MSW by a bucket loader to the bag breakers.

3. After the breaker, MSW is fed to the pre-sorting area by a supply chain conveyor.

4. Sorting of large secondary raw materials in the pre-sorting area.

6. After that, the feed to the rotary type separators takes place. Separators extract fractions up to 80 mm in size.

7. The selected fine fraction is taken out by a belt conveyor outside the hangar and fed to a reverse conveyor. The fine fraction is distributed in containers and taken to the landfill.

8. MSW, pre-cleaned from the fine fraction, comes after the rotary separators for the selection of all types of plastics using optical sorters.

9. The MSW cleared of plastics goes to the selection of all types of waste paper on an optical sorter.

10. The selected waste paper after the optical sorter enters the site for manual sorting of waste paper.

11. Separation of the selected plastics into flat and volumetric ones takes place on a ballistic separator.

12. After that, the films are sorted by type in the manual sorting section.

13. Sorting of bulk plastic by type takes place at the manual sorting section.

14. The remaining MSW flow, which has passed all types of sorting, enters the RDF fuel separator using belt conveyors. Raw materials suitable for obtaining RDF enter the crushers.

15. The rest of the waste goes into an open container, which is taken to the landfill. The selected secondary raw materials are fed to the pressing line, after which the finished briquettes are sent to the secondary raw materials warehouse.

16.Plastics come from the warehouse of finished products to the processing shop, where granules are obtained from them.

In Russia, there are 11 thousand landfills and landfills, 4 waste incineration plants, 5 waste processing plants and 39 waste sorting complexes (2011 data), while, however, the system of primary sorting of waste by the population practically does not work. Therefore, automated sorting of MSW is a necessary stage that can be used at different stages of complex waste processing, including, in addition to sorting, heat treatment and fermentation, and ensures low final waste production in general. Possible variants of schemes for organizing the complex processing of MSW were presented earlier (see Fig. 7.9).

Foreign and domestic experience in MSW processing shows that today there is not and cannot be a single universal method or scheme that simultaneously meets all economic (cost level), technological (requirements for raw materials, processes and products) and environmental (compliance with standards) requirements. Integrated recycling is a certain combination of methods, a kind of technological “puzzle”, built in accordance with the ultimate goal of recycling, which in turn is determined in accordance with the concept of waste management at the regional level. Each method of sorting, disposal or disposal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the use of a combination of methods can minimize these disadvantages.

So, the main goal of complex sorting is the maximum extraction of waste components, however, due to the removal of ballast fractions, the fermentation efficiency and the quality of the compost are increased, the calorific value of the combustible fraction is increased, clogging of grates of furnaces is reduced, etc. The number of stages at which sorting operations are used, the number and sequence of operations, their instrumentation depend on the moisture content of the waste, the morphological and granulometric composition, the speed and physical and chemical patterns of the process.

As an example, consider the technological scheme for the processing of MSW, used in Sweden. The purpose of processing is to separate the feedstock into three main streams:

• combustible fractions (paper, wood, textiles, film, etc.);
• compostable material (food waste, wet paper and sewage sludge);
• black scrap metal.

At the first stage, MSW is crushed, subjected to magnetic separation and sorted in a cylindrical screen. The lower, softer and looser organic fraction is mixed with sewage sludge and subjected to aerobic fermentation - open composting, after which glass and other heavy ballast fractions - stones, rubber, dense plastic - are removed from the compost by secondary screening (screening).

The upper, harder combustible fraction is subjected to secondary magnetic separation, drying and briquetting (pressing).

As a result of such processing, according to a simplified scheme, 2.4% of ferrous scrap, 26.3% of fuel and 71.3% of fractions for composting are obtained.

Domestic experience in designing integrated schemes for the processing of solid waste can be traced on the example of a basic technological scheme for sorting solid waste with subsequent incineration, implemented at plant No. 4, located in the Rudnevo industrial zone in Moscow (Fig. 7.18). The scheme is a set of successive screening operations, magnetic and electrodynamic separation, aimed at extracting ferrous and non-ferrous scrap (aluminum). However, such a scheme does not involve the stage of preliminary preparation of the waste stream, which reduces the efficiency of metal extraction, and the separation of fractions according to the size class of 250 mm does not provide separation of the main components (in Fig. 7.17, a classification is given by size, depending on where the fraction is collected: from above (+) or bottom (-) screen). An integrated technology for processing and sorting waste should take into account the composition and properties of the feedstock and be based on the experience of world practice. A distinctive feature of residential sector waste is a certain class of component size, varying in a narrow range of 150-200 mm, since it is in this class that about 80% of ferrous metal, about 80% of tinned packaging, more than 95% of aluminum scrap, more than 60% of paper (from the total content of these components in MSW) [19]. Thus, the enrichment of MSW should be aimed at separating the components included in this size class, with a preliminary separation of lumpy components.

In addition, when using this processing scheme, the problem of preparing MSW for thermal processing is not solved, since all ballast fractions, including hazardous components (97-98% of the original amount), are sent for incineration. As a result, 1 ton of highly toxic ash is formed per 3 tons of incinerated waste, containing concentrated dioxins, heavy metals and other toxic components. Such solid residue cannot be disposed of and must be disposed of in hazardous waste landfills.

An example of the most successful integrated solution to the problem of MSW processing can be a modern technological scheme of a multi-resource industrial complex (MPC) (Fig. 7.18; numbers in circles - node number in the general scheme; in accordance with the requirements for low-waste technological processes, the number of technological units process should be as low as possible), developed by Energopromsystems LLC (Ukraine) and passed model tests, which involves the processing of organic raw materials by the method of destructive thermochemical conversion - high-temperature pyrolysis (12()()-Н300°С) (see subparagraph 4.3.4 ).

When processed in a gas generator, any organic components of the waste are converted into a combustible gas, which is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane (with a calorific value of 1000-

1350 kcal/nm 3), and liquid pyrolysis resin - "synthetic oil", from which fuel gasoline and diesel fractions can be isolated. The solid ash residue formed as a result of processing practically does not contain “dusty” harmful components, such as heavy metals, since the glass contained in the crushed mass subjected to pyrolysis vitrifies the mineral components of the waste at high temperatures. During pyrolysis processing, there are practically no supertoxic gaseous dioxin emissions typical of waste incineration plants, since plastic and film, which are the main sources of these emissions, undergo thermochemical destruction under the redox conditions of pyrolysis.

Rice. 7.17.

T. N. Lipatova

SOLID WASTE SORTING CULTURE IN LARGE CITIES

Key words: sorting of municipal solid waste.

The article analyzes the problem of forming a culture of sorting municipal solid waste in Russian society. Foreign and domestic experience of programs for the separation of household waste is presented, the main measures for the formation and improvement of the culture of sorting solid household waste among the population of Russia are highlighted.

Keywords: solid domestic waste sorting.

The paper deals with the problem of culture of solid domestic waste sorting in the Russian society. Foreign and domestic programs of domestic waste sorting are represented. The maim activities of culture formation of solid domestic waste sorting among the Russian population are suggested.

The issue of recycling household waste has recently arisen in our country more and more often. The problem of complete destruction or partial disposal of household waste is relevant, first of all, from the point of view of the negative impact on the environment. For any city and locality, the problem of removal or neutralization of municipal solid waste is always primarily an environmental problem.

In solving this problem, an important place is occupied by the integrated disposal of household waste. According to conservative estimates, over forty million different tons of household waste is generated in Russia annually. But garbage is a good source of income. In developed countries, this has long been understood, and more than half of all waste is recycled.

Waste recycling in Russia is just beginning to develop. There are a number of incinerators and several waste processing plants, the basic conditions for the development of the recycling industry have long been introduced and do not require any excessive effort. The generally accepted classification of garbage that exists today allows minimizing the cost of its disposal. So, for example, kitchen waste can serve as livestock feed, paper waste can be easily dealt with by fire, but construction waste will have to be taken to a special landfill.

The problem of waste disposal exists all over the world. Obviously, the most important and defining stage in the process of processing household waste is its sorting. Most importantly, the existing waste incineration and recycling plants use only waste sorted by residents, and do not burn or process it en masse.

The way of waste recycling is the most promising and is associated with a high level of consciousness of the entire population. It is where waste is generated - at home, in an institution, at an enterprise - that it is easiest to immediately separate paper from glass, aluminum, plastic and food waste.

Sorting household waste suggests that each resident will need to throw away

glass, paper and plastic in appropriate containers, as has long been done in Europe. Then the recyclables from these containers are also taken out by a separate special vehicle to the waste sorting station, and there it is already separated by types of secondary resources.

The experience of Israel is indicative and interesting. In September 2012, in the city of Ashdod, under the auspices of the Ministry of Ecology, a waste separation program began, in which 31 Israeli cities took part. The purpose of the program is the separation of waste and different options for their disposal. So, the garbage is divided into two streams: the so-called "wet" garbage (organic waste) - food leftovers, and "dry" garbage

(non-organic waste) - packaging, bottles, plastic, paper, etc. "Dry" garbage must be thrown into green boxes, "wet" garbage - into brown ones. These two tanks will be cleaned at different times, dry garbage will be recycled, wet

On the line for the production of fertilizers or power generation. With this separate processing, the damage caused by landfills to the environment is reduced, the amount of greenhouse gases is reduced. In addition, the city saves money on the maintenance of landfills themselves, which are very expensive.

The success of this project, as explained in the municipality, entirely depends on the support of the townspeople. In Tel Aviv, this project "failed" precisely because the residents simply ignored the requirements of the municipality and still dumped all household garbage in one bin. In this case, the whole project initially does not make any sense: after all, the whole

the technological chain is in the kitchens. Obviously, the success of the implementation of this program depends solely on the participation of each resident. What is being done in Israel for this?

Firstly, an explanatory conversation is being held with young people, children in schools, and parents. The main help in the promotion of waste separation comes from children. Children are well aware of the importance of protecting the environment and separating garbage and encourage parents to "separate garbage".

Secondly, much attention is paid to the explanatory conversation with the residents of the apartments - direct participants in the program for separating household waste. Groups of inspectors and volunteers visit apartments and explain to residents the importance of separating waste. Each family is given a special brown bin with a capacity of seven liters, designed for food waste, which is placed on the table top.

Recently, programs for sorting household waste have been implemented in Russian large cities.

In Yekaterinburg, a three-year program has been developed in accordance with which city residents will throw garbage into multi-colored containers and sort it: separately for food and separately for non-food waste. True, unlike Europe, where collection is usually carried out in three or even four containers (food waste, glass, plastic and paper), in Yekaterinburg there will be only two containers

Green for food waste and orange for paper, plastic, metal.

By the way, 2013 in Russia has been declared the “Year of Environmental Protection”, it is assumed that a separate waste collection system should be introduced in buildings occupied by federal executive authorities.

Will such projects take root in Russia? Will we be able to develop a high level of solid domestic waste sorting culture in our country? What measures should be taken at the level of the state and society to form a culture of sorting household waste among the population?

The main tool for solving this issue should be the promotion of competent waste sorting by every citizen. It is necessary in the media, in educational institutions to encourage residents to make their contribution to environmental protection, to take care of the future of the city, not counting sorting for a lot of work.

The implementation of measures to educate and educate the population is of great importance. In Europe, a lot of literature has been published on the topic of waste sorting, there are training courses and online consultations. An environmentally friendly lifestyle should be actively promoted in schools. It is known that children are the best channel for influencing more

conservative adults. Here, the environmental education of children, and through them adults through various forms of practical environmental education, will play a huge role, and not only by schools, but also by public organizations.

The Russian school curricula do not provide for the study of manuals with visual images related to the careful attitude to natural resources. In Germany, children's drawings hang on the wall of an incineration plant, which reflect the children's perception of "garbage" problems, which speaks of the upbringing of attitudes towards waste management from childhood.

Explaining environmental problems in the press, on radio, television, on the Internet, it is necessary to prepare public opinion for the introduction of separate collection of household waste. The easiest way to start organizing the separate collection of household waste is from the business and administrative sector of the city, which “produces” up to 40% of paper, cardboard and plastic waste from markets, shops, institutions and printing houses.

The state is the main

a participant in the formation of a culture of handling household waste. It is significant that 2013 in Russia was declared the "Year of Environmental Protection" - during 2013, a separate waste collection system should be introduced in buildings occupied by federal executive authorities.

State policy should be aimed at developing a set of legislative measures, economic support measures, including creating incentives for the population to sort household waste. This policy should be based on principles such as maximum recycling of secondary

material resources, minimizing

environmental damage and costs should be consistent, comprehensive and clearly

certain. For example, several years ago, containers for separate waste collection were already installed in one of the large cities of Russia. Residents even began to use them correctly: glass in one compartment, plastic in another, and so on, until they saw what was happening with this garbage. A car arrives, takes the tanks and safely dumps all this carefully separated garbage into one large spacious body. Such actions in the bud destroy all the good intentions of the population, discredit not only municipal services, but the state as a whole.

There is also a need for regular waste collection, primarily in terms of the participation of the population, which usually takes their responsibility for separating waste with no greater degree of responsibility with which the city authorities should relate to the removal of recyclables.

Cost effective

stimulate the population to introduce selective collection, by raising tariffs for

disposal of unsorted waste. For example, in Europe, a resident pays only for unsorted waste, but does not pay for sorted waste. The smaller the container that the residents of the house fill, the less they pay for garbage collection.

Thus, at the heart of the implementation

concept of integrated management of household waste, the population is given a key role. At the present stage of solving the problem of sorting and further processing of household waste, the formation and improvement of the culture of sorting municipal solid waste is of key importance. This process is based on the creation of the necessary conditions by the state and society. After all, it is easier to control what ends up in a landfill than the decomposition products of waste migrating from a landfill into the environment.

Literature

1. Petrov V.G., Chechina A.Kh. Waste sorting lines: prospects for application / V.G. Petrov, A.Kh. Chechina. -Izhevsk, 2005. - 112p.

2. Survey of Household Solid Waste Generation and Public Awareness on Waste Separation and Compositing Practices in Cebu City // D.G.J. Premakumara. - June 2011. - R.27.

3. Ibrasheva L.R., Idiatullina A.M. Marketing in the field of energy saving in the context of sociological knowledge // Bulletin of the Kazan Technological University - 2012. - No. 7. - S.234-239.

4. Rogova N.S., Garaeva M.R., Shipina O.T. Cellulose nitrates from industrial and domestic waste // Bulletin of the Kazan Technological University -2010. - No. 9. - P.131-136.

5. Ashdod: more and more "green" families

[Electronic resource]. - Access mode:

http://ashdod.israelinfo.ru/news/2881, free entry.

© T. N. Lipatova - leading. Analyst of the Institute of Innovation Management KNRTU, [email protected]