The Tom River: the origin of the name and brief characteristics. The Tom River (Kemerovo Region, a tributary of the Ob). Characteristics, photo, video of the Tom River. Rafting, fishing Mouth of the confluence of the river Tom
The largest rivers in our region are the Tom, Kiya, Yaya, Chumysh, and Chulym. All rivers belong to the Ob River basin, which ranks first in Russia in terms of catchment area. Most of our rivers originate on the mountain slopes of the main range, the western and northern slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau and the Salair Ridge. Almost all of them flow from south to north. The biggest and deep river Kemerovo region - Tom, the right tributary of the Ob. The second largest river in the region is the Kiya.
Found in Kuzbass mineral water. The largest deposit of carbonic waters, which are not inferior in their medicinal qualities to the famous Borjomi water, is located in the valley of the Upper Ters River. This water was called "Tersinka". Among the mineral waters discovered in the region, the Borisovskoye deposit stands out. Firmly entered the life of the Kuzbass mineral water"Borisovskaya", similar in its qualities to the North Caucasian "Essentuki", its reserves were discovered in the area of the village of Borisovskoe, Krapivinsky district.
Tom River
TOM, a river in the southeast of Zap. Siberia, right tributary of the Ob. Floating. Navigable from the mouth of Mras-Su. On the Tom - the cities of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk, etc.
The largest and deepest river in the Kemerovo region is the Tom, the right tributary of the Ob. From its sources to the place where it flows into Mras-Su Tom has the character of a typical mountain river.
The Kuznetsk Basin somewhat pacifies Tom's temperament, and access to its shores becomes available. At the very mouth, at the confluence of the mighty Ob, becoming like its own older sister, Tom turns into true flat river, with a steady flow
The Tom River has over 115 tributaries. The largest of them are Belsu, Usa, Mras-Su, Kondoma, Taydon and others. All of them are located on the territory of our region.
Tom is a river with character, a river with a difficult and rich biography, a river with great merits and important problems. Tom quenches the thirst of cities and towns, industrial and agricultural enterprises, it is a transport route and a source of electricity. Tom is the basis of fish farming. Tom is a place of rest, it provided us with its beaches and islands, its shores for Michurin gardens, summer cottages, rest houses, tourist camps. Now it is no longer possible to consider water as an inexhaustible gift of nature.
Kiya river
Kiya, river in the southeast Western Siberia, a left tributary of the Chulym. It originates in the Kuznetsk Alatau. Kiya is distinguished by recklessness, unrestrained mountain prowess. Only then does it become more balanced and reasonable, a flat river, with an incredibly clean water. Kii was lucky, there are no large industrial enterprises and in her clean water, at the bottom, nelma spawns, in the lower reaches of sturgeon and sterlet.
Kiya is one of the most fish rivers in the south of Western Siberia. In summer and autumn, caravans sail along Kii rubber boats, kayak. This is sent along the beloved river by the inhabitants of Kuzbass and many remote places. Kyu know how beautiful river in Siberia. The river has been serving people for many years. A river with incredibly clear water. She doesn't seem to have any water. It seems that only multi-colored flat stones lie literally on the surface. But you step off the shore and find yourself knee-deep, waist-deep in icy water.
Yaya river
I? I - a river in the Kemerovo and Tomsk regions, the left tributary of the Chulym. The source is located to the east of the village of Yashkino. Freeze from early November to April. Navigable. The village of the same name Yaya is located on the Yaya River.
The rivers of our Siberia are famous for their beauty and often delight with good fishing. An excellent example of this statement is the Tom River. On the map of Russia, this tributary of the Ob can be found on the territory of the Autonomous Republic of Khakassia, as well as the Tomsk and Kemerovo regions. Cities such as Tomsk, Myski, Mezhdurechensk, Seversk and Novokuznetsk stand on its banks and use the waters for their needs. A quarter of a century ago, the Tom River was called the great sewage ditch of Siberia: for about 30 years, the water of this Siberian river was polluted by industrial enterprises of the Tomsk and Kemerovo regions. And now Tom pleases fishermen and vacationers clear water, picturesque shores and a good catch.
origin of name
The origin of the name of this Siberian river has been lost for centuries. It is known that Slavic settlers lived on its banks long before Yermak. The toponymy of the local names suggests that the original name of the river sounded like Tang. In support of this hypothesis, the names of the villages and lakes surrounding the river speak: there is the Tanaeva road, Lake Tanaevo. History has not brought to our days a few more toponyms of this type.
Scythian roots
But the name "Tan", most likely, was not the original. Perhaps this is an abbreviation of a more complete and ancient word"tardan". An indirect confirmation of this version is the name of the "tardan" deposit, which is located near Kyzyl. This word is etymologically very close to the names of all East Slavic rivers and is similar in construction to such hydronyms (names of rivers) as the Dnieper, Don, Donets, Danube. The root "dn" comes from the Scythian or Sarmatian "don". Scientists have established that in translation from the ancient Scythian languages this word means "water", "river". Thus, exploring the names of rivers and reservoirs, one can trace the paths of the Sarmatian tribes to the northern Black Sea region through southern Siberia.
But back to the beautiful Tommy. The first syllable in the name Tar is consonant with the words of Turkic origin "gift" or "king". It can be assumed that Tartan (Tardan) was deciphered as "royal river" or "giving river".
Toponym modification
In the fourteenth century, the great conqueror Timur came from the Mongolian steppes to the banks of the Tom. According to the official version, the reason for the arrival was the non-payment of tribute by Takhtamysh. Having defeated the troops of the Khan of the Golden Horde, Timur plundered and burned the Russian city of Karasu, which stood on the Tan River. There is reason to believe that Karasu was also called “Graciona” in European maps, which is consonant with the Russian “Grustina”. Such a primordial Slavic name says that already in those days, Tatars and Russians lived on the banks of the Tom along with the local peoples.
Local residents - Tuvans, call Tardan-Tardam. The substitution of sonorous consonants "n" and "m" is typical for the Turkic languages. Later, the word "Tardan" was shortened to "Tan". Even later, most likely, after the re-exploration of Siberia, the “a” was replaced by “o”. The river took on a ringing sound and soft sign at the end. In this form, the name of the hydronym has survived to this day.
Of course, all these hypotheses need to be confirmed by linguists, archaeologists, and researchers of Siberian antiquity. But at least this version of the origin of the name has the right to exist until an alternative hypothesis appears.
Geography
The length of the Tom River is 827 km. This water artery is the most major river in the Kemerovo region, has many medium and small tributaries. Before the Mras-su tributary flows into its waters, it seethes and foams like a typical mountain water artery. The Tom River is famous for its rapids and riffles, known to rafting enthusiasts and extreme species recreation. AT upstream has high rocky shores. They are covered with taiga moss and shrubs, which are so rich in the Tom River. Kemerovo and its surrounding areas abound in such secluded places of primeval nature.
In this place, the water surface becomes a little calmer and smoother. And after the confluence of the middle and lower Ters, the Tom River expands and overflows among flat banks covered with steppe grasses. Rifts and shoals are left behind, the channel becomes deeper, and the current becomes calmer. Tom turns into an ordinary flat river.
Tom in the regional economy
Several large industrial enterprises have been built on the banks of the river, using water in production. The largest of them is the Siberian Chemical Combine. The disposal of industrial waste at the bottom of the river currently poses a serious chemical and radiation hazard. The sanitary condition inspires serious concern - the sanitary services of the region do not recommend swimming in the waters of the Tom and fishing near industrial enterprises.
Sports and fishing
Tom has many unique and truly beautiful places: taiga, rocky shores, confluences with smaller rivers. The amazing beauty of the shores of the Siberian beauty creates ideal conditions for lovers of hiking and equestrian tourism.
The upper course of the river is chosen by rafting enthusiasts, the lower one is ideal for boating and fishing. Fish in the Tom River is not translated, despite all the efforts of man. And spinning, and fly fishing, and floaters will not leave the banks of the Tom without a catch, you just need to know the secluded fishing spots. Graylings, perches, carps, bream, roach, crucian carp, burbots are found here. AT recent times fishermen bring home rotan and pike perch. Less common are more valuable species of fish: sterlet, lenok, whitefish. Although the Tom River is ice-bound for more than six months of the year, fishermen appreciate this river for good conditions fishing and a rich catch.
Tom originates on the western slope of the Abakan Range at the foot of the Sak-Toiga mountain. The length of the river is 798 km, the area of the basin is 61.03 thousand km 2 - the 7th in terms of the area of the basin and the 9th in terms of the length of the tributary of the Ob. Main tributaries: Usa, Lower Ters, Middle Ters, Upper Ters, Taydon (right) Mras-Su, Kondoma, Unga (left).
Upper part of the pool Mountain country. Near the city of Mezhdurechensk, the river enters the Kuznetsk Basin, crosses the Kolyvan folded region, and in its lower reaches flows within the Kolpashevskaya Depression, which occupies the southeastern outskirts of the West Siberian Lowland. In the area of the city of Tomsk, there is a well-defined boundary between the geological structures of the Kolyvan-Tomsk zone and the West Siberian lithospheric plate.
In the upper reaches, the river flows through a narrow valley, has a rapids channel, on rocky rifts the depth does not exceed 35 cm. Within the Kuznetsk basin, the valley expands, a floodplain 2–3 km wide appears, the river acquires the features of a flat stream. From the city of Novokuznetsk to the city of Tomsk (515 km), the primary banks of the river are cliffs 100 m high. The river bed is incised with deposits of pebble material. Current velocities reach 3 m/s. Closer to Tomsk, the riverbed becomes wide floodplain, with depths of 0.4–0.6 m on the riffles, and up to 10 m in the reaches. The average slope of the channel is 0.24‰. The channel is divided into numerous branches and floodplain channels.
Turbidity of water in the river. Tomy: average 174 g/m 3 , maximum 260 g/m 3 . Sediment runoff near the city of Tomsk: suspended - 3.4, movable - 0.43 million tons / year. According to the chemical composition, the waters of the rivers belong to the hydrocarbonate class and the calcium group, they are distinguished by low mineralization (100 mg/l and less). The waters of the river are polluted by industrial sewage.
The Tom River used to be navigable from the mouth to the city of Novokuznetsk, at present - from the mouth to the city of Tomsk. In the Tomsk region, gravel and pebble material is mined from the channel. This led to a drop in water levels by almost 2.5 m, degradation of floodplain landscapes, and exposure of a rocky threshold in the riverbed. Rock drawings found on the banks of the river (Tomskaya pisanitsa) ancient man; there are a large number of geological monuments of nature.
On the banks of the river are the cities of Mezhdurechensk, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Yurga, Tomsk, Seversk.
Hydrological information
Observations of Tomyu have been carried out since 1918, the water flow has not changed much since that time. The water level began to drop starting in the 1950s, when gravel was mined in the river in large quantities. In the 1980s, the spring water levels in Tom fell by about four meters, and in summer by more than two meters compared to the 1950s. Currently, gravel mining is limited, but it will take hundreds of years for the river to restore its former amount. Freeze-up is established by mid-November and lasts 119-202 days, ice thickness in winter is about 1.0 m. Ice drift on the Tom in the Tomsk region on average begins on April 17, in 2001 it began on April 7, in 2002 - April 18, in 2004 - April 16, in 2005 - April 14, in 2006 - April 25, in 2007 - April 12. The last time during the observation period that Tom was opened was in 1898 - on May 12. During the spring flood, the rise in water level ranges from 60 to 185 cm/day. The duration of the rise is from 8 to 54 days, the decline lasts from 37 to 90 days. The total duration of the flood is from 68 to 128 days.
tributaries
Downstream from Tomsk: Chernilnishchikovsky, Elovy, Isaevsky and many others. others
Upstream of Tomsk: Zyryanovsky, Seredysh, Bektalinsky, Bolshoy, Sosnovy and many others. others
Bridges
Within the city of Tomsk, there are two bridges across the Tom - the old southern Communal Bridge and the northern new bridge in the Seversk region. There are other bridges outside the city and the region, upstream.
Tomsk river station
Emergencies, cataclysms
River pollution
Anthropogenic pollution is associated with discharges of wastewater from industrial enterprises of cities located along the riverbed, primarily the industrial Kuzbass. Due to pollution in excess of norms MPC since the mid-1970s, water intake for drinking needs in Tomsk became impossible and the city switched to using artesian water.
high water
Spring floods of the river periodically reach the scale of a disaster. Such a flood, for the first time in the past 100 years, is likely to be the spring 2010 flood. As a result of the fact that at the beginning of November in the Tomsk region, a 20-degree frost already bound the river with ice, and in the upper reaches of the river there was a sudden wave-like flow of water (showers in Altai and in China?), The wave went down the channel and cracked, chaotically distorted the ice . harsh winter 2009-2010 the river then froze in places for great depth. All these unique circumstances contribute to the probable rise in the water level up to 9 meters during the flood, which floods a vast area, including villages and city districts.
Rafting on the Tom River (Tomsk Region)
Route number 1
In the village Kurlek, located 35 km up the Tom River from Tomsk, can be reached by bus, which departs from the bus station (station Tomsk-1) every 2 hours. In the spring, when there is no pontoon crossing, bus stop located on the left bank of the river. Tommy on the highway going to the town. The timetable remains the same.
In the village Kurlek can buy groceries in shops located near the bus terminus. The camp can be set up above the village. Kurlek along the Tom, after passing along the highway 5 km. It is best to camp not on the very bank of the river. Tomy - there is a problem of firewood, and in pine forest on the bank of a stream, for which you need to go to the right along an abandoned road, not reaching the descent of the main highway into a lowland of 500 meters. An excellent place to camp on the right bank of the stream, behind the bridge that stands on an abandoned road.
In the upper reaches, before the confluence of the Mras-su tributaries, the Tom behaves as a typical mountain river. Often there are rapids and mountain rifts. The banks of the river here are rocky, overgrown with taiga forest. Passing through the Kuznetsk Basin, the river calms down a bit, access to the banks becomes more accessible. In the lower reaches, the Tom turns into a typically flat river, and slowly carrying its waters flows into the Ob.
River length: 827 km
Watershed area: 62,030 km. sq.
Average water flow at the mouth: 1110 m3/s. The annual runoff is 35.0 km3/year
Tom originates on the western slopes of the Abakan Range, in the Khakas Autonomous Region Krasnoyarsk Territory. It flows mainly through the territory of the Kemerovo region. It flows into the Ob in the Tomsk region.
Map:
River mode
Nutrition: the river has a mixed supply. 25-40% is not precipitation, 35-55% is melted snow and 25-35% is groundwater.
Freezing: Freezing on the river lasts from the beginning of November to the end of April.
The regime of the river is characterized by spring floods (from April to June). Fluctuations in the water level during the flood period can reach 8 meters. The minimum water level in the river is observed from December to March. The speed of the river in the flat areas is on average 0.4 m/sec., on the riffles it increases to 1.75 m/sec.
Main tributaries: About 115 tributaries flow into the Tom. The main ones are: Mras-Su, Usa, Kondoma, Lower Ters, Middle Ters, Upper Ters, Taidon, Unga.
The following cities are located on Tom: Mezhdurechensk, Novokuznetsk, Krapivinsky, Kemerovo, Yurga, Tomsk, Seversk.
Interesting Facts:
1) Various projects were offered economic use rivers, but many of them remained on paper or not completed. For example, at the end of the 1960s, they wanted to connect Tom with the Ob by a shipping canal. You may ask: "Why, after all, Tom flows into the Ob anyway?" According to the plans of the creators of the project, the construction of the canal was supposed to shorten the path between the cities of Tomsk and Novosibirsk by several tens of kilometers. In addition, Tomsk was able to get purer water from the Ob. In 1975, the construction of a less extravagant structure began - the Krapivinskaya hydroelectric power station near the village of Zelenogorsky. But in 1989, construction was frozen.
2) At 45 km. from Kemerovo there is a museum-reserve "Tomskaya pisanitsa". Its main attraction is a huge sheer cliff with ancient drawings. primitive people. The age of petroglyphs, or as they are called here "pisanits", is approximately equal to six thousand years. There are about 300 such petroglyphs on the rock.
Photo: sheer cliff on the river bank.
Video, rafting on the Tom River:
Video slideshow, a trip from Novokuznetsk to Zelenogorsk along the river.
And finally. Amateur video: "Tom started off, spring ice drift."