Chizhevsky's theory of the influence of solar activity. Solar-biospheric connections. Half a century after A. L. Chizhevsky. Monasteries, Ministry of Emergency Situations and other ways to spend the night for free

1. Introduction

In the creative heritage of A. L. Chizhevsky, works on solar-terrestrial relations occupy a central place. The second problem, the development of which he devoted so much effort and time to - the biological effect of negative air ions - is, in fact, implicitly closely related to the first. Alexander Leonidovich, apparently, guessed (or had a premonition) that convincing evidence of the ecological significance of air ions in natural conditions would help reveal the mechanisms of solar-biospheric relationships: then it was already known about changes in atmospheric electricity indicators with variations in solar activity.

More than half a century has passed since the conclusions on these two problems were formulated. Generations have changed. Previously unheard-of concepts and terms came into use - self-organization, solar wind, biological determinants of human behavior ... The philosophical and ideological accents of the era changed dramatically. Which of the main conclusions of A. L. Chizhevsky have stood the test of time? The answer is partly contained in the table. On the left are the fundamental conclusions of A. L. Chizhevsky, on the right are the conclusions following from modern specialized literature. The attitudes towards these conclusions, so to speak, of the general scientific community are characterized separately. The main conclusion is this: all the main theses of the scientist received independent convincing confirmation. But so far they have not entered into scientific use. Why? It is interesting and instructive to try to understand what is at stake here.

The fate of the most important scientific ideas of A. L. Chizhevsky, published in the works: “Physical factors of the historical process” (1922–1924), “Heliotaraxia” (1928–1930), “Epidemic catastrophes and periodic activity of the Sun” (1930), “Earth echo Solar Storms (1936), Cosmic Pulse of Life: The Earth Embraced by the Sun (1930s):

Ideas (1920–1940)	Confirmations ( 1996–2006)
Revolutions are a mass psychosis that occurs periodically at the maximum number of sunspots	Statistical results are confirmed for the last 300 years; space weather affects human behavior, including the onset of social crises, often bearing the features of a psychotic epidemic. Data not included in scientific use
Virulence of bacteria increases during sunspot maxima	Statistical results are confirmed. Space weather affects the vital activity of bacteria and viruses; at the same time, there is an effect on immunity indicators and carrier activity. Data among epidemiologists are not supported
Solar activity affects all biological processes - heliobiology	Statistical results are confirmed. Space weather influences not only all biological processes (biosphere), but also many phenomena of social life (noosphere) and engineering-physical systems (technosphere). There is no full support from the scientific community

2. Why were the ideas of A. L. Chizhevsky so difficult to perceive?

Of course, the well-known truth that all ideas that are ahead of their time are first rejected by society does not really answer this question. One of the specific reasons for the current dramatic situation is the interdisciplinary nature of the problem. Nothing will work here if you remain within the framework of any one discipline - microbiology, sociology or astronomy. It is necessary to learn to cross interdisciplinary boundaries. Alexander Leonidovich himself did it easily and accurately. But not all readers and colleagues had his outlook and erudition. Today the situation has worsened. It is increasingly difficult for researchers working in different areas of this science to understand each other. A catastrophic situation has developed in the description of the historical process in the humanities: Nature in History is assigned the role of scenery (for a more detailed commentary, see: Vladimirsky 2005).

At one time, there was a widespread belief among representatives of the exact sciences, according to which complete information about the World can be obtained only from a correctly conducted experiment. This false thesis about the "second-rate" information obtained from statistical comparisons has not been eliminated to this day. The data obtained by such statistical comparisons, of course, should contain an assessment of the significance of the results. Qualified critics and skeptics have repeatedly pointed out that many publications on the problem of solar-biosphere relations do not contain such assessments, which are absolutely necessary. This reproach is only partly true. Magnetic storms are accompanied by an increase in the number of cases of myocardial infarction (and their fatal outcome).

The probability of accidentally obtaining such a result on representative statistics of ambulance calls does not exceed P ~ 10–10 (Ptitsyna et al. 1998: 767–791). From the point of view of modern norms, the rigor of scientific conclusions, this is a reliably established fact.

But it seems that there is a deeper reason for the rejection of the very idea of ​​cosmic influences - an ideological one. For some reason, many (including serious researchers) are unshakably convinced that our habitat is completely isolated from any influences from the Cosmos. This strange idea is widespread (on a subconscious level?) very widely and hinders the development of research not only in the field of solar-biosphere relations. Did the work (Goncharov, Orlov 2003: 1002–1012) concerning the connection between the evolution of the biosphere and the motion of the Solar System along the galactic orbit evoke a noticeable response? Isn't this the reason for such a slow development of the study of archaeoastronomical sites (Vladimirsky, Kislovsky 1998: 56–61)? Many of the widely known predictions of global warming are made on the assumption that the "work" of the planet's climate system is completely independent of solar activity and, therefore, are grossly erroneous (Vladimirsky and Martynyuk 2007). In an environment of a priori rejection of the very idea of ​​any cosmic influences on the biosphere, the fate of any researcher who comes up with the opposite opinion is tragic. The remarkable Italian physicist and chemist D. Piccardi (1885–1972), who proposed the famous cosmophysical "Piccardi tests", unlike A. L. Chizhevsky, lived a completely prosperous life. But in the West, these works of his are still considered "pathological", and the younger generation of researchers in his homeland knows nothing about them.

There is another important reason for the negative attitude of a part of the scientific community to the problem of the impact of space agents on biological phenomena. For a long time it was completely unclear what the physical nature of these agents was. This issue deserves special discussion.

3. Mechanism of solar-biosphere relations

At the first stage of the studies under consideration, there was an obvious alternative: either the impact of solar activity on organisms is realized due to the existence of some unknown component of solar radiation (X-agent, Z-radiation), or organisms have an exceptionally high sensitivity to some known environmental parameters that depend on solar activity through undiscovered geophysical mechanisms. A. L. Chizhevsky himself seemed to lean towards the second possibility, but in his latest publications he wrote about Z-radiation (Chizhevsky 1964: 342–372). Now the scales are decisively leaning towards the second option. A special area of ​​research is rapidly developing, which is very important for the problem under discussion - the biophysics of “microdoses of the action of various physical and chemical factors” (Burlakova et al. 2004: 551–564). According to this concept, the body in natural conditions is constantly affected simultaneously by many environmental factors, most of them were not previously considered to have any significance. Among them are changes in the concentration of air ions in the surface atmosphere (studied by Chizhevsky), and various geophysical fields. All this intensity is much lower than MPC (maximum permissible levels) of traditional ecology - this is the intriguing novelty of this concept.

A complete (but somewhat simplified) diagram of the impact of solar activity (now more often called space weather) on organisms in their habitat is shown in Fig. 1. Here, it must be remembered, an interdisciplinary problem is analyzed ... Alas, in order to read this diagram and understand what the “ionosphere” has to do with it and what it is, a non-specialist reader on this problem will have to look into a terminological dictionary (fortunately, there is such a dictionary ) (Bruzek 1980).

When considering the circuit in Fig. 1, attention should be paid to the fact that the impact of solar activity on organisms in the habitat is transmitted through two channels - through variations in short-wave radiation and through changes in the solar wind. These channels differ significantly: in the first case, the signal from the entire disk The sun comes to the Earth in 8 minutes and affects the already mentioned ionosphere; in the second case, the delay of the "phenomenon on the Sun - the effect on the Earth" is on average 4.5 minutes, and the information coming from the Sun refers to its narrow zonal band, from where the solar plasma (wind) is currently flowing, not to the whole disk! The impact takes place on the magnetosphere and is reflected by the indices of magnetic activity (their strong increase corresponds to a magnetic storm). Further, these primary variations are "processed" into secondary variations of various environmental variables. They are listed at the bottom of the diagram.

Rice. one. The general scheme for the transmission of the effects of solar activity (space weather) to the habitat - the biosphere

Now most researchers believe that the most important physical agent that carries the "whims" of space weather to the Earth's surface are electromagnetic fields (radio waves) of very low frequencies. They are always present in the habitat, are controlled by solar activity through both channels, and have a high penetrating power (on the left in Fig. 1, “electromagnetic background”). On the right is a rectangle to which no arrows lead. This seat is reserved for some agent we don't know anything about right now. A possible indication of its real existence is the puzzling effects discovered by S. E. Shnoll and his co-workers (see, for example: Shnoll et al. 1998: 1129–1140; these complex issues remain outside the scope of this review). But some already known factor can be placed here, the ecological significance of which no one now guesses. By the way, this place is "not suitable" for "torsion", "microlepton" and other mythical "fields", which can sometimes be read in the literature with a "yellowish tint" (not cited here).

4. Does space weather really affect everything?

The important conclusion of A. L. Chizhevsky that solar activity affects all biological processes was, of course, not so much an empirical generalization as an extrapolation. On the current scale, he had rather limited data. It is not difficult to restore the course of his thought: if cosmic factors influence the cardiovascular system, is it possible to imagine that such an influence would not take place - in the whole organism - on the humoral system, on the central nervous system? Since these factors affect bacterial cells, they must have some effect on other cell types as well. And so on... This reasoning is still quite convincing. But to what extent does it agree with the experimental data accumulated in recent decades? Is the effect of space weather really universal? The answer to this question is in the affirmative. Below are three typical examples. The first of them is illustrated by the graph in Fig. 2.

Here the standard index of magnetic activity aa is postponed for each individual studied from the birthday in the past - back to the probable day of conception. Then the data for the whole group is added up by birthdays - this is the “epox overlay” method (Chizhevsky also used it). Two groups are compared: persons who suffered (in adulthood) with a mental disorder, separately - prone to suicide; quite “normal” people are successful professionals (dates of birth are from the reference books “who is who ...”, this is the control group) (Grigoriev, Khorseva 2001: 919–921; Grigoriev et al. 2005: 100). The course of variations averaged over both groups aa-index shows a significant (statistically significant) difference: near the third week of development in future psychopaths, a sharp decrease in the index is observed. It turns out that the "geomagnetic calm" at a given stage of embryonic development has very unfavorable long-term consequences. The word “calm” is, of course, a slang expression that should not be taken literally. In fact, at low values ​​of the geomagnetic index, special oscillations are generated in the magnetosphere. In the environment, such micropulsations of the magnetic field (frequency of about 1 Hz) not only affect the mother's body, they penetrate the embryonic cells without weakening, causing some changes in them. In general, it turns out that space weather interferes with embryonic development - and not only in humans, of course.

Rice. 2. Geomagnetic "calm" at 2-3 weeks of embryonic development increases the risk of psychosis in adulthood (Grigoriev, Khorseva 2001: 919-921; Grigoriev et al. 2005: 100). On the vertical axis - values aa-index (deviation from the mean). On the horizontal axis - the time in weeks, counted from the day of conception. Epoch overlay. Errors are standard deviations. Statistical significance of the detail commented in the text, P< 0,015 по критерию Вилкоксона

The following example confirms that a day of “geomagnetic calm” is an ecologically isolated situation. The result (Persinger, Schaut 1998: 217–235) was obtained on completely different material and in a different country, but by the same epoch superposition method (Fig. 3). As a "zero epoch", relative to which the average course of the geomagnetic aa-index, the dates of appearance of vivid hallucinations corresponding to the cases “something happened to a loved one” are selected here. Several catalogs of similar cases were analyzed. It turned out that the effect in Fig. 3 is the same for men and women, for the 19th and 20th centuries, for different geographical areas, statistically significant at the P level< 10 –3 . Однако для других типов галлюцинаций ничего подобного не полу­чается. Для А. Л. Чижевского этот удивительный результат был бы, вероятно, особенно интересен и волнующ.

Rice. 3. Hallucinations such as “something happened to a loved one” occur more often during geomagnetic “calm” days (Persinger, Schaut 1998: 217–235). On the vertical axis - the average value aa-index, horizontally – days before (minus) and after (plus) the event. Epoch overlay. R< 0,001

On fig. 4, another epoch overlap plot shows that one of the manifestations of space weather changes, geomagnetic storms, makes a significant contribution to the dynamics of accidents on international airlines (1950–2004) (Konradov et al. 2005: 121–124). The risk of an emergency situation increases immediately after the start of a storm. It is believed that not all such catastrophic events can be attributed to piloting errors - the impact on the human psyche. Thus, some impact also takes place on engineering-physical systems. There are other data in the literature pointing to the influence of space weather on the technosphere.

Days relative to the beginning of geomagnetic storms

Rice. 4. The probability of a catastrophe on international airlines increases during magnetic storms (Ibid.). On the vertical axis - the number of events, on the horizontal - days relative to the storm

Thus, the conclusion of A.L. Chizhevsky is confirmed with the clarification that it should be extended to the technosphere as well. The universality of the impact must be understood, apparently, in the sense that space weather (amplitude-spectral variations of the electromagnetic background?) affects the kinetics of physicochemical processes that underlie all biological phenomena.

5. Conclusion

In recent years, the development of research on the problem of "solar activity - the biosphere" has entered, it seems, a calm academic stage. Dissertations are defended, monographs are published, articles are published in reputable popular science journals (for the last example, see: Breus, Rappoport 2005). Special seminars are regularly held at the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It has become a tradition to hold interdisciplinary conferences (in Crimea [in Partenit], Space and Biosphere, every odd year).

The foregoing does not mean at all that there are no problems in the development of the considered direction of research, except for the already discussed ideological ones. On the contrary, some of the specific scientific problems have now reached a high degree of acuteness (until now no universal model has been proposed to explain why biological systems are sensitive to the action of superweak stimuli of various modalities, including electromagnetic ones). Organizational problems are also very serious: with rare exceptions, ecology textbooks do not even mention space weather; textbooks on biorhythmology do not say a word about cosmic rhythms. The need for the publication of a social journal is long overdue. The list goes on.

The most important conclusion of this brief review: half a century later, all the main results of A. L. Chizhevsky were fully confirmed. There is no doubt that many of his ideas in an updated form will gradually enter into scientific use. Nowadays, the direction of research, at the origins of which he stood in almost complete solitude, has received an impressive development. A. L. Chizhevsky rightfully occupies a place in the galaxy of brilliant Russian scientists of the first half of the 20th century, such as I. P. Pavlov, N. K. Koltsov, V. M. Bekhterev, brothers N. I. and S. I. Vavilov, N. V. Timofeev-Resovsky, I. E. Tamm.

Literature

2005. Revival of heliobiology. Nature 9: 54–62.

Brucek A. (ed.) 1980. Solar and solar-terrestrial physics. Illustrated dictionary of terms. M.: Mir.

Burlakova, E. B., Konradov, A. A., Maltseva, A. V. 2004. Superweak effects of chemical compounds and physical aspects on biological systems. Biophysics 49(3): 551–564.

Vladimirsky, B. M. 2005. Does "Space Weather" Affect Public Life? Geopolitics and ecodynamics of regions 1(2): 23–30.

Vladimirsky, B. M., Kislovsky, L. D. 1998. Archeoastronomy and paleoecology. Ancient astronomy: heaven and man. Reports of the international scientific and methodological conference(pp. 56–61). M.

Vladimirsky, B. M., Martynyuk,B. C. 2007. The First Global Cooling of the 21st Century: Geopolitical Implications. Geopolitics and ecogeo-regional dynamics 3(1): 6–14.

Goncharov, G. N., Orlov, V. V. 2003. Global recurring events in the history of the earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Astronomical journal 80(11): 1002–1012.

Grigoriev, P. E., Rozanov, V. A., Lyubarsky, A. V., Vaiserman,A. M. 2005. Association of suicidal behavior with heliogeophysical factors. 6th Crimean Conference "Space and Biosphere". Abstracts. Archiin a psychoiatrii 4(43).

Grigoriev, P. E., Khorseva, N. I. 2001. Geomagnetic activity and human embryonic development. Biophysics 46(5): 919–921.

Konradov, A. A., Kolomiytsev, O. P., Ivanov-Kholodny, G. S., Petrov, V. G. 2005. Features of statistics of aviation accidents and its connection with geomagnetic activity. Geophysical processes and the biosphere 4(1/2): 121–124.

Ptitsyna, N. G., Villoresi, J., Dorman, L. I., Jucci, N., Tyasto, M. I. 1998. Natural and technogenic low-frequency magnetic fields as factors potentially hazardous to health. Advances in the physical sciences 168(7): 767–791.

Chizhevsky, A. L. 1964. About one kind of specifically bioactive, or Z-dimension of the Sun. Earth in the Universe: Sat. articles (pp. 342–372). M.: Thought.

Shnol, S. E. et al. 1998. On the implementation of discrete states in the course of fluctuations in macroscopic processes. successesphysicalSciences 168(10): 1129–1140.

persinger,M., Schaut, G. 1998. Geomagnetic Factors in Subjective Telepathic, Precognitive, and Postomortem Experiences. Journal ofAmericanSowithietyforPsychicalResearch 82: 217–235.

Monographic publications on the problem "Solar activity - biosphere" (2000–2005)

Bingi, V.N. 2002. Magnetobiology. Experiments and models. M.: Publishing house MILTA.

Breus, T. K., Rappoport, S. I. 2003. Magnetic storms: biomedical and heliogeophysical aspects. Moscow: Soviet sport.

Breus, T. K., Chibisov, S. M., Baevsky,P. M., Shebzukhov, K. V. 2002. Chronostructure of heart biorhythms and environmental factors. M.: Publishing House Ros. University of Friendship of Peoples.

Vladimirsky, B. M., Temuryants, N. L. 2000. The influence of solar activity on the biosphere - noosphere (Heliobiology from A. L. Chizhevsky to the present day). M.: Publishing house MNEPU.

Vladimirsky, B. M., Temuryants, N. A., Martynyuk,B. C. 2004. Space weather and our life. Fryazino: Vek-2.

Gurfinkel, Yu. I. 2004. Ischemic heart disease and solar activity. M.: NICC "Elf-3".

Shnol, S. E. 2001. Chizhevsky. In: Shnol, S. E., Heroes, villains and conformists of Russian science. Moscow: Kron-press.

Yagodinsky, V. N. 2004. Chizhevsky A. L. M.: Science.

Note. A large number of works on this problem have been published in special issues of the journals "Biophysics": v. 37, no. 3, 4 (1992); vol. 40, no. 4, 5 (1995); vol. 43, no. 4, 5 (1998); vol. 46, no. 5 (2001); and the journal "Geophysical Processes and the Biosphere": v. 4, no. 1/2 (2005).

Both scientists were very interested in each other's work and corresponded. But at one time, when Piccardi came to the USSR, the Soviet authorities took special care that they would not meet. Piccardi's heirs keep a painting by A. L. Chizhevsky.

The author of the cited paper heads the laboratory of neurophysiology at St. Lawrence University (Canada). He is one of the few foreign researchers studying the effects of space weather using geomagnetic indices.

Theory of A.L. Chizhevsky on the influence of solar activity on the world-historical process

At the beginning of this century, our compatriot, A.L. Chizhevsky (1897-1964) came to the conclusion that the life of mankind depends on the Sun not only as a source of heat and light, but by its processes it synchronizes the course of world history.

How was this discovery made? Chizhevsky, who had been fond of astronomy since childhood, in the summer months of 1915, at the height of the First World War, observing sunspots through a telescope, discovered a striking fact. Immediately after the passage of large groups of spots through the central meridian of the Sun, hostilities intensified on many fronts. Trying to find out the influence of sunspot formation on human behavior, the young researcher compared solar activity data with the most important historical events over the past 300 years. It turned out that the epochs of sunspot maxima coincide with turning points in the development of human society. Chizhevsky laid the foundation for his doctoral dissertation "On the Periodicity of the World Historical Process", which he successfully defended in 1918 at Moscow University.

The central issue of the theory of historiometric cycles is the proof of the synchronism of the fluctuations of solar activity and the course of world history. For this purpose, Chizhevsky used data from instrumental observations of sunspots starting from 1749, which are systematized in the form of indices - Wolf numbers; accurate information about the maximums and minimums of solar activity since 1610, when G. Galileo discovered sunspots; approximate data on solar activity maxima for the previous period (since 188 AD), gleaned from historical sources containing information on visual observations of sunspots. Available material about the life of the peoples who inhabited the continents of the Earth from 500 BC was also used. to 1922. This took into account more or less significant events - wars, revolutions, uprisings, campaigns of conquest, mass migrations, etc. The dates of the beginning of the rise of mass movements, as well as their climaxes, were considered as milestones in history. The number of events arising and proceeding simultaneously served as evidence of the intensity, tension in the life of earthlings. The indicators of social dynamics were compared with the epochs of maximums and minimums of solar activity, and for the period of instrumental observations of the Sun - with changes in Wolf numbers.

The method of analysis applied by Chizhevsky is similar to the epoch superposition method widely used in modern heliogeophysical studies. For clarity, the results obtained were presented in the form of tables and graphs, convincingly demonstrating the detected statistical patterns.

On a global scale, the main periods in the life of peoples proceed cyclically and synchronously. The concentration of historical events reaches its highest values ​​at the maximum of solar activity and decreases significantly in the years of its minimum. The intensity of long-term events changes synchronously with changes in solar activity.

In each century, the general cycle of the most important historical events, called Chizhevsky historiometric, is repeated 9 times. Consequently, each such cycle lasts on average, like the cycle of solar activity, about 11 years. Solar activity, which manifests itself in spot formation, serves as a synchronizer of historical processes on our planet. Therefore, the scheme of phases of solar activity can be extended to the internal structure of the historiometric cycle.

Chizhevsky singled out four periods in it. Each of them is characterized by a different degree of excitation of the social psyche, and each lasts as long as the corresponding phases of the solar cycle. The first period - minimum excitability - corresponds to the epoch of minimum solar activity during the transition from one solar cycle to another. Its average duration is three years. The second period - an increase in excitability - corresponds to the phase of rising solar activity in the current solar cycle and lasts an average of about two years. The third period - maximum excitability - corresponds to the epoch of the maximum of the current cycle of solar activity. Its average duration is about three years. The fourth period completes the historiometric cycle - a fall in excitability, lasting approximately three years.

Using the comparison method, Chizhevsky obtained the socio-psychological characteristics of all four periods he singled out. The typification of historical processes and the socio-psychological atmosphere in a particular period is one of the most attractive elements of the theory, which has great prognostic significance. Let us briefly describe the features of each type.

So, the first period, which corresponds to the phase of minimum solar activity, is distinguished by an asthenic, depressive state of the social psyche, psychological disunity, and disintegration of people. The prevailing social feelings and moods are humility, apathy, passivity, tolerance, peacefulness. Such a socio-psychological atmosphere creates the conditions for typical historical phenomena of this period: the end of wars, the conclusion of peace treaties, capitulations, etc. Spiritual life, as Chizhevsky writes, "rushes into the mainstream of enlightenment, science and culture." In general, this is the most calm period of the cycle, favorable for creation.

The second period is characterized by an upsurge in public sentiment, an increase in suggestibility, activity and unity of the masses. The gradual intensification of the socio-psychological atmosphere contributes to the polarization of political forces, the strengthening of the positions of certain parties and organizations, the emergence of political alliances, and leads to a complication of the international situation. In the minds of the masses there is a crystallization of ideas and views that meet social needs. Uniting ideas easily take hold of people and form the prerequisites for active behavior in the next period.

In the third period, the solar synchronization of people's behavior reaches its apogee. Confidence, optimism, determination, enthusiasm reign in the society. The influence on the development of social processes of individual gifted personalities (political leaders, generals, orators) is sharply increasing. Mass unrest, popular uprisings, wars, campaigns of conquest - all these are signs of this period, and the unanimity of people makes it possible to resolve the most complex military and political issues. The feeling of unity and solidarity "removes" all disputes and contradictions. Mutual suggestion takes on an unprecedented scale, which often gives mass movements a manic character. The socio-psychological atmosphere promotes social reforms, the development of parliamentarism, democracy, as well as uprisings, unrest, riots, rebellions, revolutions, wars, etc. Religious, military, political, commercial alliances are formed; various, including occult and esoteric, teachings, manic ideas (for example, about the end of the world), mass pathopsychological phenomena ("psychic epidemics") are widely used.

Finally, the fourth period of the historiometric cycle is the time of the fall of socio-psychological excitability. The psychological disintegration of the masses is growing, the need for reassurance and peace becomes more and more pronounced. Separatist tendencies are intensifying, military and political alliances are disintegrating, wars are fading, truces are being concluded. Lack of unanimity hinders mass action. Gradually, the decline in excitability leads to a depressive state of society.

Chizhevsky emphasized that solar activity does not control the course of history, but only affects the social and psychological background, and mass excitement does not necessarily result in violence. History knows many examples when such excitement was directed in a peaceful direction.

The scientist hoped that "thanks to the promotion of important and interesting matters for society, the coming culture will find ways to humanely use the rise of masses in the era of maximum solar activity. Particular attention should be paid to the second period of the historiometric cycle, during which ideas are born that determine the nature of popular movements in the years This circumstance should be taken into account by statesmen. If during this period they manage to introduce constructive ideas into the public consciousness, "the government's case will be won, because the masses will be with it." In other words, politicians can hardly count on success if they ignore changes in the mental state of people, depending on fluctuations in solar activity.

What is the mechanism?

Chizhevsky's theory would be incomplete if it did not try to explain what is the mechanism of the influence of solar activity on people. The author rightly assumed that the factor of solar activity acting on mass behavior is of an electrical nature, associated with the corpuscular radiation of the Sun. In his opinion, the process of spot formation through perturbations of the electric and magnetic fields of the Earth affects the brain processes, contributing to the excitability and suggestibility of the psyche. Moreover, the impulsive nature of the effects of solar activity on mass behavior was established. Chizhevsky, as it were, anticipated the discovery of the solar wind as the main physical factor that transmits the impact of solar activity on terrestrial processes.

The patterns established by Chizhevsky can be explained from the standpoint of the recently discovered fundamental property of synchronization in the surrounding world - this form of mother's self-organization and ordering of the behavior of interacting systems of various nature. Synchronization of solar activity and mass behavior of people refers to a special case of forced synchronization under conditions of external periodic influence. The "leading" generator, capturing such a complex terrestrial system as the human community into a synchronous mode, is the Sun. It continuously generates a stream of electron-proton plasma - the solar wind, on which the intensity of the Earth's electric field depends, acting directly on the neurons of the human brain.

Sunspots are giant magnetohydrodynamic formations on the visible surface of the Sun. They intensely radiate corpuscular radiation - streams of the solar wind. The appearance of spots on the surface of the Sun rotating around its axis (with an average period of 27 days) and the occurrence of chromospheric flares associated with spots create sharp disturbances, gusts of the solar wind. The more intense solar activity, that is, the more spots on the Sun and the larger their size, the more often chromospheric flares, the greater the amplitude and frequency of disturbances - solar wind gusts. It is these gusts that are geoeffective, they affect a complex of geophysical processes, including changes in the types of atmospheric circulation and weather, fluctuations in the vertical gradient of the electric field near the Earth's surface, and magnetic storms.

When interacting with the Earth's magnetosphere, solar wind gusts are transformed into electromagnetic impulses that affect the bioelectrical activity of the human brain, which is a self-generator of biocurrents of various frequencies.

From this point of view, the community of people can be represented as a system of autogenerators operating in a synchronous mode. The electromagnetic pulses of the solar wind, transformed near the Earth's surface, stimulate the brain and synchronize the rhythms of its main biocurrents. The ability of the brain to external synchronization by electrical impulses has been formed in the course of a long evolution. The power of solar impulses and the frequency of their repetition modulate the level of excitation of the social psyche as a complex system, the internal synchronization of which determines the level of excitation and suggestibility. It should be emphasized that we are talking only about the synchronization of socio-psychological processes, and not about managing them. Human society develops according to its own independent laws - economic, political, socio-biological.

Thus, modern science makes it possible to reveal the foundation of Chizhevsky's historiometric theory, its physical basis. Solar activity is the strongest environmental factor, the significance of which is still underestimated. Of course, the historiometric theory has the right to further development.

Literature

1. Chizhevsky AL. Physical factors of the historical process. Kaluga, 1924.

2. Sytinsky AD. Relationship between Earth's seismicity and solar activity and atmospheric processes. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1987.

3. Sherstyukov B.G., Loginov V.F. Short-period cyclic changes in the lower atmosphere and heliogeophysical processes. Moscow: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986.

4. Obridko V.N., Oraevsky V.N. International studies of solar activity // Earth and Universe. 1993. No. 5. S. 12-19.

5. Blekhman I.I. Synchronization in nature and technology. Moscow: Nauka, 1981.

6. Chertkov A.D. Solar wind and internal structure of the Sun. Moscow: Nauka, 1985.

7. Sytinsky AD. On the geoeffectiveness of the solar wind // Dokl. AN. 1988. No. 6. S. 1355-1357.

The fact that the Sun is the basis for the emergence and existence of life on our planet, as well as the cause of most of the physical and chemical processes occurring on it, is a trivial truth, familiar from time immemorial. However, its role is much more significant and more complex than previously thought.

Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky was honored to scientifically prove that for the organic world of the Earth, not only the energy constantly emitted by the Sun is essential, but also periodically occurring changes in “solar activity”, or solar activity.
Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky. Biography, contribution to science
Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky was an erudite and multi-talented person. He was born on February 7, 1897. After the family moved to Kaluga, he studied at Shakhmagonov's private real school (1913-15). Graduated from the Moscow Archaeological Institute (1917) and the Moscow Commercial Institute (1918). As a result of discussions with Tsiolkovsky, Chizhevsky began to investigate the problems of solar-terrestrial relations. Already in 1915, he made a report "The Periodic Influence of the Sun on the Earth's Biosphere" at a meeting of the Kaluga Society for the Study of Nature. There he first expressed the idea of ​​​​the influence of solar activity on terrestrial life and brilliantly confirmed it with scientific research.
Biography
Chizhevsky's non-standard scientific views provoked opposition from many influential scientists, which led to his removal from work. In 1942, the scientist was repressed and served his sentence in a camp in the Urals and in Kazakhstan (1942-50), where he worked in clinical laboratories on problems of practical hematology and blood hydrodynamics.
After his release, Chizhevsky was in exile in Karaganda (1950-58), where he was engaged in biophysical studies of blood and problems of air ionization.
Honorary President of the International Congress on Biological Physics and Space Biology (USA, 1939), member of the Toulon Academy of Sciences (since 1929) and a number of other academies of sciences and international scientific societies, since 1959 Chizhevsky developed the question of the influence of the Sun on physical and biological blood properties. In his research he widely used mathematical methods.
In 1962, Chizhevsky was rehabilitated.
A.L. Chizhevsky died on December 20, 1964.
2. Research by A.L. Chizhevsky
From a large number of problems related to the interaction of the Cosmos and earthly humanity, Chizhevsky chose, first of all, the influence of the activity of the Sun on the earth's historical process. The material he collected made it possible to do this. Chizhevsky paid special attention to the coincidence of explosions on the Sun with large earthquakes and powerful volcanic eruptions on many continents contained in his various information. It seemed that the celestial fire of solar activity evoked from the darkness an underground fire that burst from the mysterious depths of the planet in streams of molten lava and shifted huge layers of its surface layer.
Correlation between the activity of the Sun and the intense activity of volcanoes
This is a visual representation of such a relationship. We see that during strong solar activity, volcanoes erupt in different regions of the planet.
Research by A.L. Chizhevsky
“... I intensively conducted extensive historical research,” Chizhevsky wrote. - Based on the data obtained, after statistical study of an exceptionally large amount of material, I came to the following main conclusion: the number of mass movements in all countries increases with increasing solar activity and reaches a maximum in the years of maximum solar activity. Then this number begins to decrease and in the years of low solar activity reaches its minimum. These cyclic fluctuations in the world-historical process have been discovered by me in all countries and in all centuries, starting from 500 BC.
3. Influence of solar activity on the historical process
Chizhevsky came to the conclusion that the activity of human activity, its rhythm, ups and downs coincide with the rhythms of the pulsations of the Sun itself. Revolts, Crusades, migrations of peoples - all these specific historical events were associated with increased activity of the Sun itself, the appearance of spots on it or explosions and the influence of these processes on the Earth's magnetic field. The emergence of national leaders, spiritual leaders, great generals, prominent statesmen and various kinds of reformers was also associated with the activity of the Sun, and their appearance and increased activity depended on the activity of the Sun itself, and possibly other cosmic factors.
The influence of solar activity on the historical process
The spread of teachings - political, religious, philosophical, various kinds of heresies and ideas - that seized the masses, was subject to the same pattern.
When the activity of the Sun fades and cosmic calm reigns for some time, then “leaders, commanders, orators lose those forces that in the previous period fettered the masses and forced them into obedience. The masses already find it difficult to submit to suggestion.”
From what has been said, it should be concluded that there is some extraterrestrial force that influences the development of events in human communities from the outside. The simultaneity of the fluctuations of solar and human activity is the best indication of this force.

4. Cycles of the process of solar activity
A.L. Chizhevsky discovered an 11-year, rhythmically repeating cycle of development of solar activity, in which he identified 4 stages:
1. Low period.
2. Period of increased activity.
3. Period of maximum.
4. Period of degradation.
Each period has its own duration, and there may be some minor deviations in both cycles and periods. However, their arithmetic mean remains more or less constant: period I is 3 years, II - 2 years, III - 3 years, IV - 3 years.
5. Historical and psychological features of 11-year cycles
Chizhevsky established the historical and psychological features of 11-year cycles. There were two of them, and they were repeated from cycle to cycle.
First. “…At the middle points of the course of the cycle, the mass activity of mankind on the entire surface of the earth, in the presence of economic, political or military exciting factors in human communities, reaches its maximum tension, expressed in psychomotor pandemics: revolutions, uprisings, wars, campaigns, migrations, creating new formations in the life of individual states and new historical epochs in the life of mankind and accompanied by the integration of the masses, the identification of their activity and the rule of the majority.
Historical and psychological features of 11-year cycles
Second. “At the extreme points of the course of the cycle, the tension of the general human activity of a military or political nature drops to the minimum limit, giving way to creative activity and accompanied by a general decline in political or military enthusiasm, peace and calm creative work in the field of organizing state foundations, international relations, science and art during disintegration and the depression of the masses and the strengthening of the absolutist tendencies of power.”
6.
Now the study of rhythms, and not only solar, but any cosmic rhythms, is carried out by specialists of various profiles - geologists, physiologists, doctors, biologists, histologists, meteorologists, astronomers.
Application of the ideas of A.L. Chizhevsky in the natural sciences
For example, it has been established that, based on solar activity, it is possible to predict the weather, in particular, droughts in certain parts of the Earth, as well as the reproduction of pests: rodents and locusts. Such forecasts made it possible to take certain measures, for example, in 1958, N.S. Shcherbakov predicted the reproduction of locusts and their flight into the territory of Turkmenistan, and it was quickly eliminated thanks to his forecast. Such mass reproduction of pests is based on changes in climatic factors associated with solar activity.
Application of the ideas of A.L. Chizhevsky in the natural sciences
Studying the influence of the Sun on fish can also help the fishing industry. Kamchatka ichthyologist I.B. Birman in 1976. In his doctoral dissertation, he showed that one of the external causes of fluctuations in the number of fish, in addition to the Moon, can also be solar activity. Based on his studies of the dynamics of natural processes depending on solar activity, Birman predicted as early as 1957 that in the next 10 years, chum salmon stocks would sharply decrease without the use of energetic measures. Indeed, after the 1957 high, this happened.
7. Influence of solar activity on the occurrence of diseases
Of all the diseases that are affected by magnetospheric storms, cardiovascular diseases were singled out, first of all, since their relationship with solar and magnetic activity was the most obvious. Comparisons were made of the dependence of the number and severity of cardiovascular diseases on many environmental factors (atmospheric pressure, air temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, ionization, radiation regime, and so on), but a reliable and stable relationship of cardiovascular diseases is revealed precisely with chromospheric flares and geomagnetic storms
The influence of solar activity on the occurrence of diseases
The connection of solar activity with the functioning of other body systems, with oncological diseases has been revealed.
The highest incidence of cancer occurred during the period of the quiet Sun, the lowest - during the highest solar activity. It is assumed that this is due to the inhibitory effect of solar activity on poorly differentiated cellular elements, including cancer cells.
It was found that during the years of decreasing solar activity, the incidence of malignant tumors increased.
Conclusion
The sun illuminates and warms our planet; without this, life on it would be impossible not only for humans, but even for microorganisms. The sun is the main (although not the only) engine of processes occurring on Earth. But not only heat and light is received by the Earth from the Sun. Various types of solar radiation and particle flows have a constant impact on her life.
Space weather is gradually taking its rightful place in our consciousness. As in the case of ordinary weather, we want to know what awaits us both in the distant future and in the coming days.

And again and again spots rose in the sun,
And sober minds darkened,
And the throne fell, and were inevitable
Hungry pestilence and the horrors of the plague.

And the sea wave boiled from vibrations,
And the north sparkled and tornadoes moved,
And born in the field of competition
Fanatics, heroes, executioners.

And life's face turned into a grimace;
The compass rushed about - the people raged,
And above the earth and above the human mass
The sun made its lawful move

Oh, you who have seen the sunspots
With his magnificent audacity -
You did not know how they would be clear to me
And your sorrows are near, Galileo!

A. L. Chizhevsky, 1921, Kaluga

Cosmism of Alexander Chizhevsky, or Why the world has gone crazy

Vadim Gorelik (Frankfurt am Main)

or why the world has gone mad

For the variety of talents he was called « Leonardo of the 20th century » . For commitment to the study of the Sun and solar radiation - "solar man". For an unconventional view of Marxism-Leninism - « an enemy disguised as a scientist." His works are still little known. But everyone heard his name - Alexander Chizhevsky. We want to remember him and his theory of space eras today.

Many people ask themselves the question: “What is happening to the world today? It looks like everyone just went crazy." Unusual natural disasters (tornadoes, floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, epidemics) and man-made disasters (planes crash, ships sink, accidents at nuclear facilities), monstrous aggressiveness during protests (burnt cars, broken shop windows, vandalism in stadiums), politicians behave like fighting cocks, proving to each other which of them is cooler with the help of nuclear and rocket "toys". The frenzy of the broad masses reaches its climax: for one word or caricature they kill. The cruelty is on the rise. Political scientists intelligently call this a band of turbulence that the world has entered. But few people think about the causes of such a global phenomenon.

The sun is our everything. The fact that life on Earth owes its origin to the Sun is written in school textbooks. But the fact that our life is more of a cosmic phenomenon than an earthly one, and all the processes taking place on the Earth and in our society are highly dependent on the processes taking place on the Sun (Fig. 1), became known not so long ago.

And this was discovered by Alexander Chizhevsky, one of the great scientists of the past century, the founder of cosmo- and heliobiology, the man who proposed a new philosophical understanding of global terrestrial processes. From the simple truth that solar energy underlies everything that happens on Earth, he deduced and mathematically proved the influence of solar activity cycles (SCA) on the frequency and intensity of earthly natural (earthquakes, tsunamis, epidemics) and social (wars, revolutions, rebellions, financial crises) cataclysms that cost humanity dearly.

The hard way of a genius. He was born on January 26, 1897 in the family of a major general in the Russian army. After the Kaluga Real School, he continued his studies at the Moscow Archaeological and Commercial Institutes and at the Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Medicine of Moscow State University. In 1918, Chizhevsky defended his doctoral thesis "On the periodicity of the world-historical process" at Moscow State University, in which, using a large amount of factual material, he proves the influence of CSA on all processes occurring on Earth. The crowning achievement of his discovery was the monograph "The Earth Embraced by the Sun", written by Chizhevsky in French (Paris, 1938). This book was published in Russian only in 1973 after his death under the title "Earth echo of solar storms".

Chizhevsky's discovery was immediately recognized. He was a full member of 18 academies of the world, an honorary professor at many universities in Europe, America and Asia. In 1939, in New York, the first international congress on biological physics and space biology elected Chizhevsky as honorary president and nominated him for the Nobel Prize.

But already in 1940, the “medieval trial” of Chizhevsky began. He is accused of departing from the principles of Marxism-Leninism. The case of Chizhevsky is supervised by Vyshinsky. Pravda publishes a devastating article entitled "The Enemy under the Mask of a Scientist".

Chizhevsky was expelled from all posts, but remains at large for the time being. He was arrested in 1942 on charges of slandering Soviet power. It cost Alexander Leonidovich 8 years in the camps and another 8 were given as a special settler.

They rehabilitated only in 1962, and two years later he was gone.

The essence of Chizhevsky's discovery. Chizhevsky analyzed a large amount of historical material and found a correlation between CSA maxima (a large number of sunspots) and massive cataclysms on Earth. It was found that the frequency of maximum CSA values ​​varies in the range from 8 to 16 years, on average - 11 years (Fig. 2). Chizhevsky showed that during periods of increased solar activity, wars, revolutions, natural disasters, catastrophes, and epidemics occur on Earth. From this, a conclusion was drawn about the influence of the 11-year CSA on the climatic, geological, and social processes on Earth.

“An astronomer who reads the epidemiology of cholera,” Chizhevsky writes, “is involuntarily amazed by the fact that the years of solar storms and hurricanes, well known to him, cause such great disasters and, conversely, the years of solar calm and peace coincide with the years of man’s liberation from the boundless horror of this unstoppable invisible enemy.

Fundamentally important from the point of view of the current situation in the world is the dependence on the CSA of the mental activity of not only an individual, but also the masses, discovered by Chizhevsky, causing their aggressiveness, the impact of the CSA on the psyche of the first persons of states and their teams, the likelihood of them making unconstructive decisions at various levels of government leading to economic disruption and military conflicts.

Along with this, the scientist warned against a simplified understanding of his theory. The sun is not the cause of the appearance of certain terrestrial cataclysms. They could manifest themselves without the impact of solar storms, under the influence of socio-economic and geological factors, but the time of their appearance and, most importantly, their intensity are closely related to the CSA peaks. Solar activity is a trigger for the processes taking place on earth and in society. Therefore, the study of solar storms is necessary to predict the probability of the occurrence of natural, biological and social cataclysms.

Chizhevsky's theory today. Over the past years, Chizhevsky's theory has not only been confirmed, but has become in demand. The sinister triad: virtual communication, which easily forms a crowd in a matter of hours, aggressive television propaganda that zombifies this crowd, and technological progress in the service of the barbarians, amplifies the effect of the CSA so much that it has already become a global problem. The farther, the more people are involved in the adventures of mentally unstable leaders, and the world is going crazy.

The latest events in Frankfurt, in March 2015 (cycle 24 peak) during the opening of the new building of the European Bank, when brutal crowds of protesters burned police cars and injured 89 policemen, are a clear confirmation of this.

Now enriched with knowledge, let's try with the help of fig. 2 understand why the world is going crazy. It should be noted that the average level of CSA is steadily increasing, and at present it is twice as high as in 1800. Today, 23 solar cycles have been studied, and since 2008 cycle 24 has begun, which reached a maximum in 2013-2014. NASA predicts Cycle 24 will have two peaks and cause powerful magnetic storms.

And now let's compare some of the most significant social and natural disasters with the maxima of the CSA. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the time lag (deviation of 1-2 years) of events from the maxima of the CSA due to the inertia of global processes.

15 cycle (1913-1923, maximum in 1917). World War I and revolutions in Russia and Germany.

Cycle 17 (1933-1944, maximum in 1937) World War II.

Cycle 19 (1954-1964, maximum in 1958) Suez crisis of 1956-1957 and the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956.

20 cycle (1964-1976. maximum in 1968) War 1967-1968 between Israel and Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Algeria and the USSR invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968.

Cycle 22 (1986-1996, maximum in 1989) Earthquake in Armenia that destroyed the city of Spitak (1988), collapse of the USSR (1990).

Cycle 23 (1996-2008, maximum in 2000). The collapse of Yugoslavia, accompanied by civil wars.

And finally, the last cycle 24 (2008-2019, maximum in 2013-2014). Global financial crisis. The largest earthquake in Japan, which led to the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, the emergence of the Islamic State, the second Maidan in Ukraine, the annexation of Crimea and the hybrid war in Donbass, the confrontation between Russia-Ukraine and Russia-USA.

How to live on? To the age-old Russian question “Who is to blame?” we tried to answer with the help of Chizhevsky. But to the second age-old Russian question: “What to do?” - harder to answer. We cannot afford to find justice in the Sun. But for people exposed to solar radiation - completely. In his famous book “Earthly Echoes of Solar Storms”, A. L. Chizhevsky wrote: “ The government must be aware of the state of the sun at any given moment. Before making this or that decision, the government needs to inquire about the state of the luminary: is it bright, is its face clean or darkened by spots? The sun is a great military-political indicator: its readings are unmistakable and universal ». Theoretically correct, but what about the leaders themselves, who are also people? In the same place, Chizhevsky suggested shielding the wards of seriously ill patients during CSA peaks. It is interesting to imagine the situation in the world if the hats and offices of inadequate politicians, managers and financial figures were screened in this way?

There are many proposals from physicists and psychologists to test decision makers. There is today testing of mental abilities by the IQ coefficient. Perhaps a similar mandatory inadequacy ratio (CI) should be introduced to test leaders' psychomotor skills? And with some marginal value of CT, to limit the access of such people to leadership positions?

"And life's face turned into a grimace;
The compass was rushing - the people were rampant,
And above the earth, and above the human mass
The sun was making its lawful move ..."

According to scientists, the Sun is entering its next active phase. Every 11 years, a stormy life begins at the luminary. As a result - strong magnetic storms on our planet. At the beginning of the last century, Russian biophysicist Alexander Chizhevsky suggested a connection between the activity of the Sun and social processes on Earth, which sometimes changed the course of history. These days, the creator of a new science - space biology would have turned 115 years old ( my approx. - the article was written in 2012).

The above poem "Earth echo of solar storms" Alexander Chizhevsky wrote at 23. He was predicted the future of the poet. Mayakovsky remarked about Chizhevsky's poems: two mistresses, science and poetry, that's a lot - you have to choose one. Chizhevsky chooses the first and becomes a pioneer of a new science - space biology.

“He was so ahead of his time that even scientists did not understand him. We will say that only recently they began to truly understand him,” says Lyudmila Engelgardt, head of the Chizhevsky House-Museum in Kaluga.

That the Sun influences the course of history, Chizhevsky drew the attention of another 17-year-old boy. When his father, an artillery colonel, went to the front in 1914, Shura marked the positions of the troops on the map with flags. Being fond of astronomy, he also observed the Sun. On a day when the flags on the map had to be rearranged frequently, that is, there were active hostilities, many spots appeared on the Sun. How are these events related? He asked this question to Tsiolkovsky.

“It would be surprising if this were not the case, but you, young man, will have to dig into the study of statistics, the exact sciences,” Lyudmila Engelgardt quotes Tsiolkovsky’s answer. “Why Chizhevsky enters two institutes at once ...”

Scientists measure the life of the Sun in eleven-year periods. The luminary either sleeps: there are no flashes or spots, then it is awake. Chizhevsky went through a bunch of archives. Compared solar cycles with world history. The results stunned him. All large-scale historical events happened during the period of the active Sun. This was also confirmed by the 20th century.

Geomagnetic storms are a disturbance of the Earth's magnetic field lasting from several hours to several days, caused by the arrival of disturbed high-speed solar wind streams and the associated shock wave in the vicinity of the Earth. Geomagnetic storms occur mainly in the middle and low latitudes of the Earth.
As a result of solar flares, a huge amount of matter (mainly protons and electrons) is ejected into outer space, some of which, moving at a speed of 400-1000 km / s, reaches the earth's atmosphere in one or two days. The Earth's magnetic field captures charged particles from outer space. Too much particle flow perturbs the planet's magnetic field, causing the characteristics of the magnetic field to change rapidly and strongly.
Thus, a geomagnetic storm is a rapid and strong change in the Earth's magnetic field that occurs during periods of increased solar activity.

At one time, sharp disputes were caused by the question of the influence of solar activity on the occurrence of accidents and injuries in transport and in production. This was first pointed out back in 1928 by Alexander Chizhevsky, and in the 1950s, German scientists Reinhold Reiter and Karl Werner, from an analysis of about 100 thousand car accidents, established their sharp increase on the second day after a solar flare. Later, a Russian forensic physician from Tomsk, Vladimir Desyatoe, discovered a sharp increase in the number of suicides (by 4-5 times compared to the days of the quiet Sun) also on the second day after the solar flare. And this just corresponds to the beginning of magnetic storms.

According to various sources, from 50 to 75% of the Earth's population are subject to the negative effects of magnetic storms. At the same time, the moment of the onset of the stress reaction can be shifted relative to the beginning of the storm for different periods for different storms and for a particular person. Many people begin to react not to magnetic storms themselves, but 1-2 days before them, i.e. at the moment of flares on the Sun itself.

It has also been observed that up to 50% of the planet's population is capable of adaptation, i.e. to the reduction to zero of the reaction to successive consecutive magnetic storms with an interval of 6-7 days, and that young people practically do not feel the effects of magnetic storms.

The theory of the influence of magnetic storms on humans has opponents who are of the opinion that gravitational perturbations associated with a change in the relative position of the Earth, the Moon and the planets of the solar system are immeasurably small compared to those that people are exposed to in ordinary life (shaking, acceleration and braking in public transport, a sharp descent and ascent, etc.).