Physics of the atomic nucleus. Nuclear reactions. Preparation for oge What particle x was released as a result of the reaction
The total mass before the reaction is equal to the total mass after the reaction, the total charge before the reaction is equal to the total charge after the reaction.
For example:
Isotopes are varieties of a given chemical element that differ in the mass of atomic nuclei. those. The mass numbers are different, but the charge numbers are the same.
The figure shows the chain of transformations of uranium-238 into lead-206. Using the data in the figure, select the two correct statements from the proposed list of statements. List their numbers. 
1) In the chain of transformations of uranium-238 into stable lead-206, six helium nuclei are released.
2) Polonium-214 has the shortest half-life in the presented chain of radioactive transformations.
3) Lead with an atomic mass of 206 undergoes spontaneous alpha decay.
4) Uranium-234, unlike uranium-238, is a stable element.
5) The spontaneous transformation of bismuth-210 into polonium-210 is accompanied by the emission of an electron.
Decision: 1) In the chain of transformations of uranium-238 into stable lead-206, not six, but eight helium nuclei are released.
2) Polonium-214 has the shortest half-life in the presented chain of radioactive transformations. the diagram shows that polonium-214 has the shortest time
3) Lead with an atomic mass of 206 does not experience spontaneous alpha decay, it is stable.
4) Uranium-234, unlike uranium-238, is not a stable element.
5) The spontaneous transformation of bismuth-210 into polonium-210 is accompanied by the emission of an electron. Since a beta particle has been released.
Answer: 25
OGE task in physics (fipi): What particle X was released as a result of the reaction?
Decision: mass before the reaction 14 + 4 = 18 a.m.u., charge 7e + 2e = 9e, in order for the law of conservation of mass and charge to be fulfilled, the particle X must have 18 - 17 = 1 a.m.u. and 9e - 8e = 1e, hence the particle X is a proton.
Answer: 4
OGE task in physics (fipi): The thorium nucleus turned into a radium nucleus. What particle was emitted by the thorium nucleus?
3) α-particle
4) β-particle
Decision: The mass changed by 4, and the charge by 2, therefore, the thorium nucleus emitted an α-particle.
Answer: 3
OGE task in physics (fipi):
1) alpha particle
2) electron
Decision: Using the law of conservation of mass and charge, we see that the mass of the element is 4, and the charge is 2, therefore, this is an alpha particle.
Answer: 1
OGE task in physics (fipi):
1) alpha particle
2) electron
Decision: Using the law of conservation of mass and charge, we see that the mass of the element is 1, and the charge is 0, therefore, this is a neutron.
Answer: 4
OGE task in physics (fipi):
3) electron
4) alpha particle
Decision: a gamma particle has neither mass nor charge, therefore, an unknown particle has a mass and charge equal to 1, an unknown particle is a proton.
Answer: 1
When a neutron is captured by a nucleus, a radioactive isotope is produced. During this nuclear transformation,
4) electron
Decision: Let's write the capture reaction
+ -> + ? .
Using the law of conservation of mass and charge, we see that the mass of the unknown element is 4, and the charge is 2, therefore, this is an alpha particle.
Tasks 17. Radioactivity. Nuclear reactions
1. A container with a radioactive substance is placed in a magnetic field, as a result of which the beam of radioactive radiation breaks up into three components (see figure).
Component (3) corresponds
1) gamma radiation
2) alpha radiation
3) beta radiation
4) neutron radiation
2. What particle X is released in the reaction?
1) electron
2) neutron
4) alpha particle
3. At α
1) decreases by 2 units
2) increases by 2 units
3) decreases by 4 units
4) increases by 4 units
4. With electronic β - the decay of the nucleus, its charge number
1) decreases by 1 unit
2) decreases by 2 units
3) increases by 2 units
4) increases by 1 unit
5. In a neutral atom, the total charge of electrons
1) negative and always greater in modulus of the charge of the nucleus
2) negative and equal in absolute value to the charge of the nucleus
3) positive and equal in absolute value to the charge of the nucleus
4) can be positive or negative, but equal in absolute value to the charge of the nucleus
6. The nucleus of the sodium atom contains
1) 11 protons, 23 neutrons
2) 12 protons, 11 neutrons
3) 23 protons, 11 neutrons
4) 11 protons, 12 neutrons
7. The figure shows the chain of transformations of radioactive uranium 238 into stable lead 206.
Using the data in the picture, select two correct statements from the list provided. List their numbers.
1) Uranium 238 transforms into stable lead 206 with the successive release of eight alpha particles and six beta particles.
2) Protactinium 234 has the shortest half-life in the presented chain of radioactive transformations.
3) Alpha particles formed as a result of the radioactive decay of polonium 218 have the highest energy.
4) Bismuth 214 is a stable element.
5) The end product of uranium decay is lead with a mass number of 206.
8. The nucleus of the potassium atom contains
1) 20 protons, 39 neutrons
2) 20 protons, 19 neutrons
3) 19 protons, 20 neutrons
4) 19 protons, 39 neutrons
9.
BUT. α -rays.
B. β -rays.
The correct answer is
1) only A
2) only B
4) neither A nor B
10.
4) the nucleus of an atom attracts α -particles
11. What conclusion can be drawn from the results of Rutherford's experiments?
1) an atom is a positively charged sphere with electrons interspersed
2) the atom has a negatively charged nucleus, in which almost all the mass of the atom is concentrated
3) an atom has a positively charged nucleus around which electrons revolve
4) an atom radiates and absorbs energy in portions
12. What particle is involved in a nuclear reaction?
1) neutron
2) proton
3) α -particles
4) electron
13. What particle interacts with the aluminum nucleus in a nuclear reaction?
1) proton
2) electron
3) neutron
4) α-particle
14. The nucleus of the potassium atom contains
1) 19 protons, 20 neutrons
2) 19 protons, 39 neutrons
3) 20 protons, 19 neutrons
4) 20 protons, 39 neutrons
15. The radioactive drug is placed in a magnetic field. Rejected in this field
BUT. α -rays
B. γ -rays
The correct answer is
1) only A
2) only B
4) neither A nor B
16. Below are the equations of two nuclear reactions. Which of the following is a -decay reaction?
B. 
1) only A
2) only B
4) neither A nor B
17. The following nuclear reaction took place: What particle X was released as a result of the reaction?
1) β -particle
2) α -particle
4) neutron
18. What type of radioactive radiation is a stream of positively charged particles?
1) neutron radiation
2) β -rays
3) γ -rays
4) α -rays
19. The lithium nucleus contains
1) 3 protons and 4 neutrons
2) 3 protons and 7 neutrons
3) 7 protons and 3 neutrons
4) 4 protons and 7 neutrons
20.
Thorium nucleus 
turned into a nucleus of radium 
. What particle was emitted by the thorium nucleus?
1) neutron
3) α -particle
4) β -particle
21. According to Rutherford's model of the atom
1) the nucleus of an atom has small dimensions compared to an atom
2) the nucleus of an atom has a negative charge
3) the nucleus of an atom has dimensions comparable to the size of an atom
4) the nucleus of an atom attracts α -particles
22. 
A radioactive preparation is placed in a magnetic field, as a result of which the beam of radioactive radiation breaks up into three components (see figure). Component (1) corresponds
1) γ -radiation
2) α -radiation
3) β -radiation
4) neutron radiation
23. The figure shows the chain of transformations of uranium-238 into lead-206. Using the data in the figure, select the two correct statements from the proposed list of statements.
1) Uranium-238 turns into stable lead-206 with the successive release of six α -particles and six β -particles.
2) Polonium-214 has the shortest half-life in the presented chain of radioactive transformations.
3) Lead with an atomic mass of 206 is not subject to spontaneous radioactive decay.
4) Uranium-234, unlike uranium-238, is a stable element.
5) Spontaneous transformation of radium-226 into radon-222 is accompanied by emission β -particles.
24. What particle is produced in a nuclear reaction?
1) electron
2) neutron
4) α -particle
25. Below are the equations of two nuclear reactions. Which one is the reaction α -decay?
1) only A
2) only B
4) neither A nor B
26. When an electric current flows in metals, they move in an orderly manner
1) protons and electrons
2) electrons
3) protons
27. The activity of the radioactive element decreased by 4 times in 16 days. What is the half-life of this element?
28.
A. are the smallest indivisible particles of matter
B. have an electrical charge
1) only A
2) only B
4) neither A nor B
29. It can be argued that the nuclei of atoms
A. consist of smaller particles
B. do not have an electrical charge
1) only A
2) only B
4) neither A nor B
30. α - the particle is made up of
1) 1 proton and 1 neutron
2) 2 protons and 2 electrons
3) 2 neutrons and 1 proton
4) 2 protons and 2 neutrons
31. If bombarded α -particles of the nucleus of boron atoms, then new particles arise - the nuclei of hydrogen atoms. Using a fragment of the periodic table of elements of D. I. Mendeleev, determine what other products are formed as a result of this nuclear reaction.
1) neutrons
2) electrons
3) nuclei of isotopes of carbon atoms
4) isotope nuclei of beryllium atoms
32. Using a fragment of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements shown in the figure, determine the isotope of which element is formed as a result of the electronic beta decay of bismuth.
1) lead isotope
2) thallium isotope
3) isotope of polonium
4) astatine isotope
33. An isotope of krypton, as a result of a series of decays, turned into an isotope
molybdenum. How much was emitted in this series of decays?
34. An isotope of xenon, as a result of a series of decays, turned into an isotope of cerium How many -particles were emitted in this series of decays?
35. Using a fragment of the periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev, shown in the figure, determine the nucleus of which element will be obtained if in the nucleus of the beryllium isotope all protons are replaced by neutrons, and all neutrons by protons?
36. Using a fragment of the periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev, shown in the figure, determine the nucleus of which element will be obtained if in the nucleus of the neon isotope all protons are replaced by neutrons, and all neutrons by protons?
37. The fluorine nucleus in total contains 19 protons and neutrons, 9 electrons move around this nucleus. The neon nucleus in total contains 20 protons and neutrons, 10 electrons move around this nucleus. These cores are different
38. The fluorine nucleus in total contains 19 protons and neutrons, 9 electrons move around this nucleus. The neon nucleus contains a total of 21 protons and neutrons, 10 electrons move around this nucleus. These cores are different
1) only the number of protons
2) only the number of neutrons
3) both the number of protons and the number of neutrons
4) only the name denoting the chemical element
39. As a result of radioactive decay, the bismuth nucleus turns into an isotope of polonium. What particle is emitted from the bismuth nucleus?
1) alpha particle
2) neutron
3) electron
4) positron
40. As a result of radioactive decay, the bismuth nucleus turns into an isotope of thallium. What particle is emitted from the bismuth nucleus?
1) neutron
2) alpha particle
3) electron
4) positron
41. E. Rutherford, irradiating nitrogen nuclei with alpha particles, received oxygen nuclei. What other particle was produced during this nuclear reaction?
1) neutron
3) electron
4) alpha particle
42. E. Rutherford, irradiating nitrogen nuclei, received oxygen nuclei. During this nuclear reaction, in addition to the oxygen nucleus, a proton was formed. What particles did E. Rutherford irradiate nitrogen nuclei with?
1) neutrons
2) protons
3) electrons
4) alpha particles
43. Which particle is emitted as a result of the following reaction:
1) alpha particle
2) electron
4) neutron
44. According to the planetary model of the atom proposed by E. Rutherford, the atom consists of
1) a small positively charged nucleus, in which almost the entire mass of the atom is concentrated and around which electrons move
2) a small negatively charged nucleus, consisting of electrons, around which positively charged particles move
3) a large negatively charged nucleus, in which, like raisins in a pudding, there are positively charged particles
4) a large positively charged nucleus, in which almost all the mass of an atom is concentrated and in which, like raisins in a pudding, there are electrons
45. According to modern concepts, the atom consists of
1) an atomic nucleus containing electrons and neutrons, and protons revolving around this nucleus
2) an atomic nucleus containing electrons and protons, and neutrons rotating around this nucleus
3) an atomic nucleus containing protons, and electrons and neutrons rotating around this nucleus
4) an atomic nucleus containing protons and neutrons, and electrons revolving around this nucleus
46. Below are the equations of two nuclear reactions. Which one is the reaction α -decay?
1) only A
2) only B
4) neither A nor B
47. When a boron isotope is bombarded with α-particles, a nitrogen isotope is formed. What particle is emitted in this case?
| 1) neutron | 3) α -particle | 4) 2 protons |
48. The following nuclear reaction took place: Which particle was released as a result of the reaction?
| 1) α -particle | 2) β -particle | 3) neutron |
49. As a result of the bombardment of the lithium isotope α -particles form an isotope of boron: What particle is emitted in this case?
1) α-particle
2) electron
3) proton
4) neutron
50. When a neutron is captured by a nucleus, a radioactive isotope is produced. In this nuclear transformation,
1) neutron
3) α -particle
4) electron
51. As a result of the bombardment of a lithium isotope by deuterium nuclei, an isotope of beryllium is formed: What particle is emitted in this case?
1) α-particle
2) electron
3) proton
4) neutron
52. As a result of the bombardment of a boron isotope by alpha particles, a nitrogen isotope is formed: Which particle is emitted?
1) α-particle
2) electron
3) proton
4) neutron
53. A radioactive preparation is placed in a magnetic field, as a result of which the beam of radioactive radiation breaks up into three components (see figure).
Component (1) corresponds
1) alpha radiation
2) gamma radiation
3) beta radiation
4) neutron radiation
Nuclear reactions- these are processes that occur during the collision of nuclei or elementary particles with other nuclei, as a result of which the quantum state and nucleon composition of the original nucleus change, and new particles appear among the reaction products.
In this case, fission reactions are possible, when the nucleus of one atom as a result of bombardment (for example, by neutrons) is divided into two nuclei of different atoms. During fusion reactions, light nuclei are converted into heavier ones.
Other researchers discovered transformations under the influence of α-particles of the nuclei of fluorine, sodium, aluminum, etc., accompanied by the emission of protons. The nuclei of heavy elements did not undergo transformations. Obviously, their large electric charge did not allow the α-particle to come close to the nucleus.
Nuclear reaction on fast protons.
For a nuclear reaction to occur, particles must come close to the nucleus, which is possible for particles with very high energy (especially for positively charged particles that repel from the nucleus). Such energy (up to 10 5 MeV) is imparted in charged particle accelerators to protons, deuterons, and other particles. This method is much more efficient than using helium nuclei emitted by a radioactive element (which have an energy of about 9 MeV).
The first nuclear reaction on fast protons was carried out in 1932. It was possible to split lithium into two α-particles:
Nuclear reactions on neutrons.
The discovery of neutrons was a turning point in the study of nuclear reactions. Charge-free neutrons freely penetrate into atomic nuclei and cause their changes, for example:
The great Italian physicist Enrico Fermi discovered that slow neutrons (about 10 4 eV) are more efficient in nuclear transformation reactions than fast neutropes (about 10 5 eV). Therefore, fast neutrons are slowed down in ordinary water containing a large number of hydrogen nuclei - protons. The deceleration effect is explained by the fact that when balls of the same mass collide, the most efficient energy transfer occurs.
Laws of conservation of charge, mass number and energy.
Numerous experiments on various kinds of nuclear interactions have shown that in all cases, without exception, the total electric charge of the particles participating in the interaction is preserved. In other words, the total electric charge of the particles entering into a nuclear reaction is equal to the total electric charge of the reaction products (as it should be expected according to the charge conservation law for closed systems). In addition, in nuclear reactions of the usual type (without the formation of antiparticles), the conservation of the nuclear mass number (ie, the total number of nucleons) is observed.
The above is confirmed by all the above types of reactions (the sums of the corresponding coefficients at the kernels on the left and right sides of the reaction equations are equal), see Table.
Both conservation laws also apply to nuclear transformations such as radioactive decays.
In accordance with the law of conservation of energy, the change in kinetic energy in the process of a nuclear reaction is equal to the change in the rest energy of the nuclei and particles participating in the reaction.
The energy yield of a reaction is the difference between the rest energies of nuclei and particles before and after the reaction. According to what was said earlier, the energy yield of a nuclear reaction is also equal to the change in the kinetic energy of the particles participating in the reaction.
If the kinetic energy of the nuclei and particles after the reaction is greater than before the reaction, then they talk about the release of energy, otherwise - about its absorption. The latter case occurs when nitrogen is bombarded with α-particles, part of the energy is converted into the internal energy of the newly formed nuclei. During a nuclear reaction, the kinetic energy of the resulting helium nuclei is 17.3 MeV greater than the kinetic energy of the proton that entered into the reaction.
I: ((23)) Nuclear reactions; t=90;K=C;M=30
S: Barium nucleus Ba as a result of the emission of a neutron, and then an electron, turned into a nucleus:
I: ((24)) Nuclear reactions; t=90;K=C;M=30
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: Specify the second product of the nuclear reaction Be + He C + …
I: ((25)) Nuclear reactions; t=90;K=C;M=30
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: -particle collided with a nitrogen nucleus N. In this case, a hydrogen nucleus and a nucleus were formed:
+: oxygen with a mass number of 17
-: nitrogen with a mass number of 14
-: oxygen with a mass number of 16
-: fluorine with a mass number of 19
I: ((26)) Nuclear reactions; t=30; K=A; M=30;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: When a thermal neutron hits a uranium nucleus, the nucleus fission occurs. What forces accelerate the fragments of the nucleus?
+: electromagnetic
-: nuclear
-: gravitational
-: weak interaction forces
I: ((27)) Nuclear reactions; t=120; K=C; M=60;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: What kind of nuclear reaction can be used to produce a fission chain reaction?
-: 
-: 
I: ((28)) Nuclear reactions; t=120; K=C; M=60;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: Which equation contradicts the law of conservation of mass number in nuclear reactions?
-: 
-: 
I: ((29)) Nuclear reactions; t=120; K=C; M=60;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: What equation contradicts the law of conservation of charge in nuclear reactions?
-:
+: 
I: (30)) Nuclear reactions; t=120; K=C; M=60;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: Which particle causes the next nuclear reaction?
I: ((31)) Nuclear reactions; t=90; K=C; M=30;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: What particle X participates in the reaction 
?
-: neutron
-: electron
-: -particle
I: ((32)) Nuclear reactions; t=120; K=C; M=60;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: As a result of the collision of the uranium nucleus with a particle, the fission of the uranium nucleus occurred, accompanied by the emission of a -quantum in accordance with the equation + . The uranium nucleus collided with:
-: proton
-: electron
+: neutron
-: -particle
I: ((33)) Nuclear reactions; t=120; K=C; M=60;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: The power of the nuclear power plant is 200 MW. Nuclear fuel consumption U–235 during the day is 540 g. The fission of one uranium nucleus releases 200 MeV of energy. The efficiency of this station is (in%):
I: ((34)) Nuclear reactions; t=120; K=C; M=60;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: One of the possible options for fission of the uranium nucleus is as follows: The entry has been replaced with a question mark:
V2: Elementary particles
I: ((1)) Elementary particles; t=30;K=A;M=30
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: Which particle is not a fermion?
-: electron
-: neutron
I: ((2)) Elementary particles; t=30;K=A;M=30
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: Which particle is a boson?
-: neutron
-: electron
I: ((3)) Elementary particles; t=30;K=A;M=30
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: How many quarks do hadrons consist of?
-: from two quarks
-: from a quark and an antiquark
-: of four quarks
+: three quarks or a pair of quarks and one antiquark
I: ((4)) Fundamental interactions; t=90;K=B;M=60
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: Which of the statements of the electroweak theory is not predicted by it?
New phenomena called "neutral currents"
- must exist in nature W and Z-particles responsible for the weak interaction
- must exist in nature t-quark and Higgs boson
+: only leptons and quarks should exist in nature
I: ((5)) Fundamental interactions; t=60;K=B;M=30
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: What kind of interaction does not involve leptons?
+: strong
-: weak
-: in electromagnetic
-: in the interaction of leptons and baryons
I: ((6)) Fundamental interactions; t=90; K=B; M=60;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
+: Coulomb
- nuclear forces of attraction
- nuclear repulsion forces
- ponderomotive forces
I: ((7)) Fundamental interactions; t=90; K=B; M=60;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: The Zeeman effect in a strong magnetic field will be:
- strong
+: abnormal
- simple
-: normal
I: ((8)) Fundamental interactions; t=120; K=B; M=100;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: Fine structure of spectral lines (e.g. doublet Na) is explained:
-: the mass of the nucleus
+: spin-orbit interactions
-: the interaction of the magnetic moment of the electron with the weak field of the nucleus
-: interaction of an electron with fluctuations of the electromagnetic field
I: ((9)) Fundamental interactions; t=90; K=B; M=60;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: Nuclear forces between a proton and a neutron are carried out by an exchange of virtual:
-: Photons
-: Muons
-: gluons
I: ((10)) Fundamental interactions; t=90; K=B; M=60;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: What quantum number can not be conserved in weak interactions?
-: baryon charge
+: oddity
-: lepton charge
I: ((11)) Fundamental interactions; t=90; K=B;M=60
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: Which of the fundamental interactions is not taken into account when studying the atomic nucleus?
+: gravity
-: electromagnetic
- strong
I: ((12)) Fundamental interactions; t=60; K=B; M=30;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: At a distance m between the centers of two protons, the forces of nuclear attraction predominate compared to the Coulomb repulsive forces. What forces will prevail at a distance m?
-: Coulomb
- nuclear forces of attraction
+: nuclear repulsive forces
- ponderomotive forces
I: ((13)) Fundamental interactions; t=100; K=A; M=100;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: Which of the above particles are considered fundamental in our time?
-: protons
-: neutrons
+: quarks
I: ((14)) Fundamental interactions; t=100;K=A; M=100;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: Which of the given particles are not considered fundamental nowadays?
+: neutron
-: neutrino
I: ((15)) Fundamental interactions; t=100; K=A; M=100;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: What particles are bosons?
-: neutrino
-: electron
I: ((16)) Fundamental interactions; t=100; K=A; M=100;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: Which of the following particles are not bosons?
+: neutrino
-: graviton
I: ((17)) Fundamental interactions; t=100; K=A; M=100;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: Which of the following quarks make up a meson?
+: one quark and one antiquark
-: of three quarks
- two quarks and one antiquark
-: three quarks and three antiquarks
I: ((18)) Fundamental interactions; t=100; K=A; M=100;
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: Which of the following quarks make up protons?
+: two quarks and one antiquark
- one quark and two antiquarks
- four quarks and one antiquark
- two quarks and two antiquarks
I: ((19)) Elementary particles; t=120;K=C;M=60
Q: Mark the correct answers:
S: Proton decay reaction according to the scheme p → e + + v + impossible. This is a consequence of the non-fulfillment of the conservation law:
+: spin angular momentum
-: electric charge
-: baryon charge
-: lepton charge