Please tell me what were the pros and cons of Gorbachev's rule? and got the best answer

Answer from Yatiana Sharapova[guru]
minus - dry law,
pluses - perestroika, glasnost, acceleration
ps Gorbachev did not break up the USSR, it was destroyed by top officials and heads of governments of the three union republics:
Boris Yeltsin and Gennady Burbulis (RSFSR),
Stanislav Shushkevich and Vyacheslav Kebich (BSSR),
Leonid Kravchuk and Vitold Fokin (Ukraine).
Source: Belovezhskaya agreement

Answer from -=Boatswain=-[master]
+ USSR razed, -destroyed the Berlin Wall.

Answer from Experienced[guru]
the collapse of a great state ... there are no pluses.

Answer from Jovetlana[guru]
No pros, only cons! Break - do not build! broke. everything that could be broken and built nothing in return. Fuck him!!

Answer from Trust[guru]
there was neither one nor the other, Gorbachev - there was none and the board is the same

Answer from Konstantin Petrov[guru]
for Gaider's pluses and praises addressed to you -1

Answer from Sergei Semenkov[guru]
Women listened to him so much that men were even alert to drink))

Answer from Mikhas[guru]
Of the benefits appeared cooperatives.
Of the minuses - racketeers 🙂

Answer from Ђimur Ivanov[guru]
I respect Gorbachev, but he cannot be asked for political miscalculations. As a politician, he turned out to be useless. However, we must give him his due, he was a good man, and most importantly, his thoughts were completely bright. He wished well for Russia...

Answer from Alexander Guzhvenko[guru]
A huge plus for the gypsies. I myself heard that the gypsies were ready to cast a monument to him out of gold, in gratitude for the vodka speculation.

Answer from Vladimir Gribov[guru]
He said a lot, even right, did a lot, but wrong. As a result, the collapse of the USSR.

Answer from Heinrich Zhukov[guru]
Big minus! Inability to govern the country! And when he chooses "caudle" but not the people, it will always be so, collapse

Answer from User deleted[guru]
Not a single plus! .. He seemed to do everything on purpose the other way around! First of all, with his fucking liberalization, he destroyed the entire system of government and the national economy! Could it have been done without it? Of course yes! The main problem of Socialism in the USSR is LOW LABOR PRODUCTIVITY!... Where did it come from? There are two reasons for this - outdated equipment, productive equipment that did not correspond to the time, and the worker's low interest in the results of his labor .... from each according to his ability, to each according to his work! Was this principle unrealistic to implement???? As for the outdated material and technical base .... there were resources .... for example, the military-industrial complex regularly updated weapons and military equipment in the army .... In terms of the quality of army equipment, we were ahead of the rest! So what prevented the creation of such a complex on the SCALE OF THE WHOLE (and not just the army) ECONOMY ?? ? In extreme cases, it was possible to direct a significant part of the resources of the military-industrial complex to modernize the economy ... We had a COMMAND-ADMINISTRATIVE management system and liberalizing it is tantamount to SUICIDE! (a simple example ... plant A was obliged to supply components to plant B .... but since now he does not owe anything to anyone, he is looking for a more profitable "buyer" of his products ... this can lead, among other things, to the fact that plant B will default on its obligation to C, and that in turn to A ... that is, the one who started this process suffered about it .... so throughout the economy ... the failure of one enterprise to default on its obligations could cause a chain of failures paralyzing the whole industry!) This Hunchback COULD NOT UNDERSTAND!! ! Did he hope for the consciousness of citizens?? ? I doubt it... Strange behavior... Having SIGNIFICANT ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES... WE ARE REMOVING THE IDEOLOGICAL SHIELD... and thereby opening up to the enemy!! WHY?? ? WHAT IS THE PURPOSE?? ? Why destroy the FOUNDATIONS of SOCIETY if you just wanted economic prosperity? ... and much, much more .... looking at the era of Gorbachev-Yeltsin, you come to the conclusion that THE PEOPLE'S ECONOMY WAS CONSCIOUSLY AND PURPOSELY DESTROYED .... in many ways, this process is still continues!... I really, really want to know when this process will stop and we will start to CREATE?!

Lord, give me the patience to accept what I cannot change, the courage to change what I can, and the wisdom to know the difference between the two...

Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev was born on March 2, 1931 in the village of Privolnoye, Krasnogvardeisky District, Stavropol Territory, into a Russian-Ukrainian family of immigrants from the Voronezh province and Chernihiv region.

Mikhail Gorbachev's father, Sergei Andreevich, worked as a machine operator at a machine and tractor station. In August 1941, he was mobilized into the army, commanded a squad of sappers, was a participant in many famous battles of the Great Patriotic War. At the end of May 1944, the Gorbachev family received a funeral. For three days there was crying in the family. However, they soon received a letter from Sergei Andreevich, in which he said that everything was in order with him. At the end of the war, Sergei Andreevich received a shrapnel wound in his leg. S.A. Gorbachev was awarded the medal "For Courage" and two Orders of the Red Star. Returning to his homeland, he again began to work as a machine operator. “My father knew the combine very well and taught me,” recalls M.S. Gorbachev. - I could adjust any mechanism after a year or two. A matter of special pride - by ear I can immediately determine what was wrong in the work of the combine. In 1949, M.S. Gorbachev was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

Mikhail Gorbachev's mother, Maria Panteleevna (nee Gopkalo), worked all her life on the collective farm. The repressions that unfolded in the mid-1930s did not bypass the Gopkalo and Gorbachev families either. In 1937, grandfather M.S. Gorbachev Pantelei Efimovich Gopkalo was arrested as "a member of the counter-revolutionary right-wing Trotskyist organization." For fourteen months he was in prison, being under investigation, endured torture and abuse. Pantelei Efimovich was saved from execution by the assistant prosecutor of Stavropol. Pros and cons of Gorbachev's rule In December 1938, he was released, returned to Privolnoye, and in 1939 was elected chairman of the collective farm. Pantelei Gopkalo enjoyed great prestige among his fellow villagers. Another grandfather of Mikhail Sergeevich - Andrei Moiseevich Gorbachev at first did not join the collective farm, but lived as an individual farmer on a farm. In 1933, as a result of a drought in the south of the country, there was a terrible famine. In the family of Andrei Moiseevich, out of six children, three died of starvation. In the spring of 1934, he was arrested for not fulfilling the grain sowing plan: there was nothing to sow. Andrei Moiseevich as a "saboteur" was sent to forced labor at a logging site in the Irkutsk region. Two years later, in 1936, he was released early for good work and good behavior. Returning to Privolnoe, A.M. Gorbachev joined the collective farm, where he worked until the end of his life.

Before school, Mikhail Gorbachev lived most of the time in the house of Panteley Efimovich and Vasilisa Lukyanovna Gopkalo, who doted on their grandson. Michael studied very well at school. During his school years, he showed a passion for knowledge, an interest in the new, which remained in him forever. Michael enthusiastically participated in amateur performances. Once the drama club, in which he participated, went on a "tour" in the villages of the region. With the proceeds from paid performances, 35 pairs of shoes were bought for children who had nothing to go to school. In 1950 M.S. Gorbachev graduated from high school with a silver medal. The father insisted that Michael continued to study. The choice fell on the main university of the country - Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov (Moscow State University). M.S. Gorbachev was enrolled in the law faculty of Moscow State University not only without entrance exams, but even without an interview. He was called by telegram - "enrolled with the provision of a hostel." Several factors influenced this decision: Gorbachev's worker-peasant origin, seniority, a high government award - the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, and the fact that in 1950 (while studying in the 10th grade of school) Gorbachev was accepted as a candidate member of the CPSU. Mikhail Sergeevich recalls: “The years of study at the university were not only extremely interesting for me, but also quite stressful. I had to fill in the gaps in the rural school, which made themselves felt - especially in the first years, and, frankly, I never suffered from a lack of pride. “... Moscow University provided me with solid knowledge and a spiritual charge that determined my life choice. It was here that the long process of rethinking the history of the country, its present and future began, stretching for years.

In his student years, M.S. Gorbachev met his future wife, Raisa Maksimovna Titarenko, who studied at the Faculty of Philosophy at Moscow State University. On September 25, 1953 they got married. In 1955 M.S. Gorbachev graduated with honors from the Faculty of Law. According to the distribution, he was sent to the disposal of the Stavropol Regional Prosecutor's Office. In Stavropol, M.S. Gorbachev was remembered for his activities in the school Komsomol organization, noted for his social activity and talent as an organizer. Almost immediately M.S. Gorbachev was offered a job as deputy head of the Department of Propaganda and Agitation in the regional committee of the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union (VLKSM). So, having worked only 10 days in the prosecutor's office (from August 5 to August 15, 1955), M.S. Gorbachev took on new duties. In September 1956 M.S. Gorbachev became the first secretary of the Stavropol city committee of the Komsomol; On April 25, 1958, he was elected second secretary of the Komsomol regional committee, and on March 21, 1961, first secretary of the Komsomol regional committee. September 26, 1966 M.S. Gorbachev becomes First Secretary and member of the Bureau of the Stavropol City Committee of the CPSU. August 5, 1969 - Second Secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the CPSU. April 10, 1970 M.S. Gorbachev was approved as the First Secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the CPSU. The most important elements of his program for the development of the Stavropol region were the rational distribution of agricultural enterprises, their specialization; creation of advanced poultry and agricultural complexes; introduction of industrial technologies; the construction of the Great Stavropol Canal and irrigation and watering systems, which was vital for the region with risky agriculture, 50% of whose territories were arid steppes; completion of the modernization of the light and food industries.

During his work in the Stavropol Territory, M.S. Gorbachev managed to prepare and implement a long-term program for the development of the region. Pros and cons of Gorbachev's rule. In those years, the young secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU had to face the decision-making system in the conditions of an administrative-command economy and a bureaucratic state. The Stavropol Territory is one of the most beautiful and famous resort places in Russia. Top party leaders of the USSR regularly came here to relax. It is here that M.S. Gorbachev met A.N. Kosygin and Yu.V. Andropov. Gorbachev developed a close and trusting relationship with Andropov. Later, Andropov would call Gorbachev "the Stavropol nugget." For Raisa Maksimovna Gorbacheva, the Stavropol Territory also became native. After several years of searching for a job in her specialty, she began teaching at the Faculty of Economics of the Stavropol Agricultural Institute. Raisa Maksimovna gave lectures to undergraduate and graduate students on philosophy, aesthetics, and problems of religion. On January 6, 1957, the Gorbachevs' daughter, Irina, was born. In 1967 P.M. Gorbacheva defended her thesis on the topic “Formation of new features of the life of the collective farm peasantry (based on sociological research in the Stavropol Territory) on November 27, 1978 at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU M.S. Gorbachev was elected Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. On December 6, 1978, he arrived with his family in Moscow. After moving to Moscow, M.S. Gorbachev at first dealt with agricultural issues, traveled a lot around the country, made official visits abroad. MS Gorbachev quickly showed himself as an enterprising, energetic and principled politician. Two years after moving to Moscow, he became a member of the highest governing body of the party - the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee.

In March 1985 M.S. Gorbachev was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. With the advent of Gorbachev to power in the USSR, a process of democratization began, which was called "perestroika" (1985-1991). Glasnost became the driving force behind perestroika. A program was being developed to transfer the economy to a socially oriented market basis. There was a dismantling of the totalitarian regime in the USSR. In 1990, power was transferred from the CPSU to the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, the first parliament in Soviet history. alternatively elected in free democratic elections. On March 15, 1990, the Congress elected Gorbachev as President of the USSR. In international relations, Gorbachev pursued an active policy of detente based on the principles of "new thinking" he formulated and became one of the key figures in world politics in the 20th century. During 1985-1991, there was a radical change in relations between the West and the USSR - a transition from military and ideological confrontation to dialogue and the formation of partnership relations. Gorbachev's activities played a decisive role in ending the Cold War, the nuclear arms race, and the unification of Germany. In recognition of the great merits of MS Gorbachev as an outstanding reformer, a world-class politician who made a unique contribution to changing the very nature of international development for the better, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (October 15, 1990). Destructive processes that the fledgling democracy could not resist led to the August 1991 coup and the collapse of the USSR. In an effort to prevent such an outcome, Gorbachev did everything possible - with the exception of the use of force, which would be contrary to the basic principles of his political philosophy and morality. December 25, 1991 MS Gorbachev resigned as head of state.

After retiring, in 1992 M.S. Gorbachev created the International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Science Research (Gorbachev-Fund), becoming its president. The Gorbachev Foundation is a research center, a platform for public discussions, and implements humanitarian projects and charity events. After the death of Raisa Maksimovna Gorbacheva (August 20, 1999), a large role in the life of Mikhail Sergeyevich continues to be played by the family - daughter Irina, granddaughters Xenia and Anastasia, great-granddaughter Alexander. Since 1999, Irina Mikhailovna Gorbacheva-Virganskaya has been the Vice President of the Gorbachev Foundation. In 1993 M.S. Gorbachev, on the initiative of representatives of 108 countries, founded the international non-governmental environmental organization International Green Cross. This organization aims to inform the public about environmental issues, educate a new environmental consciousness, overcome the environmental consequences of the Cold War and the arms race. Pluses and minuses of Gorbachev's rule National organizations of the International Green Cross work in 23 countries of the world. M.S. Gorbachev is one of the initiators of the creation in 1999 of the Forum of Nobel Peace Prize Laureates. At the annual meetings of the Forum, global problems of concern to mankind are discussed: violence and wars, problems of poverty, and the ecological crisis. In 2001-2009 M.S. Gorbachev served as Russian co-chair of the Petersburg Dialogue Forum, a regular meeting between Russia and Germany that takes place alternately in both countries. Politicians, public figures, representatives of business circles, youth participate in the Forum events. On May 21, 2010, Luxembourg hosted the first meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board of the New Policy Forum, at which a board of founders headed by M.S. Gorbachev was formed. This is a new international organization created by M.S. Gorbachev and continuing the mission of the World Policy Forum (2003-2009) - a platform for informal discussion of topical issues of global politics by the most authoritative political and public leaders from around the world. M.S. Gorbachev takes an active part in the political life of Russia: during the 1996 elections, he was one of the candidates for the post of President of the Russian Federation. M.S. Gorbachev, is a staunch social democrat, the founder of the Russian United Social Democratic Party and the Social Democratic Party of Russia (2001-2007), the all-Russian public movement "Union of Social Democrats" (formed in the fall of 2007. ), the Civil Dialogue Forum (2010).

MS Gorbachev characterizes his political credo as follows: “... I tried to combine politics with science, morality, morality, and responsibility to people. For me it was a matter of principle. It was necessary to put a limit to the rampant desires of the rulers, their tyranny. I did not succeed in everything, but I do not think that this approach was erroneous. Without this, it is difficult to expect that politics will be able to fulfill its unique role, especially today, when we have entered a new century, when we are facing dramatic challenges.”

For the period since 1992, M.S. Gorbachev made over 250 international visits, visiting 50 countries. He has been awarded more than 300 state and public awards, diplomas, certificates of honor and distinctions. Since 1992 M.S. Gorbachev published dozens of books in 10 languages ​​of the world. Pros and Cons of Gorbachev's Rule

Rejoice in what you have and who you are, be generous in the disposal of both - and you will never have to chase after happiness.

The pros and cons of Gorbachev's rule The choice of religion by the people is always determined by its rulers. the true religion is always the one professed by the sovereign; the true god is the god whom the sovereign orders to worship; thus, the will of the clergy, which leads the sovereigns, always turns out to be the will of God himself. Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich was born in the village. free (Stavropol Territory) On March 2, 1931, his father, Sergei Gorbachev, was Ukrainian, and his mother, Maria Gopkalo, was Ukrainian, which is the reason for the special tolerance of the future politician in the national question. Mikhail, while still a teenager, worked on the collective farm and in the MTS, to his parents, since the family lived modestly. At the age of fifteen, Mikhail Sergeevich becomes a combine operator. pros and cons of Gorbachev's rule At the age of 19, Gorbachev joins the ranks of candidates for the CPSU, having received patronage from teachers and the director of his school. in 1950, Mikhail Sergeevich enters the Moscow State University without any exams, and three years later he marries Raisa Mikhailovna Titarenko, with whom he will live in a happy marriage until his death (in 1952, Mikhail Sergeevich joins the Communist Party. in 1968, in August, Gorbachev elected first secretary of the CPSU of the Stavropol Regional Committee, holding this position until April 1970. Gorbachev was appointed a member of the Supreme Council since 1970. While in power, Mikhail Sergeevich carried out many different reforms, due to which the CPSU collapsed and, as well as the monopoly of the CPSU was destroyed Although Gorbachev's actions were often criticized by politicians for inconsistency of actions, for an attempt to preserve socialism and the former centrally planned one, in 1862 (May 15) a company was created to combat unemployed workers, the question was raised about the fight against drivers, tutors, flower sellers, etc. on the other hand, Gorbachev is partly credited for increasing the life expectancy, the working capacity of the population and the reduction of crimes motivated by alcohol intoxication. On May 17, 1985, the anti-alcohol campaign came into force. the pros and cons of Gorbachev's rule because of this innovation, alcohol prices increased by 45%, vineyards were cut down, and sugar in stores used by craftsmen for home brewing also disappeared, which is to sell this product only with coupons. as a result of Gorbachev's reforms, in 1989 many goods disappeared from stores, there was a hidden inflation, the introduction, as already mentioned, of cards for a certain group of goods. the hard life of the majority of citizens to the decline in the birth rate, which was observed until 2001. under Mikhail Sergeyevich, troops were withdrawn from Afghanistan, which was positively received by many compatriots. but in 1986, the facts of the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant 26 were partially hidden, such "mystery" left a negative imprint on the politician's biography. at the end of 1991, Gorbachev resigned, voluntarily relinquishing his powers as head. however, five years later (1996), Mikhail Sergeevich becomes chairman of the board of the international green cross. in 2011, on his 80th birthday, Mikhail Sergeevich received the award of St. Andrew the First-Called. do not judge a person by what views he holds, but judge by what he has achieved with them.

Answer posted by: Guest

after the defeat of the troops in the battle of Friedland in June 1807, Alexander I concluded peace with Napoleon, according to which he pledged to join the continental blockade. by agreement with Napoleon, Russia took Finland from Sweden and made a number of other acquisitions!

Answer posted by: Guest

field of mars - a square in the center of st. petersburg, later tsaritsyn meadow. it hosted military parades.

architects: i.a. fomin, l.v. rudnev

the memorial was created in 1917-1919

Answer posted by: Guest

Middle Ages - knights

in the Middle Ages, it was customary to admire and idealize beautiful women and the exploits of knights. in those days, poet-knights from the French city of Provence were popular. then poets were called troubadours. The main theme of the troubadours from Provence was love. they wrote about unrequited love, the loyalty of a knight to his death, or about the torment of a knight when a beauty left them. but in Germany it is customary to call poets minnesingers. translated from the language it means the singer of love. Walther von der Vogelweide was the most famous Minnesinger.

but besides love, the theme of heroes and their exploits was popular. poems on this subject were read during feasts in castles. it is worth noting that many works were based on real personalities who performed a feat. True, the speakers added more and more new details to the fact over time. it turned out that most of it was invented. but the main purpose of such verses was to glorify fidelity to the lord, courage, determination, nobility and readiness to give life for the church. the real hits of the 12th and 13th centuries were the Nibelungenlied and the Rolandian. a few words about the last story. Roland was the nephew of Charlemagne. he became famous for not taking his own life in order to save the king. he accomplished his feat during a campaign against Spain. about the Nibelungs tells of Siegfried's true love for Princess Kriemhild. Siegfried was killed by a traitor among his own vassals. Kriemhilde avenged her vassal for the murder.

novels were also popular. the main difference from poems and songs was that novels are mostly fictional. it is not uncommon for a knight in a novel to fight a sorcerer or a huge dragon and be sure to defeat them. the knight was always rewarded for his exploits with beautiful love. among the popular novels of that time, the legends of King Arthur and the story of the lovers Tristan and Iseult with a tragic ending should be singled out. at the heart of the last novel is the contradiction of the knight between duty and love, as well as an oath and feelings for. Since the novels were popular, there were many storytellers. Chretien de trois was still considered the most popular.

72. Foreign policy of the country in 1985–1991

During the years of perestroika, the foreign policy of the USSR changed dramatically, which resulted in the prevention of the threat of nuclear war, on the one hand, and the collapse of the socialist system, on the other.

"New Political Thinking". AT 1987 M.S. Gorbachev announced the policy new political thinking". The leaders of this course were the head of the USSR Foreign Ministry E. A. Shevardnadze(born 1928) and member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU A.N. Yakovlev(1923–2005).

Basic principles " new political thinking»:

1. Easing tension between East and West, eliminating the split of the world into two hostile systems - socialist and capitalist, recognizing the world as one and interdependent.

2. The use in resolving international issues is not the balance of power between the two systems, but the balance of their interests.

3. Rejection of the principle of proletarian (socialist) internationalism, recognition of the priority of universal human values ​​over others (class, national, ideological).

4. Settlement of regional conflicts (in Afghanistan, etc.).

5. Expansion of economic ties with all states.

The implementation of this course in some areas had positive consequences, in others it led to failures.

USSR and USA. During the annual meetings M.S. Gorbachev with the US President R. Reagan, then D. Bush Sr. agreements were signed on the destruction of medium and short-range missiles (1987) and on the limitation of strategic offensive weapons (1991 - agreement on START-1). The reduction of nuclear weapons began - however, mainly due to the elimination of Soviet missiles.

In 1989, the foreign ministers of 33 European states, the United States and Canada adopted Vienna Declaration on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Then negotiations were held in Vienna between the member states of the Warsaw Treaty Organization and NATO on the reduction of conventional armed forces from the Atlantic to the Urals. Hotbeds of international tension and local conflicts have been eliminated. By 1989, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan was carried out. The II Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR recognized the Afghan war as a political mistake.

USSR and Japan. In 1991, during a visit to Tokyo, M.S. Gorbachev officially recognized the existence of a territorial issue - the state ownership of the four Kuril Islands.

Relations between the USSR and China . After Moscow fulfilled the conditions of China (the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan and Mongolia, and the Vietnamese from Cambodia), during Gorbachev's visit to China in 1989, agreements were signed between the two powers on political, economic and cultural cooperation, on border trade.

The collapse of the socialist camp. "Velvet Revolutions". In 1989, a hasty (and socially unsecured) withdrawal of troops from Soviet bases in Central and Eastern Europe began. This caused the rapid collapse of the socialist camp. In 1989–1990 in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria there were bloodless (soft, or "velvet") revolutions. Power passed peacefully from the communist parties to the national democratic forces. The exception was Romania, where bloody clashes took place. Romanian dictator N. Ceausescu in 1989 he was overthrown and publicly shot along with his wife.

In Yugoslavia, the fall of the communist regime led to the collapse of the country. Croatia and Slovenia declared themselves independent republics. Hostilities broke out in Bosnia and Herzegovina between Serbian, Croatian and Muslim communities.

The countries of the former socialist camp have taken a course towards moving away from the USSR and rapprochement with the West. They expressed their readiness to join NATO and the Common Market. In 1991, the CMEA and the Department of Internal Affairs were dissolved. The socialist community ceased to exist.

German unification . In 1989, the communist leader of the GDR E. Honecker resigned. The Berlin Wall, which served as a symbol of ideological confrontation in Europe, was destroyed. In 1990, at negotiations with the German Chancellor G. Kolem M. Gorbachev agreed to the creation of a single German state and the entry of a single Germany into NATO. In August 1990, the GDR became part of the FRG and ceased to exist as a sovereign state.

The fall of the international prestige of the USSR. Left without old allies and without acquiring new ones, the USSR lost the initiative in international affairs and entered the fairway of the foreign policy of the NATO countries. The worsening economic situation in the USSR prompted the Gorbachev administration to turn in 1990-1991. for financial support to the leading powers of the world ("big seven") - the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan. The West provided the USSR with humanitarian aid in the form of food and medicine. Serious financial assistance did not follow. In 1991, under the Baker-Shevardnadze agreement, the USSR donated to the United States maritime territorial waters in the Pacific Ocean with an area of ​​four Poland. Positions of the USSR in the world in 1985–1991. weakened sharply.

The policy of the USSR in the countries of the "third" world. The USSR, which experienced great economic difficulties, in the second half. 1980s ceased intervention in conflicts in Angola, Mozambique, Ethiopia, Cambodia, Nicaragua and other "hot spots". Economic and military aid to developing countries has been drastically reduced. regime was abolished aparteandYes(racial discrimination) in South Africa. In 1990, the USSR condemned Iraq's aggression against Kuwait and advocated the use of force against the aggressor, supporting the Desert Storm operation undertaken by the US against Iraq. Thus, for the first time, the USSR took a common position with the West in a regional conflict.

The results of the "new political thinking": pros and cons.

pros: -improved relations with the West, strengthened international security, detente;

There was an awareness of the world as a single whole, in which there should be no place for the threat of mutual destruction, the use of military force;

An entire class of nuclear missile weapons was destroyed;

The USSR got rid of the unbearable burden of the arms race and confrontation with the West. The world has become safer, the threat of a new war has disappeared;

Economic cooperation with the West expanded;