Nature, plants and animals of Khakassia. Fauna of Khakassia creative work of students around the world (grade 2) on the topic What animals are in Khakassia

21.04.2020

Geography

The Republic of Khakassia is located in the southern part of eastern Siberia, on the territories of the Sayano-Altai highlands and the Khakass-Minusinsk basin. On the western side, the Republic borders on the Kemerovo Region, the border runs along the Kuznetsk Alatau. From the south, along the Western Sayan, there is a border with the Republic of Altai and the Republic of Tuva. On the eastern side, along the Yenisei River and in the north, Khakassia borders on the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The length of Khakassia from north to south is 460 km, from west to east 200 km, the area is 61,900 sq. km, which is only 0.36% of the area of the Russian Federation. The population of Khakassia is 560 thousand people, the capital is the city of Abakan with a population of 180 thousand people.

The prevailing terrain in the center and in the northern part of Khakassia is steppe and forest-steppe with low mountains. The western part is composed of forested ridges of the Kuznetsk Alatau with an average height of about 1000 meters. The southern part of the republic is the rocky peaks of the Western Sayan with heights up to 2900 meters. Mountains and forests occupy more than 2/3 of the republic's area. The steppe zones located in the center of Khakassia are represented both by hills with meadow herbs and by absolutely flat dry steppes. The largest rivers of Khakassia are the Yenisei, Abakan, Bely Iyus, Askiz, Chulym. There are more than 500 lakes in Khakassia, among which the most famous and visited are the salt lakes of the Shirinsky district - Shira, Bele, Tus.

Khakassia differs from other regions of Russia in its special climate. The climate in Khakassia is sharply continental, with dry hot summers and cold winters with little snow. The average daily air temperature in July is +18 +25°С, in January -17 -24°С. Spring is short and friendly, autumn is long. The temperature and vegetation depend on the altitudinal zone - year-round glaciers and tundra vegetation are observed in the highlands, a developed taiga zone is in the middle mountains, fruit trees grow beautifully in the lowlands on the southern slopes of the mountains: apricot, pear, grapes ... The number of sunny days in the republic is much higher than in neighboring regions. As a rule, the steppe regions are dry and sunny, prolonged precipitation is observed only in the mountains. Due to such climate features, recreational holidays in Khakassia are especially pleasant in the summer, a large number of warm healing lakes and sunny days attract many tourists. In winter, skiing is popular in the mountainous regions of the republic. The winds of Khakassia are predominantly western and southwestern, blowing in spring and autumn.

Flora and fauna

The vegetation of Khakassia includes more than one and a half thousand species of higher plants. Of particular value in Khakassia are cedar forests, which make up 29% of the total forest fund, as well as medicinal meadow plants. The animal world is represented by various species typical of Southern Siberia. Particularly valuable species of large animals are the red wolf, snow leopard and argali mountain sheep; fish - taimen, lenok, peled, trout, Siberian sturgeon, migratory birds - demoiselle crane, flamingos and other species of rare and endangered animals are listed in the Red Book. For the protection of nature on the territory of the Republic, the Khakassky Federal Reserve was created, consisting of 9 sites covering various natural zones, as well as one natural park, 5 reserves, 5 natural monuments, which are managed by the Directorate for Protected Areas. The unique flora and fauna give Khakassia a unique flavor that attracts lovers of wildlife and eco-tourism who are looking for fresh experiences in their travels.

The conditions for the life of animals in Khakassia are diverse, therefore, the animal world is rich and diverse. I love reading about animals and I'm interested in everything related to them. Here you can meet the white partridge - an inhabitant of the Far North. In appearance, it resembles a chicken. In winter it is white, imperceptible in the snow, in summer it is motley. In summer, partridges feed on various herbs, and in winter - on the buds of shrubs.

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Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution

"Spring secondary school"

Animal world of Khakassia.

Performed:

2nd grade student

Borchikova Diana

Leader: Vyazovkina

Lyudmila Vladimirovna

C. Spring-2014

Our forests are especially rich in animals and birds. Elk, squirrel, sable, deer, roe deer and bear are found in them.

Squirrel - a small furry animal, lives in coniferous forests, feeds on pine nuts, seeds of pine, spruce, fir and larch, berries and tree buds. She is constantly busy looking for food. For this squirrel, it either descends to the ground, or climbs a tree, or nimbly jumps from branch to branch. As soon as he feels that there is not enough food, he begins to move. Many squirrels die while crossing large rivers.

On the cedar, the squirrel quickly gnaws and throws cones with nuts to the ground, cuts the cone and eats the nuts.

After lunch, he starts harvesting nuts for the winter, hiding them in a hollow or at the base of trees. They hunt squirrels in late autumn and winter. Not only squirrels and martens feast on pine nuts. But also bears, chipmunks.

Lynx, Siberian ibex, musk deer, and ermine live in the mountain forest regions of the Western Sayan Mountains and the Kuznetsk Alatau.

The elk is the largest of the deer. The body length of an adult male reaches 3 meters. Females differ from males in smaller sizes and do not have horns. The horns of the male have a well-developed paw, an expanded part and a different number of processes: the color of the elk is dark brown. The legs are long, thin, with large hooves, narrow and long, pointed at the bottom and set almost straight. He runs with wide two-meter steps, deftly maneuvering between trees, can overcome swamps, deep and loose snow. The elk will easily pass where the horse will definitely get stuck. Moose feeds on leaves, shoots and young branches of trees and succulent herbs, young needles. Moose are under special state protection.

Maral - artiodactyl beautiful, slender, mobile animal. It has a small, somewhat elongated head, in males it is decorated with branched horns, with more or less processes. The deer's neck is moderately long; a mane of longer and coarser hair grows on it on both sides. The chest is wide, strong, the tail is short. The color of the deer in winter is brownish-yellow and grayish-reddish. Maral feeds on herbaceous plants, nuts, mushrooms and shoots of shrubs and trees. The maral has a well-developed hearing. Fast legs save the deer from enemies. The deer's horns are of great value. The deer horns that are still not ossified and have not completed their growth are cut off and used in medicine for the manufacture of medicinal products. This animal is under state protection.

In the dense thickets of pine forests, on the hills, in the taiga, on the islands of the Abakan and Yenisei rivers, badgers live in their burrows. This is a clumsy fat animal with short legs and large claws, with a nose like a pig's snout. In the hole he is always clean. It feeds on insects, rodents, chicks and bird eggs. But you never see a badger deliberately tearing up the holes of rodents in order to prey on them for food. Feeding on worms, the larvae are subject to this protection.

The Bears - mammals of the order of carnivores, they are plantigrade animals, when walking they rely on the entire foot.The brown bear is a very large massive animal. The head of this beast is heavy, lobed,sits on a muscular neck.The lips, like the nose, are black, the eyes are small, deep-set. The tail is very short, completely hidden in the fur. The claws are long, up to 10 cm, especially on the front paws, but slightly curved. The bear is curious, he has poor eyesight, but good hearing and smell.Bears have great strength and endurance.The brown bear is a true omnivore, eating more vegetable than animal feed.; It feeds mainly on fruits, roots, honey, and fish.

It is most difficult for a bear to feed himself in early spring, when plant food is completely scarce. At this time of the year, he sometimes hunts even large ungulates, and also eats carrion. Then he digs up anthills, extracting larvae and the ants themselves.

At the beginning of the night, a dexterous and strong lynx comes out from under the uprooted trees or from under the rock, sweetly pulling up and silently stepping. Lynx bring great harm, destroying game animals: roe deer, musk deer, elk and deer.

The polecat comes out to hunt at night. It destroys mice and other rodent pests.

Ferret, long-tailed ground squirrel, steppe fox, jerboa live in the steppes. Ground squirrels cause great harm to crops. One gopher alone during the year can destroy several kilograms of grain. They need to be fought.

The most dangerous predator is the wolf. Wolves live in packs. There are from 7 to 20 wolves in a pack.

The pack has its own territory, which it protects from the invasion of other packs. They hunt together, a pack of wolves can drive and slaughter an animal that a lone wolf cannot cope with. Wolves prey on deer, caribou, and smaller animals. Wolves can eat berries and rummage through garbage heaps.

In our area you can also meet the red fox. She is not whimsical in the choice of food. She is ready to eat almost everything that is available to her, not only small mammals, birds, eggs, worms, but also seasonal fruits like blueberries, apples, even rose hips.

In 1938, 132 hare were brought to Khakassia from the Bashkir ASSR. Now the hare - hare settled in the steppe and forest-steppe zones. In winter, a large number of hares gather near settlements. And busy roads. Rusak leads a nocturnal lifestyle, with the onset of twilight he goes for prey. It feeds on small twigs of birches, young shoots of hawthorn. Willow or poplar twigs. It is subject to protection.

Hedgehog lives on the edges of deciduous forests, in thickets of shrubs. In summer, the hedgehog does not build dwellings. The hedgehog goes hunting at dusk and at night. You can hear how he puffs, snorts and stomps. The hedgehog feeds on beetles, caterpillars, eggs of small birds, sometimes it catches mice, snakes. Poisons have little effect on him, so he can even eat a viper.

A wild boar is a large animal, about one and a half meters long, up to a meter high and weighing up to 250 kg. The wild boar lives in a variety of places. They live in herds. The boar is an omnivore. He eats roots, plant bulbs, fruits, nuts, berries, grass, watermelons, mice. Eggs of birds, lizards. Wild boars dig a lot, loosen the soil, so where a herd of wild boars lives, there is always good vegetation

CONCLUSION

In the course of my work, I set goals and objectives for myself: to learn about what animals live in the rivers, steppes and forests of our area. The forest is full of life. It has many inhabitants. If you find a chick that has fallen out of the nest, do not take it. Mother will find, feed and warm. Do not take anything alive from the forest home. Look at nature with the kind eyes of man.

I came to the conclusion that animals need to be protected, there are very few of them left. Many animals are listed in the Red Book.

I would like to end my speech with the words of E. Yevtushko

Take care of these lands, these waters,

Even a small bylinochku loving.

Take care of all animals

inside nature,

Kill only animals

Inside yourself.

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MBOU "Spring secondary school" Fauna of Khakassia. Completed by: 2nd grade student Diana Borchikova Supervisor: Vyazovkina L.V. Performed

The beast is huge, The beast is fat, The beast is clumsy furry. The eyes are like slits, the tail is short only. He spends the winter in a lair, in the summer he wanders through the forest. The bear is curious, he has poor eyesight, but good hearing and smell. Bears have great strength and endurance. The brown bear is a real omnivore, eating more vegetable than animal feed; It feeds mainly on fruits, roots, honey, and fish.

I'm jumping back and forth Deftly through the trees. Never empty. I have a pantry.. Squirrel is a small furry animal, lives in coniferous forests, feeds on pine nuts, pine, spruce, fir and larch seeds, berries and tree buds. She is constantly busy looking for food.

Runs through the snow - winds. By the summer, he changes his coat. It is not visible on the snow, The wolf and the fox are offended. Now the hare - the hare settled in the steppe and forest-steppe zones. In winter, a large number of hares gather near settlements. And busy roads. Rusak leads a nocturnal lifestyle, with the onset of twilight he goes for prey. It feeds on small twigs of birches, young shoots of hawthorn. Willow or poplar twigs. It is subject to protection.

Angry touchy Lives in the wilderness of the forest There are a lot of needles, And not a single thread. Hedgehog lives on the edges of deciduous forests, in thickets of shrubs. In summer, the hedgehog does not build dwellings. The hedgehog goes hunting at dusk and at night. You can hear how he puffs, snorts and stomps. The hedgehog feeds on beetles, caterpillars, eggs of small birds, sometimes it catches mice, snakes. Poisons have little effect on him, so he can even eat a viper

Red cheat Cunning, dexterous. Fluffy tail - beauty, And her name is ... (fox) In our area you can also meet a red fox. She is not whimsical in the choice of food. She is ready to eat almost everything that is available to her, not only small mammals, birds, eggs, worms, but also seasonal fruits like blueberries, apples, even rose hips.

A wild beast runs along the path, then it grunts, squeals, a caravan of children is with it, it is a forest beast .... A wild boar is a large animal, about one and a half meters long, up to a meter high and weighing up to 250 kg. The wild boar lives in a variety of places. They live in herds. The boar is an omnivore. He eats roots, plant bulbs, fruits, nuts, berries, grass, watermelons, mice. Eggs of birds, lizards. Wild boars dig a lot, loosen the soil, so where a herd of wild boars lives, there is always good vegetation

Day and night he roams the forest, Day and night he searches for prey. He walks - he wanders in silence, Ears are gray upright. (wolf) The most dangerous predator is the wolf. Wolves live in packs. There are from 7 to 20 wolves in a pack. The pack has its own territory, which it protects from the invasion of other packs. They hunt together, a pack of wolves can drive and slaughter an animal that a lone wolf cannot cope with. Wolves prey on deer, caribou, and smaller animals. Wolves can eat berries and rummage through garbage heaps.

Touching the grass with his hooves, A handsome man walks through the forest. He walks boldly and easily, his horns spread wide. The elk is the largest of the deer. The body length of an adult male reaches 3 meters. Females differ from males in smaller sizes and do not have horns. The horns of the male have a well-developed paw, an expanded part and a different number of processes: the color of the elk is dark brown. Moose feeds on leaves, shoots and young branches of trees and succulent herbs, young needles. Moose are under special state protection.

Less than a tiger, more than a cat, Above the ears of the brush - horns. In appearance meek, but do not believe: This beast is terrible in anger. At the beginning of the night, a dexterous and strong lynx comes out from under the uprooted trees or from under the rock, sweetly pulling up and silently stepping. Lynxes bring great harm, destroying game animals: roe deer, musk deer, elk and deer. The lynx watches for its prey, jumping from behind a shelter. Able to pursue the victim for a long time. The lynx is listed in the international Red Book and is protected by law.

The fauna of the republic almost completely reflects the nature and animals of the unique reserve located on its territory.

Fauna of Khakassy Reserve

Fish. In the steppe and adjacent areas of the reserve (protected zones), 32 species of fish were noted, of which 8 species were acclimatized before the creation of the reserve (chum salmon, trout, peled, bream, Siberian cisco, cisco, carp, pike perch; top was accidentally introduced). Many acclimatized species found themselves in favorable conditions. Thus, bream, peled, and omul successfully spawn in Lake Itkul. The population of chum salmon and trout on Lake Bele is replenished by the release of artificially incubated fry. Of the native species, the most common are perch, pike, crucian carp, roach, lake minnow, etc. A population of river perch lives in Lake Bele, adapted to live in salt water. Moreover, their average weight is 1-1.5 kg, and individual specimens reach up to 3-4 kg.

In the Krasnoyarsk reservoir (in the buffer zone of the “Oglakhtyv” section), bream, perch, crucian carp are massive, grayling, lenok, and taimen are less common. Sterlet, Siberian sturgeon, tugun and valek can be met even less often (these species are listed in the Red Book of Khakassia).

Amphibians. 4 species of amphibians have been noted. The moor and Siberian frogs are more common, while the common toad and Siberian salamander are rare.

Reptiles. In the areas of the reserve there are 6 species, of which the most numerous are the viviparous and agile lizards, as well as the common viper. Rare are the patterned snake, Pallas muzzle, listed in the Red Book of the Republic.

Birds. In the steppe areas of the reserve, 244 species of birds belonging to 18 orders were noted, which is 79% of the bird species recorded in the Minusinsk Basin. The most widely represented are the orders of Passerines, Charadriiformes and Anseriformes. According to the type of fauna, a significant number of birds belong to the transpaleoarctic (26%), European (22%), Siberian (48%) types.

57 species are listed in the Red Book of Khakassia, of which 27 species are in the Red Book of Russia, and more than 20 species are rare for Eurasia.

Mammals. For the steppe part of the reserve, 52 species of mammals were identified, of which three are acclimatized (hare, American mink, muskrat).

In the seven steppe areas of the Khakassky Reserve, four main types of ecological and faunal complexes have been identified.

On plains and gentle slopes, occupied mainly by grass-forb steppes and upland meadows, the species composition of terrestrial vertebrates is rather poor. The number of viviparous and nimble lizard, common viper is insignificant, muzzle is rare. More than 50 species of birds have been recorded, most of which are visiting birds that use habitats for food purposes (swallows, swifts, starlings, corvids). The number of nesting species is about 20, but there are few background species among them (field, horned and little larks, common wheatear and dancer, steppe and field pipits). In feather grass and grass-forb steppes, quail and bearded partridge become common, especially their numbers increased after the conservation. In areas with tall, hard-stemmed plants, the black-headed coinage nests, less often the warbler. Short-eared owl, demoiselle crane, mallard, pintail, less often gray duck settle near reservoirs. The shelduck and shelduck nest in the burrows of foxes. The solonetsous pikulnikova steppe attracts lapwing, yellow wagtail, and saja flies to areas of deserted steppes and nests here. In winter, red-eared bunting and horned lark dominate. Snow bunting is less common, Rough-legged Rough-legged Buzzard and Snowy Owl are even rarer. On the Bele site, snowy owls are quite common in some years (up to 50 individuals per 10 km of the route).

Of the small mammals, the steppe lemming and the narrow-skulled vole are numerous, the field mouse, the long-tailed ground squirrel, and the Dzungarian hamster are common. The usual inhabitants are the hare and the fox, the steppe polecat is less common and the badger is even less common. Roe deer and wolf feed here, especially in winter.

Steep and hilly-ridged slopes, areas of rugged relief and low-mountain massifs are characterized by rocky outcrops, stony-gravelly screes. In such peculiar conditions, a rather high number of reptiles is noted, the number of snake and muzzle increases. More than 30 species of birds have been noted for nesting. The most diverse species composition and a high number of birds are observed in stony steppes with rock outcrops, steppe shrubs and isolated larches. Typical species are the common wheatear, horned lark, and red-eared bunting. The field lark, the dancing wheatear, and the bearded partridge are also common. In the niches of the rocks, a large number of tree sparrows, white-banded swifts, and less often black ones nest. Common bald-headed, common and steppe kestrel (nesting only in rock niches), jackdaws, rock pigeon, chough. The peregrine falcon, ruddy shelduck, eagle owl, and less often saker falcons also build their nests here. In areas of larch woodlands, garden and white-capped buntings appear for nesting. The bushes are common gray warbler, brown warbler, linnet, shrike.

Mammals are represented by the same species as in the plain areas. As a very rare species, the silver vole is found. Chiroptera are common in rock niches (pond, water and mustachioed bats, long-eared bats, northern kozhanok, two-colored kozhyan).

The tree and shrub complex occupies 14% of the territory. It is most widely distributed in the areas “Podlistvenki”, “Oglakhty” and “Khol-Bogazv”. The population of animals depends on the density of forest layers, the conditions of protection and remoteness from the taiga massifs.

Reptiles are represented by lizards and vipers, only in the steppe bushes a patterned snake is added to them. The species composition of birds in the complex is quite rich, only there are more than 80 nesting species. Ordinary lentil, magpie, linnet, gray warbler, brown warbler, oak forest are common, less common are the shrike, whitethroats - the hawk and garden, garden bunting, chiffchaff, as well as the common cuckoo, which specializes in lining its eggs in the nests of the black-headed coin , sometimes even in the steppe, far from the forest (reported by N.A. Kokhanovsky).

In small pegs, the bird population is almost the same, only the number of nesting corvids and the common kestrel and hobby fowl that occupy their nests increases significantly. In the copses over one hectare, the forest pipit, chaffinch, oriole, redstart, redthroat nightingale, fieldfare, white-browed, powdery, grey-headed goldfinch, black grouse, long-eared owl appear. In large areas of forest (birch-larch) there are purely forest species - nuthatch, Muscovite, taiga cricket, long-tailed tit, great spotted and white-backed woodpeckers, hazel grouse, capercaillie, splyushka, pygmy owl, long-tailed owl, forest snipe.

Of the birds of prey, the black kite is common, hawks - the sparrowhawk and the goshawk nest less often, the imperial eagle and the saker falcon are even rarer.

Of the mammals, the mouse-like rodents are the most numerous. To the common vole and the field mouse are added the dark vole, the housekeeper, the red and red-gray voles, the Asiatic forest mouse, the baby mouse, the steppe and forest mice. On the edges of the forest and in glades, a mole is common, and in plantations - shrews, of which the common and arctic shrews are the most widespread. There are more ermine, weasels, badgers, white hare, chipmunk, Siberian weasels appear. There are roe deer and wolves (2-3 broods). Quite often, during the period of migrations of the squirrel, its appearance is noted in the areas “Podlistvenkiv” and “Khol-Bogazv”.

Meadow-marsh complex is typical for the areas “Lake Itkulv”, “Podlistvenki”, “Lake Shirav” and “Kamyzyak steppe”. The most widespread are valley marshy and saline meadows, less often valley real ones. Valley soddy-sedge, reed and reed bogs are widespread in the floodplain of the river. Kizilka and the mouth of the river. Dream. Often there are thickets of low-growing forms of willows with a small participation of downy birch. In the vicinity of Lake Ulug-Kol, continental sedge saline bogs develop.

Amphibians are represented by 3 species, of which the moor frog is numerous, the Siberian frog and the toad are less common. The composition of reptiles is rather poor. There is a viper, less often - already.

The bird population is quite diverse. The yellow wagtail, skylark (in meadows), and badger warbler (in bushes) are numerous everywhere. Common are the garden warbler, black-headed coinage, bluethroat, spotted cricket, Indian warbler, snipe, great snipe, lapwing, herbalist, corncrake, less common yellow-headed wagtail, lentil, thrush-shaped warbler, steppe pipit, curlew, demoiselle crane, quail, shepherds, chase. Field and marsh harriers are common, meadow and steppe harriers are less common. All types of river ducks nest in the mass. 2 pairs of Eurasian Cranes, 3-4 pairs of Bitterns nest on the vast swamps in the “Podlistvenki” site, and a Black Crane was seen on migration. In the spring, Turukhtans (separate pairs nest) and other waders stop en masse on migration. Mammals are less diverse. Mouse-like rodents predominate, of which narrow-skulled and water voles are the most numerous. On the “Podlistvenki” site, under the protection of extensive shrubs and reeds, there is a population of roe deer, which lives there all year round. In winter, hare and fox are common.

Reservoirs and their coasts occupy 12% of the territory. In addition to such large lakes as Itkul, Shira, Bele, Ulug-Kol, there are a number of small lakes on the territory of the sites. The banks of small rivers and lakes are mostly swampy and occupied by sedge-reed thickets. Aquatic vegetation is well developed. On large lakes, the shores are mostly sandy, sandy-gravelly or muddy, and only in shallow bays are they overgrown with reeds.

On the lake Ulug-Kol in the post-breeding period there are up to 50-80 broods of ruddy shelduck, shelducks - up to 20-30; up to 80-100 pairs of Avocets nest there (50% of the population nesting in Central Siberia), Demoiselle Crane - up to 5 pairs; as well as many red-headed pochards, pintails, gray ducks, cracked teals, shovelers, herbalists, small and sea plovers, curlews, etc.

In August, an accumulation of waterfowl and near-water birds with a total number of 5-8 thousand individuals forms on the lake. Massive are shelducks (3-4 thousand), red-headed pochards (2-3 thousand), river ducks (1-2 thousand), shelducks (0.3-0.6 thousand), avocets (0.4- 0.5 thousand), gray gulls (0.3-0.4 thousand).

During the spring and autumn migrations, the lake is an intermediate stage for the passage of thousands of ducks, geese, swans and especially waders. Small swan (3-3.5 thousand), whooper swan (up to 1 thousand), gray goose, goose, taiga goose, white-fronted goose, white-fronted goose make a long stop on the lake (one-time accumulations of 1-2 thousand individuals are noted) , snails of various types - in the peaks of flight up to 8-11 thousand. Of the rare species, the swan grouse, white-headed duck, large and Asian snipe-like godwit, saja, common crane were noted; even rarer - black stork and spoonbill. According to the data of the Krasnoyarsk Ecological Center, 28% of the lesser swan out of the abundance of the western subspecies flies through Lake Ulug-Kol, and 15% of the total number of the species.

Breeding on Lake Bele: whooper swan (1-2 pairs, but not annually), hook-nosed scoter (15-20 pairs), shelduck (20-30 pairs), shelduck (5-10 pairs), a small number of river and diving ducks (in high-water years - massively), gull (10-15 pairs), black-headed gull (not annually), gray gull (10-15 pairs), demoiselle crane (2-5 pairs), various types of waders, common and steppe kestrels, eagle owls, etc. In the summer, non-breeding individuals of shelducks (up to 100-200 individuals), shelducks, river and diving ducks (up to 500), belladonnas (up to 10-15), various types of waders keep on the lake; in some years there are (as stray) great white herons, flamingos, and white-headed ducks. In August-September, a pre-migratory accumulation of shelducks up to 4-5 thousand, belladonnas up to 50-120 individuals is formed here. During the migration period, various species of ducks, shorebirds, geese (mainly bean goose and gray, less often white-fronted, lesser white-fronted, lesser white-fronted goose, taiga goose and even more rarely swan goose, red-breasted goose), swans (whooper and small) stop in large numbers. On the autumn migration, the common crane stays for a short time - 0.5-1 thousand individuals. Thus, Lake Ulug-Kol and the shallow strait of Lake Bele are the most important key ornithological territories in Russia and Asia (Skokova and Vinogradov, 1986; Wetlands of Russia, vol. 1-2, 1998; Reserves of Siberia, vol. 1, 1999).

Mountain-taiga territories of the Republic of Khakassia

As for the steppe areas, only information about vertebrates is given here.

There are 11 species of fish in the reserve. The most common are grayling, lenok, less often taimen. There are also common minnow, Siberian minnow, Siberian char, Siberian and variegated sculpin, Siberian dace, burbot and Siberian spike.

There are 3 species of amphibians here - Siberian frog, common toad and Siberian salamander (four-toed newt). Of the reptiles, viviparous and agile lizards, as well as an ordinary viper, were identified.

139 species of birds were noted in the mountainous area, of which 27 are sedentary and semi-sedentary, 89 are migratory and nesting, 6 are nesting and irregularly wintering, 6 are migratory, encountered in the summer, but the nature of the stay is unclear - 11 species . There are 30 species of birds listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia, of which 18 species are listed in the Red Book of Russia, and 7 species are rare for Europe and Asia.

50 species of mammals were found here: 7 species of insectivores, 8 species of bats, 3 species of lagomorphs, 13 species of rodents, 13 predators and 6 artiodactyls. Two species appeared relatively recently: the American mink, as a result of acclimatization in 1955, and the wild boar, which began to populate the northern macroslope of the Western Sayan in the late 1970s. from Tuva. In addition to those listed above, there is information about the possibility of encounters near the southern borders of the site of red wolf, Siberian ibex and mountain sheep (argali). All these species, as well as two more of the permanent inhabitants, are included in the Red Book of Russia. Another 9 species of animals from among the inhabitants of the mountain-taiga area are included in the Red Book of Khakassia.

The main place in the composition of the fauna of terrestrial vertebrates of the “Small Abakan” site belongs to the inhabitants of mountain-taiga, mountain-forest-meadow and mountain-tundra landscapes, the participation of species of water and rock complexes is insignificant. Three main landscape subdivisions are considered below, reflecting the altitudinal zonality of a given area.

The mid-mountain dark coniferous taiga includes taiga and subalpine cedar forests, fir, cedar-fir, dark coniferous larch, dark coniferous deciduous, birch and floodplain mixed forests, as well as burnt areas. This landscape is characterized by viviparous lizard and viper. Of the birds, the powdery, Muscovite, Nutcracker, Spruce Crossbill, Nuthatch, Warblers (Green, Kinglet, Chiffchaff and Thick-billed), Bluetail, which make up 83% of the bird population, dominate. Hazel grouse, capercaillie, woodcock, bile, three-toed and large motley woodpeckers, thrushes (motley, song, mistle, black-throated), bullfinch, nightingales (blue and whistle) are characteristic of these habitats. In the floodplain forests, the red-throated nightingale, the grey-headed bunting, the hawker, common lentil, crickets (taiga and spotted), forest snipe are added to them. In the subalpine-cedar forests, the mugimaki flycatcher, red-backed redstart, large lentil, Siberian lentil, grey-headed tit, warbler, and olive thrush are added to the characteristic species. The rivers in the taiga zone are dominated by the mountain wagtail, the carrier, the cherny, and the big merganser.

White-belt and black swifts also feed and nest on the coastal rocks. There is a small amount of mallard, goldeneye, large snail. The osprey and the black stork nest among the species listed in the Red Data Book. In the taiga and subalpine cedar forests in the upper reaches of the rivers, there is a peculiar habitat - "shrub caltuses". These are treeless, relatively leveled areas, occupied by dense and rather high (up to 1.5 m) thickets of shrubs - willows (goat, Sayan, basket), alder, low birch, shrub cinquefoil), among which there are single undersized spruces, cedars or fir. Sedge tussock bogs and forest lawns are also common here. Brown warbler, mountain wagtail, bluethroat, rubythroat nightingale, badger warbler, crickets (spotted and songbird) dominate. Common are the vociferous chiffchaff, chiffchaff, common lentil, warbler, garden warbler. There are also small numbers of black-headed coinage, dubrovnik, and yellow-headed wagtail.

Of the mammals in the mountain dark coniferous taiga, common species are shrews (common, arctic, even-toothed, medium, small, tiny shrews), voles (red and red-gray), alpine pika, chipmunk, squirrel, sable, while weasel, ermine, weasel , flying squirrels are comparatively rare.

Bats are very rare (bats - water, mustachioed and Brandda, brown long-eared, two-color leather, large tube-nosed; northern leather is more common). Among large animals, the brown bear, wolverine, lynx, musk deer, deer are typical, while elk and roe deer are relatively rare. In the mountains along the southern border of the site, meetings of small groups of Sayan reindeer are possible. In the floodplains of the rivers, the white hare, the American mink, and less often the otter are common. It is interesting to note the penetration of wolves into the mountain taiga, which practically did not occur here until 1980 (there were very rare visits). Appearing in winter in the places of deer camps, wolves reduce the number of deer (the total number of wolves does not yet exceed 10-15 individuals). The wild boar population density is growing noticeably (for example, along the Karasuma and Kabansug rivers). The number of sable is on average 10-12 individuals per 1000 ha, and in some areas it reaches 20 individuals per 1000 ha, especially in the years of the pine nut harvest. The reserve actively promotes the hunting of this species, thanks to the resettlement of sables from the reserve to adjacent territories. The abundance of sables, as well as squirrels, bears and some other species, significantly depends on the yield of cedar seeds. On the whole, there is a clear pattern: the population of "nuts" consumers increases after abundant harvests, and after a year or two, the increased number of such animals coincides with lean years, and the number of animals is sharply reduced. The squirrel migrates, the sable increases its activity in search of other food, among the bears “rods” may appear (in general, this phenomenon is not typical for the area of the reserve). The total number of brown bears is 80-100 individuals, with a population density of 1.1 individuals per 1000 ha. The population density of the wolverine in winter is 0.1-0.5 per 1000 ha, while that of the lynx is 0.7 per 1000 ha. However, the number of lynx is much higher, because. the main mass migrates after the ungulates in the low mountains. The winter concentration of the lynx is confined to the places of sludge of the musk deer, which forms the basis of the lynx's diet in the winter.

The bald cedar-fir light forest represents a mountain forest-meadow landscape, but the animal population there is very similar to that described for the "shrub caltus" of the middle taiga tier. The Siberian mole is added here to the previously listed species. Such typical animals as bear, deer, wild boar and roe deer visit the subbald belt mainly in late spring and summer, when they feed here on lush grassy vegetation.

The high mountain tundras of the Alpine belt also include various biotopes. The highest species composition and number of birds were noted in the shrub (dwarf birch) tundra. A small number of birds are found in lichen and moss tundras. Characteristic representatives are the mountain pipit, the golden eagle, the polar bunting, the tundra and ptarmigan, the spotted pipit, the hawker (pale, Himalayan, alpine), and the Siberian mountain finch. Of the mammals, a specific species for the highlands is the big-eared mountain vole. However, almost all the species indicated for the subalpine belt also penetrate into the biotopes of the highland zone, enter the tundra for feeding and for the sake of salvation from midges.

Among the birds, 32 species are included in the Red Book of Russia: spoonbill, black stork, flamingo, lesser (tundra) swan, lesser white-fronted goose, swan goose, red-throated goose, duck, osprey, steppe harrier, steppe eagle, greater spotted eagle, imperial eagle, golden eagle, long-tailed eagle , white-tailed eagle, bearded vulture, black vulture, griffon vulture, gyrfalcon, peregrine falcon, saker falcon, steppe kestrel, black crane, belladonna, avocet, stilt, Asiatic snipe-tailed godwit, black-headed gull, Siberian grebe, eagle owl, gray shrike.

From the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia on the territory of the reserve there are: patterned snake, Pallas muzzle, black-throated loon, grebes (small, black-necked, red-necked), great cormorant, bittern, great egret, whooper swan, gray goose, taiga goose, shelduck, killer whale , hawk-nosed scoter, crested honey buzzard, meadow harrier, upland buzzard, merlin, red-footed falcon, gray crane, sea plover, Siberian ash snail, mountain snipe, large and medium curlew, common godwit, little gull, black and white-winged tern, saja, needle-tailed swift , steppe lark, Siberian motley, whiskered tit, common shrew, pond bat, long-eared bat, two-color leather, large (Siberian) tube-billed, red-cheeked ground squirrel, otter.

This indicates that the reserve is not only a standard of wildlife in the Altai-Sayan region, but also serves as a reserve for the conservation of rare and vulnerable species of animals and plants.

Khakassia is a land of picturesque and truly unique nature. The republic is located in the central part of Eurasia. The complex relief with elevation changes from 250 m above sea level in the flat part to 2969 m in the Western Sayan Mountains, combined with the sharply continental climate of the region, allowed the unique natural landscapes to be preserved in their original form.

Mountains with peaks covered with glaciers and snow, tundra, alpine and subalpine meadows, forests and steppes are concentrated in a relatively small area. The region is rich in swift rivers and deep lakes, grottoes and caves.

Flora

A highly fragmented relief with different types of soil layer, uneven illumination of steep mountain slopes and gorges created conditions for an extraordinary diversity of flora. More than 1670 species of higher plants grow here, from mighty cedars and larches to quivering forest orchids.

In Khakassia, there are plants of all types of vegetation: steppe, forest, meadow, tundra and marsh.

Of the steppe grasses, the most common are sedge, wormwood, feather grass, chi, pikulnik, and plants of the bluegrass family. Meadow plants are represented by forbs and cereals: meadow fescue, clover, yarrow, Jungar aconite, and others from the family of cereals and legumes.

Among the forest vegetation, coniferous trees predominate: cedars, firs, spruces, larches, and only in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of Khakassia do birch trees grow, and very rarely - aspen and poplar forests with an admixture of willows.

Mosses and lichens predominate in the alpine tundra. Swamp vegetation is represented by reeds, reeds, sedges and mosses. On saline soils near mineralized lakes, akhnatherum and hemp nettle are common.

endemic plants

The unique landscape, clean air and virgin environment, untouched by man, are ideal conditions for the conservation of species that are sensitive to anthropogenic impact. Many relict plants grow in Khakassia. 28 species can be seen only here, these plants are endemic to the republic.

These are the Saxar birch, the Reverdatto backache, the narrow-leaved ostrich, the Tatar crail, the Khakass double-leaved, the Sayan Saussurea and others.

Fauna

Animals of Khakassia are also diverse and unusual. Giant moose, bears, deer, otters, snow leopards, wolves, chipmunks, etc. live here.

Among the mammals in the mountain dark coniferous taiga one can meet shrews, chipmunks, foxes, squirrels and sables. Sometimes weasel, Siberian weasel, ermine are found, but the populations of these animals in Khakassia are small. Bears, marals, Siberian forest reindeer, lynxes, wolverines are typical representatives of large animals in coniferous forests. Hares and minks live in the river valleys. Sometimes you can see an otter. Vole mice, moles, shrews, and Djungarian hamsters are common in alpine meadows.

unique animals

Among the plants and animals of Khakassia there are many unique ones. You rarely see them. 281 species of plants and animals of Khakassia are listed in the Red Book. The red wolf, Tuva beaver and manul are listed as probably extinct species. The snow leopard and argali are under the threat of extinction, the population of the Siberian forest reindeer is declining. Animals such as the Siberian goat and the river otter became rare.

The protection and restoration of populations of rare and endangered species, the preservation of the gene pool of plants and animals is the main concern of the employees of the Khakass State Nature Reserve, established in 1999.

We wish them good luck in the hope of seeing animals from the Red Book of Khakassia in the wild in a couple of decades.

To date, only vertebrates have been studied in the reserve.

Steppe group of plots

Amphibians

On the territory of the reserve are represented by 4 species, of which moor and Siberian frogs are massive. (Reserve "Khakassky": Scientific publication. Edited by G.V. Devyatkin. Abakan: "Journalist", 2001. - 128 p.). 1 species - Siberian salamander - is listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia (Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia: Rare and endangered species of animals / V.V. Anyushin, I.I. Vishnevetsky, A.P. Savchenko and others - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2004 .-320 s.)

reptiles

Five species inhabit the areas of the reserve, among which the common ones are viviparous and agile lizards, common vipers. Rare species include the patterned snake, the Pallas muzzle (Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia: Rare and endangered species of animals / V.V. Anyushin, I.I. Vishnevetsky, A.P. Savchenko and others - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2004. -320 with.)

Birds

During the research, 294 species of birds belonging to 18 orders were noted, which is 79% of the bird species recorded in the Minusinsk Basin - 315 species (loons - 1, grebes - 5, copepods - 1, storks - 4, flamingos - 1, anseriformes - 29, Falconiformes - 26, Galliformes - 5, Cranes - 10, Charadriiformes - 50, Pigeons - 5, Cuckoo-iformes - 1, Owls - 8, Goats - 1, Swifts - 2, Hoodoi - 1, Woodpeckers - 6, Passeriformes - 88 ). (Reserve "Khakassky": Scientific publication. Edited by G.V. Devyatkin. Abakan: "Journalist", 2001. - 128 p.).

Of these, 30 species are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (Red Book of the Russian Federation (animals) / V.I. Danilov-Danilyan. - M .: Astel, 2000. - 845 p.) And 62 species in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia ( Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia: Rare and endangered species of animals / V. V. Anyushin, I. I. Vishnevetsky, A. P. Savchenko and others - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2004. -320 p.) 21 species are globally rare for Europe and Asia. Reserve "Khakassky": Scientific publication. Edited by G.V. Devyatkin. Abakan: "Journalist", 2001. - 128 p.).

mammals

On the sites of the steppe group, 52 species of mammals were identified, 8 species are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia (Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia: Rare and endangered species of animals / V.V. Anyushin, I.I. Vishnevetsky, A.P. Savchenko and others - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2004. -320 p.)

Horned lark

In the seven steppe areas of the Khakassky Reserve, four main types of ecological and faunal complexes have been identified. On plains and gentle slopes, occupied mainly by grass-forb steppes and upland meadows, the species composition of terrestrial vertebrates is rather poor. The number of viviparous and nimble lizard, common viper is insignificant, muzzle is rare. More than 50 species of birds have been recorded, most of which are visiting birds that use habitats for food purposes (swallows, swifts, starlings, corvids). The number of nesting species is about 20, but there are few background species among them (field, horned and little larks, common wheatear and dancer, steppe and field pipits). In feather grass and grass-forb steppes, quail and bearded partridge become common, especially their numbers increased after the conservation. In areas with tall, hard-stemmed plants, the black-headed coinage nests, less often the warbler. Short-eared owl, demoiselle crane, mallard, pintail, less often gray duck settle near reservoirs. The shelduck and shelduck nest in the burrows of foxes. The solonetsous pikulnikova steppe attracts lapwing, yellow wagtail, and saja flies to areas of deserted steppes and nests here. In winter, red-eared bunting and horned lark dominate. Snow bunting is less common, Rough-legged Rough-legged Buzzard and Snowy Owl are even rarer. On the Bele site, snowy owls are quite common in some years (up to 50 individuals per 10 km of the route). Of the small mammals, the steppe lemming and the narrow-skulled vole are numerous, the field mouse, the long-tailed ground squirrel, and the Dzungarian hamster are common. The usual inhabitants are the hare and the fox, the steppe polecat is less common and the badger is even less common. Roe deer and wolf feed here, especially in winter.

Steep and hilly-ridged slopes, areas of rugged relief and low-mountain massifs are characterized by rocky outcrops, stony-gravelly screes. In such peculiar conditions, a rather high number of reptiles is noted, the number of snake and muzzle increases. More than 30 species of birds have been noted for nesting. The most diverse species composition and a high number of birds are observed in stony steppes with rock outcrops, steppe shrubs and isolated larches. Typical species are the common wheatear, horned lark, and red-eared bunting. The field lark, the dancing wheatear, and the bearded partridge are also common. Tree sparrows, white-belted swifts, and less often black ones nest in the rock niches in large numbers. Common bald-headed, common and steppe kestrel (nesting only in rock niches), jackdaws, rock pigeon, chough. The peregrine falcon, ruddy shelduck, eagle owl, and less often saker falcons also build their nests here. In areas of larch woodlands, garden and white-capped buntings appear for nesting. The bushes are common gray warbler, brown warbler, linnet, shrike. Mammals are represented by the same species as in the plain areas. As a very rare species, the silver vole is found. Chiroptera are common in rock niches (pond, water and mustachioed bats, long-eared bats, northern kozhanok, two-colored kozhyan).

common cuckoo

The tree and shrub complex occupies 14% of the territory. It is most widely distributed in the Podlistvenki, Oglakhty, and Khol-Bogaz sites. Reptiles are represented by lizards and vipers, only in the steppe bushes a patterned snake is added to them. The species composition of birds in the complex is quite rich, only there are more than 80 nesting species. Ordinary lentil, magpie, linnet, gray warbler, brown warbler, oak forest are common, less common are shrike, whitethroat and garden warbler, garden bunting, chiffchaff, and common cuckoo, which specializes in lining its eggs in the nests of the black-headed coinage, sometimes even in the steppe, far from the forest (reported by N.A. Kokhanovsky).

Of the birds of prey, the black kite is common, hawks nest less often - the sparrowhawk and the goshawk, even more rarely the imperial eagle and the saker falcon. Of the mammals, the mouse-like rodents are the most numerous. To the common vole and the field mouse are added the dark vole, the housekeeper, the red and red-gray voles, the Asiatic forest mouse, the baby mouse, the steppe and forest mice. On the edges of the forest and in the clearings, a mole is common, and in plantations - shrews, of which the common and arctic shrews are the most massive. There are more ermine, weasels, badgers, white hare, chipmunk, Siberian weasels appear. There are roe deer and wolves (2-3 broods). Quite often, during the period of migration, the squirrel is noted to appear on the Podlistvenki and Khol-Bogaz sites.

Black-tailed godwit

Curlew large

The meadow-marsh complex is typical for the Itkul Lake, Podlistvenki, Shira Lake, and Kamyzyak Steppe sites. The most widespread are valley marshy and saline meadows, less often valley real ones. Valley soddy-sedge, reed and reed bogs are widespread in the floodplain of the river. Kizilka and the mouth of the river. Dream. Often there are thickets of low-growing forms of willows with a small participation of downy birch. In the vicinity of Lake Ulukh-Kol, continental sedge saline bogs develop. Amphibians are represented by 3 species, of which the moor frog is numerous, the Siberian frog and the toad are less common. The composition of reptiles is rather poor. There is a viper, less often - too. The bird population is quite diverse. The yellow wagtail, skylark (in meadows), and badger warbler (in bushes) are numerous everywhere. Common are the garden warbler, black-headed coinage, bluethroat, spotted cricket, Indian warbler, snipe, great snipe, lapwing, herbalist, corncrake, less common yellow-headed wagtail, lentil, thrush-shaped warbler, steppe pipit, curlew, demoiselle crane, quail, shepherds, chase. Field and marsh harriers are common, meadow and steppe harriers are less common. All types of river ducks nest in the mass. 2 pairs of Common Cranes, 3-4 pairs of bitterns nest in the vast swamps in the “Podlistvenki” area, and a black crane was encountered on migration. In the spring, Turukhtans (separate pairs nest) and other waders stop en masse on migration. Mammals are less diverse. Mouse-like rodents predominate, of which narrow-skulled and water voles are the most numerous. On the “Podlistvenki” site, under the protection of extensive shrubs and reed beds, there is a population of roe deer, which lives there all year round. In winter, hare and fox are common.

Avocet

Reservoirs and their coasts occupy 12% of the territory. In addition to such large lakes as Itkul, Shira, Bele, Ulukh-Kol, there are a number of small lakes on the territory of the sites. The banks of small rivers and lakes are mostly swampy and occupied by sedge-reed thickets. Aquatic vegetation is well developed. On large lakes, the shores are mostly sandy, sandy-gravelly or muddy, and only in shallow bays are they overgrown with reeds.

Reservoirs are important not only for the nesting of a large number of waterfowl and near-water birds, but also during their mass migrations. The shallow strait of Lake Bele and Lake Ulukh-Kol are an integral part of the Central Asian (Yenisei) migration route and serve as an important stopping place and concentration of migratory birds.

On the lake Ulug-Kol in the post-breeding period, there are up to 50-80 broods of ruddy shelduck, shelducks - up to 20-30; up to 80-100 pairs of Avocets nest there (50% of the population nesting in Central Siberia), Demoiselle Crane - up to 5 pairs; as well as many red-headed pochards, pintails, gray ducks, cracked teals, shovelers, herbalists, small and sea plovers, curlews, etc.

Breeding on Lake Bele: whooper swan (1-2 pairs, but not annually), hook-nosed scoter (15-20 pairs), shelduck (20-30 pairs), shelduck (5-10 pairs), a small number of river and diving ducks (in high-water years - massively), gull (10-15 pairs), black-headed gull (not annually), gray gull (10-15 pairs), demoiselle crane (2-5 pairs), various types of waders, common and steppe kestrels , eagle owl, etc. In the summer, non-breeding individuals of shelducks (up to 100-200 individuals), shelducks, river and diving ducks (up to 500), belladonnas (up to 10-15), various types of waders keep on the lake; in some years there are (as stray) great white herons, flamingos, and white-headed ducks. In August-September, a pre-migratory accumulation of shelducks up to 4-5 thousand, belladonnas up to 50-120 individuals is formed here. During the migration period, various species of ducks, shorebirds, geese (mainly bean goose and gray, less often white-fronted, lesser white-fronted, lesser white-fronted goose, taiga goose and even more rarely swan goose, red-breasted goose), swans (whooper and small) stop in large numbers. On the autumn migration, the Common Crane stays for a short time - 0.5-1 thousand individuals. Thus, Lake Ulukh-Kol and the shallow strait of Lake Bele are the most important key ornithological territories in Russia and Asia Reserve "Khakassky": Scientific publication. Edited by G.V. Devyatkin. Abakan: "Journalist", 2001. - 128 p.).