Classroom hour. Weapon of victory. Presentation - weapons of the period of the Great Patriotic War Cool hour car weapon of victory with a presentation
slide 2
Story
In the weapons system of any army, small arms have been and continue to be the most massive of all weapons. The issue of improving small arms in our country, especially in Soviet times, has been and is being given great attention. Domestic small arms passed the severe test during the Great Patriotic War. The high combat qualities of Soviet weapons were recognized by all our opponents. For example, the fascist leadership even demanded that their gunsmiths surpass the rate of fire of a Soviet air machine gun. However, 1800 rounds per minute remained an unattainable goal for German designers.
slide 3
Story
The most productive year for new designs was 1943 - the year of a radical change in the Great Patriotic War. Our army has finally consolidated the strategic initiative in its hands. “Soviet weapons, created by Soviet designers, made by Soviet workers, at Soviet factories, from Soviet material,” said Ya. F. Pavlov, a participant in the Battle of Stalingrad, Hero of the Soviet Union, “the best in the world. It is infinitely dear to the heart of every soldier in our army…”
slide 4
Nagant revolver
An important feature of the revolver was the sliding of the drum with cartridges on the breech breech before firing, which eliminated the breakthrough of powder gases between the barrel and the drum.
slide 5
Maxim machine gun
The legendary weapon of the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars. After the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905, the design of the machine gun was improved by the Tula gunsmiths P. P. Tretyakov and I. A. Pastukhov.
slide 6
Light machine gun of the Degtyarev system
The RPD was the first Soviet serial machine gun for a new cartridge adopted in 1943, which occupied a position between pistol and rifle in terms of power.
Slide 7
Automatic rifle of the Simonov system and self-loading rifle of the Tokarev system
During automatic firing from the ABC, a bladed bayonet was used as an additional support, which rotated 90 ° relative to the axis of the barrel. In 1938, the next competitive tests of self-loading rifles took place in the USSR, in which the weapon of F. V. Tokarev won.
Slide 8
Submachine gun of the Degtyarev system and submachine gun of the Shpagin system
The PPD was an improved version of the V. A. Degtyarev submachine guns of the 1934 and 1934/38 models. PPSh had a simple design and high reliability. This is the most massive sample of automatic weapons during the Great Patriotic War.
Slide 9
Repeating rifle 1891/30
It was created as a result of the modernization of the famous three-line rifle by S. I. Mosin of the 1891 model. In 1924-1927, significant changes were made to the design of the three-ruler, expressed in the installation of a new sector sight, spring stock rings, a needle bayonet with a stronger spring latch and a simplified chamber configuration.
Slide 10
Large-caliber easel machine gun of the Degtyarev-Shpagin system
Being a powerful infantry weapon, the DShK was designed to destroy air and lightly armored targets, machine gun nests and enemy anti-tank artillery.
slide 11
Rapid-firing aviation machine gun of the Spital and Komaritsky system
This machine gun was used on all pre-war combat aircraft and many machines of the Great Patriotic War period. In terms of its rate of fire, ShKAS surpassed all foreign aircraft machine guns.
slide 13
Machine gun of the Goryunov system
In May 1943, the SG-43 replaced the Maxim machine gun of the 1910 model. It was distinguished by the reliability of automation and was reliable in the most extreme combat conditions.
Slide 14
Dragunov self-loading sniper rifle
Developed in 1958 - 1962. To hit targets, the rifle is equipped with a PSO-1 optical sight.
slide 15
PM and APS
A feature of the APS is its ability to fire bursts. APS is much more efficient and reliable than, for example, the German "Mauser" M-712 model 1932 - a pistol of a similar class. The PM is in service with officers of the Soviet Armed Forces as a weapon of self-defense. Compared to a pistol, the TT has a higher rate of fire due to the use of a self-cocking trigger mechanism.
slide 16
The presentation was made by students of the 10th "B" class: Dmitry Antonyuk and Ilya Dzyurich
View all slides
1 slide
2 slide
Great Victory of a Great People In 1945, we won a great victory over the Nazis thanks to our courage, courage, devotion and love for the fatherland. Of course, science has helped us more than once, especially in the last years of the Great Patriotic War.
3 slide
"Katyusha" Katyusha is the unofficial collective name of the BM-8 (82 mm), BM-13 (132 mm) and BM-31 (310 mm) rocket artillery combat vehicles. Such installations were actively used by the USSR during World War II. Just a few hours before the war, a decree was signed on their mass production.
4 slide
Where were they created? In order to increase the power of Soviet artillery during the war, the scientific research and technical institutes of the USSR received the task - "to develop rockets on smokeless powder." In 1938, a group of scientists created a multiply charged launcher mounted on a truck. In 1929, B. S. Petropavlovsky, with the participation of Langemak, Petrov, Kleimenov, and others, carried out the development and official testing of rockets of various calibers - prototypes for the Katyusha at the GDL. To launch them, multiply charged aviation and single-shot ground launchers were used. “On June 1, 1941, the vehicles were adopted by the artillery.
5 slide
History of weapons The BM-13 and BM-8 rocket systems were primarily armed with guards mortar units, which were part of the artillery of the reserve of the Supreme High Command. Therefore, "Katyushas" were sometimes unofficially called "Guards mortars".
6 slide
Use The weapon is relatively simple, consisting of guide rails and a guide rail. For aiming, swivel and lifting mechanisms and an artillery sight were provided. At the rear of the car were two jacks, providing greater stability when firing.
7 slide
The power of Soviet technology The rocket for Katyusha was a welded cylinder, divided into three compartments - warhead, fuel and jet nozzle. One machine contained from 14 to 48 guides. The RS-132 projectile for installing the BM-13 was 1.8 m long, 132 mm in diameter and weighed 42.5 kg. Range - 8.5 km. In 1939, rocket projectiles were successfully used for the first time during the battles at Khalkhin Gol. And with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, tests were already carried out in combat conditions.
8 slide
One of the main features: During the salvo, all missiles were fired almost simultaneously - in a few seconds, the territory in the target area was literally plowed up by rockets. The mobility of the installation made it possible to quickly change position and avoid the enemy's retaliatory strike.
9 slide
The origin of the name According to the name of Blanter's song, which became popular before the war, to the words of Isakovsky "Katyusha". On the North-Western Front, the installation was initially called "Raisa Sergeevna", thus deciphering the abbreviation RS (rocket). The version suggests that this is how the girls from the Moscow Kompressor plant, who worked at the assembly, dubbed these cars. In the German troops, these machines were called "Stalin's organs" because of the external resemblance of the rocket launcher to the pipe system of this musical instrument and the powerful stunning roar that was produced when the rockets were launched.
10 slide
11 slide
"Andryusha" On July 17, 1942, near the village of Nalyuchi, a volley of 144 launchers equipped with 300-mm rockets was heard. This was the first use of a somewhat less famous related weapon - "Andryusha".
12 slide
Who created Katyusha? The original reads as follows: “The final development of the internal ballistic characteristics of powder rocket engines, as well as the design and testing of missile warheads, was carried out by a group of specialists: engineer. M.F. Fokin, F.N. Poida, V.A. Artemyev, D.A. Shitov, V.N. Luzhin, V.G. Bessonov, M.P. Gorshkov, L.B. S. Ponomarenko and others.”
13 slide
Awards to creators More than half a century has passed and the state paid tribute to the memory of the creators of the legendary Katyushas. By decision of the President of the USSR, Ivan Kleimenov, Georgy Langemak, Vasily Luzhin, Boris Petropavlovsky, Boris Slonimer and Nikolai Tikhomirov were posthumously awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. On December 5, 1991, the daughters of Kleimenov, Petropavlovsky and Slonimer received the Orders of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle medal from the hands of M.S. Gorbachev. The awards of Langemak, Luzhin and Tikhomirov were not presented, because the heroes did not even have close relatives left alive to whom they could be transferred.
14 slide
One step away from victory Of course, "Katyusha" and a little less well-known "Andryusha" were not the only achievements of Soviet technology.
15 slide
Kalashnikov machine gun Kalashnikov light machine gun (Experimental model 1943). USSR Caliber: 7.62x53 arr. 1908/30 Length: 977/1210 mm Barrel length: 600 mm Weight: 7.555 kg empty Rate of fire: - Feed: 40-round box magazine Effective range: 900 m
Weapon of Victory. Weapons of the Great Victory in the Great Patriotic War Compiled by: Isin A.E. KGKP "ESTK". Pavlodar region.
7.62-mm (3-line) rifle of the 1891 model, the Mosin rifle, the three-line rifle is a magazine rifle adopted by the Russian army in 1891. It was actively used from 1891 until the end of the Great Patriotic War. The name of the three-ruler comes from the caliber of the rifle barrel, which is equal to three Russian lines, that is, 7.62 mm. Russian smokeless powder of satisfactory quality was obtained in 1889 thanks to the successful experiments of Mendeleev. In the same year, Colonel Rogovtsev developed a 7.62 mm cartridge. In 1932, mass production of the sniper rifle mod. 1891/30 In total, pieces of sniper rifles were produced, they were used during the Soviet-Finnish and World War II and have proven themselves to be reliable and effective weapons. Currently, Mosin sniper rifles are of collectible value (especially the "nominal" rifles that were awarded to the best Soviet snipers). The last version of the rifle was the carbine mod of the year, which was distinguished by the presence of a non-removable needle bayonet and simplified manufacturing technology. The shortening of infantry weapons was an urgent requirement put forward by the experience of the Second World War. The carbine made it possible to increase the maneuverability of infantry and other branches of the armed forces, since it became more convenient to fight with it in various earthen fortifications, buildings, dense thickets, etc., and its fighting qualities both in fire and in bayonet combat compared to a rifle practically did not decrease.
In 1943, in the occupied territory of Belarus, railway engineer Shavgulidze developed the design of a 45-mm rifle grenade launcher, in total, in the workshops of the Minsk partisan unit, Soviet partisans manufactured 120 rifle grenade launchers of the Shavgulidze system, which were mounted on rifles of the Mosin system. Production of the main rifle mod. 1891/30 was terminated at the beginning of 1945.
The bottle launcher of the Zuckerman system - a rifle grenade launcher - a bottle launcher designed by Zuckerman V.A., invented and put into production in July 1942. Designed for throwing bottles with flammable liquid "KS". The weapon was used mainly in the defense of besieged Leningrad. The tests were carried out on July 14 - August 1942 at the "Shot" courses. A small batch entered service with the troops. The shooting of bottles from this mortar was carried out with a regular blank cartridge, or with a self-hollowed live cartridge from a Mosin rifle. The Zuckermann bottle launcher is a muzzle-loading system. The mortar was attached to the barrel with a bayonet connection. A bottle with a self-igniting combustible mixture "KS" enclosed in it rested on a perforated membrane through a wooden wad, the shot was fired with a blank (throwing) cartridge. Shooting was carried out with the emphasis of the butt in the ground or shoulder. The range of aimed fire with a bottle was indicated at 80 m, the maximum m. The bottle thrower was serviced by a crew of two people: a gunner and a loader. The duties of the gunner included: carrying and installing the bottle thrower, aiming at the target and shooting. The loader carried the ammunition of bottles with a mixture of KS, assisted in the installation and aiming of the bottle launcher, and loaded the mortar with a bottle.
DP (Degtyareva Infantry) - a light machine gun developed by V. A. Degtyarev. On December 21, 1927, the machine gun was adopted by the Red Army. DP became one of the first samples of small arms created in the USSR. The machine gun was massively used as the main weapon of fire support for infantry in the platoon link up to the end of the Great Patriotic War.
Anti-tank rifles of the Red Army in the period of years.
Anti-tank rifle - "PRTS".
Anti-tank rifle - "PTRD".
Anti-tank rifle - "BOYSA".
Revolver Nagant mod of the year (Belgium - Russia).
Pistol arr. (TT, Tula, Tokareva).
RGD-33 (Dyakonov Hand Grenade mod of the year).
RPG-40, RPG-41 and RPG hand-held anti-tank grenades RPG-3 hand-held anti-tank grenade - RG-42 hand-held offensive grenade, first production and main serial sample 4 - RPG-41 ("Voroshilovsky kilogram") anti-tank grenade
RPG-6 is a hand-held anti-tank grenade of directional impact, designed to destroy armored vehicles, their crew, weapons and equipment, ignite fuel and ammunition. With the advent of heavy tanks "Tiger", "Panther", as well as self-propelled artillery mounts of the "Ferdinand" type with frontal armor of mm or more (side armor was mm), it became necessary to create more powerful anti-tank weapons, including grenades .
Katyusha - appeared during the Great Patriotic War, the unofficial name of the barrelless systems of field rocket artillery (primarily and initially - BM-13, and later also BM-8, BM-31 and others). Such installations were actively used by the Armed Forces of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. Rocket RS-132 caliber 132 mm and a launcher based on a truck ZIS-6 BM-13 were put into service on June 21, 1941; it was this type of combat vehicles that first received the nickname "Katyusha". The first salvo of the Katyusha battery on the Leningrad Front was fired on August 3, 1941 near Kingisepp (battery commander Senior Lieutenant P. N. Degtyarev). Since the spring of 1942, the rocket mortar was installed mainly on English and American all-wheel drive chassis imported under Lend-Lease. The most famous among them was the Studebaker US6. During the Great Patriotic War, a significant number of variants of RS shells and launchers for them were created; in total, Soviet industry during the war years produced more than rocket artillery combat vehicles.
slide 1
Weapons of victory Large-scale fortress Tank T-34
The T-34 is a Soviet medium tank of the Great Patriotic War period, mass-produced since 1940, it was the main tank of the Red Army until the first half of 1944, when it was replaced by the T-34-85 modification tank. The most massive medium tank of World War II. Developed by the design bureau of the tank department of the Kharkov Plant No. 183 under the leadership of M. I. Koshkin. The success of the project was predetermined by the use of the latest highly economical aviation-type diesel engine: V-2, thanks to which the medium-thick-armored T-34 inherited from the light-thinly armored BT an unusually high power density, which ensured the absolute superiority of the T-34 tank in combat throughout World War II. cross-country ability, maneuverability, mobility, as well as a weight reserve for modernization, taking into account the accumulated experience of combat use. From 1942 to 1945, the main large-scale production of the T-34 was deployed at powerful machine-building plants in the Urals and Siberia, and continued into the post-war years. The latest modification (T-34-85) is in service with some countries to this day.
The T-34 tank had a huge impact on the outcome of the war and on the further development of world tank building. Due to the combination of its combat qualities, the T-34 was recognized by many specialists and military experts as one of the best tanks of World War II.
slide 2
Weapon of victory BM-13 "Katyusha"
BM-13 is a Soviet rocket artillery combat vehicle of the Great Patriotic War period, the most massive and famous Soviet combat vehicle (BM) of this class. In 1939-1941, it was created by employees of the RNII I. I. Gvai, V. N. Galkovsky, A. P. Pavlenko, A. S. Popov. The most widely known under the popular nickname "Katyusha". armament of some countries to this day. The weapon is relatively simple, consisting of rail guides and their guidance device. For aiming, swivel and lifting mechanisms and an artillery sight were provided. At the rear of the car were two jacks, providing greater stability when firing. One machine could accommodate from 14 to 48 guides. The body of the rocket (rocket) was a welded cylinder, divided into three compartments - the warhead compartment, the engine compartment (combustion chamber with fuel) and the jet nozzle.
The RS-132 projectile for installing the BM-13 had a length of 0.8 meters, a diameter of 132 millimeters and weighed 42.5 kg. Inside the cylinder with plumage was solid nitrocellulose. The mass of the warhead is 22 kg. The explosive mass is 4.9 kg - "like six anti-tank grenades." Firing range - up to 8.5 km.
slide 3
Weapon of victory Machine gun Maxim
In 1873, the American inventor Hiram Stevens Maxim (1840-1916) created the first model of automatic weapons - the Maxim machine gun. An automatic weapon based on automatic recoil of a barrel with a short stroke. As the shot is fired, the powder gases send the barrel back, setting in motion the reloading mechanism, which removes the cartridge from the cloth tape, sends it to the breech and at the same time cocks the bolt. After the shot is fired, the operation is repeated anew. The machine gun has an average rate of fire - 600 rounds per minute, and the combat rate of fire is 250-300 rounds per minute.
The Maxim machine gun was actively used by the Red Army in the Great Patriotic War. It was used by both infantry and mountain rifle units, as well as the fleet. During the war, the combat capabilities of "Maxim" tried to increase not only the designers and manufacturers, but also directly in the troops. The soldiers often removed the armor shield from the machine gun, thereby trying to increase maneuverability and achieve less visibility. For camouflage, in addition to camouflage, covers were put on the casing and shield of the machine gun. In winter, "Maxim" was installed on skis, sleds or on a drag boat, from which they fired.
slide 4
Weapon of victory Flying tank Sturmovik Il-2
Designer: S. V. Ilyushin. Produced during the war years: more than 36,000 copies The Il-2 attack aircraft was developed at TsKB-57 under the leadership of Sergei Ilyushin. It was a machine specialized for attacking ground targets from low altitude. The main design feature is the use of a load-bearing armored hull that covered the pilot and vital organs of the aircraft. The armor of the Il-2 not only protected against small-caliber projectiles and bullets, but also served as part of the power structure of the fuselage, due to which it was possible to achieve tangible weight savings. Until 1944, wood was widely used in the design of the Il-2 - while saving scarce duralumin .. Throughout the war, Ilys remained the main means of fighting German tanks. Their high efficiency was achieved through the use of cartridges with PTAB-2.5 bombs. Tiny bombs (Il-2 took four containers with 48 bombs) were dropped in one gulp on a cluster of vehicles. The armor-piercing of the PTAB was about 70 mm - this was more than enough to hit the tank in the roof. There is an opinion that success in the Battle of Kursk was achieved largely due to the actions of attack aircraft: the Germans began to avoid the accumulation of their troops, and it was much more difficult to coordinate the work of dispersed units. The Germans called the Il-2 "concrete bomber".
slide 5
Weapon of Victory "Explosive Cans"
One of the most ingenious and at the same time effective types of weapons was the RG-42 hand grenade. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that structurally the body of the grenade was an ordinary tin can of slightly modified dimensions. Only instead of condensed milk, a fragmentation shirt made of rolled thick steel tape with a notch and an explosive charge were placed in it. The fuse was a standard UZRG fuse, the production of which had already been put on stream. The production of RG-42 could be arranged at any canning factory. At the same time, the combat qualities of the grenade were not at all inferior to more complex and expensive counterparts. In China, an analogue of the RG-42 is still being produced.
slide 6
Weapon of victory "Gangster rapid firer" PPSh submachine gun
Designer: G. S. Shpagin Produced during the war years: about 6 million copies During the Second World War, submachine guns, automatic weapons that use a pistol cartridge, were widely used. Submachine guns appeared in the 1920s and quickly gained popularity due to their efficiency and convenience. Initially, the Soviet Union was against the adoption of submachine guns: Stalin considered them "gangster weapons" unworthy of the Red Army. However, the experience of the Winter War of 1939/40 dramatically changed the attitude towards this type of weapon, and already in 1940 the Degtyarev PPD submachine gun was put into service. This weapon uses one of the simplest and most reliable automation schemes - a free shutter. The shot is fired as follows: the shooter retracts the bolt to the rear position, thus compressing the reciprocating mainspring. When you press the trigger, the spring pushes the bolt forward, simultaneously sending a cartridge from the magazine and pricking the primer. An important advantage was the ease of disassembly and the ability to quickly replace any part.
Slide 7
Weapon of victory "People's Artillery" Divisional cannon ZIS-3
Designer: V. G. Grabin. Produced during the war years: more than 103,000 copies The most massive artillery gun during the war years was the ZIS-3 divisional gun designed by Vasily Grabin. Produced in more than 103,000 copies, this gun has become a real masterpiece of manufacturability and reliability. Fire from the Grabin cannon could be fired with any Soviet 76.2 mm shells, which greatly facilitated the supply of artillery batteries. It should be recognized that in terms of combat characteristics, the ZIS-3 was inferior to its foreign counterparts (in particular, the English 17-pounder gun), but in terms of convenience and unpretentiousness, the Soviet gun knew no equal. Considering the low level of training of divisional artillerymen and the harsh operating conditions, this was a very valuable advantage - even serious repairs could be carried out by crew forces.
Slide 8
Weapon of victory "Baby"
The project of mini-submarines for the rapid strengthening of the Pacific Fleet - the main feature of the M-type boats was the ability to be transported by rail in a fully assembled form. In pursuit of compactness, many had to be sacrificed - service on the "Baby" turned into a grueling and dangerous event. Difficult living conditions, strong "chatter" - the waves ruthlessly threw a 200-ton "float", risking breaking it into pieces. Shallow diving depth and weak weapons. But the main concern of the sailors was the reliability of the submarine - one shaft, one diesel engine, one electric motor - the tiny "Baby" left no chance for the careless crew, the slightest malfunction on board threatened the submarine with death. Despite their modest size and only 2 torpedoes on board, the tiny fish were distinguished by simply terrifying "gluttony": in just the years of World War II, Soviet M-type submarines sank 61 enemy ships with a total tonnage of 135.5 thousand gross tons, destroyed 10 warships, and also damaged 8 transports.
Weapons of Victory Cannons Machine guns Katyusha tanks 1941 - 1945 The work was completed by: Alexander Sidorkin Grade 8 Supervisor: Margarita Valerievna Kulikova computer science teacher MOU gymnasium No. 3 This presentation is built in the form of an electronic encyclopedia. It contains reference materials, videos, interviews with veterans recorded in the museum of our gymnasium. The presentation has a non-linear structure, so the transitions are made through the links IL - 2, T - 34, BM - 13, MO - 4. For Soviet people of the older and middle generations, these combinations of letters and numbers are much more than a simple designation of brands of aircraft, tanks, guns and ships. More, because during the 1418 days of the Great Patriotic War, of which each charter prescribes to be counted as three, the life of Soviet soldiers and sailors countless times depended on the engines, armor and weapons of these combat vehicles, on the courage and skill of their crews and crews. By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the system of small arms of the Red Army as a whole corresponded to the conditions of that time and consisted of the following types of weapons: personal (pistol and revolver), individual weapons of rifle and cavalry units (magazine rifle and carbine, self-loading and automatic rifles), sniper weapons ( magazine and self-loading sniper rifles), individual weapons of submachine gunners (pistol - machine gun), collective weapons of rifle and cavalry squads and platoons (light machine gun), machine gun units (easel machine guns), anti-aircraft small arms (quadruple machine gun mounts and heavy machine guns), small arms tanks (tank machine gun). In addition, they were armed with hand grenades and rifle grenade launchers. 7.62 - mm submachine gun mod. 1941 PPSh - 41 Shpagin Shpagin Georgy Semenovich 29 (17). 04.1897 - 02/06/1952 12.7 mm machine gun DShK - 38 Degtyarev - Shpagin 7, 62 mm light machine gun mod. 1944 RPD Degtyarev 7.62 mm submachine gun mod. 1934 PPD-34 Degtyarev V.A. 1930 TT Tokarev 7.62 mm rifle AVT - 40 Tokarev 7.62 - mm rifle mod. 1938 SVT - 38 Tokarev F. V. Tokarev - the inventor of the best pistol of the Second World War Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev was born on December 21, 1879 in the city of Tula. In 1901 he was called up for military service. He served in the weapons workshop at the officer shooting school in Oranienbaum. Since 1905, he worked as a mechanic in the workshop at the weapons range. Under the leadership of Vladimir Grigorievich Fedorov, he began manufacturing a sample of the first Russian automatic rifle. This work was then continued at the Sestroretsk Arms Plant. In 1916 he invented and successfully tested an automatic carbine. Since 1918, Degtyarev headed the experimental workshop of the weapons factory, and then the design bureau of automatic small arms, organized by V. G. Fedorov. In 1924, he began work on the creation of the first sample of a 7.62 mm light machine gun, which was put into service in 1927 under the name DP (Degtyarev Infantry). On the basis of a light machine gun, then aviation machine guns DA and DA - 2, a tank machine gun DT, a company machine gun RP - 46 were created. In 1934, the Degtyarev PPD-34 submachine gun was adopted, later developed into the PPD-38 and PPD-40 models. In 1930, Degtyarev developed a 12.7 mm DK heavy machine gun, which, after improvement by Georgy Semyonovich Shpagin, was named DShK in 1938. In 1939, the Degtyarev DS-39 heavy machine gun entered service. During the Great Patriotic War, he developed and transferred to the troops a 14.5 mm anti-tank rifle PTRD and a light machine gun of the 1944 model (RPD) chambered for 7.62 mm cartridge mod. 1943 Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev - four times winner of the Stalin Prize (1941, 1942, 1944, 1949). He was awarded three Orders of Lenin, Orders of Suvorov 1st and 2nd degree, Order of the Red Banner of Labor, Order of the Red Star and medals. Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev (December 21, 1879, Tula - January 16, 1949, Moscow) - an outstanding Soviet designer of small arms, Hero of Socialist Labor, Major General of the Engineering and Artillery Service, four times winner of the State Prize of the USSR. Fyodor Vasilyevich Tokarev (June 14, 1871 - June 7, 1968) - Soviet designer of small arms, Hero of Socialist Labor (1940), Doctor of Technical Sciences. In 1887, Fedor Vasilyevich entered the Novocherkassk Military Craft School, where he studied under the gunsmith Chernolikhov. In 1891, Tokarev graduated from school with a degree in gunsmithing and was sent as a gunsmith to the 12th Cossack regiment. After graduating from the cadet school (1900), he served in the same regiment as the head of weapons (in the rank of cornet). In 1907, while attending courses at the Officer Rifle School in Oranienbaum, Tokarev saw the first automatic weapon. He immediately determined by natural instinct that this weapon was destined to play an outstanding role, and he really wanted to engage in the design of such systems. In 1908, Tokarev presented the first sample of an automatic rifle based on the Mosin magazine rifle. 1891 Automation operated on the principle of barrel recoil with a short stroke. The artillery committee approved the system, and Tokarev received a War Ministry award. In 1927, Fedor Vasilievich developed the first domestic pistol - a machine gun (automatic) chambered for a revolving cartridge. In 1930, the Tokarev self-loading pistol (TT) entered service, and in 1938 the Tokarev self-loading rifle (SVT-38, later SVT-40). The TT pistol (Tula - Tokarev) was the best pistol of the Second World War. The Tula-Tokarev pistol of the 1933 model is still phenomenally popular all over the world. In 1940, the designer developed a sniper rifle with an optical sight and a high-speed automatic rifle. Invented and manufactured by F. V. Tokarev, automatic weapons favorably differed from others created in our country and abroad. Lightweight and easy to use, it did not malfunction, allowing soldiers to use it in sniper shooting. The merit of Tokarev was that he was the first of the Soviet designers to supply the army with an automatic rifle and an automatic machine gun, paving the way for the further development of the design ideas of gunsmiths with his work. The role of F. V. Tokarev is also great in the development of automatic pistols. His famous "TT" was tested in many battles and was successfully used in the army for several decades. Shpagin submachine guns, along with the famous Grabin ZIS-3 cannons, the famous Koshkin T-34 tanks and the legendary Katyushas, were the most popular and favorite weapons of Soviet soldiers during the Great Patriotic War. Georgy Semenovich Shpagin was born in 1897 in the village of. Klyuchnikovo, Kovrovsky district, Vladimir province in a peasant family. In 1916, Shpagin was drafted into the army, he did not end up in combat units, but was assigned as a gunsmith to an infantry regiment. Being inquisitive, Shpagin quickly studied the Nagant revolver, the Mosin three-line rifle, the Maxim easel machine gun, and foreign light machine guns. Skillful hands, ingenuity and initiative of the young gunsmith contributed to the fact that a year later he was transferred to army artillery workshops. His first developments include the design of a ball mount for a coaxial 6.5 mm Fedorov-Ivanov tank machine gun. This work served as the basis for Shpagin's later creation of a ball mount for mounting a 7.62 mm DT tank machine gun in tanks, armored vehicles, and armored platforms. In 1924 - 1926 Shpagin actively worked together with Degtyarev on the creation of a light machine gun. Since that time, Shpagin has been entrusted with the development of critical components and new systems of automatic small arms. In 1931, Degtyarev attracted Shpagin to work on the design of his DK-32 heavy machine gun. heavy machine gun Degtyarev - Shpagin model 1938.” The new machine gun immediately received an excellent rating in the troops. Georgy Semenovich was awarded the first state award, the Order of the Red Star, for his success in creating new models of weapons and military equipment. Soon he created the famous PPSh submachine gun, which became a symbol of Soviet weapons during the Great Patriotic War. In September 1940, Shpagin presented an original submachine gun to the GAU Artkom, striking with the simplicity and elementary design. In this submachine gun, new design solutions were applied, which largely improved its performance. Along with this, Shpagin managed to achieve exceptionally high production and economic indicators of the new weapon. First of all, this concerned a significant reduction in labor costs for its production. 13.9 kg of metal and from 5.6 to 7.3 - 7.8 (depending on production capacity) machine hours were spent on the manufacture of the Shpagin submachine gun. Shpagin Georgy Semenovich 29 (17) 04.1897 - 02.06.1952 In the harsh years of the war, the Shpagin submachine gun was the most faithful friend for our soldiers and a merciless weapon for the destruction of enemies Artillery is one of the three oldest branches of the military, the main striking force of the ground forces of modern armies. Artillery has a diverse classification according to its combat mission, types of weapons systems and organizational and staff structure. Talented artillery designers V. G. Grabin, F. F. Petrov, I. I. Ivanov and many others during the war created new, perfect models of artillery weapons. Design work was also carried out at factories. During the war, factories produced many prototypes of artillery weapons; a significant part of them went into mass production. 2.3. A few seconds of war As of June 1, 1941, the tank fleet of the Red Army consisted of 23. 106 tanks, of which 18 are combat-ready. 691 or 80.9%. In five border watering districts (Leningrad, Baltic, Western Special, Kiev Special and Odessa) there were 12. 782 tanks, including combat-ready - 10. 540 or 82.5% (repair, therefore, required 2.242 tanks). Most of the tanks (11.029) were part of twenty mechanized corps (the rest were part of some rifle, cavalry and separate tank units). From May 31 to June 22, these districts received 41 KB, 138 T - 34 and 27 T - 40, that is, another 206 tanks, which brought their total number to 12. 988 . Basically it was T - 26 and BT. The new KB and T - 34 were 549 and 1 . 105 , respectively. On June 22 and 23, the 3rd, 6th, 11th, 12th, 14th and 22nd mechanized corps of the Red Army entered into heavy fighting in the area of Siauliai, Grodno and Brest. A little later, eight more mechanized corps went into battle. Our tankers not only defended, but also counterattacked. From June 23 to June 29, in the Lutsk-Rovno-Brody region, they fought a fierce oncoming tank battle against the 1st tank group of General E. Kleist. On the left, it was hit from the direction of Lutsk by the 9th and 19th mechanized corps, and from the south of Brody by the 8th and 15th. Thousands of tanks took part in the battle. T - 34 and KB of the 8th mechanized corps badly battered the 3rd German motorized corps. And although the counterattack of the set goal (to throw the enemy across the state border) did not achieve, the enemy’s offensive slowed down. He suffered heavy losses - by July 10 they amounted to 41% of the initial number of tanks. But the enemy was advancing, the wrecked tanks remained in his hands, and the very effective German repair units quickly brought them back into operation. Our wrecked or left without fuel and blown up by the crews remained in the hands of the enemy. Although by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, combat missiles were far from being a novelty in military affairs, their first appearance at the front was a surprise not only for the Nazis, but also for Soviet soldiers and officers. The weapon is relatively simple, consisting of guide rails and their guidance device. The rocket was a welded cylinder, divided into three compartments - warhead, fuel and jet nozzle. One machine contained from 14 to 48 guides. The RS - 132 projectile for installing the BM - 13 was 1.8 m long, 132 mm in diameter and weighed 42.5 kg. was inside the cylinder with plumage. Warhead weight - 22 kg. Solid nitrocellulose. Range - 8.5 km. The M - 31 projectile for installing the BM - 31 was 310 mm in diameter, it weighed 92.4 kg and contained 28.9 kg of explosives. Range - 13 km duration of a volley for BM - 13 (16 shells) - 7 - 10 seconds, for BM - 8 (24 - 48 shells) - 8 - 10 seconds; loading time - 5 - 10 minutes; for BM - 31 - 21 (12 guides) - 7 - 10 sec. and 10 - 15 min. The production of BM - 13 units was organized at the Voronezh plant named after. Comintern and at the Moscow plant "Compressor". One of the main enterprises for the production of rockets was the Moscow plant. Vladimir Ilyich. During the war, various versions of the rocket and launchers were created: BM 13 - CH (with spiral guides, which significantly increased firing accuracy), BM 8 - 48, BM 31 - 12, etc. Not a single country in the world had an aircraft, equal to the Il - 2 in combat qualities, and not a single aircraft in the world was built in such quantity as the Il - 2. This machine went through the entire war from the first to the last day. The need for attack aircraft was greater than for any other aircraft, and if 249 Ils were produced in the first half of 1941, then in total during the war years 40 thousand Ilyushin attack aircraft arrived at the front, which from the beginning of 1944 accounted for one third of all combat Soviet aircraft. The designer of the Il - 2 aircraft Serge y Vladi Mirovich Ilya Shin (1894 - 1977) The losses of the Il - 2 in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War were very high. Part of the reason for these large losses has to be recognized as design flaws in the aircraft. Despite all its shortcomings, the Il - 2 turned out to be the only aircraft in 1941 that successfully operated against the advancing German units, and especially armored ones. Theoretically, IL - 2 had an alternative. Usually called the armored attack aircraft of P. O. Sukhoi - Su - 6, which in many respects surpassed the Ilyushin aircraft. But the prototype of the two-seat version of the Su - 6 attack aircraft was tested only in the fall of 1943. Its real combat advantages were not obvious, and the limited production capabilities of the Soviet aircraft industry during the war did not allow one more attack aircraft to be put into production without reducing the production of another. Therefore, the Su - 6 did not go into production. Maybe it was a mistake. In the Soviet Army from 1919, first an aircraft mechanic, then a military commissar, and from 1921 the head of an aircraft repair train. Graduated from the Air Force Academy. prof. N. E. Zhukovsky (1926; now VVIA). During his studies at the academy, he built three gliders. After graduating from the academy, he headed the section of the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Air Force. Then he worked at the research airfield of the Air Force. Since 1931, the head of the Central Design Bureau of TsAGI. In 1933, he headed the Central Design Bureau at the Moscow plant named after V. R. Menzhinsky, which later became the Ilyushin Design Bureau, whose activities were associated with the development of assault, bomber, passenger and transport aviation. From 1935 Ilyushin was the chief designer, in 1956-70 he was the general designer. He created his own school in aircraft building. Under his leadership, mass-produced attack aircraft Il - 2, Il - 10, bombers Il - 4, Il - 28, passenger aircraft Il - 12, Il - 14, Il - 18, Il - 62, as well as a number of experimental and experimental aircraft. Ilyushin's attack aircraft during Vel. The Patriotic War formed the basis of Soviet attack aviation as a new type of aviation, closely interacting with ground forces. Il - 2 - one of the mass aircraft of the war period. Sergei Vladimirovich Ilya Shin (1894 - 1977) Soviet aircraft designer, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Colonel General of the Engineering and Technical Service, three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1941, 1957, 1974). THE USSR. A few minutes next to the workers In the classroom defense circle. Actors of the Moscow Maly Theater study the Degtyarev machine gun. September 1941 During the war, 6 new and 3 modernized models of small arms, 7 samples of grenades were put into service. Tests of new models took place not only at the scientific and test range for small arms and mortar weapons in Shchurovo and at the range of the Shot courses, but also directly at the fronts. Prominent scientists and engineers were attracted to work in the bodies of the State Defense Committee and the NKV. They replaced those who had gone to the front. Leningrad. In total, during the war years, Soviet industry produced about 13 million rifles, 6.1 million submachine guns, 1.7 million pistols and revolvers, 1.5 million machine guns of all types, 471.8 thousand anti-tank rifles. For comparison, in Germany during the same period, 8.5 million rifles and carbines, 1 million submachine guns, 1 million machine guns were produced. “Machine guns” during the war were called submachine guns, and until now this inaccuracy in the name often causes confusion. The role of the main automatic weapon of the Second World War took the submachine gun, in general, by accident: considered an auxiliary weapon before the war, during it it turned out to be the simplest and most affordable means of increasing the density of fire. The 1942 Combat Charter of the Infantry (BUP - 42), which embodied the experience of the war, said: "Fire, maneuver and hand-to-hand combat are the main methods of infantry action." The infantry achieved fire superiority over the enemy primarily by increasing the density of rifle and machine-gun fire and mortar fire. If in August 1941 the German infantry division surpassed the Soviet rifle division in terms of the total number of pistols - machine guns and machine guns three times, and in mortars - twice (having, moreover, 1.55 times more personnel), then by the beginning of 1943 this number roughly equalized. At the beginning of 1945, an ordinary Soviet rifle division was approximately twice as large as a German infantry division both in pistols - machine guns and machine guns, and in mortars, with an approximately equal number of personnel of the Soviet machine gunner. Since the battle became more mobile, more mobility was also expected from the infantry. It is no coincidence that since the beginning of 1942, demands have been put forward to lighten various models of small arms. On December 21, 1940, they adopted the “submachine gun mod. 1941 Shpagin (PPSh - 41)." In addition to the wide use of cold stamping and spot welding, PPSh was distinguished by a very small number of threaded connections and press fits. The weapon turned out to be outwardly rough, but the reduction in labor intensity, metal and time costs made it possible to quickly replenish the loss and increase the saturation of troops with automatic weapons. If in the second half of 1941 submachine guns accounted for about 46% of all issued automatic weapons, then in the first half of 1942 - already 80%. By the beginning of 1944, the active units of the Red Army had 26 times more submachine guns than at the beginning of 1942. The machine gunner is the son of a regiment with the legendary PPSh Anti-aircraft gunners on the defense of Moscow. In the background you can see the building of the "Government House" on the street. Serafimovich. An anti-aircraft gun on one of the buildings on Gorky Street in Moscow. 1941. To protect against enemy air raids, Soviet troops used 76, 2 mm anti-aircraft guns and 37 mm automatic guns Moskva. Anti-aircraft guns on the Commune Square near the theater of the Red Army. 1941 Howitzers at the firing line. August 1944 In 1943, the Nazi command, planning an offensive on the Kursk Bulge, pinned great hopes on the use of new heavy tanks "Panther" and "Tiger", as well as self-propelled artillery mounts "Ferdinand". In response to this, in the spring of 1943, the TsAKB design team launched work on the creation of a 100 mm anti-tank gun. The 100 mm field gun created by them had good tactical and technical characteristics: firing range - 20650 m, direct shot range - 1080 m, armor-piercing projectile due to the high initial speed (895 m / s) at a distance of 500 m pierced armor up to 160 mm thick, and at 2000 m to 125 mm, and on May 7, 1944, the gun was put into service under the name "100 mm field gun BS - 3 mod. 1944". German rocket launcher 15 - cm - Nebelwerfer 41 . German heavy siege gun that shelled Leningrad. The capture of the village by the Nazi military unit. Self-propelled artillery mounts are coming. Victory parade. June 24, 1945 Soviet tanks on the streets of Berlin. Soviet soldiers often made various inscriptions on the military equipment entrusted to them. Tank column "Dmitry Donskoy", built at the expense of believers. 1943 German heavy tanks knocked out by Soviet soldiers. Guards mortars at the Victory Parade In July 1941 - December 1944, Soviet industry manufactured about 30 thousand Katyusha combat vehicles and over 12 million rockets for them (of all calibers). The first vehicles were manufactured on the basis of domestic chassis (about 600 units in total - almost all, with the exception of a few, were destroyed in battle), after the start of Lend-Lease deliveries, the main chassis for the BM - 13 (BM - 13 N) became an American truck "Studebuker" (Studebacker - US 6) - about 20 thousand cars were supplied by the USA for our "fighting girl". BM - 13 - a combat vehicle with shells of 13 cm caliber - could fire 16 shells within 15 - 20 seconds at a firing range of 8 - 8, 5 km. If the same task is set for cannon artillery, 16 guns will be needed, the total weight of which is ten times greater than the weight of one automobile launcher. The speed of the BM - 13 on a good road reached 50 - 60 km / h. Only 1 - 2 minutes were required for its transition from marching to combat position. It took 3-5 minutes to reload after a volley, so in an hour one combat vehicle could make 10 volleys and fire 160 shells. Soldiers charge the Katyusha The rocket launcher was originally installed until 1943 on ZiS trucks, which, according to the characteristics of the military, were poorly controlled and poorly passable - due to one drive axle! Therefore, cars got stuck in muddy roads, and often failed, which is the reason for the large losses of cars: out of 30,000 cars produced, 20,000 during the entire war died or were blown up by their crews - or captured by the Wehrmacht and the SS! After the start of Lend-Lease deliveries of Studebaker trucks, the car became more or less passable ... weapons - rocket launchers ("Katyusha") In the picture ... Rocket mortar - the legendary "Katyusha. Mortar on the square Preparing for takeoff The very first days of the war showed that the IL - 2 turned out to be the best and most needed aircraft for the ground forces. In April 1942, by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars, S. Ilyushin was awarded the State Prize for the same machine - IL - 2. In the sky IL - 2. Among the clouds it looks like a "flying tank". The appearance of the Il - 2 on the Eastern Front was a big surprise for the Germans, however, the German fighter pilots quickly studied the weaknesses of the Ilyushin attack aircraft and learned how to deal with it. Attacking the Il - 2, they came in from behind, from the side and from above, and from close (up to 50 m) distances, they shot him with complete impunity from all available weapons, trying to get into an engine, pilot or gas tank unprotected from above. And even the armor could no longer protect either the aircraft or the pilot, and the poor rear visibility and the absence of a rear gunner in a single IL - 2 allowed German fighters to easily take up an advantageous position for an attack. I must say that the IL-2 armored hull was designed only for "gliding" strikes from fighter weapons. And in this case, the armor significantly increased the survivability of the attack aircraft compared to aircraft with conventional duralumin skin.