What is a vowel row. Classification of vowels

Vowels, as already mentioned, are purely tonal sounds. Having arisen in the larynx as a result of vibrations of the vocal cords, the musical tone, the voice acquires a special timbre in the supraglottic cavities. The mouth and pharynx are the resonators in which the differences between vowels are formed. These differences are determined by the volume and shape of the resonating cavities, which can change as a result of movements of the lips, tongue, and mandible. Each vowel sound of every speaker is pronounced with a special structure of the mouth organs peculiar only to this sound.

The classification of vowels is based on three features: 1) the participation of the lips, 2) the degree of elevation of the tongue vertically in relation to the palate, 3) the degree of advancement of the tongue forward or backward horizontally.

According to the participation of lips, vowels are divided into rounded (labialized) and unrounded (non-labialized). When rounded vowels are formed, the lips approach, round and protrude forward, reducing the exit opening and lengthening the oral resonator. The degree of roundness can be different: less y [o], more y [y]. Vowels [a, e, i, s] are unrounded.

According to the degree of elevation of the tongue in relation to the palate, the vowels of the upper rise [i, s, y], the middle rise [e, o] and the lower rise [a] are distinguished. When articulating high vowels, the tongue occupies the highest position. In this case, the lower jaw usually slightly moves away from the upper jaw, creating a narrow mouth opening. Therefore, high vowels are also called narrow and. When articulating lower vowels, the lower jaw is usually lowered to its lowest position, creating a wide mouth opening. Therefore, low vowels are also called wide.

According to the degree of advancement of the tongue forward or its retraction backwards, the vowels of the front row [i, e], the middle row [s, a] and the back row [y, o] are distinguished horizontally. When articulating front, middle, and back vowels, the tongue is concentrated in the front, middle, or back of the mouth, respectively.

_ _ _ [s] Scheme of articulation of vowels:

The form of the language is different. When forming front vowels, the front part of the back of the tongue rises towards the front of the palate. When forming back vowels, the back of the back of the tongue rises towards the back of the palate. And when forming middle vowels, the tongue either rises with its middle part to the middle part of the palate, as sometimes happens when pronouncing [s], or lies flat, as when pronouncing [a].

The simplest table of Russian vowels is as follows:

Rounded vowels are indicated in bold.

The study of vowels in school is limited to this set of sounds.

But this table is too schematic. The division into three rises and three rows does not reflect the full richness of vowel sounds. So, besides [and], there is also a sound pronounced with a slightly greater openness of the mouth and a slightly lower rise of the tongue. This sound is called [and] open. In a more accurate transcription, this is [and e]. There is [e] closed - a sound that differs from [e] by a somewhat larger closed mouth and a slightly higher rise of the tongue. In a more accurate transcription, this is [e and] or [e¨].

Thus, open and closed vowels are “shades” of sounds pronounced with a slightly more open or closed mouth and a slightly smaller or greater rise of the tongue.

Tones of sounds can be considered as special sounds. Then the table should be more detailed. Such is the following table (although, of course, not all vowel sounds of the Russian language are shown in it).

The vowel [ъ], one of the most frequent sounds of Russian speech, is pronounced, for example, in the words [vdavόs] water Carrier,[parakht] steamer,[gόrt] city. It can be pronounced in isolation if you form a continuous series of sounds from [s] to [a] and stop in the middle.

The vowels [ä, e, ö, y] are moved forward and up compared to [a, e, o, y]. They are pronounced between soft consonants, for example, in the words [p'ät '] five,[Pat') sing,[t'öt'b) aunt,[t'ul'] tulle.

Vowels [and e, s ъ, а ъ] are only in an unstressed position. For example: [and e skr’yt’] spark,[s'i ezhu] sitting,[dy shy] breathe[zhy ry] fats,[va b da] water,[tra b va] grass. For some speakers, instead of [a b] sounds [Λ] - an unrounded vowel, according to the position of the language, the middle one between [a] and [o].

SYLLABLE

Theories of the syllable. Syllabic and non-syllabic sounds. Our speech is divided into words, and words into syllables. A syllable may consist of one or more sounds. One sound in a syllable is syllabic (or syllabic), the rest are non-syllabic (non-syllabic).

There are several syllable theories.

The expiratory theory interprets a syllable as a sound combination that is pronounced with one push of exhaled air. This definition of the syllable is the most obvious. That is what is given in primary school. You can check it like this. If you pronounce the word in front of a burning candle house, the flame will flicker once, the word hand- the flame flickers twice, milk- three times.

But this theory does not explain all cases. Let's say a single word alloy, and the flame of the candle will tremble twice: the bow of the lips at [n] will break the air stream into two parts. Let's pronounce ay!- and the flame will tremble once, although the word has two syllables.

In modern Russian linguistics, the most recognized is the sonoristic theory of the syllable, based on acoustic criteria. As applied to the Russian language, it was developed by R.I. Avanesov. According to this theory, a syllable is a wave of sonority, sonority. A syllable is a grouping of sounds with varying degrees of sonority. The most sonorous is a syllabic (syllabic) sound, the rest of the sounds are non-syllabic.

Vowels, as the most sonorous sounds, are usually syllabic. But, for example, the vowel [and] can also be non-syllable: [iu-b'i-l'ei] - anniversary. Consonants are usually non-syllable, but sometimes they can also be the top of a syllable. Most often, sonorant consonants act in this role, as the most sonorous of the consonants.

Here are Lermontov's poems:

I used to think kisses

I happy life my...

Each line has 3 three-syllable stops with the stress on the last syllable. Size - anapaest:

At the same time, the word a life pronounced in two syllables [zhy-z'n ']. The syllabic form of the second syllable is a sonorant consonant.

It is possible to designate according to the degree of sonority: vowels - 4, sonorant voiced consonants - 3, noisy voiced consonants - 2, deaf - 1. Let's denote the pause as 0. On the rulers corresponding to these indices, we will postpone the sounds, denoting them with dots. If you connect these dots, you get waves of sonority that characterize the word.

Then the word longhaired will be presented like this:

How many peaks, peaks of sonority are in this wave, so many syllables. The sound [and] is a vowel, but with weakened sonority, so it is lower than the top line.

The words ice, look this diagram looks like this:

These words are disyllabic - they have two peaks of sonority: [l'dy], [look]. Words can also be spoken mosses, Mtsensk, flatter, lions, lie, mouths, mercury, ditches, rust, blush and Peter, boar, meaning, thought, execution etc.

But these same words can also be monosyllabic, with one peak of sonority:

Sonorant with such pronunciation is partially or completely deafened, its sonority is at the level of a noisy consonant, voiced or deaf. The words [mh'i], [l's't'it'], [v'epr'] and others can also be pronounced.

The duplicity of such words is used by poets. So, in the poetic line of Khlebnikov V. "This life and that life" word a life in the first case it is monosyllable, and in the second it is two-syllable.

But syllabic consonants are not typical for the Russian language. Therefore, they often develop a vowel in front of them. Pronounced [kaz'in '], [t'iá'tar] execution, theatre,[ъ rzhy], [ъ l'n'inόi] rye, linen, and in the dialects [arzhanόi], [il'n'inoi], etc. Deaf sonorant is poorly perceived by ear, so it often falls out. Related to this is the pronunciation [rup’] from ruble,[act'ápsk'ii] from October etc. In Old Russian along with verb forms carried, carried, could, could etc. there were also masculine forms can't, could with a vowel [ъ] at the end of a word. After it fell out, the deaf [l] also ceased to be pronounced. This is how forms came into being. carried, could, carried, calmed down etc.

In some languages, syllabic sonorants are quite common, for example in Serbo-Croatian and Czech: Serb-Croat. hw- "rye", krv- "blood", pret- "finger, finger" vrba- "willow"; Czech vrch - "top, peak", vlk - "wolf", slza - "a tear".

Not only sonorous consonants can be syllabic, but also noisy, even deaf ones. So, the Russians can call the cat Puss, puss, puss. This interjection has three syllables, although all sounds are voiceless. The syllabic sound here is [s]. The voiceless fricative consonant also acts as a syllable in the exclamation of scaring away birds ksh! and in a call to silence ts! In Russian colloquial speech, in South Russian dialects, an unstressed vowel may drop out, while the number of syllables in a word may be preserved. The role of the syllabic sound in these cases is assumed by the consonant, including the deaf: [t] it's time- axe, you[with] pano- poured out. Such a syllabic consonant differs from neighboring sounds by greater tension. Thus, the top of a syllable can be formed not only by the most sonorous sound in a syllable, but also by the most intense one.

Sounds characterized by increased sonority and increased tension have common feature: they have greater strength, intensity, which manifests itself in an increase in the amplitude of the oscillation. The dynamic theory of the syllable is based on this acoustic feature of syllabic and non-syllabic sounds. From the point of view of this theory, the syllable is a wave of strength, intensity. The strongest, most intense sound of a syllable is syllabic, the weaker ones are non-syllabic.

There can be two vowels in one syllable. The combination of two vowels within the same syllable is called a diphthong. There are no diphthongs in the Russian literary language, but they are found in Russian dialects, where it is pronounced core[y^o] wow, milk[y^o], l[u^e] with, with [u ^ e] but etc. There are diphthongs, for example, in English, German, Spanish and many other languages. Diphthongs can be balanced when both vowels have the same strength and duration, as, for example, occurs in Russian dialect pronunciation. If in a diphthong the first vowel is syllabic and the second is non-syllabic, then this is a descending diphthong, for example in English time - "time", table - "table", go - "to go", in German mein - "my", heute - "today". If in a diphthong the first consonant is non-syllabic and the second is syllabic, then this is an ascending diphthong, for example in Spanish puerta - "door", tierra - "Earth", pievo- "new". Diphthongs always refer to the same phoneme (see §119).

A syllable that begins with a syllabic sound is called open: [he], [silt], [á-ist]. A syllable that begins with a non-syllable sound is called covered: [himself], [yes-ská], [iu-lá] whirligig

A syllable ending in a syllabic sound is called open: [yes-lá], [za-kό-ny], [t'i-gr]. A syllable ending in a non-syllable sound is called closed: [table], [edge], [pai-mat '] to catch.

Vowel sounds- These are the sounds of speech, formed by the free passage of an air stream through vocal cords consisting mainly of voice (voice tone) with an almost complete absence of noise.

In Russian, vowels are classified according to three criteria:

1) by row (place of formation);

2) on the rise (method of formation);

3) by the presence or absence of labialization.

At classification of vowels according to a number the difference between vowels caused by the movement of the tongue in a horizontal direction is taken into account. The vowels are divided into three groups:

1) vowels front row, during the articulation of which the language is strongly advanced forward: [and], [e];

2) vowels middle row, during the articulation of which the tongue moves back a little: [s], [a];

3) vowels back row, during the pronunciation of which the tongue is strongly pushed back: [y], [o].

At vowel classifications by rise language takes into account the difference between vowels caused by the movement of the tongue in a vertical direction. The vowels are divided into three groups:

1) vowels upper lift, during the pronunciation of which the tongue is strongly raised up, i.e. occupies the highest position: [and], [s], [y];

2) vowels medium rise, during the pronunciation of which the language occupies a lower position: [e], [o];

3) vowels lower lift, during the pronunciation of which the tongue occupies the lowest position: [a].

According to the width of the mouth solution (which is associated with the degree of elevation of the back of the tongue), vowels are divided into

1) wide, i.e. acoustically the most sonorous: [a];

2) averages, i.e. acoustically medium sonority: [e], [o];

3) narrow, i.e. acoustically the least sonorous: [and], [s], [y].

The third criterion for classification is presence or absence of labialization, i.e. elongation or rounding of the lips. In this case, the vowels are divided into

1) labialized (rounded) vowels: [y], [o];

2) non-labialized (non-rounded) vowels: [a], [e], [i], [s].

The classification of vowels can be presented in tables.

The simplest table of articulation of vowels

Row Rise	Front	Average	Rear
Upper	and	s	at
Average	uh		about
Lower		a

The division into three rows and three rises does not reflect the full richness of vowel sounds.

There are so-called reduced vowels: [Λ], [and e], [s e], [b], [b].

[Λ] - reduced vowel [a], [o] in the first prestressed syllable and the absolute beginning of the word; this sound is called "a - narrow";

[and e] - a sound, the middle between [and] and [e]; this is a sound pronounced with a slightly greater openness of the mouth and a slightly lower rise of the tongue than the sound [and]; the sound is called "[and] open" or "[and] with an overtone [e]", or "[and] prone to [e]";

[s e] - a sound average between [s] and [e]; the sound is called “[s] with an overtone [e]”, or “[s] prone to [e]”;

[b], [b] - reduced vowels [a], [o], [e] in all unstressed syllables, except for the first pre-stressed; [b] - sound, the middle between [s] and [a];

Tones of sounds can be considered as special sounds. Then the table of vowels should be more detailed.

Vowel articulation table

Row Rise	Front	Average	Rear
Upper	and	s	at
upper middle	and uh	s e
Average	uh	b	about
Lower		and Λ

QUESTION 6

CONSONANTISM

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Consonants- these are speech sounds, consisting either of one noise, or of voice and noise, which is formed in the organs of pronunciation, where the air stream exhaled from the lungs meets various obstacles.

The consonants of the Russian language are classified according to 5 features:

2) at the place of education;

3) according to the method of education;

4) by the presence or absence of palatalization (by hardness - softness);

5) by the presence or absence of nasality.

The main features of consonants are the place and method of formation. Define place of education consonant - it means to indicate in what place speech apparatus there is a convergence or closure of the active organ with the passive. Define way of education consonant - it means to indicate how the barrier is created and how it is removed. Important features of consonants are also deafness - sonority and hardness - softness.

The articulation of each consonant is made up of the simultaneous work of different pronunciation organs. In this case, the main work is the one in which the main focus arises, that is, the place where noise is generated. So, the sounds [p] and [b] are called labial, since the lips are the place of noise formation, the sounds [s] and [h] are, respectively, dental, etc.

Articulation aimed at the formation of the main focus is called basic .

In addition to the main one, when forming a consonant, it can also be used additional articulation, which, without changing the basic character of the noise, gives it a specific shade. The most common additional articulation of Russian consonants is palatalization (from lat. palatum - palate). It is expressed in the tension and rise of the middle part of the tongue to the hard palate. With the help of palatalization, soft (palatalized) consonants are formed. Velarization (from Latin velaris - posterior palatine) - this is an additional articulation, in which, in contrast to palatalization, solid consonants are formed (for example, Russian solid [l]). Articulation of velarization consists in raising the back of the back of the tongue to soft palate. Additional articulation is also nasalization (from lat. nasalis - nasal), i.e. from the point of view of articulation - the participation of the palatine curtain in the formation of nasal consonants ([n], [n "], [m], [m"]), unlike other sounds.

1. Classification of consonants according to the participation of voice and noise:

1) consonants sonorous, formed with the help of voice and slight noise: [m], [n], [l], [p], [j];

2) consonants noisy subdivided into noisy voiced , formed by noise accompanied by a voice: [b], [b "], [c], [c"], [g], [g "], [d], [d "], [g], [g" ], [h], [h "], [j], [γ], [γ"], [dz], [j]; and noisy deaf , formed only with the help of noise, without the participation of the voice: [n], [n "], [f], [f "], [k], [k"], [t], [t "], [s] , [s "], [w], [w "] (in place of u), [x], [x "], [c], [h "].

characteristic feature The system of consonants is the presence in it of pairs of sounds correlative in voicing-deafness. The correlation of paired sounds lies in the fact that in some phonetic conditions (before vowels) they differ as two different sounds, and in other conditions (at the end of a word) they do not differ and coincide in their sound. Compare: rose - dew and roses - grew [ros - ros]. The correlative series of voiced and voiceless consonants is represented by 12 pairs of sounds. Sounds [l], [l "], [m], [m"], [n], [n"], [r], [r "], [j] - unpaired voiced, [x], [c ], [h "] - unpaired deaf.

Table of classification of consonants according to voiced-deafness

2. Classification of consonants according to the place of formation.

The place of formation of a consonant depends on which active organ performs the main work and with which passive organ it closes or approaches. This is the place in the mouth where the flow of air meets an obstacle.

If the active organ is underlip , then consonants can be labial (passive organ - upper lip): [p], [b], [m] and labio-dental (passive organ - upper teeth): [c], [f].

If the active organ is language , then the characteristic of the consonant depends on which part of the tongue - the anterior, middle or back - is involved in creating the barrier and with which passive organ - the teeth, the anterior, middle or back of the palate - the tongue approaches or closes. Front-lingual consonants are dental, when the front of the tongue is directed to the teeth: [t], [d], [s], [h], [n], [l], [c], and palatine-dental (anteropalatal), when it is directed to the anterior part of the palate: [p], [w], [g], [h "]. Middle-lingual at the same time always and middle-palatal: [j], [and]. Back-lingual or middle palate: [k "], [g" ], [x "], [γ"] or posterior palate: [k], [g], [x], [γ].

1) consonants labial subdivided into labial: [b], [n], [m] and labiodental:

2) consonants lingual subdivided into anterior lingual, which include dental[d], [t], [s], [s], [n], [l], [c] and palatine-dental[w], [w "], [w], [h "], [p];

3) middle language(mid palate) [j], [and];

4) consonants back-lingual(back palatine) [k], [k "], [g], [g"], [x], [x"], as well as rare

sounds [γ], [γ "], [n].

The sound [n] - nasal back-lingual - is rare in Russian. It is pronounced in place [n] before [k], [g], usually in cases where a consonant follows: pu[n] ktir, fra[n] ksky, ko[n] gress.

3. Classification of consonants according to the method of formation:

Depending on the difference in the methods of noise formation, consonants are divided into:

1) consonants explosive(constant): [b], [p], [d], [t], [g], [k];

2) consonants fricatives(slotted): [c], [f], [h], [s], [g], [w], [w "], , [x];

3) affricates[ts], [h "];

4) consonants closure-through, which include nasal[m], [m "], [n], [n"] and side[l], [l"];

5) trembling[p], [p "].

4. Classification of consonants by the presence or absence of palatalization:

1) consonants solid, formed without additional mid-palatal articulation (all consonants, except for [g "], [w"], [h"], [j]);

2) consonants soft, formed with additional articulation (all consonants, except for [g], [w], [c]).

By education, they differ in the absence or presence of palatalization, which consists in additional articulation (the middle part of the back of the tongue rises high to the corresponding part of the palate).

With the formation of soft consonants, the language is concentrated in the front, and with the formation of hard consonants - in the back. oral cavity; compare: [in "] il - [v] yl, [n"] il - [n] yl, [l"] yog - [l] og, [r "] poison - [r] hell.

Consonant sounds form pairs of hardness / softness: [b] - [b "], [p] - [n"], [c] - [c"], [f] - [f "], [h] - [ h "], [s] - [s"], [d] - [d"], [t] - [t"], [m] - [m"], etc. Unpaired solid sounds are [g], [w], [c]; unpaired soft - [g "], [w"], [h"], [j].

In [j], the elevation of the middle part of the back of the tongue to the middle part of the palate is not additional, like in other consonants, but the main articulation, therefore [j] - palatal , not a palatalized consonant.

Table of classification of consonants by hardness-softness

5. Classification of consonants by the presence or absence of nasality:

1) consonants nasal(nasal): [n], [n "], [m], [m "];

2) consonants non-nasal(non-nasal, oral): all others.

During the formation of nasal consonants, the palate descends and the air stream passes into the nasal cavity, causing nasal resonance. A characteristic feature of nasal consonants is that, along with the bow, the passage of air through the nose is open. Therefore, these sounds are classified as a special group of stop-passing sounds.

Voice and noise	Way of education	Place of education
Labial	lingual
labial	labiodental	Frontlingual	Middle-lingual	Back lingual
		dental	palatine-dental
Noisy	explosive	b b’ p p’		d d’ t t’			g g’ k k’
affricates			c	h'
fricatives		in v’ f f’	s s ’s s’	w w’ w w’	ј	x x'
Sonorant
Connecting passageways	lateral			l l'
nasal	mm'		n n'
Trembling				p p'

Table of articulation of consonants

The table lists the most important features and basic sounds of modern Russian literary language. However, not all. If, for example, we compare initial sounds words garden and court, lady and doom, taz and ace, you can see the difference in their articulation. Before [a], consonants are pronounced without tension of the lips, and before [y] - with rounded and elongated lips. We're just getting ready to say the words court, doom, ace, and the lips have already taken this position. This additional articulation is called labialization (from Latin labium - “lip”), and consonants [s °], [d °], [t "], etc. - labialized (or ruined). These sounds differ from [s], [d], [t] by articulation and by ear. (This difference can be heard if you start pronouncing the word garden and stop after the first consonant, then start pronouncing the word court, but pronounce only the first consonant.) In Russian, the labialization of consonants is always associated with their position before [u] or [o], as well as before labialized consonants: [s°t°ul], [s°t°ol], but [became]. There are no exceptions, so it is usually not noted in transcription.

The defining characteristic of front vowels is the position of the tongue, which, when pronounced, is as close to the teeth as possible, but without the narrowing that would make the sound a consonant.

List of front vowels according to the IPA

	Undead	Vowel to decrease rise	rounded
High unrounded front vowel	[i]	Rounded high front vowel	[y]
Undead vowel of the front row of the middle-upper rise	[e]	Rounded mid-high front vowel	[ø]
Non-rounded mid-low front vowel	[ɛ]	Rounded mid-low front vowel	[œ]
Relaxed front low vowel		[æ]
Lower front unrounded vowel	[a]	Rounded low front vowel	[ɶ]

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An excerpt characterizing front vowels

Once, in the middle of the day, Princess Mary, noticing that Natasha was trembling in a feverish chill, took her to her and laid her on her bed. Natasha lay down, but when Princess Mary, having lowered the blinds, wanted to go out, Natasha called her to her.
- I don't want to sleep. Marie, sit with me.
- You're tired - try to sleep.
- No no. Why did you take me away? She will ask.
- She's much better. She spoke so well today,” said Princess Marya.
Natasha was lying in bed and in the semi-darkness of the room she examined the face of Princess Marya.
"Does she look like him? thought Natasha. Yes, similar and not similar. But it is special, alien, completely new, unknown. And she loves me. What's on her mind? Everything is good. But how? What does she think? How does she look at me? Yes, she's beautiful."
“Masha,” she said, timidly pulling her hand to her. Masha, don't think I'm stupid. Not? Masha, dove. I love you so much. Let's be really, really friends.
And Natasha, embracing, began to kiss the hands and face of Princess Marya. Princess Mary was ashamed and rejoiced at this expression of Natasha's feelings.
From that day on, that passionate and tender friendship was established between Princess Mary and Natasha, which happens only between women. They kissed incessantly, spoke tender words to each other and most spent time together. If one went out, the other was restless and hurried to join her. Together they felt a greater harmony with each other than separately, each with himself. A feeling stronger than friendship was established between them: it was an exceptional feeling of the possibility of life only in the presence of each other.
Vowel sounds in Russian are contrasted on four grounds: the degree of sonority, the degree of advancement of the tongue (row), the degree of elevation of the tongue (rise) and the participation of the lips (labialization).

1. The degree of sonority of a vowel sound is determined by the degree of tension of the vocal cords during their formation and is related to the position of the sound in relation to the stress. According to the degree of sonority, vowels of complete and incomplete education are distinguished. With the formation of vowels of a complete formation, the vocal cords are strained to the maximum, the sound is pronounced with maximum strength and duration. With the formation of vowels of incomplete formation (reduced), the vocal cords tense to a lesser extent.
2. The number of vowels depends on the degree of horizontal advancement of the tongue in the oral resonator (forward-backward movement). According to the degree of horizontal advancement of the tongue, front vowels [u, e], middle row [s, a], and back row vowels [y, o] are distinguished. The articulation of the front and back vowels is characterized by the advancement of the tongue into the front and back zones, respectively. When forming middle vowels, the tongue occupies a middle position in the oral resonator. The form of the language is different.
3. According to the degree of elevation of the tongue to the palate, the vowels of the upper rise [i, s, y], the middle rise [e, o] and the lower rise [a] are distinguished. The articulation of high vowels is accompanied by a maximum rise of the back of the tongue to the palate. In the formation of low vowels, the tongue rests on the lower jaw, and in the formation of mid-rise vowels, the tongue occupies a middle position.

The simplest vowel table is:
Table 1.

Climb	Front	Average	Rear
Upper	and	s	at
Average	uh		about
Lower		a

But the division into three rows and rise does not reflect the entire articulatory variety of speech sounds. So, in the flow of speech in an unstressed position in the first pre-stressed syllable after a soft consonant in place of the phonemes lt;egt;, lt;agt; the sound [and] “[and] with an overtone [e]” is pronounced, in the second pre-stressed syllable - [b] “short reduced er” - places [m’iEsta] and place [m’est’]. After solid consonants in the first prestressed syllable, in place of the phonemes lt;agt;, lt;ogt; the sound is pronounced - “close to [a]”, and in the second pre-stressed - [b] “short reduced er” - at home [d / \ ma] and at home [dom]. After solid hissing and c, it is pronounced [yE] “[s] with an overtone [e]” - to regret [zhyElet]. Vowels [ыЭ], [иЭ], [Л], [ъ], [ь] occur only in unstressed positions. But shades of sounds also appear in the stressed position, for example, in the word knead the phoneme lt;agt; between soft consonants is realized in the sound [a] advanced forward and upward throughout the sound.
Shades of sounds can be considered as special sounds, and then the vowel table can be supplemented. See the table of vowels and the order of their characteristics in " methodological recommendations for independent work.