Presentation on the topic: Antibiotic relationships. Antibiotic ratios between organisms Antibiotic ratios of great importance
AND different organisms can have a positive effect on each other (symbiotic relationship) bad influence (antibiotic relationship) or not influence each other (neutralism).
Neutralism - cohabitation of two species in the same territory, which has neither positive nor negative consequences for them (for example, squirrels and moose).
Symbiotic relationship - such relationships between organisms in which the participants benefit from cohabitation or at least do not harm each other. There are protocooperation, mutualism, commensalism, etc.
Protocooperation - mutually beneficial, but not mandatory, coexistence of organisms from which all participants benefit (for example, hermit crab and sea anemone).
Mutualism - a form of symbiotic relationship in which either one or both of the partners cannot exist without a partner (for example, herbivorous ungulates and cellulose-degrading microorganisms).
Commensalism - a form of symbiotic relationship in which one of the partners benefits from cohabitation, while the other is indifferent to the presence of the first. There are two forms of commensalism: synoikia , or lodging(for example, some sea anemones and tropical fish) and trophobiosis , or freeloading(e.g. large predators and scavengers).
Predation - a form of antibiotic relationship in which one of the participants (the predator) kills the other (the prey) and uses it as food (for example, wolves and hares). Cannibalism - a special case of predation - killing and eating their own kind (found in rats, brown bears, humans).
Competition - a form of antibiotic relationship in which organisms compete with each other for food resources, a sexual partner, shelter, light, etc. There are interspecific and intraspecific competition.
Amensalism - a form of antibiotic relationship in which one organism acts on another and suppresses its vital activity, while itself does not experience any negative influences from the suppressed one (for example, spruce and plants of the lower tier).
Anthropogenic factors - human activity, leading either to a direct impact on living organisms, or to a change in their habitat. At the same time, the impact of a person as a biological organism and his economic activity differ. (technogenic factors).
Competition - a form of antibiotic relations in which organisms compete with each other for food resources, a sexual partner, shelter, light, etc. There are interspecific and intraspecific competition. If species live in the same territory, then each of them is in a disadvantageous position: the opportunities for mastering food resources, breeding grounds, etc. are reduced. Forms of competitive interaction can be very different - from direct physical struggle to peaceful coexistence. If two species with the same needs find themselves in the same community, sooner or later one competitor will displace the other. Charles Darwin considered competition to be one of the most important components of the struggle for existence, which plays an important role in the evolution of species.
Amensalism - a form of antibiosis, in which one of the cohabiting species oppresses the other, without receiving any harm or benefit from this. Example: light-loving herbs growing under a spruce suffer from severe darkening, while they themselves do not affect the tree in any way. A special case of amensalism allelopathy, in which the waste products of one organism are released into the external environment, poisoning it and making it unsuitable for the life of another. Common in plants, fungi, bacteria.
Lesson topic. Antibiotic relationships between organisms.
1. Educational goals: 1) based on the repetition of educational material on positive relationships between organisms, characterize the forms of symbiosis; 2) to continue deepening and expanding knowledge about the diversity of relationships between organisms based on the study of the characteristics of antibiotic relationships; 3) to continue deepening knowledge about the evolutionary role of these forms of interaction between organisms.
2. educational goals: learning the ability to highlight the essential, most importantly, to work at an optimal pace, save time.
3. Development goals: continue the development of students' skills to work with a book, draw conclusions; to continue the formation of skills of paired independent work; use existing knowledge, life experience, interdisciplinary connections with ecology.
Lesson type: combined.
Lesson structure: I. Org. Moment.
II. Checking homework.
Paperwork.
III. The study of new material.
IV. Consolidation of knowledge, skills.
V. Homework.
During the classes.
Org. Moment.
Checking homework. Paperwork. 2 worksheets. Mutual check, summing up the results.
Learning new material.
Interspecies relationships are complex and varied.
We have studied positive relationships - symbiosis.
Purpose of today's lesson to study antibiotic relationships between organisms and their significance.
Topic: Antibiotic relationships between organisms.
What do you guys associate the term antibiosis with.
How do we define the concept of "antibiosis"?
Antibiosis is a form of relationship in which both interacting populations (or one of them) are negatively influenced by the other.
The plan for the study of the topic is written on the board:
2 pair - considers the phenomenon of predation in plants and fungi.
Pairs are given task cards.
Pairs work, then there is a discussion on these topics.
Types of relationships between organisms.
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Type of antibiotic |
5) Performance of students from each pair.
How do you think the relationships between organisms of different systematic groups provide balance in the ecological system?
Theme "Relationships of organisms"
1) Selection has long been rejected,
Legs do not wear heads!
Live, strong brothers,
And I can't escape fate.
(predator - prey)
2) We are in the same bond with you,
Like a friendly family
It's been unclear for a long time
Where are you, and where am I?
(symbiosis)
3) I wish you many years of life,
You don't know about me at all!
I'll find dinner and lunch
As long as you are in my destiny.
Doesn't scare me away!
Only from the master's table
I missed something.
(freeloading)
Task cards
I
1. Consider the phenomenon of predation in animals.
2. What is the meaning of this type of relationship? Give examples (3).
3. What survival adaptations do predators and their prey have?
4. How can the phenomenon of predation be used in practical human activities?
5. Fill out the table in your notebook.
II
1. Consider the phenomenon of predation in plants and fungi.
3. Fill out the table in your notebook.
2. What is the meaning of this type of relationship? Give 3 examples.
5. Fill out the table in your notebook.
2. What is the meaning of this type of relationship? Give examples.
4. Fill out the table in your notebook.
Open lesson in biology
in 11th grade."Antibiotic relationships between organisms".
Teacher: Zharikova L.I.
MOKU Mayskaya secondary school 2012.
1 of 17
Presentation on the topic: Antibiotic relationship
slide number 1
Description of the slide:
slide number 2
Description of the slide:
Antibiosis is a form of relationship in which both interacting populations or one of them are negatively affected. The adverse influence of some species on others can manifest itself in different forms. Antibiosis is a form of relationship in which both interacting populations or one of them are negatively affected. The adverse influence of some species on others can manifest itself in different forms.
slide number 3
Description of the slide:
This is one of the most common forms that are of great importance in the self-regulation of biocenoses. Predators are animals (and also some plants) that feed on other animals that they catch and kill. The objects of hunting of predators are extremely diverse. The lack of specialization allows predators to use a wide variety of food. For example, foxes eat fruits; bears gather berries and love to feast on the honey of forest bees. This is one of the most common forms that are of great importance in the self-regulation of biocenoses. Predators are animals (and also some plants) that feed on other animals that they catch and kill. The objects of hunting of predators are extremely diverse. The lack of specialization allows predators to use a wide variety of food. For example, foxes eat fruits; bears gather berries and love to feast on the honey of forest bees.
slide number 4
Description of the slide:
Although all predators have preferred types of prey, the mass reproduction of unusual hunting objects forces them to switch to them. So, peregrine falcons get food in the air. But with the mass reproduction of lemmings, falcons begin to hunt them, grabbing prey from the ground. Although all predators have preferred types of prey, the mass reproduction of unusual hunting objects forces them to switch to them. So, peregrine falcons get food in the air. But with the mass reproduction of lemmings, falcons begin to hunt them, grabbing prey from the ground. The ability to switch from one type of prey to another is one of the necessary adaptations in the life of predators.
slide number 5
Description of the slide:
Predation is one of the main forms of struggle for existence and is found in all major groups of eukaryotic organisms. Already in unicellular organisms, the eating of individuals of one species by another is a common occurrence. Jellyfish paralyze with stinging cells any organisms that fall within the reach of their tentacles (in large forms - up to 20-30 m in length), and eat them. Predation is one of the main forms of struggle for existence and is found in all major groups of eukaryotic organisms. Already in unicellular organisms, the eating of individuals of one species by another is a common occurrence. Jellyfish paralyze with stinging cells any organisms that fall within the reach of their tentacles (in large forms - up to 20-30 m in length), and eat them.
slide number 6
Description of the slide:
At the bottom of the sea, typical predators live - starfish that feed on mollusks and often destroy extensive settlements of coral polyps. At the bottom of the sea, typical predators live - starfish that feed on mollusks and often destroy extensive settlements of coral polyps.
slide number 7
Description of the slide:
Many centipedes, in particular skolopendra, are also typical predators with an extremely wide range of prey: from insects to small vertebrates. Many centipedes, in particular skolopendra, are also typical predators with an extremely wide range of prey: from insects to small vertebrates. http://www.photosight.ru/photos/203349/
slide number 8
Description of the slide:
Large frogs attack chicks and can cause serious damage to waterfowl breeding. Snakes prey on amphibians, birds and small mammals. Often the objects of their hunting are not only adults, but also bird eggs. Bird nests, located both on the ground and on the branches of trees, are literally devastated by snakes. Large frogs attack chicks and can cause serious damage to waterfowl breeding. Snakes prey on amphibians, birds and small mammals. Often the objects of their hunting are not only adults, but also bird eggs. Bird nests, located both on the ground and on the branches of trees, are literally devastated by snakes.
slide number 9
Description of the slide:
Cannibalism is a special case of predation - eating individuals of their own species, most often juveniles. Cannibalism is common in spiders (females often eat males), in fish (eating fry). Mammal females also sometimes eat their young. Cannibalism is a special case of predation - eating individuals of their own species, most often juveniles. Cannibalism is common in spiders (females often eat males), in fish (eating fry). Mammal females also sometimes eat their young.
slide number 10
Description of the slide:
Predation is associated with the possession of resisting and escaping prey. When a peregrine falcon attacks birds, most of the victims die instantly from a sudden blow of the falcon's claws. Vole mice also cannot resist an owl or a fox. Predation is associated with the possession of resisting and escaping prey. When a peregrine falcon attacks birds, most of the victims die instantly from a sudden blow of the falcon's claws. Vole mice also cannot resist an owl or a fox.
slide number 11
Description of the slide:
But sometimes the fight between predator and prey turns into a fierce fight. Therefore, natural selection operating in a population of Predators will increase the effectiveness of the means of finding and catching prey. This purpose is served by the web of spiders, the poisonous teeth of snakes, the precise attacking blows of praying mantises, dragonflies, snakes, birds and mammals. Complex behavior is developed, for example, the coordinated actions of a pack of wolves when hunting deer. But sometimes the fight between predator and prey turns into a fierce fight. Therefore, natural selection operating in a population of Predators will increase the effectiveness of the means of finding and catching prey. This purpose is served by the web of spiders, the poisonous teeth of snakes, the precise attacking blows of praying mantises, dragonflies, snakes, birds and mammals. Complex behavior is developed, for example, the coordinated actions of a pack of wolves when hunting deer.
slide number 12
Description of the slide:
This includes protective coloration, various spikes and shells, and adaptive behavior. When a predator attacks a flock of fish, all individuals rush in all directions. On the contrary, starlings, noticing a peregrine falcon, huddle together in a dense pile. The predator avoids attacking a dense flock, as it risks getting injured. Large ungulates, when attacked by wolves, become a circle. For wolves, the chance to fight off. and slaughter an individual as a result of such behavior, the herd is significantly reduced. Therefore, they prefer to attack old or diseased animals, especially those that have strayed from the herd. This includes protective coloration, various spikes and shells, and adaptive behavior. When a predator attacks a flock of fish, all individuals rush in all directions. On the contrary, starlings, noticing a peregrine falcon, huddle together in a dense pile. The predator avoids attacking a dense flock, as it risks getting injured. Large ungulates, when attacked by wolves, become a circle. For wolves, the chance to fight off. and slaughter an individual as a result of such behavior, the herd is significantly reduced. Therefore, they prefer to attack old or diseased animals, especially those that have strayed from the herd.
Description of the slide:
The need for nitrogen in plants growing on nutrient-poor soils washed with water has led to the emergence of a very interesting phenomenon in them. These plants have adaptations for catching insects. So, the leaf blades of the Venus flytrap, endemic to the state of North Carolina (USA), turned into flaps with teeth. The flaps slam shut as soon as the insect touches the sensitive hairs on the leaf blade. The need for nitrogen in plants growing on nutrient-poor soils washed with water has led to the emergence of a very interesting phenomenon in them. These plants have adaptations for catching insects. So, the leaf blades of the Venus flytrap, endemic to the state of North Carolina (USA), turned into flaps with teeth. The flaps slam shut as soon as the insect touches the sensitive hairs on the leaf blade.
slide number 15
Description of the slide:
In the sundew found in Russia, the leaves are collected in a basal rosette. The entire upper side and margins of each leaf are covered with glandular hairs. In the center of the leaf, glandular hairs are short, along the edges - long. The head of the hair is surrounded by a transparent droplet of thick, sticky, viscous mucus. Small flies or ants sit or crawl on the leaf and stick to it. The insect fights, trying to free itself, but all the hairs of the disturbed leaf bend towards the prey, enveloping it with mucus. The edge of the leaf slowly folds over and covers the insect. The mucus secreted by the hairs contains enzymes, so the prey is soon digested. In the sundew found in Russia, the leaves are collected in a basal rosette. The entire upper side and margins of each leaf are covered with glandular hairs. In the center of the leaf, glandular hairs are short, along the edges - long. The head of the hair is surrounded by a transparent droplet of thick, sticky, viscous mucus. Small flies or ants sit or crawl on the leaf and stick to it. The insect fights, trying to free itself, but all the hairs of the disturbed leaf bend towards the prey, enveloping it with mucus. The edge of the leaf slowly folds over and covers the insect. The mucus secreted by the hairs contains enzymes, so the prey is soon digested.
slide number 16
Description of the slide:
Animal feeding - predation is also found in fungi. Predatory mushrooms form trapping devices in the form of small oval or spherical heads located on short sprigs of mycelium. However, the most common type of trap is sticky three-dimensional networks consisting of a large number of rings formed as a result of hyphae branching. Often predatory mushrooms catch animals that are larger than them, such as roundworms. The trapping process is like catching flies on sticky paper. Shortly after the worm is entangled, the hyphae of the fungus grow inward and quickly fill the entire body. The whole process takes about a day. In the absence of nematodes, fungi do not form traps. The emergence of a complex trapping apparatus is stimulated chemically, by the waste products of worms. Animal feeding - predation is also found in fungi. Predatory mushrooms form trapping devices in the form of small oval or spherical heads located on short sprigs of mycelium. However, the most common type of trap is sticky three-dimensional networks consisting of a large number of rings formed as a result of hyphae branching. Often predatory mushrooms catch animals that are larger than them, such as roundworms. The trapping process is like catching flies on sticky paper. Shortly after the worm is entangled, the hyphae of the fungus grow inward and quickly fill the entire body. The whole process takes about a day. In the absence of nematodes, fungi do not form traps. The emergence of a complex trapping apparatus is stimulated chemically, by the waste products of worms.
Types of relationships between organisms
Animals and plants, fungi and bacteria do not exist in isolation from each other, but enter into complex relationships. There are several forms of interaction between populations.
Neutralism
The cohabitation of two species in the same territory, which has neither positive nor negative consequences for them.
In neutralism, cohabiting populations of different species do not affect each other. For example, it can be said that a squirrel and a bear, a wolf and a cockchafer do not directly interact, although live in the same forest.
Antibiosis
When both interacting populations or one of them experience a harmful, overwhelming influence.
Antagonistic relationships can manifest themselves as follows:
1. Competition.
A form of antibiotic relationship in which organisms compete with each other for food resources, a sexual partner, shelter, light, etc.
In competition for food, the species that reproduces the fastest wins. Under natural conditions, competition between closely related species weakens if one of them moves to a new food source (that is, they occupy a different ecological niche). For example, in winter, insectivorous birds avoid competition due to different places for searching for food: on the trunk of trees, in shrubs, on stumps, on large or small branches.
Displacement of one population by another: In mixed crops of different types of clover, they coexist, but competition for light leads to a decrease in the density of each of them. Thus, competition arising between close species can have two consequences: either the displacement of one species by another, or different ecological specialization of species, which makes it possible to coexist.
Suppression of one population by another: Thus, fungi that produce antibiotics inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Some plants that can grow in nitrogen-poor soils secrete substances that inhibit the activity of free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as well as the formation of nodules in legumes. In this way, they prevent the accumulation of nitrogen in the soil and the colonization of it by species that need a large amount of it.
3. Amensalism
A form of antibiotic relationship in which one organism interacts with another and suppresses its vital activity, while itself does not experience any negative influences from the suppressed one (for example, spruce and plants of the lower tier). A special case is allelopathy - the influence of one organism on another, in which the waste products of one organism are released into the external environment, poisoning it and making the other unsuitable for life (common in plants).
5 Predation
This is a form of relationship in which an organism of one species uses members of another species as a food source once (by killing them).
Cannibalism - a special case of predation - killing and eating their own kind (found in rats, brown bears, humans).
Symbiosis
A form of relationship in which the participants benefit from cohabitation or at least do not harm each other. Symbiotic relationships also come in a variety of forms.
1. Protocooperation - mutually beneficial, but optional coexistence of organisms, from which all participants benefit (for example, hermit crab and sea anemone).
2. Mutualism is a form of symbiotic relationship in which either one of the partners or both cannot exist without a cohabitant (for example, herbivorous ungulates and cellulose-destroying microorganisms).
Lichens are an inseparable cohabitation of a fungus and algae, when the presence of a partner becomes a condition for the life of each of them. Hyphae of the fungus, braiding the cells and threads of algae, receive substances synthesized by algae. Algae extract water and minerals from fungal hyphae.
Many grasses and trees develop normally only when soil fungi (mycorrhiza) settle on their roots: root hairs do not develop, and the mycelium of the fungus penetrates into the root. Plants receive water and mineral salts from the fungus, and it, in turn, receives organic substances.
3. Commensalism - a form of symbiotic relationship in which one of the partners benefits from cohabitation, while the other is indifferent to the presence of the first. There are two types of cohabitation:
Lodging (some sea anemones and tropical fish). The fish stuck, sticking to large fish (sharks), uses them as a means of transportation and, in addition, feeds on their garbage.
The use of structures and body cavities of other species as shelters is widespread. In tropical waters, some fish hide in the cavity of the respiratory organs (water lungs) of holothurians (or sea cucumbers, a detachment of echinoderms). The fry of some fish find shelter under the umbrella of jellyfish and are protected by their stinging threads. As protection for developing offspring, fish use a strong shell of crabs or bivalve mollusks. The eggs laid on the gills of a crab develop under conditions of an ideal supply of clean water passed through the gills of the host. Plants also use other species as habitats. These are the so-called epiphytes - plants that settle on trees. It can be algae, lichens, mosses, ferns, flowering plants. Woody plants serve as a place of attachment for them, but not a source of nutrients.
Freeloading (large predators and scavengers). For example, hyenas follow lions, picking up the remains of prey that they have not eaten. There can be various spatial relationships between partners. If one partner is outside the cells of the other, they talk about ectosymbiosis, and if inside the cells - endosymbiosis.
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EXAMINATION TICKET No. 4 |
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Types of nutrition of living organisms. |
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Theories of the origin of life. |
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There are two types of nutrition of living organisms: autotrophic and heterotrophic.
Autotrophs (autotrophic organisms) - organisms that use carbon dioxide as a source of carbon (plants and some bacteria). In other words, these are organisms capable of creating organic substances from inorganic ones - carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts.
Heterotrophs (heterotrophic organisms) - organisms that use organic compounds (animals, fungi and most bacteria) as a carbon source. In other words, these are organisms that are not able to create organic substances from inorganic ones, but need ready-made organic substances.
Some living beings, depending on the habitat conditions, are capable of both autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. Organisms with a mixed type of nutrition are called mixotrophs. Mixotrophs - organisms that can both synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones and feed on ready-made organic compounds (insectivorous plants, representatives of the euglenoid algae department, etc.)