The sequence of processes in the human digestive system. Digestion in humans. Digestion process in the stomach

Digestion in the mouth. swallowing

In the oral cavity food is mechanically crushed and mixed. Here begins the primary stage of its chemical processing under the action of saliva, which is produced salivary glands. Saliva contains special enzymes that break down starch into glucose.

A slippery lump of food chewed and moistened with saliva, thanks to the movements of the tongue and cheeks, falls on the back of the tongue and is pushed further into the throat. At this moment, the larynx rises and the entrance to it is closed by the epiglottis. As a result, food does not enter the respiratory tract, but is pushed further into the esophagus. Thus, swallowing is a complex reflex act. The swallowing center is located in the medulla oblongata and interacts with the center of respiration and the center of cardiac activity.

Digestion in the stomach

Numerous glands in the gastric mucosa produce gastric juice. Its main enzyme is pepsin, breaks down complex protein molecules into simpler amino acid molecules. Digestion in the stomach occurs only at a body temperature of 35-37 ° C and in the presence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice, which increases the activity of enzymes.

Gastric juice secretion is regulated by two mechanisms - nervous and humoral. Due to nervous regulation, the secretion of gastric juice begins already a few minutes after the food has entered the mouth. This conditioned reflex secreted gastric juice is called appetizing. Appetizing juice is important for digestion: thanks to it, the stomach is prepared in advance for food intake, and when it enters, the process of splitting nutrients immediately begins.

At the same time, the breakdown products of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc.) are absorbed into the blood through the gastric mucosa; with the blood flow, they enter the gastric glands and cause juice secretion, which continues throughout the entire time that the food is in the stomach. This is the humoral regulation of gastric juice secretion.

The role of the pancreas, liver and intestinal glands in digestion

The process of digestion of food in the intestine occurs under the action of digestive juices secreted by the pancreas, liver and intestinal glands.

Pancreas consists of two types of cells: one secretes digestive juice, the other - the hormone insulin. Pancreatic juice, which enters the duodenum through two ducts, contains a number of enzymes that break down almost all organic nutrients. There are mechanisms of nervous and humoral regulation of the functions of the pancreas.

Liver is the largest gland in our body. Liver cells continuously produce bile, which according to cystic duct enters the duodenum. In the intervals between the processes of digestion of food, bile accumulates in gallbladder. The excretion of bile into the intestine is regulated by nervous and humoral mechanisms. Bile increases the movement of the intestine and promotes the secretion of pancreatic juice; in addition, it increases the activity of enzymes secreted by the pancreas and intestinal glands, facilitates the breakdown of fats. Thus, the liver is involved in the regulation of the metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, hormones and other biologically active substances. It is important barrier function of the liver: all the blood flowing from the intestines, passing through the liver, is cleared of harmful or toxic substances that are excreted along with bile into the intestines.

Intestinal juice, produced by the glands of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, contains a large number of enzymes that act on all types of organic nutrients and complete their digestion.

Intestinal digestion. Suction

The process of digestion in small intestine consists of three successive stages: cavity digestion, parietal (membrane) digestion and absorption.

At cavity digestion The breakdown of nutrients occurs under the influence of digestive juices in the intestinal cavity. Due to the contractions of the intestinal wall, its contents are intensively mixed, which facilitates the process of digestion.

In the process parietal (membrane) digestion due to the action of enzyme molecules located on the cell membrane (membrane), the smallest food particles that have fallen between the villi of the intestinal mucosa are digested.

Suction- this is the process of the entry of various compounds through the layer of villus cells into the blood and lymph, as a result of which the body receives all the substances it needs. The most intensive absorption occurs in the small intestine. Due to the fact that small arteries, branching into capillaries, penetrate into each intestinal villus, the absorbed nutrients easily penetrate into the liquid media of the body. Glucose and proteins broken down to amino acids are absorbed into the blood directly. Blood carrying glucose and amino acids is sent to the liver where carbohydrates are deposited. Fatty acids and glycerin - a product of the processing of fats under the influence of bile - are first absorbed into the lymph and from there enter the circulatory system.

In the small intestine, the processes of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients are mainly completed. The exception is plant fiber, the breakdown of which occurs in large intestine. Colon gland

intestines secrete juice, partially splitting plant fiber and destroying unabsorbed products of protein digestion. Due to the intensive absorption of water in the large intestine, the food slurry, as it moves, gradually turns into dense fecal masses, which from the large intestine enter rectum. Emptying the rectum (defecation) is a complex reflex act, which is facilitated by contraction of the diaphragm and muscles of the abdominal wall. The center of this reflex is located in the sacral spinal cord; its activity is regulated by the brain.

Digestion is the breakdown of complex nutrients from food into simpler ones, after which they are absorbed into the blood. Briefly, the stages of digestion can be described as follows:

1. In the oral cavity, some of the carbohydrates are broken down by the action of the saliva enzyme amylase.
2. Proteins are partially broken down in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin. Food is disinfected with hydrochloric acid.
3. In the duodenum, under the action of many enzymes, proteins, fats and carbohydrates are broken down.
4. In the rest of the small intestine, simple nutrients (amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, trace elements, vitamins) are absorbed into the blood.
5. Water is absorbed in the large intestine and feces are formed.

At the same time, an important element of digestion is the peristalsis of the stomach and intestines, which allows you to constantly mix the food bolus, which helps to process it with enzymes.

The steps of the digestion process are described in more detail below.

Digestion begins in the mouth with chewing, which stimulates the production of saliva.

Stages of digestion

Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which partially breaks down complex carbohydrates. Lysozyme partially disinfects food from bacteria. In addition, saliva is involved in the formation of a slippery food bolus, which is then sent to the esophagus.

Once in the stomach, food mixes with gastric juice, which includes hydrochloric acid and a number of enzymes. The enzyme pepsin breaks down proteins, partly to amino acids, partly to intermediate products. Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria.

From the stomach, food enters the duodenum - this is the first section of the small intestine. This is where food mixes

• with bile produced by the liver
• pancreatic juice, which is produced by the pancreas and contains a number of enzymes,
• intestinal juice - enzymes secreted by the intestine itself.

There is an emulsification of fats (their breaking into small droplets) and their splitting, the splitting of carbohydrates and proteins continues.

Throughout the rest of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum), the main absorption of nutrients and vitamins into the blood occurs. In this case, the products of the breakdown of fats are not absorbed into the blood capillaries, but into the lymphatic ones.

Undigested food remains from the small intestine move to the large intestine, where most of the water is absorbed into the body. The colon contains bacteria that can partially break down cellulose and remaining proteins. Bacteria in the large intestine produce a number of vitamins necessary for a person. On the other hand, when proteins are destroyed here, toxic substances are formed. The walls of the large intestine produce mucus, which is necessary for the formation of feces.

Digestion

Digestion process- This is the process of splitting food into smaller components, necessary for its further assimilation and absorption, with the subsequent intake of the necessary nutrients for the body into the blood. The length of the human digestive tract is about 9 meters. The process of complete digestion of food in humans takes 24-72 hours and varies from person to person. Digestion can be divided into three phases: the head phase, the gastric phase, and the intestinal phase. head phase of digestion begins at the sight of food, at the sensation of its smell or idea of ​​it. In this case, stimulation of the cerebral cortex occurs. Taste and smell signals are sent to the hypothalamus and the medulla oblongata. After that, the signal passes through the vagus nerve, acetylcholine is released. In this phase, gastric secretion rises to 40% of the maximum. At the moment, the acidity in the stomach is not yet extinguished by food. In addition, the brain sends signals and the digestive tract begins to secrete enzymes and saliva in the mouth.

Gastric phase of digestion lasts 3 to 4 hours. It is stimulated by the presence of food in the stomach and its distension, the pH level decreases. Distension of the stomach activates reflexes of the muscular membrane. In turn, this process activates the release of a greater level of acetylcholine, which increases the secretion of gastric juice. When proteins enter the stomach, they bind to hydrogen ions, which causes the pH to rise. Increased inhibition of gastrin and gastric juice. This activates G cells to release gastrin, which in turn stimulates parietal cells to secrete gastric acid. Gastric acid contains approximately 0.5% hydrochloric acid, which lowers the pH to the desired 1-3. Acid secretion is also caused by acetylcholine and histamine.

Intestinal phase of digestion consists of two stages: excitatory and inhibitory.

Partially digested food (chyme) in the stomach fills the duodenum. This causes the release of intestinal gastrin. The enterogastrin reflex along the vagus nerve sets in motion fibers that cause the pyloric sphincter to tighten, which inhibits the flow of more food into the intestines.

Stages of digestion

Digestion is a form of catabolism, and in a global sense, it can be divided into two processes - the mechanical and chemical process of digestion. The mechanical process of digestion consists in the physical grinding of large pieces of food (chewing) into smaller ones, which can then be available for splitting by enzymes. Chemical digestion is the breakdown of food by enzymes into molecules that are available for absorption by the body. It is worth noting that the process of chemical digestion starts even when a person just looked at food or smelled it. The sense organs trigger the secretion of digestive enzymes and saliva.

When a person eats, it enters the mouth, where the process of mechanical digestion takes place, that is, food is ground into smaller particles by chewing, and it is also wetted with saliva. Human saliva is a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, which contains salivary amylases - enzymes that break down starch. Saliva also acts as a lubricant for better passage of food further down the esophagus. After the process of chewing and starch fermentation, the food in the form of a moistened lump passes further into the esophagus and further into the stomach under the action of wave-like movements of the muscles of the esophagus (peristalsis). Gastric juice in the stomach starts the process of digestion of proteins. Gastric juice consists mainly of hydrochloric acid and pepsin.

Digestion

These two substances do not corrode the walls of the stomach due to the protective mucous layer of the stomach. At the same time, protein fermentation occurs in the process of peristalsis, during which food is mixed and mixed with digestive enzymes. After about 1-2 hours, the resulting thick liquid called chyme enters the duodenum through the opening sphincter. There, the chyme mixes with the digestive enzymes of the pancreas, then the chyme passes through the small intestine, where the digestion process continues. When this gruel is completely digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine. In the process of digestion in the small intestine, the processes of secretion of bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice are launched. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon, where the pH is between 5.6 and 6.9. The colon also absorbs some of the vitamins, such as biotype and vitamin K, which are produced by bacteria in the intestine. The movement of food in the large intestine is much slower than in other parts of the digestive tract. Waste is eliminated through the rectum during a bowel movement.

It is worth noting that the walls of the intestines are lined with villi, which play a role in the absorption of food. Villi significantly increase the surface area of ​​the suction surface during digestion.

Digestive system

Digestion- This is a complex process during which the food that has entered the body is subjected to mechanical and chemical processing, the absorption of processed substances into the blood and the release of solid undigested residues.

Stages of digestion

Mechanical processing of food. Occurs in the oral cavity - grinding food (chewing) and moisturizing

Chemical processing of food. Occurs under the action of digestive juices in various departments

digestive system

	Organs, structure
Oral cavity	Teeth 32: 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 small and 6 large molars in each jaw. The tongue is a muscular organ covered with a mucous membrane. Salivary glands (3 pairs): parotid, sublingual, submandibular	In the oral cavity, food undergoes mechanical processing - chewing and wetting with saliva. Saliva neutralizes, moistens and envelops pieces of food, forming a food bolus. There is almost no absorption of nutrients in the oral cavity. Tongue is the organ of taste and speech
Pharynx, esophagus	The upper part of the digestive canal is a tube 25 cm long. It is lined with squamous epithelium.	Swallowing food, pushing the food bolus into the stomach due to peristalsis (wave-like contractions of the walls)
	An enlarged part of the alimentary canal, resembling a large pear. Capacity up to 2-3 liters. The walls consist of smooth muscle tissue, lined with mucous epithelium, the folds of which contain about 35 million glands.	In the stomach, food is mixed by contraction of the walls and then digested. The stomach enzyme pepsin breaks down proteins into peptides, and lipase breaks down milk fats. The reaction of the stomach is sour. Water, glucose, amino acids of milk proteins, mineral salts are partially absorbed in the stomach.
Intestines	The duodenum is the initial section of the small intestine up to 15 cm long (twelve fingers - fingers folded in a row). It opens the ducts of the pancreas and gallbladder. Glandular epithelium secretes intestinal juice	The small intestine digests 80% of proteins, almost 100% of fats and carbohydrates. The pancreatic juice enzyme trypsin breaks down proteins into amino acids, lipase breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids, and amylase breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. The reaction of the medium is alkaline

	Organs, structure
	The small intestine is the longest part of the digestive tube up to 6 m. It forms many loops in the abdominal cavity. The mucous membrane produces intestinal juice, form many villi that increase the area of ​​the digesting and absorbing surface. Blood and lymphatic capillaries approach the villi. The walls are formed by smooth muscle tissue capable of peristaltic movements.	Digestion occurs in two stages: 1 - cavity digestion, substances are broken down under the influence of digestive juices in the intestinal cavity. - parietal digestion - nutrients are digested on the membranes of the villi, which contain a large number of enzyme molecules. Absorption of substances mainly occurs in the small intestine. The essence and stages of the digestion process Amino acids, glucose are absorbed into the blood (in the blood capillaries of the villi). Glycerols, salts of fatty acids are absorbed into the lymphatic capillaries of the villi. Water and minerals are also absorbed through the intestinal villi.
	The caecum is the area between the small and large intestines, has the shape of a bag and a appendix 8-15 cm appendix.	Lymphatic cells take part in all protective reactions of the body. When undigested food gets into the appendix, inflammation of the appendix occurs - the disease appendicitis
The large intestine, the final section of the digestive tube, has a length of 1.5 to 2 m, a diameter of 2-3 times greater than that of the small intestine. Produces only mucus. The rectum ends at the anus	In the large intestine, feces are formed, which are excreted through the anus. This process takes about 12 hours, during which time water, vitamin K and minerals are absorbed. The glands of the large intestine produce mucus, which facilitates the passage of feces. Bacteria in the large intestine break down fiber and synthesize vitamins K and B. A decrease or increase in the number of bacteria causes intestinal upset

The lecture was added on 11/17/2012 at 12:15:03 pm

Digestive system (sequencing tasks)

Questions test knowledge of the structure of the digestive system, the stages of digestion. Typical tasks are given under the editorship of V.S.

Digestion process in the stomach

1. Establish the correct sequence of protein digestion, starting with their entry into the oral cavity with food.

1) mechanical grinding and wetting

2) the entry of amino acids into the blood

3) cleavage into peptides in an acidic environment

4) cleavage of peptides to amino acids using trypsin

5) entry of the food bolus into the duodenum

2. Establish the correct sequence of regulation of blood glucose concentration, starting with its increase.

1) glucose intake by organs and tissues

2) the release of insulin into the blood

3) an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood

4) signal to the pancreas

5) lowering the level of glucose in the blood

3. Set the correct sequence of hierarchical subordination of the elements of the digestive system, starting from the lowest level.

1) intestinal wall

2) small intestine

3) smooth muscle cell

4) digestive system

5) muscle tissue

4. Establish the sequence of digestion of nucleic acids, starting with their entry into the oral cavity with food.

1) slight hydrolysis under the influence of acid

2) mechanical grinding and wetting of food

3) the entry of nitrogenous bases into the blood

4) entry of polynucleotides into the duodenum

5) cleavage of nucleic acids into nucleotides

5. Establish the correct sequence of movement of the amino acid with the blood after its absorption in the intestine.

1) the entry of amino acids into the capillaries of the small intestine

2) entry of amino acids into the hepatic vein

3) entry of amino acids into the portal vein of the liver

4) the movement of amino acids to the cells and tissues of the body

5) the movement of amino acids through the sinuses of the liver

6. Establish the sequence of regulation of the amount of water in the secondary urine during dehydration.

1) secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the pituitary gland

2) registration of an increase in blood viscosity by the hypothalamus

3) the entry of water into the blood from the tubule of the nephron as a result of osmosis

4) decrease in the amount of water in the secondary urine

5) increased active transport of salt ions back into the blood in the tubule of the nephron

7. Set the sequence of processes occurring during the metabolism of carbohydrates in the human body.

1) the breakdown of starch under the action of saliva enzymes

2) complete oxidation to carbon dioxide and water

3) the breakdown of carbohydrates under the action of pancreatic enzymes

4) anaerobic breakdown of glucose

5) absorption of glucose into the blood and transport to body cells

8. Establish a sequence of changes that occur with food in the human body as it passes through the digestive canal.

1) cleavage of proteins under the action of pepsin

2) absorption of water and the formation of feces

3) processing of the food bolus with bile

4) absorption of cleavage products into the blood

5) breakdown of starch by salivary amylase

9. Set the sequence of stages of the process of digestion in the human body.

1) the breakdown of proteins to peptides and amino acids

2) removal of undigested food from the body

3) the entry of monomers into the blood and fats into the lymph

4) the breakdown of fiber to glucose

5) the breakdown of starch into simple carbohydrates

10. Set the sequence of stages of fat metabolism in humans.

1) emulsification of fats under the action of bile

2) absorption of glycerol and fatty acids by epithelial cells of the intestinal villi

3) the entry of human fat into the lymphatic capillary, and then into the fat depot

4) the intake of fats with food

5) synthesis of human fat in epithelial cells

6) breakdown of fats to glycerol and fatty acids

The human digestive system:

• oral cavity
• pharynx
• esophagus
• stomach
• small intestine (begins in the duodenum)
• large intestine (begins with the caecum, ends with the rectum)

Digestion of nutrients occurs with the help of enzymes:

• amylase(in saliva, pancreatic and intestinal juice) digests starch to glucose
• lipase(in gastric, pancreatic and intestinal juice) digests fats to glycerol and fatty acids
• pepsin- (in gastric juice) digests proteins to amino acids in an acidic environment
• trypsin- (in pancreatic and intestinal juice) digests proteins to amino acids in an alkaline environment

• secretes bile, which does not contain enzymes, but emulsifies fats (breaks them into small droplets), and also stimulates the work of enzymes, intestinal motility and suppresses putrefactive bacteria
• performs a barrier function (purifies the blood of harmful substances obtained during digestion).

In the oral cavity saliva containing amylase is secreted.

in the stomach- gastric juice containing pepsin and lipase.

Into the small intestine secreted intestinal juice, pancreatic juice (both contain amylase, lipase, trypsin), and bile. In the small intestine, digestion is completed (the final digestion of substances occurs due to parietal digestion) and the absorption of digestion products occurs. To increase the suction surface, the small intestine is lined with villi on the inside. Amino acids and glucose are absorbed into the blood, glycerol and fatty acids into the lymph.

In the large intestine water is absorbed, and bacteria (for example, E. coli) live. Bacteria feed on plant fiber (cellulose), supply vitamins E and K to humans, and also prevent other, more dangerous bacteria from multiplying in the intestines.

Choose one, the most correct option. In what part of the human intestine does the breakdown of plant fiber occur?
1) duodenum
2) large intestine
3) small intestine
4) caecum

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. What role does bile play in digestion?
1) breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids
2) activates enzymes, emulsifies fats
3) breaks down carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and water
4) Accelerates the process of water absorption

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. The vestige of the caecum in the human body is located between the small intestine and
1) duodenal
2) thick
3) stomach
4) straight

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Bile is produced in
1) gallbladder
2) glands of the stomach
3) liver cells
4) pancreas

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. The breakdown of fiber with the participation of microorganisms in humans occurs in
1) duodenum
2) caecum
3) large intestine
4) small intestine

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. In the human body, it facilitates the breakdown of fats, enhances intestinal motility
1) insulin
2) hydrochloric acid
3) bile
4) pancreatic juice

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. In which part of the human alimentary canal is most of the water absorbed?
1) stomach
2) esophagus
3) small intestine
4) large intestine

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. B vitamins are synthesized by symbiont bacteria in
1) liver
2) stomach
3) small intestine
4) large intestine

Answer

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What are the functions of the digestive system in the human body?
1) protective
2) mechanical processing of food
3) removal of liquid metabolic products
4) transport of nutrients to body cells
5) absorption of nutrients into the blood and lymph
6) chemical breakdown of food organic matter

Answer

SEQUENCE OF BODIES
1. Establish the sequence of the organs of the digestive system, starting with the large intestine. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) pharynx
2) oral cavity
3) large intestine
4) small intestine
5) stomach
6) esophagus

Answer

2. Determine the sequence of movement of food that has entered the human digestive system. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) duodenum
2) throat
3) esophagus
4) rectum
5) stomach
6) large intestine

Answer

PROCESS SEQUENCE
1. Establish the sequence of processes occurring in the human digestive system during the digestion of food. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) intense water absorption
2) swelling and partial breakdown of proteins
3) the beginning of the breakdown of starch
4) absorption of amino acids and glucose into the blood
5) splitting of all food biopolymers to monomers

Answer

2. Establish the sequence of digestion processes
1) absorption of amino acids and glucose
2) mechanical grinding of food
3) bile processing and lipid breakdown
4) absorption of water and mineral salts
5) food processing with hydrochloric acid and protein breakdown

Answer

3. Establish a sequence of changes that occur with food in the human body as it passes through the digestive canal. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) processing of the food bolus with bile
2) cleavage of proteins under the action of pepsin
3) breakdown of starch by salivary amylase
4) absorption of water and the formation of feces
5) absorption of cleavage products into the blood

Answer

4. Set the sequence of stages of the process of digestion in the human body. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) the entry of monomers into the blood and fats into the lymph
2) the breakdown of starch into simple carbohydrates
3) breakdown of proteins to peptides and amino acids
4) removing undigested food from the body
5) the breakdown of fiber to glucose

Answer

5. Establish the sequence of processes occurring in the human digestive system during the digestion of food. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) entry of bile into the duodenum
2) cleavage of proteins under the action of pepsin
3) the beginning of the breakdown of starch
4) absorption of fats into the lymph
5) the flow of feces into the rectum

Answer

6. Set the sequence of processes occurring in the human digestive system. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) breakdown of carbohydrates by salivary amylase
2) breakdown of fats by pancreatic lipase
3) active absorption of amino acids, glucose, glycerol and fatty acids
4) emulsification of fats by bile
5) cleavage of proteins by pepsin
6) fiber breakdown

Answer

COLLECTING 7:
1) final water suction
2) digestion of proteins by trypsin

SEQUENCE OF PROTEIN METABOLISM
1. Establish the sequence of protein metabolism in the human body, starting with their intake with food. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) oxidation with the formation of ATP, carbon dioxide, water, urea
2) formation of peptides under the action of pepsin
3) synthesis of myosin, casein
4) food proteins
5) the formation of amino acids under the action of trypsin

Answer

2. Establish the correct sequence of protein digestion, starting with their entry into the oral cavity with food. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) mechanical grinding and wetting
2) the entry of amino acids into the blood
3) cleavage into peptides in an acidic environment
4) cleavage of peptides to amino acids using trypsin
5) entry of the food bolus into the duodenum

Answer

SEQUENCE OF CARBOHYDRATE METABILITY
Determine the correct sequence of events that occur in the metabolism of carbohydrates in the human body, starting with the entry of food into the oral cavity. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Oxidation of sugars in cells to carbon dioxide and water
2) Entry of sugars into tissues
3) Absorption of sugars in the small intestine and their entry into the blood
4) The beginning of the breakdown of polysaccharides in the oral cavity
5) The final breakdown of carbohydrates into monosaccharides in the duodenum
6) Removal of water and carbon dioxide from the body

Answer

ORAL CAVITY
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. The following processes take place in the oral cavity
1) mechanical grinding of food
2) breakdown of fats
3) food disinfection
4) breakdown of carbohydrates
5) absorption of fatty acids into the blood
6) protein breakdown

Answer

MOUTH - STOMACH - THICK
Establish a correspondence between the functions and organs of the human digestive system: 1) oral cavity, 2) stomach, 3) large intestine. Write down the numbers 1-3 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) absorption of the bulk of the water
B) the breakdown of fiber
B) protein breakdown
D) the initial breakdown of starch
D) the formation of a food bolus
E) synthesis of B vitamins by symbiont bacteria

Answer

STOMACH - PANCREAS
Establish a correspondence between the structural features and the human digestive organs: 1) stomach, 2) pancreas
A) The organ has exocrine and intrasecretory parts.
B) The walls consist of three layers.
C) The hollow organ is lined with glandular epithelium.
D) The mucous membrane has glands that secrete enzymes and acid.
D) The organ has ducts that open into the duodenum.

Answer

STOMACH - THIN
1. Establish a correspondence between the processes and departments of the digestive system: 1) small intestine, 2) stomach. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) cleavage of peptides to amino acids using trypsin
B) the breakdown of carbohydrates to monosaccharides with the help of amylase
C) cleavage of proteins to short peptides using pepsin
D) secretion of juice containing hydrochloric acid
E) emulsification of lipids by bile acids
E) absorption of amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids, glucose

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the processes and human organs: 1) stomach, 2) small intestine. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) absorption of most nutrients
B) neutralization of food from bacteria
B) denaturation and swelling of proteins
D) splitting of the bulk of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
D) parietal digestion

Answer

STOMACH - LIVER - PANCREAS
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and organs of the human digestive system: 1) stomach, 2) liver, 3) pancreas. Write down the numbers 1-3 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) produces mucus, enzymes and hydrochloric acid
B) is the largest gland in the body
B) is a gland of mixed secretion
D) performs a barrier function on the way of blood flow
D) provides the initial cleavage of proteins

Answer

STOMACH - THIN - THICK
Establish a correspondence between the process of digestion in humans and the organ of the digestive system in which it occurs: 1) stomach, 2) small intestine, 3) large intestine. Write down the numbers 1-3 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) There is a final splitting of fats.
B) Digestion of proteins begins.
C) Digestion of fiber occurs.
D) The food mass is processed by bile and pancreatic juice.
D) There is an intensive absorption of nutrients.

Answer

PANCREAS - LIVER - THIN
Establish a correspondence between the functions and organs of the human digestive system: 1) liver, 2) pancreas, 3) small intestine. Write down the numbers 1-3 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) implementation of parietal digestion
B) bile production
C) secretion of enzymes through the ducts into the duodenum
D) absorption of amino acids into the blood
D) the flow of fats into the lymph

Answer

BILE
1. Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What are the functions of bile in the human body?
1) provides a barrier function
2) activates the enzymes of pancreatic juice
3) crushes fats into small drops, increasing the area of ​​​​contact with enzymes
4) contains enzymes that break down fats, carbohydrates and proteins
5) stimulates intestinal peristalsis
6) provides water suction

Answer

2. Choose three options. What is the role of bile in digestion?
1) destroys blood cells
2) digest carbohydrates
3) breaks fats into small droplets
4) enhances the contraction of the intestinal walls
5) activates pancreatic enzymes
6) digest proteins

Answer

SMALL INTESTINE
1. Choose three options. What features are characteristic of the structure and functions of the human small intestine?
1) provides absorption of nutrients
2) performs a barrier role
3) the mucous membrane does not have outgrowths - villi
4) includes the duodenum
5) secretes bile
6) provides parietal digestion

Answer

2. Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What are the characteristics of the human small intestine?
1) the longest part of the digestive tube
2) includes the duodenum
3) absorption of the bulk of nutrients occurs
4) the main absorption of water occurs
5) fiber is broken down
6) fecal masses are formed

Answer

3. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. Processes take place in the human small intestine.
1) production of pancreatic juice
2) water suction
3) glucose absorption
4) fiber breakdown
5) protein breakdown
6) absorption through the villi

Answer

4. Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. In the human small intestine
1) hydrochloric acid and enzymes break down proteins
2) absorption of nutrients into the blood and lymph
3) the breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins to water-soluble organic substances is completed
4) the breakdown of carbohydrates begins
5) mechanical processing of food occurs
6) fats are converted into glycerol and fatty acids

Answer

Read the text below with a number of words missing. For each letter, select a term from the list. “Nutritional absorption occurs in (A), which are located in (B). The surface of each villus is covered (C), under which are located the blood vessels and (D). The cleavage products of starch (D) and proteins (E) enter the blood vessels. The cleavage products of fats are converted in the cells of the epithelium of the villi into fats characteristic of this organism.
1) villi
2) glucose
3) stratified epithelium
4) large intestine
5) amino acids
6) lymphatic vessel
7) single layer epithelium
8) small intestine

Answer

THIN - THICK
1. Establish a correspondence between the features and sections of the human intestine: 1) thin, 2) thick. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) there are bacteria that synthesize vitamins
B) absorption of nutrients
C) all food groups are digested
D) movement of undigested food debris
D) The length is 5-6m
E) the mucous membrane forms villi

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and sections of the intestine: 1) thin, 2) thick. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) absorption of the bulk of the water
B) intensive absorption of glucose and amino acids
C) the breakdown of fiber by bacteria
D) emulsification of fats with the participation of bile
D) the formation of feces

Answer

3. Establish a correspondence between the stage of the digestion process and the section of the alimentary canal in which it occurs: 1) large intestine, 2) small intestine. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) absorption of fats by intestinal villi
B) absorption of most of the nutrients
B) parietal digestion
D) bacterial breakdown of proteins
D) fiber breakdown
E) absorption of the main part of the water

Answer

THICK MICROFLORA
Choose three options. What positive role does the microflora of the large intestine play in the human body?
1) activates enzymes of intestinal juice
2) synthesizes vitamins
3) participates in the digestion of fiber
4) destroys blood cells
5) inhibits the development of putrefactive bacteria
6) enhances the contraction of the intestinal walls

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. The large intestine and its microflora provide
1) activation of pancreatic enzymes
2) synthesis of vitamins E, K and group B and other biologically active substances
3) breakdown of proteins, fats and carbohydrates
4) absorption of amino acids, glucose, glycerol and fatty acids into the blood or lymph
5) maintaining water and mineral balance in the body
6) immune and competitive protection against pathogenic microbes

Answer

© D.V. Pozdnyakov, 2009-2019

106. Task №5FFF8E

1) What class of animals does the liver fluke belong to?

2) Who is the final owner of the bull tapeworm?

107. Task №9606C9

Representative of what type of animal kingdom is shown in the picture?

1) Shellfish

2) Annelids

3) Intestinal

4) Chordates

108. Quest #9661CE

What physiological process in unicellular animals is associated with the absorption of gases by the cell?

1) food

2) selection

3) reproduction

4) breathing

109. Task №6c78cf

Infusoria slipper belongs to the sub-kingdom Protozoa because it

1) consists of one cell

2) has microscopic dimensions

3) lives in the aquatic environment

4) able to move

110. Task №269E8A

The presence of moist and bare skin in an earthworm is associated with a process

1) selection

3) irritability

4) breathing

111. Task No. 800224

Are the following statements about coelenterates correct?

A. Coelenterates are characterized by intracavitary and intracellular digestion of food.

B. Coelenterates are capable of regeneration.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

112. Task №A6176E

The figure shows a fragment of the body of an animal, which is attributed to the type

1) Flatworms

2) Arthropods

3) Intestinal

4) Annelids

113. Task №ca94e9

Which group first developed a circulatory system during evolution?

1) Intestinal

2) Flatworms

3) Annelids

4) Shellfish

114. Task №DA23D2

Put in the correct sequence the processes related to the nutrition of the freshwater hydra, starting with the victim touching its tentacles. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.

1) capture of food particles from the intestinal cavity by digestive muscle cells and digestion of particles in digestive vacuoles

2) delivery by tentacles of paralyzed prey to the mouth opening

3) touch of daphnia or other small living creatures to the tentacle of the hydra

4) removal of undigested food debris from the intestinal cavity

5) digestion of food in the intestinal cavity under the action of digestive juice

115. Task №16FD87

Establish the sequence in which the process of digestion occurs in the shoe ciliates. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.

1) movement with the current of the cytoplasm of digestive vacuoles, digestion of food in them

2) the formation of digestive vacuoles around food (bacteria)

3) penetration of nutrients from vacuoles into the cytoplasm, their assimilation

4) ejection of insoluble food residues from the digestive vacuoles out through the powder

116. Task №76B655

Annelids are descended from ancient

1) intestinal

3) free-living flatworms

4) free-living roundworms

117. Task №D50CD4

Which of the named protozoa has a permanent place of removal of the remnants of undigested food (powder)?

1) amoeba dysentery

2) infusoria-shoe

3) green euglena

4) common amoeba

118. Task №C349D8

Are the judgments about roundworms correct?

A. Roundworms have a circulatory system, blood is always in the blood vessels.

B. The body cavity of roundworms is lined with a layer of cells and filled with cavity fluid.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

119. Task №D92EB2

Which animal, from the following, is formed by one cell?

2) actinium

4) planaria

120. Task №0A5232

The larvae of the bovine tapeworm can enter the human body

1) from a sick person

2) with unwashed vegetables

3) with undercooked beef

4) together with air

121. Task №32A8AF

Establish a correspondence between the trait and the type of worms for which it is characteristic. To do this, for each element of the first column, select a position from the second column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

CHARACTERISTIC

A) movement is carried out with the help of fins

B) among the representatives of the class, the following ecological groups are distinguished: freshwater, anadromous, brackish, marine

C) mastered the ground-air habitat

D) in most representatives, the skin is covered with scales

D) the skin of the representatives of the class is naked and covered with mucus

E) the heart has three chambers

ANIMAL CLASS

1) Bony fish

2) Amphibians

123. The plant organs shown in the figure are modified

1) roots

2) leaves

3) shoots

4) stems

124. The figure shows the fetus

2) box

3) achene

4)pod

125. What role do roots play in the life of a plant?

1) form organic substances from inorganic

2) cool plants

3) store organic matter

4) absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen

126. Putrefactive bacteria according to the type of nutrition are referred to

2) photosynthetics

4) autotrophs

127. The main function of the root is

1) storage of nutrients

2) soil nutrition of plants

3) absorption of organic matter from the soil

4) oxidation of organic substances

128. Are the judgments about the processes of digestion in coelenterates correct?

animals?

A. Undigested food residues are removed from the hydra through the anus.

B. In intestinal animals, both intracavitary and intracellular digestion occurs.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

129. Cambium provides

1) apical stem growth

2) apical root growth

3) stem growth in thickness

4) shoot branching

130. Are the following judgments about the life processes of plants correct?

A. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants.

B. Light energy during photosynthesis is converted into the energy of chemical bonds of organic substances.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

131. Are judgments about the life processes of amphibians correct?

A. Lungs in amphibians are poorly developed, additional gas exchange occurs through moist skin.

B. With the appearance of lungs in amphibians, a second circle of blood circulation has formed.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

132. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of an animal and the type of its adaptation to environmental conditions. To do this, for each element of the first column, select a position from the second column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

CHARACTERISTIC

A) variegated plumage of a hazel grouse sitting on a nest

B) chimpanzee mating games

C) the construction of a hole by a rabbit

D) daily hibernation in a bat

D) the bright color of a ladybug

E) mimicry in the bumblebee fly

TYPE OF DEVICE

1) morphological

2) behavioral

133. Which of the following animals does not have circulatory system?

1) toothless

2) liver fluke

3) earthworm

4) house fly

134. Establish a correspondence between a sign and the type of animals for which it is characteristic. To do this, for each element of the first column, select a position from the second column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

SIGN

A) there is a circulatory system

B) the body cavity is formed during the destruction of parenchyma cells

B) undivided body

D) the musculature consists of a single layer of longitudinal muscles

D) secondary body cavity

E) the muscles are represented by two layers of muscles

1) Roundworms

2) Annelids

135. Reptiles, unlike amphibians, are real land animals, since they

1) have two pairs of lever limbs

2) have a developed nervous system

3) adapted to terrestrial reproduction and development

4) in addition to skin respiration, pulmonary respiration is carried out

136. In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.

What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?

1) stretching

2) holding

4) suction

137. Which of the following organisms belongs to the plant kingdom?

4) penicillium

138. A common sign of hydra and jellyfish -

1) the presence of stinging cells

2) internal skeleton

3) lack of a nervous system

4) life in fresh waters

139. What letter indicates the part of the flower involved in attracting pollinating insects?

140. What roots are called adventitious?

1) growing from the stem

2) growing from the main root

3) developing from the root of the embryo

4) developing on the main root

141. In insects, oxygen enters the cells of the body through

1) capillaries

2) excretory ducts

3) dorsal blood vessel

4) trachea

142. Reptiles originated from

1) amphibians

4)mammals

144. Based on the appearance of the pelican's beak, determine what it eats in its natural environment.

2) rodents

3) fruits

4) green shoots

1) hereditary variability

2) intraspecific struggle

3) interspecific struggle

4) natural selection

146. The figure shows a diagram of the structure of the shoot. What letter denotes the lateral (axillary) kidney?

147. Representative of what type of kingdom Animals is shown in the picture?

1) Arthropods

2) Shellfish

3) Chordates

4) Flatworms

148. What role do eyelids play in the life of terrestrial vertebrates?

1) provide three-dimensional vision

2) increase visual acuity

3)Help moisturizing the eyes

4) protect the eyes from changes in atmospheric pressure

149. Establish a sequence of systematic categories characteristic of the animal kingdom, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.

6) family

150. The mycelium of the tinder fungus is dangerous for woody plants, as it destroys

1) root hairs

2) leaf pulp

3)stem wood

4) apical buds

151. What does a birch absorb from the air in the process of nutrition?

2) carbon dioxide

3) oxygen

4) water vapor

152. Which of the presented oviparous feeds the cubs with milk?

153. Under what figure is a representative of the Mongoloid race depicted?

154. Determine by the appearance of the crested shelduck what it eats

1) wood insects

2)seeds of coniferous plants

3) shoots of forest grasses

4) coastal invertebrates

155. Indicate the picture that shows a dry multi-seeded fruit.

156. Bright fragrant flowers appeared in the process of evolution as an adaptation to

1) storage of nutrients

2) seed dispersal

3) pollinated by insects

4) intensive photosynthesis

157. The figure shows light and dark moth butterflies on a birch trunk.
As part of the experiment, light and dark butterflies were released into an isolated area of ​​a birch forest in a 1:1 ratio. How will the ratio of the number of light and black butterflies change over the course of several years if the living conditions of insects remain unchanged?

1) the number of light butterflies will increase

2) the number of dark butterflies will increase

3) the number of light and dark butterflies will remain unchanged

4) dark butterflies will disappear completely

158. Arrange in the correct order the elements of the classification of the species Common toad, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.

1) class Amphibians

2) type Chordates

3) genus Toad

4) animal kingdom

5) detachment Tailless

159. Establish the sequence in which the process of digestion occurs in the shoe ciliates. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.

1) movement with the current of the cytoplasm of digestive vacuoles, digestion of food in them

2) the formation of digestive vacuoles around food (bacteria)

3) penetration of nutrients from vacuoles into the cytoplasm, their assimilation

4) ejection of insoluble food residues from the digestive vacuoles out through the powder

160. The similarity of a potato tuber with a linden shoot is that the tuber has

2) starch supply

o Similar tasks (1)

161.Using the table "The content of solanine in various varieties of potatoes
(in mg per 100 g)”, answer the following questions and complete the task.

· Table

1) Which potato organs contain the largest amount of solanine? (List three organs.)

2) In what part of the tuber does solanine accumulate in the least amount?

3) Explain which varieties of potatoes you would recommend for sowing in order to safely use them for food.

162. Insert in the text "Digestion in flatworms" the missing terms from the proposed list, using digital symbols for this. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then enter the resulting sequence of numbers (in the text) into the table below.

DIGESTION IN FLAT WORMS

1) intestinal cavity

2) mouth opening

3) anus

4) stomach

5) body surface

7) symbiont

8) predators ki

163. Mosses represent a dead-end branch in the evolution of plants, since

1) more highly organized ferns originated from them

2) they did not give rise to more highly organized plants

3) more highly organized horsetails originated from them

4) they evolved from unicellular algae

164. What is the role of algae in lichen?

1) supply the mycelium with minerals

2) suck up a solution of organic matter from the soil

3) form organic substances from inorganic

4) feed on the threads of the mycelium without harming the lichen

166. The diagram shows the structure of a flower. What letter denotes the part of the flower involved in the sexual reproduction of plants?

167. What group of animals is characterized by double breathing?

1) amphibians

2) reptiles

4) mammals

168. Plant buds are covered on the outside

1) rudimentary leaves

2) cone of growth

3) renal cortex

4) kidney scales

169. Put in the correct order the processes related to the reproduction and development of birds, starting with nesting. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.

1) oviposition and incubation by females

2) fertilization of eggs in the oviducts of the female by the seminal fluid of males

3) building nests or repairing previously used ones

4) the appearance of offspring and the manifestation of care for him

5) the formation of white and other membranes in eggs

170. Digestion of food begins outside the alimentary canal in

1) insects

2)crustaceans

3) shellfish

171. A cut poplar branch placed in water will develop roots.

1) air

2) main

3) side

4) accessory

172. In the process of evolution, the appearance of the second circle of blood circulation in animals led to the emergence

1) gill breathing

2) pulmonary respiration

3)tracheal breathing

4) breathing with the entire surface of the body

173. What is the significance of annelids in nature? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) are food for many animals

3) promote the formation of humus

4) are spreaders of infectious diseases

5) improve soil air conditions

6) are pollinators of flowering plants

174. Which of the listed organisms have bilateral body symmetry? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

3) earthworm

5) coral polyp

6) common viper

175. In the process of evolution, the direct ancestors of the representatives of the class to which the depicted animal belongs were the first to acquire

1) two circles of blood circulation

3) internal bone skeleton

4) the brain

176. It is known that cavy- This is a domesticated rodent that feeds on dry grass, as well as juicy fruits and seeds of plants. Using this information, select three statements from the list below that pertain to the description. data signs of this animal.

Write in the table the numbers corresponding to the selected answers.

1) The natural color is brownish-grayish, with a lighter belly.

2) The animal can be fed with ripe apples.

3) Has one pair of enlarged incisors on each jaw.

4) It is an object of prey for small predators.

5) At the time of the conquest of Peru by the Spaniards, the Andean peoples used animals in agriculture (as a source of meat), as well as for decorative purposes.

6) An adult male guinea pig weighs 1000-1500 g, and a female weighs 800-1200 g.

177. To the class of amphibians not applicable the animal indicated by the number in the picture

178. When using a depicted object in the evidence base on evolution, a scientist should use knowledge from the field

1) paleontology

2)physiology

3) biogeography

4)cytology

179. The formation of new species in nature occurs as a result of

1)regular seasonal changes in nature

2) age-related physiological changes in individuals

3) interactions of the driving forces of evolution

4) human environmental protection

180. Consider a photo of a Danish half-breed horse. Select the characteristics corresponding to his (her) external structure, according to the following plan: head setting, head shape, back shape, location of the wrist of the forelimb, setting of the hind limbs. Use a ruler and pencil when doing your work.

BUT) Head position

B) Head shape (by profile)

AT) back shape

G) Position of the wrist of the forelimb (relative to the line connecting the middle of the elbow with the back of the hoof)

Human organism. Structure and activity of organs and organ systems. Human hygiene.

Task 14: the human body. Structure and activity of organs and organ systems. Human hygiene.

(sequencing)

1. Establish the correct sequence of passage through the auditory analyzer of a sound wave and a nerve impulse from a shot to the cerebral cortex. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Shot sound
2. auditory cortex
3. auditory ossicles
4. cochlear receptors
5. Auditory nerve
6. Eardrum

Answer: 163452.

2. Establish the sequence of curves of the human spine, starting with the head. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Lumbar
2. Cervical
3. Sacral
4. thoracic

Answer: 2413.

3. Set the correct sequence of actions to stop arterial bleeding from the radial artery. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Transport the victim to a medical facility
2. Free your forearm from clothing
3. Put a soft cloth above the wound, and put a rubber tourniquet on top
4. Tie the tourniquet in a knot or pull it off with a wooden stick-by-twist
5. Attach a piece of paper to the tourniquet indicating the time of its application.
6. Put a sterile gauze bandage on the wound surface and bandage

Answer: 234651.

4. Establish the correct sequence of movement of arterial blood in a person, starting from the moment it is saturated with oxygen in the capillaries of the small circle. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. left ventricle
2. Left atrium
3. Small circle veins
4. Great circle arteries
5. small circle capillaries

Answer: 53214.

5. Set the correct sequence of elements of the reflex arc of the cough reflex in humans. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Executive neuron
2. Laryngeal receptors
3. center of the medulla oblongata
4. Sensory neuron
5. Respiratory muscle contraction

Answer: 24315.

6. Set the correct sequence of processes occurring during blood coagulation in humans. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Prothrombin formation
2. Thrombus formation
3. fibrin formation
4. Damage to the vessel wall
5. The effect of thrombin on fibrinogen

Answer: 41532.

7. Set the correct sequence of human digestion processes. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. The supply of nutrients to the organs and tissues of the body
2. The passage of food into the stomach and its digestion by gastric juice
3. Grinding food with teeth and changing it under the influence of saliva
4. Absorption of amino acids into the blood
5. Digestion of food in the intestine under the influence of intestinal juice, pancreatic juice and bile

Answer: 32541.

8. Set the correct sequence of elements of the human knee reflex reflex arc. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Sensory neuron
2. motor neuron
3. Spinal cord
4. Quadriceps femoris
5. tendon receptors

Answer: 51324.

9. Set the correct sequence of the bones of the upper limb, starting from the shoulder girdle. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. wrist bones
2. Metacarpal bones
3. Phalanges of fingers
4. Radius
5. Brachial bone

Answer: 54123.

10. Establish the correct sequence of digestion processes in humans. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Breakdown of polymers to monomers
2. Swelling and partial breakdown of proteins
3. Absorption of amino acids and glucose into the blood
4. Beginning of starch breakdown
5. Intensive water suction

Answer: 42135.

11. Establish the sequence of stages of inflammation when microbes penetrate (for example, when damaged by a splinter). Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Destruction of pathogens
2. Redness of the affected area: capillaries expand, blood flows, local temperature rises, pain sensation
3. White blood cells arrive at the inflamed area with blood
4. A powerful protective layer of leukocytes and macrophages is formed around the accumulation of microbes
5. The concentration of microbes in the affected area

Answer: 52341.

12. Establish the sequence of stages of the human cardiac cycle after a pause (that is, after filling the chambers with blood). Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Blood supply to the superior and inferior vena cava
2. The blood gives away nutrients and oxygen and receives metabolic products and carbon dioxide.
3. Blood supply to arteries and capillaries
4. Contraction of the left ventricle, the flow of blood into the aorta
5. Blood supply to the right atrium of the heart

Answer: 43215.

13. Establish the sequence of the human airways. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Bronchi
2. Nasopharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. nasal cavity

Answer: 52341.

14. Arrange in the correct order the sequence of the bones of the leg skeleton from top to bottom. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Metatarsus
2. Femur
3. Shin
4. Tarsus
5. Phalanges of fingers

Answer: 23415.

15. Signs of fatigue during static work are recorded in the experiment of holding the load in the arm extended strictly horizontally to the side. Establish the sequence of manifestation of signs of fatigue in this experiment. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Hand trembling, loss of coordination, staggering, facial flushing, sweating
2. The arm with the load is lowered
3. The arm drops, then jerks back up to its original position.
4. Recovery
5. The hand with the load is motionless

Answer: 53124.

16. Establish the sequence of stages of carbon dioxide transport from brain cells to lungs. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Pulmonary arteries
2. Right atrium
3. Jugular vein
4. Pulmonary capillaries
5. Right ventricle
6. superior vena cava
7. brain cells

Answer: 7362514.

17. Set the sequence of processes in the cardiac cycle. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. The flow of blood from the atria to the ventricles
2. Diastole
3. Atrial contraction
4. Closing of the cuspid valves and opening of the semilunar
5. Blood supply to the aorta and pulmonary arteries
6. Contraction of the ventricles
7. Blood from the veins enters the atria and partially drains into the ventricles

Answer: 3164527.

18. Establish the sequence of processes occurring during the regulation of the work of internal organs. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. The hypothalamus receives a signal from the internal organ
2. The endocrine gland produces a hormone
3. The pituitary gland produces tropic hormones
4. The work of the internal organ changes
5. Transport of tropic hormones to endocrine glands
6. Isolation of neurohormones

Answer: 163524.

19. Establish the sequence of location of the intestines in humans. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Skinny
2. sigmoid
3. blind
4. Straight
5. Colon
6. duodenal
7. Iliac

Answer: 6173524.

20. Establish the sequence of processes occurring in the human female reproductive system in the event of pregnancy. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Attachment of the embryo to the wall of the uterus
2. The release of the egg into the fallopian tube - ovulation
3. Ovum maturation in graph vesicle
4. Multiple divisions of the zygote, the formation of the germinal vesicle - blastula
5. Fertilization
6. The movement of the egg due to the movement of the cilia of the ciliated epithelium of the fallopian tube
7. Placentation

Answer: 3265417.

21. Set the sequence of periods of development in humans after birth. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Newborn
2. Pubertal
3. Early childhood
4. teenage
5. Preschool
6. thoracic
7. Youthful

Answer: 1635247.

22. Establish the sequence of transmission of information along the links of the reflex arc of the ciliary reflex. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Transfer of excitation to the circular muscle of the eye, closing the eyelids
2. Transmission of a nerve impulse along the axon of a sensitive neuron
3. Transfer of information to the executive neuron
4. Reception of information by an intercalary neuron and its transmission to the medulla oblongata
5. The emergence of excitation in the center of the blinking reflex
6. Mote in the eye

Answer: 624531.

23. Set the sequence of propagation of a sound wave in the organ of hearing. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Hammer
2. oval window
3. Eardrum
4. Stapes
5. Fluid in the cochlea
6. Anvil

Answer: 316425.

24. Establish the sequence of movement of carbon dioxide in humans, starting from the cells of the body. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Superior and inferior vena cava
2. body cells
3. Right ventricle
4. Pulmonary arteries
5. Right atrium
6. Capillaries of the systemic circulation
7. Alveoli

Answer: 2615437.

25. Set the sequence of information transfer in the olfactory analyzer. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Irritation of cilia of olfactory cells
2. Analysis of information in the olfactory zone of the cerebral cortex
3. Transmission of olfactory impulses to subcortical nuclei
4. When inhaled, odorous substances enter the nasal cavity and dissolve in mucus.
5. The emergence of olfactory sensations, which also have an emotional connotation
6. Transmission of information along the olfactory nerve

Answer: 416235.

26. Set the sequence of stages of fat metabolism in humans. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Emulsification of fats under the influence of bile
2. Absorption of glycerol and fatty acids by intestinal villus epithelial cells
3. The entry of human fat into the lymphatic capillary, and then into the fat depot
4. Dietary fat intake
5. Synthesis of human fat in epithelial cells
6. Breakdown of fats into glycerol and fatty acids

Answer: 416253.

27. Set the sequence of steps for the preparation of tetanus toxoid. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Tetanus toxoid administration to a horse
2. Development of stable immunity in the horse
3. Preparation of tetanus toxoid serum from purified blood
4. Purification of the horse's blood - removal of blood cells, fibrinogen and proteins from it
5. Repeated administration of tetanus toxoid to a horse at regular intervals with increasing dose
6. Horse blood sampling

Answer: 152643.

28. Set the sequence of processes occurring during the development of a conditioned reflex. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Presentation of a conditional signal
2. Multiple repetition
3. Development of a conditioned reflex
4. The emergence of a temporary connection between two foci of excitation
5. Unconditional Reinforcement
6. The emergence of foci of excitation in the cerebral cortex

Answer: 156243.

29. Establish the sequence of passage through the organs of the human respiratory system of a labeled oxygen molecule that has penetrated into the lungs during inhalation. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Nasopharynx
2. Bronchi
3. Larynx
4. nasal cavity
5. Lungs
6. Trachea

Answer: 413625.

30. Establish the path that nicotine passes through the blood from the pulmonary alveoli to the brain cells. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Left atrium
2. Carotid artery
3. Pulmonary capillary
4. brain cells
5. Aorta
6. Pulmonary veins
7. left ventricle

Answer: 3617524.

Biology. Preparation for the exam-2018. 30 training options for the demo version of 2018: teaching aid / A. A. Kirilenko, S. I. Kolesnikov, E. V. Dadenko; ed. A. A. Kirilenko. - Rostov n / a: Legion, 2017. - 624 p. - (USE).

1. Set the correct sequence of nerve impulse transmission along the reflex arc. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Interneuron
2. Receptor
3. effector neuron
4. sensory neuron
5. Working body

Answer: 24135.

2. Set the correct sequence for the passage of a portion of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Pulmonary vein
2. left ventricle
3. pulmonary artery
4. Right ventricle
5. Right atrium
6. Aorta

Answer: 431265.

3. Establish the correct sequence of respiratory processes in humans, starting with an increase in the concentration of CO2 in the blood. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Increasing oxygen concentration
2. Increasing CO2 concentration
3. Excitation of chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata
4. Exhalation
5. Contraction of the respiratory muscles

Answer: 346125.

4. Set the correct sequence of processes occurring during blood coagulation in humans. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Thrombus formation
2. The interaction of thrombin with fibrinogen
3. Platelet destruction
4. Damage to the vessel wall
5. fibrin formation
6. Prothrombin activation

Answer: 436251.

5. Establish the correct sequence of first aid measures for bleeding from the brachial artery. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Apply a tourniquet to the tissue above the wound
2. Take the victim to the hospital
3. Put a note under the tourniquet indicating the time of its application.
4. Press the artery against the bone with your finger
5. Apply a sterile dressing over the tourniquet
6. Check the correct application of the tourniquet by probing the pulse

Answer: 416352.

6. Set the correct sequence of measures to provide first aid to a drowning person. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Press rhythmically on the back to remove water from the airways
2. Transport the victim to a medical facility
3. Place the victim face down on the hip of the rescuer's leg bent at the knee
4. Perform mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration by pinching your nose
5. Clean the cavities of the nose and mouth of the victim from dirt and mud

Answer: 53142.

7. Set the sequence of processes occurring during inhalation. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. The lungs, following the walls of the chest cavity, expand
2. Nerve impulse in the respiratory center
3. Air rushes through the airways into the lungs - inhalation occurs
4. When the external intercostal muscles contract, the ribs rise
5. The volume of the chest cavity increases

Answer: 24513.

8. Establish the sequence of processes of passage of a sound wave in the organ of hearing and a nerve impulse in the auditory analyzer. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Fluid movement in the cochlea
2. Transmission of a sound wave through the hammer, anvil and stirrup
3. Transmission of a nerve impulse along the auditory nerve
4. Vibration of the eardrum
5. Conduction of sound waves through the external auditory canal

Answer: 54213.

9. Set the sequence of stages of formation and movement of urine in the human body. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Accumulation of urine in the renal pelvis
2. Reabsorption from nephron tubules
3. Plasma Filtration
4. Drainage of urine through the ureter into the bladder
5. The movement of urine through the collecting ducts of the pyramids

Answer: 32514.

10. Establish the sequence of processes occurring in the human digestive system during the digestion of food. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Grinding, mixing food and primary breakdown of carbohydrates
2. Water absorption and fiber breakdown
3. Breakdown of proteins in an acidic environment under the action of pepsin
4. Absorption through the villi into the blood of amino acids and glucose
5. Conducting a food coma through the esophagus

Answer: 15342.

11. Set the sequence of processes occurring in the human digestive system. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Breakdown of proteins by pepsin
2. Breakdown of starch in an alkaline environment
3. Breakdown of fiber by symbiotic bacteria
4. Movement of the food bolus through the esophagus
5. Absorption through the villi of amino acids and glucose

Answer: 24153.

12. Establish the sequence of thermoregulation processes in humans during muscular work. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1. Transmission of signals along the motor pathway
2. Relaxation of the muscles of the blood vessels
3. The effect of low temperatures on skin receptors
4. Increased heat transfer from the surface of blood vessels