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Often people turn to ENTs with complaints of discomfort in the nose or throat, and after a series of tests and studies, staphylococcus aureus can be found in their nose.

It's a bacterium that's called a "killer" for the reasons that it is very well hidden and very difficult to destroy. What is it, what is the danger and what specific symptoms are characterized by this infection.

What is staphylococcus in the nose: symptoms

Almost all staphylococci, with the exception of Staphylococcus aureus, are gram-positive opportunistic bacteria, that is, those which are constantly present on the mucous membranes and skin of a person , but cause the development of diseases only when favorable conditions are created for their reproduction.

In general, more than 20 types of staphylococci are distinguished, but the most common are:

epidermal. Such microorganisms prefer to live exclusively in a humid environment, so they mainly affect the epidermis (the upper layer of the skin and mucous membranes) of the genital and ENT organs.

Saprophytic. The bacterium usually settles in the organs of the genitourinary system.

Hemolytic. It differs from other members of the class in that its virulence (the ability to cause disease) increases when it enters the bloodstream.

Golden or, as is often said, golden staphylococcus aureus(staphylococcus aureus). The most dangerous representative of this group of bacteria, since it is capable of causing the development of extremely life-threatening diseases. Its favorite habitat is the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity, from where it eventually enters the bloodstream and spreads throughout the body.

you can get infected with them absolutely everywhere: at home, on the street, in hospitals, in public places, etc., because there are a lot of ways how the bacterium is transmitted. These are airborne, contact-household, and oral routes of infection.

However, it can hardly be called an infection, since staphylococci in larger or smaller quantities constantly live in the body of each person, and for the first time they settle on the mucous membranes and skin literally immediately after birth.

Therefore, such an infection is diagnosed only when the number of microorganisms exceeds the norm, which is observed against the background of a weakened immune system. This may result in:

• sore throat;
• pharyngitis;
• tonsillitis;
• stomatitis;
• gingivitis;
• sinusitis, etc.

Most often, the reasons for this lie in:

• weakened immunity against the background of various diseases;
• stress;
• malnutrition;
• untimely treatment of teeth affected by caries;
• long-term use of vasoconstrictor sprays, corticosteroids, cytostatics, etc.

Thus, there are a lot of factors contributing to what causes a staphylococcal infection. In addition, due to physiological characteristics and a natural decrease in immunity, these bacteria often become hostages:

• pregnant women;
• elderly people;
• children;
• people suffering from immunodeficiencies;
• patients who have completed a course of chemotherapy;
• patients treated for a long time in hospitals.

In the process of life, bacteria produce toxins and enzymes that poison the body and destroy cells. At the same time, how the disease manifests itself directly depends on the specific type of bacterium that has managed to multiply and infect the ENT organs.

However, the main signs of infection are most clearly felt:

• the formation of purulent wounds in the nose (not always);
• long-term preservation of elevated body temperature;
• congestion;
• redness of the mucous membrane in the nasopharynx;
• , not amenable to treatment by traditional means;
• nausea, vomiting, headaches, that is, signs of poisoning.

Despite the seeming harmlessness of the manifestations of the infection, it cannot be ignored, because it can lead to the development of:

• meningitis;
• inflammation of the lungs;
• phlegmon;
• sepsis, etc.

Source: website Therefore, when an excessive number of staphylococci is detected, it is necessary to remember what the microbe is dangerous for, and immediately begin treatment, which will be aimed at eliminating the cause of its increase and eliminating signs of malaise.

At the same time, any self-treatment is unacceptable, since it can significantly aggravate the situation and provoke the development of resistance in pathogenic microorganisms to most modern drugs. Then it will be much more difficult to cope with the infection.

Swab from the nose and throat for staphylococcus aureus

To diagnose the disease, a swab is taken from the throat and nose for the presence of pathogenic bacteria, and a blood test is also performed. You should not be afraid of research, because the way samples are taken does not cause any pain to the patient.

To do this, a sterile cotton swab is carried out along the inner surfaces of the nasopharynx. A wash from it is sown on nutrient media, that is, an in vitro analysis (in vitro) is carried out.

After a few days, the grown colonies are evaluated according to the nature of the edges and surface, size, color and quantity, since the formation of colonies with strictly defined parameters is typical for each type of microorganism.

It is worth noting

If cultures from the pharynx and nose showed staphylococcus aureus, laboratory assistants immediately assess the sensitivity of the detected microorganisms to various antibiotics.

This is extremely important, because today, due to the frequent and unreasonable use of antibacterial drugs, many pathogens are resistant (resistance) to them.

Therefore, if staphylococcus is found, the study allows you to immediately determine which medicine will give the maximum result in each specific case.

Treatment of staphylococcus in the nose and throat

Thus, how the infection is treated, in each individual case. Moreover, therapy is started only when the normal indicators of the number of microorganisms are exceeded, and the norm is 10 to 3 degrees.

But this is true for all types of these microorganisms, except for Staphylococcus aureus. When it is detected, even in minimal quantities, treatment begins immediately.

Once again, we note that any self-treatment is unacceptable, because:

• bacteria quickly become resistant to antibiotics;
• incorrect dose selection and untimely interruption of antibiotic therapy leads to the development of resistance in microbes;
• irrational choice of the drug will entail the suppression of other types of microorganisms that inhibit the reproduction of bacteria, resulting in their active reproduction;
• an erroneous combination of drugs leads to the development of complications, intoxication, etc.

Therefore, only a competent specialist can decide how to get rid of the infection.

In the vast majority of cases, treatment is carried out at home. Hospitalization is required only in extreme, very severe cases, when, due to the lack of timely intervention, microorganisms affected the internal organs.

Patients are prescribed:

Antibiotics. These medicines destroy all microorganisms sensitive to them. To suppress bacteria, the most commonly used agents are based on:

• amoxicillin (Amoxiclav, Flemoxin, Augmentin)
• ceftriaxone (Sulbatomax, Blicef, Tercef, Medakson),
• neomycin (Aktilin, Neomin, Sofrana, Mycerin),
• erythromycin (Erythrocin, Eracin, Ilozon),
• vancomycin (Vankoled, Vanmiksan),
• azithromycin (Sumamed, Azitral, Hemomycin),
• cephalexin (Ospexin, Keflex, Flexin) and their combinations.

In the presence of a pustular rash, ointments with antibiotics are prescribed: erythromycin, tetracycline, Bactroban, Fusiderm, Baneocin and others.

With mild forms of sinusitis and some other isolated lesions of the nose and throat, drops with antibacterial compounds for topical use can come to the rescue: Bioparox, Isofra, Polydex.

Sulfonamide preparations. The main task of drugs in this group is to suppress the growth and reproduction of various bacteria. Therefore, patients are shown taking Ofloxacin, Unazine.

Gargling and nose drops from staphylococcus aureus. There are no specific pharmaceutical preparations in the form of nasal drops to eliminate these microbes. However, many otolaryngologists recommend that their patients instill an oily solution of chlorophyllipt or vitamin A.

It is also not uncommon to find advice to do rinsing or Chlorhexidine, as well as an alcohol solution of chlorophyllipt.

If the oral cavity is affected, rinsing with these medicines or with a solution of furacilin, propolis tinctures and herbal decoctions is indicated.

Immunomodulators. Medicines such as Immunorix, Taktivin, IRS-19, Immudon and others are designed to activate the body's own defense mechanisms and thereby speed up the healing process.

Antiallergic agents. They are prescribed to eliminate puffiness and prevent the development of allergic reactions to other medications used. These include Zirtek, Erius, Diazolin, Loratadin and others.

Vitamin and mineral complexes. The task of these drugs is to eliminate the deficiency of substances necessary for the body and increase immunity. Most often, patients are shown taking Alphabet, Supradin due to their high bioavailability and rich composition.

Folk remedies

It is very important for patients to drink plenty of water so that waste products and decay of microbes do not poison the body.

In some cases, patients are prescribed probiotics, for example, Bifiform, Linex, Laktovit forte and others, to restore the normal composition of the intestinal microflora.

But there is still heated debate about the appropriateness of using these drugs. Some doctors consider them useless, since almost all beneficial microorganisms die in the aggressive environment of the stomach, and the rest are unable to take root on the intestinal walls.

Other experts are confident that special capsule shells protect bacteria from the action of hydrochloric acid, due to which the contents of the dosage form are released precisely in the intestines and beneficial microbes quickly take root.

Attention

Patients are strictly forbidden to carry out any warming procedures, since local thermal exposure contributes to an even more active reproduction of bacteria and their spread.

Therefore, applying, on the advice of relatives and relatives, bags of salt, eggs and other heated objects can become cause life-threatening complications.

Do not expect that therapy will lead to the complete destruction of microbes. This is required only when Staphylococcus aureus is detected.

In mild cases, 3-4 weeks are enough to normalize the number of microorganisms on the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, and all symptoms of infection usually disappear within 7 days, but the course cannot be interrupted.

The remaining 2-3 weeks should regularly take the medicines prescribed by the doctor to consolidate the results achieved and prevent the recurrence of the disease.

During the entire period of treatment, an analysis is carried out several times in order to monitor its effectiveness and, if necessary, make timely adjustments to the appointments.

Diet during treatment

Oddly enough, but the success of ongoing therapeutic measures largely depends on proper nutrition. It is known that for the growth and reproduction of bacteria, therefore, for the entire duration of treatment, it is necessary to completely abandon:

• sweets, including chocolate and confectionery;
• carbonated drinks;
• fast food
• ready-made breakfast cereals, etc.

• all kinds of cereals;
• whole wheat bread;
• lots of fresh vegetables and fruits;
• greens.

Otherwise, the diet of patients does not require correction.

Folk remedies

Any such attempts can lead to the development of complications due to the uncontrolled rapid reproduction of pathogenic microflora.

Nevertheless, with the permission of the otolaryngologist, the following folk remedies can be used as auxiliary measures:

Rosehip decoction. It is drunk twice a day, 100 ml.

A decoction of echinacea roots and burdock. Vegetable raw materials are crushed, 2 tsp. the resulting powder is brewed in 4 cups of boiling water and boiled over low heat for 10 minutes. The decoction is taken 200 ml three times a day.

Birch buds are taken in equal amounts, herb succession, yarrow, wild rosemary and thyme. 1 st. l. The resulting mixture is poured with two glasses of boiling water and left for a couple of hours. Ready infusion is taken ½ cup 4 times a day.

It is also believed to have a beneficial effect on the rate of recovery daily the use of 100 g of black currant and 0.5 kg of apricot.

Staphylococcus aureus in the nose: treatment in adults

When a microorganism is detected, especially if it has already managed to provoke the occurrence of certain pathologies, you should contact your doctor as soon as possible so that he can develop an optimal treatment regimen.

Considering the question of how to remove the infection in each individual case, the specialist will prescribe a number of medicines from those listed above, recommend a diet and advise folk remedies suitable for the case.

Symptomatic therapy is also mandatory, the nature of which directly depends on what kind of pathology has developed and what symptoms it is accompanied by.

In severe cases, it may be necessary use of bacteriophages. They are specific viruses that are active against certain types of bacteria. The bacteriophage penetrates the staphylococcus cell and destroys it from the inside without causing any harm to human tissues.

If an increase in the number of bacteria leads to the formation of large pustules on the mucous membranes of the oral and nasal cavities, the doctor may decide on the need to open them.

In such cases, the procedure is performed under local anesthesia. Each element of the rash is incised, the contents are carefully removed and washed with a solution of an antibiotic selected based on the results of bacterial culture.

Staphylococcus aureus in the nose of a child

Infection of babies in the first year of life is most dangerous, since, due to the weakness of their immunity, infection can lead to rheumatic changes in the body, in particular, damage to the heart and joints, as well as the “scalded babies” syndrome, in which the upper layers of the skin exfoliate.

Therefore, if an increased number of staphylococci is found in an infant, treatment should be started immediately, but one should be prepared for the fact that it will be long. As a rule, therapy takes 3 months, during which several times they take breaks in taking medications up to 6 days.

Information note

In such situations, all family members are necessarily examined for infection, and if a carrier is identified, both he and the child are treated simultaneously.

But how to treat the disease should be decided solely by the doctor, based on the research data obtained.

If the mouth is affected in children, especially small ones, it is not possible to rinse. Therefore, they are often replaced by wiping the mucous membranes with gauze dipped in an antiseptic solution chosen by the doctor.

The rest of the treatment is carried out according to the same scheme as in adults, but with drugs appropriate for the age of the child. In severe cases, as well as when Staphylococcus aureus is detected in infants, patients are subject to hospitalization.

Having a problem during pregnancy

All women registered for pregnancy are scheduled to take a smear for staphylococcus aureus.

The detection of an increased content of microorganisms is the reason for starting a full-fledged treatment, since the toxins released by the bacteria can adversely affect the condition of the fetus.

But at the same time, each medicine for expectant mothers is selected with special scrupulousness, and preference is given to means for topical application.

Since the main reason why opportunistic microflora is activated in pregnant women is a decrease in immunity, they are always advised to:

• walk more in the fresh air;
• take vitamins;
• eat fully.

Thus, there are a lot of reasons why a fungus appears in the nose, but at the same time it is not necessary to talk about whether it is contagious. After all, each person can be a carrier of one or another type of this bacterium, without even knowing it.

In each individual case, how to cure the infection should be decided individually, and the choice of tactics and direction of therapy should be trusted only by a qualified ENT so as not to aggravate the situation.

Staphylococcus in the nose photo: what it looks like

Content

This causative agent of infectious diseases can cause many ailments in both a child and an adult. Learn important information about how Staphylococcus aureus is transmitted and how you might suspect that you have the bacterium. Information about how diseases of this nature are treated will also be useful to you.

What is Staphylococcus aureus

Many diseases in the human body are caused by this dangerous microscopic pathogen. Staphylococcus aureus, or Staphylococcus aureus, is a species of bacteria of the spherical shape, which is a variety of microorganisms of the genus Staphylococcus. This infectious agent belongs to conditionally pathogenic, because its presence on the skin and mucous membranes does not always lead to the development of the disease. He may not declare himself in any way if immunity is normal. Then the person will only be a carrier of the infection, but runs the risk of becoming seriously ill if health is weakened.

Causes of the disease

Often, Staphylococcus aureus in the nasopharynx becomes the main factor provoking throat diseases and chronic nasal ailments: rhinitis, sinusitis, atrophy of the mucous membrane. What causes the activation of bacteria and the development of these infectious diseases? There are several of them:

• Weakened immunity due to:
  • hypothermia of the body;
  • viral infection.
• Taking a certain type of medication:
  • broad-spectrum antibiotics;
  • long-term treatment of the common cold with vasoconstrictors.

How is staphylococcus transmitted

How does the bacterium enter the nasal mucosa? Staphylococcus aureus can be transmitted in the following ways:

• the child can become infected from the mother during the period of pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding;
• the infection is spread by its carriers by airborne droplets;
• in close contact in everyday life with a person who already has these bacteria - for example, when kissing, when using some personal hygiene items, etc .;
• often people become infected during their stay in a hospital hospital, because then their immunity is significantly weakened.

Symptoms of a staph infection

What signs indicate that a person has Staphylococcus aureus in the nose? The presence of this causative agent of the disease should be suspected when such symptoms appear:

• the patient begins to have a runny nose, the discharge in which at first is transparent, but soon impurities of pus are observed in them;
• difficulty breathing, the person is forced to breathe through the mouth;
• body temperature rises significantly to 38-39 degrees;
• violation of the functions of smell, odors are felt inferior;
• symptoms of general malaise, constant fatigue;
• voice changes: becomes hoarse, nasal.

Methods of medical diagnostics

To accurately determine that the cause of the disease is Staphylococcus aureus in the throat and nose, one cannot do without laboratory tests. Modern diagnostic methods will help confirm that a person is infected with this, and not with another type of bacteria, for example, epidermal staphylococcus aureus. If there are signs of infection, the doctor prescribes the necessary tests: bacterial culture of sputum from the nose, urine and blood tests.

The selected material is placed on a nutrient medium, and after a few days the laboratory assistant determines whether there are colonies of microorganisms in the inoculation. This type of staphylococcus was called "golden" because when diagnosing under a microscope, you can see round, convex bacteria with a smooth, shiny surface of golden color. This color is given to them by pigments from the group of carotenoids.

Swab from the throat and nose for staphylococcus aureus

If it is necessary to identify the presence of bacteria faster, then the analysis of sputum taken from the patient is carried out according to the microscopic method. The contents of the smear are stained according to the Gram method, while staphylococcus bacteria stain blue. It should be borne in mind that such a diagnosis is preliminary. Only the cultural method, when bacteria are isolated in pure culture from inoculation on a nutrient medium, allows you to accurately determine that the patient has Staphylococcus aureus in the nose, and also to make an antibiogram.

How to treat Staphylococcus aureus in the nose

Already at the stage of cultural study of bakposev, experts determine the sensitivity of this type of microorganisms to different types of antibacterial drugs, because the main condition for the treatment of diseases provoked by this pathogen is the use of antibiotics. Other methods are also used to treat Staphylococcus aureus in the nose: taking immunomodulators, using topical agents, and even some traditional medicine recipes. Learn more about the features of these infection control methods.

The use of antibiotic therapy

Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus in the nasopharynx by taking antibacterial agents should be based on the information of the antibiogram. The data of this analysis will make it possible to avoid prescribing drugs that are ineffective for him, because the sensitivity of each person to different types of antibiotics is different. If you use an ineffective medicine, then the bacteria, on the contrary, will develop resistance to antibacterial medicines. Often, to combat Staphylococcus aureus, doctors prescribe drugs Oxacillin, Vancomycin, Amoxiclav, etc.

Reception of immunomodulators

Many complications and rapid progress in the treatment of staphylococcus aureus in the nose can be avoided by strengthening the natural defense mechanisms of the human body. To quickly cure this infection, immunomodulators are used: Immunal, Derinat, Broncho-munal, etc. In order to raise the general tone of the body and restore the normal functioning of immune defense mechanisms, patients are often recommended a set of therapeutic and preventive measures. A good restorative effect will have the intake of vitamin-mineral complexes and the correct sleep and rest regimen.

Use of local funds

In order to prevent the side effects of taking antibiotics from affecting the body, it is not uncommon for the treatment of diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus to use drugs that can specifically affect these bacteria. Thus, staphylococcal bacteriophage, a medicine in the form of a liquid in which bacterial viruses are located, has a high efficiency of use. Such phage viruses destroy even those pathogens that have developed resistance to antibacterial drugs.

Often, to combat Staphylococcus aureus, an antiseptic and disinfectant Chlorophyllipt is prescribed - a spray or tablet that very well promotes the healing of the nasal mucosa. This drug is very easy to use. For treatment, cotton swabs are taken, irrigated with a spray or an aqueous solution of tablets and placed in the nose. It will also be effective to use 3% hydrogen peroxide. Before use, the drug is diluted with water in a ratio of 1 to 11, the nose is washed with the resulting solution. With this medicine, you can moisten a cotton swab and gently insert it into the nostrils.

Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus in the nose with folk remedies

Is it possible to get rid of such an infectious disease at home using alternative medicine methods? If the disease is already progressing, then treatment should take place only under the supervision of a doctor, because a staphylococcal infection is very dangerous for its complications. Traditional medicine in this therapy can play an important supporting role.

• drink a decoction of rose hips: 100 ml twice a day;
• to increase immunity, drink echinacea tincture, eat foods rich in vitamin C: blackcurrant, citrus fruits, cranberries, sauerkraut, etc .;
• throughout the day, drip into the nose a few drops of a decoction of burdock roots;
• do inhalation: add 4-5 tbsp. to hot water. l. vinegar and inhale the rising steam.

Video: staphylococcus in children

Attention! The information provided in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials of the article do not call for self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give recommendations for treatment, based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

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Staphylococcus in the nose - the appearance in the nasal mucosa of bacteria that cause purulent-inflammatory diseases. There are several dozen species of bacteria, most of which are constant companions of all living beings. The presence of such bacteria is normal, but there are pathological species that can cause diseases.

Staphylococcus aureus is dangerous for the immune system. In a healthy human body, bacteria are not normally observed.

Symptoms

Purulent inflammation of the nasal mucosa are signs of staphylococcus disease. During the development of staphylococcus aureus in the nose, symptoms can take on the character of other diseases.

In a pathogenic state, staphylococcus aureus causes the following symptoms:

• increased body temperature;
• nasal congestion;
• white, discharge with;
• the paranasal sinuses are filled;
• pain in the frontal part of the head;
• open mouth;
• hard breath;
• snoring during sleep;
• rash on the body;
• weakness, fatigue.

If the disease is not cured in time, the infection often spreads to the throat, ears, causing inflammation in these areas, respectively.

Methods of transmission of the disease

There are several ways in which bacteria can be obtained by humans:

• airborne way;
• the period of intrauterine development, delivery, breastfeeding;
• air-dust path;
• contact-household way.

Airborne way - air infected with staphylococcus aureus naturally enters the nasal cavity of a person. Carriers of the infection shed the bacterium when they sneeze.

The period of intrauterine development, delivery, breastfeeding: in most cases, newborn children become infected from their mother by the hematogenous route, with placenta adherence, and violations of labor activity.

Airborne dust path - when an infected person sneezes, the bacteria settle on the dust. Infection occurs by inhalation.

Contact-household way - the infection enters the human body when using personal hygiene items, dishes of a sick person.

additional information

Doctors know several additional ways of infecting a person with bacteria:

• Food products have not undergone heat treatment before consumption, the microbes in the intestines began to poison the body.
• Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus enters the body through skin lesions along with blood.
• Hypothermia of the body.
• During acute respiratory diseases, general immunity decreases, so the likelihood of infection is high.
• The body perceives staphylococcal bacterium especially acutely after prolonged use of medications.
• Older people and newborns can easily become infected with staphylococcal infections due to their weak immunity.
• , adenoids, rhinitis have a positive effect on the development of the disease.

The danger of a disease in the nose

The focus of inflammation that originated in the nasal sinuses does not stand still, but slowly passes to the organs of the throat, affecting the larynx, tonsils, and trachea. After that, the disease flows to the heart, liver, gastrointestinal tract.

Clinical picture: the patient who falls ill does not take the recovery measures prescribed by the attending physician. A few days later, the patient complains of sore throat, and after a few days, the stomach and liver begin to hurt.

Children and the elderly are more at risk than others. In addition to damage to the organs of the throat, damage to the bones, lungs, heart, and brain can occur. In advanced cases, staphylococcus aureus in the nose is the cause of septic infection of the blood.

Diagnosis of the disease

After examining a doctor to make an accurate diagnosis, the patient donates blood, a smear on the tank. mucosal culture.

Types of diagnostics:

• microbiological;
• serological;
• instrumental.

Microbiological diagnostics

A swab taken from the nose and mouth is examined for the presence of bacteria. For each type of infection, a material was selected that stains ordinary staphylococcus yellow. The golden appearance of the bacterium changes to cloudy flakes of yellow bacteria.

Serological diagnosis

The analysis does not give accurate indicators of the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the body. For other staphylococcus species, his results show the presence of the microbe 10 2 . There are other indicators for Staphylococcus aureus, its degree is 0.

If a bacterium is found, treatment is immediately prescribed. Intensive therapy continues for seven days, after which doctors prescribe drugs for maintenance therapy to avoid relapse and strengthen weakened immunity.

Instrumental diagnostics

Radiography determines the degree of infection complication.

Treatment

For the treatment of staphylococcus in the nose, the attending physician prescribes a new generation of antibiotics, Staphylococcus aureus in a pathogenic state is immune to a large number of drugs. The drugs oxacillin, dicloxacillin, ceftriaxone are most successfully fighting it.

They process damaged areas after opening the pustules. The active substances of the preparations suppress the resistance of microbes. The method of application is assigned individually.

If it is possible not to use antibiotics, viruses that kill bacteria are prescribed.

If a staphylococcal infection cannot be treated with antibiotics, then anti-staphylococcal immunoglobulin, a toxoid, is used. They relieve toxicity.

Immunostimulating therapy

Immunostimulating drugs restore the protective functions of the body. The use of vitamin complexes strengthens vitality. To get rid of harmful substances, it is recommended to drink plenty of fluids.

Antihistamines

Tavegil, Diazolin, other antihistamines are prescribed for withdrawal.

The use of folk remedies

Healers advise using inside a small amount of infusion of echinacea, sage, rosehip, St. John's wort,.

The method of treatment with folk remedies is to immunostimulate the body. The main role in the fight against inflammation is given to antibiotics.

local processing

In combination with other methods of treatment, local treatment with Miramistin, Chlorhexidine is prescribed.

Pustular lesions are lubricated with Erythromycin, Tetracycline ointments.

Protargol (Sialor), Isofra, Polydex have a vasoconstrictive property. Reduce nasal congestion.

Treatment of children

Staphylococcus aureus in the nose of a child is treated in the same way as in adults. The only difference is a decrease in the dosage of the drugs used due to the small body weight of children.

How to treat staphylococcus in infants? The disease is difficult to tolerate in newborns. Dangerous complications on the heart muscle that occur after the disease.

First of all, when a staphylococcal infection is detected, the entire environment of the newborn takes a smear on the tank. sowing, it serves as a determinant of the appearance of pathogenic bacteria.

The course of treatment is several months. Together with antibiotics, the baby is prescribed drugs that increase immunity, improve the intestinal microflora.

What can not be done to the patient?

There are a number of contraindications:

• it is forbidden to resort to warming procedures;
• you can not warm up the nasopharynx, use compresses;
• it is necessary to exclude honey, dairy products, juices from the diet;
• it is impossible to sanitize the nasal cavity with alcohol-containing substances;
• it is forbidden to open abscesses near the nose on your own.

Heat, sweets, dairy products are a favorable factor for spreading pathogenic bacteria throughout the body, their reproduction, and enlargement of pustules.

Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to alcohol, alcohol solutions dry the mucosa.

Disease during pregnancy

Expectant mothers need to maintain immunity, beware of any infections. With a disease, the probability of damage to the membranes is high, the fetus sometimes gets sick.

If Staphylococcus aureus is found during the collection of tests, staphylococcus aureus treatment is prescribed in the nose and in.

A pregnant woman needs to constantly use ointments for the nasal cavity. Use vitamin complexes for pregnant women.

After a few weeks of treatment, repeat tests are prescribed.

Preventive measures

Doctors have developed a list of preventive measures for patients during the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus in the nose:

• Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene.
• Preventive rinsing of the nose with mineral water without gas.
• Regular use of a complex of vitamins with minerals.
• Balanced diet.
• hardening.
• Avoid hypothermia.
• Constant humidification of the air in the room.
• Regular ventilation of the room.

Following the above preventive measures prevents the development of infection in the nose, as well as the transmission of pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus bacteria to other people.

Video: Staphylococcus in the nose

Staphylococcus is a representative of nonspecific microflora. The pathogenic microbe most often lives on the mucous membranes of the nose. Staphylococcus aureus in the nose is a fairly common case, the treatment of which requires a special approach. Everyone who is a carrier is wondering how to cure Staphylococcus aureus.

Manifestation and danger of staphylococcus in the nose

Usually, the infection occurs in the nasopharynx, as it is positive for the settlement of autogenous bacteria. If Staphylococcus aureus in the nose began to develop rapidly, then this will certainly be accompanied by such symptoms:

• voice change;
• smell disorders;
• regular nasal congestion;
• runny nose with purulent sputum;
• the appearance of viscous mucus;
• hyperemia of the nasopharyngeal mucosa;
• the appearance of purulent wounds in the nose and under it;
• regular itching in the nasal passages.

These are only local symptoms that Staphylococcus aureus has, symptoms in adults may be general. These include:

• increase in body temperature;
• pain in the head;
• the appearance of rashes on the body;
• intoxication;
• stomach ache;
• diarrhea;
• increased gas formation in the intestines.

The disease is not always completely cured, and with an incorrectly chosen method of treatment, the infection becomes a regular carrier with the development of chronic rhinitis.

The danger of this infection lies in the fact that it spreads very quickly to neighboring organs. It enters distant organs via the lymphogenous route. Most often, the first manifestations of staphylococcus in the nose are associated with the progression of the acute form of rhinitis. If you do not engage in timely treatment, then the patient after a few days may notice signs:

• sore throats;
• sinusitis;
• acute adenoiditis;
• otitis.

Staphylococcus aureus in the nose carries a huge danger for those people who suffer from weak body resistance. In this case, the infection can enter the lungs and cause complications there. Possible damage to the brain, heart, kidneys. In case of complications, patients need to be in the hospital under the strict supervision of the attending physician. The bacteria can lead to coma, toxic shock, and even death.

Staphylococcus aureus can also cause phronitis. In this case, the patient begins to develop very severe headaches in the forehead. General weakness, regular fatigue, dizziness begin to occur.

Quite often, the infection leads to sinusitis. In this case, the patient has chills, nasal congestion, sneezing. With progression, the eyelids will begin to swell, pain will appear on the face.

Ways of transmission of infection

Staphylococcus aureus is the most aggressive representative of this type of microorganism. The cause of many dangerous diseases is Staphylococcus aureus. How is the infection transmitted? The source can be medical instruments that have been poorly processed, intravenous nutrition.

An infection can begin to develop after a series of illnesses that have weakened the immune system. These include influenza, SARS, injuries, dysbacteriosis. It may progress after surgery or various medical procedures.

Quite often, the infection multiplies on food. Together with food, it enters the human body. Usually appears on sweet products, meat, eggs, dairy products. Enterotoxin infection carries a great danger to the body, as it can cause severe poisoning. After that, there are severe pains in the abdomen, vomiting, diarrhea.

The infection can be transmitted through scratches or wounds, as well as from mother to child. When breastfeeding, the infection passes to the baby through breast milk. If bacteria enter the mother through cracks in the nipples, then this causes purulent mastitis. The probability of infection is quite high when sneezing, coughing and even breathing.

Diagnosis of the disease

If any symptoms appear, you should definitely contact an otolaryngologist. The specialist will conduct a physical examination, look at the patient's medical history. To determine the presence of infection, bacterial inoculation on a nutrient medium is necessary. Before taking the test, you need to prepare. Do not use toothpaste or mouthwash on the day of collection. It is forbidden to eat before taking the test.

A week before the analysis, do not take any antibacterial drugs. In this case, it will be possible to obtain the most accurate analysis. The analysis is performed within 7 days.

Treatment methods for the disease

The cause of pustules is Staphylococcus aureus in the nose. Adults are treated with antibiotics. The method of curing the patient is selected purely individually by the attending physician. Usually, antibacterial drugs are prescribed in the form of tablets or injections.

The complexity of the treatment lies in the fact that the bacterium cannot be cured with penicillin preparations. During the examination, experts determine the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics. In order for the treatment to give the maximum result, it must be carried out in a complex manner. The following antibiotics are usually prescribed to treat the infection:

• Vancomycin, Oxacillin, Ceftriaxone, Dicloxacillin;
• macrolides can be assigned: Erythromycin, Azithromycin;
• The following cephalosporins have proven themselves well: Cefalexin, Cefalotin.

In the case of a severe form of the pathological process, patients are prescribed a specific cure. In this case, immunoglobulin or toxoid is indicated. Drugs will help eliminate intoxication. In some cases, antistaphylococcal bacteriophages can be administered, which are used in case of contraindications to antibiotics.

How to treat Staphylococcus aureus? If staphylococcus aureus is found in the nose, the following systemic preparations can be effectively used:

1. Immunomodulatory type, which are designed to stimulate the general resistance of the patient's body. Taktivin, Poludan, Immunorix are usually prescribed.
2. Vitamin and mineral complexes. Alphabet, Vitrum, Supradin are effective.
3. Antihistamines for severe swelling of the nasal mucosa. Zirtek, Diazolin, Tavegil are highly effective.

The infection can be treated with topical medications. Among them stand out:

1. The use of local immunomodulators - Immudon, IRS-19.
2. Washing the nose with antiseptic solutions. These include Chlorhexidine, Miramistin.
3. For the nose, the use of the following ointments is also indicated: tetracycline, erythromycin. The first is used if abscesses appear on the nasal mucosa.
4. Use of nasal drops. Isofra, Polydex, Protargol are effective. With sufficient nasal congestion, vasoconstrictor drugs are prescribed.
5. If large abscesses form, then their opening is shown with subsequent processing.
6. Irrigation of the nose with Chlorophyllipt. It is possible to instill an oil solution.

If the disease is not so simple, then washing the throat with hydrogen peroxide, Furacilin or Miramistin is additionally indicated.

Folk remedies for infection

It should be noted right away that traditional medicine will not be able to completely suppress Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment with folk remedies is effective in the complex therapy of infection. Moreover, it will not cope with pathogenic bacteria if they have passed from the nose to other organs. That is why all folk remedies are an addition to the main method of treatment.

Bacteria are very afraid of a number of plants: plantain, sage, burdock, echinacea and others. With serious staphylococcal diseases, the plant simply cannot cope with the disease. It is necessary to prepare decoctions and infusions.

Traditional medicine recipes

Quite effective in the fight against infection are:

1. In the case of a chronic form, the result will be the juice of the root of parsley and celery. The roots must be very well chopped with a blender. Juice should be squeezed out of the resulting mass. Juice intake should be half an hour before eating 1 teaspoon.
2. in the fight against Staphylococcus aureus in the nose, washing with an infusion of medicinal comfrey and burdock roots can be quite effective. To do this, the roots must be crushed in equal proportions. Pour 1 tablespoon with a glass of boiling water. After half an hour, you can begin washing procedures with warm infusion.
3. A decoction of echinacea and burdock. 2 teaspoons of echinacea and the same amount of burdock pour 4 cups of boiling water. Boil the decoction for 30 minutes over very low heat. Drink half a glass three times a day. Take for 3 days.
4. Dissolve half a gram of mummy in 1 glass of water. Drink 50 ml 4 times a day before meals.
5. Pour 1 tablespoon of chamomile with a glass of boiling water. Wait 1 hour for the medicine to infuse. Rinse the nose with the resulting decoction 3 times a day.
6. In the same way, you can brew sage. Take it for gargling and rinsing the nose.
7. Brew rose hips together with echinacea in 0.5 liters of water. Leave to infuse for 3 hours. Drink as tea throughout the day.

These recipes are most effective in case of progression of staphylococcus aureus. But before using any traditional medicine, you must definitely get the advice of your doctor. A certain prescription may not be compatible with the medications you are taking. In this case, you can only harm your health.

β-toxin or sphingomyelinase is detected in about a quarter of all pathogenic staphylococci. β-toxin can cause destruction of red blood cells ( red blood cells), as well as lead to the proliferation of fibroblasts ( migration of fibroblasts to the inflammatory focus). This toxin becomes most active at low temperatures.

γ-toxin is a two-component hemolysin, which has a moderate activity. It should be noted that the bloodstream contains substances that block the action of γ-toxin ( sulfur-containing molecules are able to inhibit one of the components of the γ-toxin).

δ-toxin is a low molecular weight compound with the property of a detergent. Exposure of the cell to δ-toxin leads to disruption of the integrity of the cell by various mechanisms ( mainly there is a violation of the relationship between the lipids of the cell membrane).

• exfoliative toxins. In total, 2 types of exfoliative toxins are distinguished - exfoliant A and exfoliant B. Exfoliative toxins are detected in 2-5% of cases. Exfoliants are able to destroy intercellular bonds in one of the layers of the skin ( granular layer of the epidermis), and also lead to detachment of the stratum corneum ( the most superficial layer of the skin). These toxins can act locally and systemically. In the latter case, this can lead to scalded skin syndrome ( the appearance of areas of redness on the body, as well as large blisters). It should be noted that exfoliants are able to bind several molecules involved in the immune response at once ( exfoliative toxins exhibit properties of superantigens).
• Toxic shock syndrome toxin (formerly called enterotoxin F) is a toxin that causes the development of toxic shock syndrome. Toxic shock syndrome is understood as an acute polysystemic organ damage ( multiple organs are affected) with fever, nausea, vomiting, impaired stool ( diarrhea), skin rash. It is worth noting that the toxic shock syndrome toxin is capable of producing in rare cases only Staphylococcus aureus.
• Leukocidin or Panton-Valentine toxin capable of attacking some white blood cells ( neutrophils and macrophages). The effect of leukocidin on the cell leads to a violation of the water and electrolyte balance, which increases the concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the cell ( cAMP). These disorders underlie the mechanism of occurrence of staphylococcal diarrhea in food poisoning with products infected with Staphylococcus aureus.
• Enterotoxins. In total, there are 6 classes of enterotoxins - A, B, C1, C2, D and E. Enterotoxins are toxins that affect human intestinal cells. Enterotoxins are low molecular weight proteins ( proteins), which tolerate high temperatures well. It should be noted that it is enterotoxins that lead to the development of food poisoning by the type of intoxication. In most cases, these poisonings are capable of causing enterotoxins A and D. The effects of any of the enterotoxins on the body are manifested in the form of nausea, vomiting, pain in the upper abdomen, diarrhea, fever and muscle spasm. These disorders are due to the superantigenic properties of enterotoxins. In this case, there is an excessive synthesis of interleukin-2, which leads to this intoxication of the body. Enterotoxins can lead to an increase in the tone of the smooth muscles of the intestine and increase motility ( bowel contractions to move food) gastrointestinal tract.

Enzymes

Staphylococcal enzymes have a variety of actions. Also, the enzymes that staphylococci produce are called "aggression and defense" factors. It should be noted that not all enzymes are pathogenicity factors.

The following staphylococcal enzymes are distinguished:

• catalase is an enzyme that can break down hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is able to release the oxygen radical and oxidize the cell wall of the microorganism, leading to its destruction ( lysis).
• β-lactamase able to effectively fight and neutralize β-lactam antibiotics ( a group of antibiotics that are united by the presence of a β-lactam ring). It should be noted that β-lactamase is very common among the population of pathogenic staphylococci. Some strains of staphylococci show increased resistance to methicillin ( antibiotic) and other chemotherapy drugs.
• Lipase is an enzyme that facilitates the attachment and penetration of bacteria in the human body. Lipase is able to break down fat fractions and in some cases penetrate through the sebum into the hair follicle ( location of the hair root) and sebaceous glands.
• Hyaluronidase has the ability to increase the permeability of tissues, which contributes to the further spread of staphylococci in the body. The action of hyaluronidase is aimed at the breakdown of complex carbohydrates ( mucopolysaccharides), which are part of the intercellular substance of the connective tissue, and are also found in the bones, in the vitreous body and in the cornea of ​​​​the eye.
• DNAase is an enzyme that cleaves the double-stranded DNA molecule ( Deoxyribonucleic acid) into fragments. During exposure to DNase, the cell loses its genetic material and the ability to synthesize enzymes for its own needs.
• fibrinolysin or plasmin. Fibrinolysin is a Staphylococcus enzyme that is able to dissolve fibrin strands. In some cases, blood clots perform a protective function and do not allow bacteria to penetrate other tissues.
• Staphylokinase is an enzyme that converts plasminogen to plasmin when exposed to staphylokinase, the proenzyme plasminogen is converted to its active form - plasmin). Plasmin is extremely effective in breaking down large blood clots that act as an obstacle to the further advancement of staphylococci.
• Phosphatase is an enzyme that accelerates the process of splitting esters of phosphoric acid. Staphylococcus acid phosphatase is generally responsible for the virulence of the bacterium. This enzyme can be located on the outer membrane, and the location of the phosphatase depends on the acidity of the medium.
• Proteinase Staphylococcus is able to break down proteins into amino acids ( protein denaturation). Proteinase has the ability to inactivate certain antibodies, suppressing the body's immune response.
• Lecithinase is an extracellular enzyme that breaks down lecithin ( fat-like substance that makes up the cell wall) into simpler components ( phosphocholine and diglycerides).
• Coagulase or plasmacoagulase. Coagulase is the main factor in the pathogenicity of staphylococcus. Coagulase is capable of inducing blood plasma clotting. This enzyme can form a thrombin-like substance that interacts with prothrombin and envelops the bacterium in a fibrin film. The formed fibrin film has significant resistance and serves as an additional capsule for staphylococcus aureus.

Groups of staphylococci depending on the presence of coagulase

pathogenicity	Coagulase-positive staphylococci	Coagulase-negative staphylococci
Opportunistic staphylococci living on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals	S. intermedius, S. hyicus	S. capitis, S. warneri, S. cohnii, S. xylosis, S. sciuri, S. simulans, S. arlettae, S. auricularis, S. carnosus, S. caseolyticus, S. gallinarum, S. kloosii, S. caprae, S. equorum, S. lentus, S. saccharolyticus, S. schleiferi, S. lugdunensis, S. chromogenes.
Pathogenic staphylococci that cause disease in humans	S. aureus ( Staphylococcus aureus)	S. saprophyticus ( saprophyticstaphylococcus aureus), S. epidermidis ( epidermalstaphylococcus aureus), S. haemolyticus ( hemolytic staphylococcus aureus).

Adhesins

Adhesins are proteins of the surface layer, which are responsible for the attachment of staphylococcus to the mucous membranes, to the connective tissue ( ligaments, tendons, joints, cartilages are some of the representatives of the connective tissue), as well as to the intercellular substance. The ability to attach to tissues is related to hydrophobicity ( property of cells to avoid contact with water), and the higher it is, the better these properties are manifested.

Adhesins have specificity for certain substances ( tropism) in the body. So, on the mucous membranes, this substance is mucin ( a substance that is part of the secretion of all mucous glands), and in the connective tissue - proteoglycan ( intercellular substance of connective tissue). Adhesins are able to bind fibronectin ( complex extracellular substance), thereby improving the process of attachment to tissues.

It should be noted that most of the components of the cell wall of pathogenic staphylococci, as well as their toxins, can lead to allergic reactions of a delayed and immediate type ( anaphylactic shock, Arthus phenomenon, etc.). Clinically, this manifests itself in the form of dermatitis ( inflammatory disease of the skin), bronchospastic syndrome ( spasm of the smooth muscles of the bronchi, which manifests itself in the form of shortness of breath) etc.

Method of infection with staphylococcus aureus

Diseases caused by staphylococci can be self-infected ( entry of bacteria into the body through damaged areas of the skin and mucous membranes), since staphylococci are permanent inhabitants of the skin and mucous membranes of humans. Infection can also occur through contact with household items or by eating contaminated food. This method of infection is called exogenous.


It should be noted that the carriage of pathogenic staphylococci is of great importance in the mechanism of transmission of staphylococci. The concept of "carriage" means the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the body that do not cause any clinical manifestations of the disease. There are two types of carriage of pathogenic staphylococci - temporary and permanent. The main danger is posed by people who are constant carriers of pathogenic staphylococcus aureus. In this category of persons, pathogenic staphylococci are detected in large numbers, which are long-term contained on the mucous membranes and in the skin. It is still not entirely clear why there is a long-term carriage of pathogenic staphylococcus aureus. Some scientists attribute this to a weakening of local immunity with a decrease in the titer of immunoglobulin A ( a decrease in the concentration of one of the types of antibodies that are responsible for the immune response). There is also a hypothesis that explains the long-term carriage of pathogenic staphylococcus aureus with impaired functioning of the mucous membrane.

The following mechanisms of transmission of staphylococci are distinguished:

• contact-household mechanism;
• airborne mechanism;
• air-dust mechanism;
• alimentary mechanism;
• artificial mechanism.

Contact household mechanism

The contact-household mechanism of infection transmission occurs due to the entry of bacteria from the skin and mucous membranes to various household items. This route of transmission is associated with the use of common household items ( towel, toys, etc.). To implement the contact-household transmission route, a susceptible organism is required ( when introducing bacteria, the human body reacts with a clinically pronounced disease or carriage). The contact-household transmission mechanism is a special case of the contact route of infection transmission ( direct skin contact).

Air drop mechanism

The airborne transmission mechanism is based on the inhalation of air, which contains microorganisms. This transmission mechanism becomes possible if bacteria are released into the environment along with exhaled air ( with diseases of the respiratory system). Isolation of pathogenic bacteria can be carried out through breathing, coughing and sneezing.

Air dust mechanism

The airborne mechanism of transmission of staphylococcal infection is a special case of the airborne mechanism. The air-dust mechanism is realized with long-term preservation of bacteria in dust.

Alimentary mechanism

With the alimentary mechanism ( fecal-oral mechanism) transmission The excretion of staphylococci occurs from the infected organism with a bowel movement or with vomiting. The penetration of bacteria into a susceptible organism is carried out through the oral cavity when contaminated food is consumed ( the presence of microorganisms in food). After that, staphylococcus again colonizes the digestive tract of the new host. As a rule, the contamination of food with staphylococci occurs due to non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene - insufficient hand treatment. Also, this mechanism can be implemented due to the carriage of a staphylococcal infection in a food industry worker.

Artifical mechanism

The artificial transmission mechanism is characterized by the penetration of pathogenic staphylococcus into the human body through insufficiently sterilized ( sterilization - a method of processing medical instruments and equipment to completely destroy all microorganisms) medical instruments. As a rule, this can occur during the use of various instrumental diagnostic methods ( e.g. bronchoscopy). Also, in some cases, the penetration of staphylococcus into the body is observed during surgical operations.

It should be noted that medical equipment and instruments may not be completely sterile due to the fact that staphylococcus is resistant to certain types of disinfectants ( chemicals with antimicrobial activity). Also, the reason for the artifactual mechanism of transmission may be the incompetence or negligence of medical personnel.

What diseases are caused by Staphylococcus aureus?

Staphylococcus aureus is capable of infecting most tissues of the human body. In total, there are more than a hundred diseases caused by a staphylococcal infection. Staphylococcal infection is characterized by the presence of many different mechanisms, routes and factors of transmission.

Staphylococcus aureus can very easily penetrate through minor damage to the skin and mucous membranes into the body. Staphylococcal infection can lead to a variety of conditions ranging from acne ( acne) and ending with peritonitis ( inflammation of the peritoneum), endocarditis ( inflammation of the inner lining of the heart) and sepsis, which is characterized by mortality in the region of 80%. In most cases, staphylococcal infection develops against the background of a decrease in local or general immunity, for example, after an acute respiratory viral infection ( SARS).

Staphylococcal sepsis is characterized by the following symptoms:

• increase in body temperature up to 39 - 40 ° C;
• intense headache;
• loss of appetite;
• nausea;
• vomit;
• increased sweating;
• skin pustular rash;
• increase in the number of heartbeats up to 140 beats per minute;
• an increase in the size of the liver and spleen;
• loss of consciousness;
• rave.

With sepsis caused by staphylococcal infection, purulent lesions of the intestines, liver, meninges of the brain, and lungs are often observed ( abscesses). Mortality in adults can reach significant numbers in the case of inadequate antibiotic therapy without taking into account the antibiogram.