Guidelines for the eradication of plague of small ruminants. Plague of small animals (pestis ovium et caprarum). Pest of small ruminants, specific prevention and control measures
Plague of small animals (pestis ovium et caprarum) is an acute, highly contagious disease of sheep and goats, characterized by fever, hemorrhagic diathesis, necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis, catarrhal-hemorrhagic enteritis, and disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. See also .
Etiology. The causative agent of the disease is an RNA genomic virus belonging to the Paramixoviridae family, Morbillivirus subfamily, has a slightly oval shape, sizes from 150-700 nm to 200-400 nm. In antigenic and immunogenic terms, it is close to the causative agents of rinderpest, canine distemper and measles.
epidemiological data. Under natural conditions, the disease affects goats and sheep of all ages, but it is more severe in 2-18-month-old young animals. Goats are more susceptible than sheep.
In cattle, the virus causes an asymptomatic infection. The source of the infectious agent are sick and animals in the incubation period, starting from 3 days after infection. Some researchers believe that wild African animals serve as a reservoir of small ruminant plague in nature, which support the existence of the virus in the inter-epizootic period, and also contribute to its spread during the epizootic period.
The virus is transmitted by aerogenic and alimentary routes, through direct contact of sheep and goats with sick animals, as well as through infected feed, water, bedding, equipment, and clothing of service personnel. Infection most often occurs after the importation of animals from farms that are unfavorable for plague. It proceeds in the form of enzootic, more often manifests itself in the rainy season. The frequency of epizootics in Senegal has been established, repeating every 3-4 years. Mortality in goats can reach 95%, in sheep - 40%.
Course and symptoms. The incubation period for ruminant distemper is 6-15 days. The course of the disease in goats is superacute and acute, in sheep it is acute and subacute.
At hyperacute form in goats, an increase in body temperature up to 40-42 ° C, depression, lack of appetite, nasal discharge, lacrimation, sneezing, and diarrhea are observed. The duration of the disease is 4-5 days. In most patients, death occurs suddenly.
Acute course in goats and sheep it is characterized by the same symptoms as the hyperacute course, but the disease lasts 8-10 days. A cough appears, ulcers, foci of necrosis develop on the mucous membrane of the oral and nasal cavities, first serous and then serous-purulent outflows are released from the nose. In females, inflammation of the vagina is observed, in pregnant animals - abortions. The disease often ends with a transition to a subacute form of the disease or death.
At subacute course in sheep, intermittent fever, necrosis and ulcers around the nostrils, oral cavity are noted, with complicated forms - pneumonia, diarrhea, exhaustion and dehydration, paresis and paralysis of the limbs. In severe cases, sick animals die in 2-3 weeks. The virus causes destruction of the epithelium of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and lymphoid organs.
Diagnosis. The diagnosis is made comprehensively on the basis of clinical, pathoanatomical, epizootological data and laboratory results. Laboratory studies include the isolation of the virus in a sheep embryonic kidney cell culture, its identification by immunofluorescent and electron microscopy methods. RSK and RID are also proposed, which, however, do not allow distinguishing rinderpest from rinderpest. In difficult cases, histological studies and bioassays are carried out on 2-4-month-old kids. Characteristic is the detection in the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, intestines and reticular cells of lymphoid organs of eosinophilic cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies in histological preparations.
differential diagnosis. Plague of small ruminants must be differentiated from foot-and-mouth disease, bluetongue, and Nairobi disease.
Treatment. There is no specific therapy for plague of small ruminants. Symptomatic treatment is recommended. There are reports of positive results from the use of novarsenolbenzene, which can significantly reduce mortality among sick animals.
Prevention and control measures. After being ill with plague, animals have lifelong immunity. Young animals from immune queens acquire colostral immunity for up to 6 months. For active immunization, a cultural vaccine against rinderpest is used.
With the initial appearance of ruminant distemper in previously safe areas, the destruction of all susceptible livestock is carried out. In stationary dysfunctional farms, goats and sheep are immunized with a vaccine against rinderpest. In African countries, the vaccine under the commercial name Tissupest is made from the Kabete O strain, which is available in lyophilized ampoules. The vaccine is suitable for use within 2 years when stored at a temperature of -15°C, at a temperature of plus 4°C its suitability is limited to a period of 1 month. The vaccine is used for prophylactic and forced vaccinations of animals from the age of 2 months. The drug is administered subcutaneously at a dose of 1 ml. Immunity is formed 8 days after vaccination and lasts up to 1 year.
24.03.2016
According to the official information on the epizootic situation of plague of small ruminants (PPR) on the territory of Georgia on January 12, 2016, an outbreak of PPR was detected for the first time. In response to the outbreak, measures have been taken to limit movement within the country, disinfection, quarantine, partial destruction, and vaccination.
The current situation creates a real threat of bringing the rinderpest pathogen into the territory of the Russian Federation with free grazing and free-range keeping of susceptible animals (sheep and goats) to this disease in the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as when livestock products are imported into Russia from the Republic of Georgia and China.
Plague of small ruminants is one of the most dangerous and highly contagious diseases of animals, the spread of which leads to large-scale economic damage, a decrease in the investment attractiveness of the agro-industrial complex and the country's export potential. Under natural conditions, the disease affects goats and sheep of all ages, but it is more severe in 2-18 month old young animals. Goats are more susceptible than sheep.
The causative agent of the disease is an RNA-containing virus of the Paramyxoviridae family, genus Morbillivirus. PPRV has a close antigenic relationship to rinderpest virus. Domestic animals are susceptible to PPR, as are wild goats and sheep, saigas, and some other animals.
The virus is transmitted by aerogenic and alimentary routes, through direct contact between sheep and goats and sick animals, as well as through contaminated feed, water, bedding, equipment, and clothing of service personnel. Infection often occurs after the importation of animals from farms that are unfavorable for plague. It proceeds in the form of enzootic, more often manifests itself in the rainy season. In sheep, a complication of the disease is often observed with a bacterial infection and parasitic invasion. In goats, such complications occur in the chronic course of the disease. Plague of small cattle exacerbates the latent forms of piroplasmosis, theileriosis, anaplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, coccidiosis. The incubation period for PPR is 6-15 days. The course of the disease in hyperacute form in goats is observed with an increase in body temperature up to 40-42 degrees, depression, lack of appetite, runny nose, lacrimation, sneezing, diarrhea. The duration of the disease is 4-5 days. In most patients, death occurs suddenly. In an acute course, the same symptoms are observed in animals, but the disease lasts longer, a cough appears, ulcers and foci of necrosis develop on the oral mucosa. In subacute course, fever, necrosis and ulcers around the nostrils, oral cavity are noted, in complicated forms - pneumonia, diarrhea, exhaustion and dehydration of the body, paresis and paralysis of the limbs. In severe cases, sick animals die in 2-3 weeks. The virus causes destruction of the epithelium of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and lymphoid organs. The diagnosis is made comprehensively on the basis of clinical, pathoanatomical, epizootological data and laboratory results.
With the initial appearance of plague in previously prosperous areas, the destruction of all susceptible livestock is carried out.
Rosselkhoznadzor informs that the basis of PPR prevention is to prevent the introduction of the pathogen from unfavorable countries with infected animals.
The import of animals is carried out only after the approval (permission) of the state veterinary service of the subject, it is necessary to conduct a thorough clinical observation of imported animals, carefully disinfect vehicles arriving from disadvantaged countries or transiting (especially those carrying livestock). For the specific prevention of PPR, effective vaccine preparations are currently used, including the vaccine developed at the State Scientific Institution VNIIVViM of the Russian Agricultural Academy.
PPR control measures:
1. All sick and suspicious animals must be transferred to a separate room, separate feeding and watering should be organized;
2. To care for sick animals, allocate a permanent employee, provide him with overalls, rubber shoes, the opportunity to clean hands (washbasins with warm water, towels, soap and disinfectant), prohibit this employee from entering premises where conditionally healthy animals are located;
3. Animal corpses should be placed in a separate room and stored until the arrival of veterinary specialists. It is also necessary to prevent the penetration of dogs, cats and wild predators into this room;
4. Disinfect the premises where sick and dead animals were located with hot (70-800C) 2% sodium hydroxide solution or other disinfectant solution, install disinfection mats at the entrances to the premises;
5. Separate the remaining apparently healthy goats or sheep into a separate disadvantaged group and, regardless of the time of year, transfer them to isolated stall keeping conditions, preventing animals from moving either within the farm or outside it;
6. Prohibit the exit and entry of all types of transport from the farm, the exit and entry of people without appropriate decontamination, as well as the export of products and raw materials of animal origin, feed and other goods from the territory of the farm.
Be sure to report all cases of animal disease to the nearest state veterinary service.
In connection with the importation of small ruminant cattle (SRS) from the border regions with China, Mongolia, adjacent regions and with the ongoing threat of bringing pest of small ruminants (PPR) into the territory of the Russian Federation and in particular the Tomsk region, we recommend that the owner of SRS observe veterinary and sanitary rules when keeping on pastures of their animals and when acquiring animals from neighboring regions, to monitor their animals.
Outbreaks in western Turkey and China show that the risks associated with the virus can kill up to 90 percent of animals within a few days.
The disease is registered in Turkey, China, established in Tajikistan and Kazakhstan. According to the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the Republic of Tajikistan in the period from 1995 to 2005. livestock breeders of this republic lost offspring among sheep and goats due to high mortality among young and adult animals from an unknown infection, ranging from 20% to 50%. According to the results of the studies, antibodies in the ELISA to the PPR virus were found in recovered sheep and goats.
In 2003 in the southern part of the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan there was an outbreak of an unknown infection among sheep and goats. When conducting clinical, epizootological and serological studies, it was established that the cause of the disease and death of animals on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan is also the plague of small ruminants (isolated is deposited in NISKhI, Kazakhstan, as a virulent strain "Kentau-7").
In the period from January 1 to December 30, 2016, countries reported to the International Epizootic Bureau about 7411 outbreaks of especially dangerous animal diseases, including plague of small ruminants officially confirmed in Algeria (1), Georgia (3), Mongolia (11), Tunisia ( 24) and in the Maldives (1).
Plague of small ruminants - The causative agent of the disease - RNA - containing a virus, order Mononegavirus, family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus. It is sensitive to physicochemical factors and belongs to weakly resistant viruses. However, it retains infectious activity for a long time in chilled and frozen tissues at temperatures of minus 60°C and below.
Accompanied by lesions of the mucous membranes of the oral and nasal cavities, conjunctivitis, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, lesions of the lymphoid system and the development of pneumonia. The reservoir of the pathogen are sick animals.
According to the classification of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), plague of small ruminants is included in the list of especially dangerous diseases. Humans do not get sick with plague of small ruminants.
The virus is transmitted by aerogenic and alimentary routes, through direct contact of sheep and goats with sick animals, as well as through infected feed, water, bedding, equipment, and clothing of service personnel. Infection most often occurs after the importation of animals from farms that are unfavorable for plague. It proceeds in the form of enzootic, more often manifests itself in the rainy season. The frequency of epizootics in Senegal has been established, repeating every 3-4 years. Mortality in goats can reach 95%, in sheep - 40%.
There is no specific therapy for plague of small ruminants. Symptomatic treatment is recommended. There are reports of positive results from the use of novarsenolbenzene, which can significantly reduce mortality among sick animals.
Prevention and control measures.
After being ill with plague, animals have lifelong immunity. Young animals from immune queens acquire colostral immunity for up to 6 months. For active immunization, a cultural vaccine against rinderpest is used.
If you observe high mortality among the offspring of your herd, as well as the death of adult animals for unknown reasons, immediately contact the veterinary authorities of the service of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation at the place of residence for timely measures to diagnose PPR and control the disease.
Plague of small ruminants
Plague of small ruminants(Pseudoplague of cattle) is a viral disease of sheep and goats, which proceeds acutely and subacutely, is characterized by necrotic stomatitis and catarrhal-hemorrhagic lesions of the intestine and lymphoid system.
epidemiological data. Sheep and goats are susceptible to the virus. The routes of transmission of the virus have not been studied. However, by analogy with rinderpest, it is assumed that the pathogen can be transmitted by the respiratory or alimentary route through direct contact or through contaminated feed and animal care items infected with the excreta and secrets of sick animals, usually containing the virus during the entire acute period of the disease.
Clinical signs. Plague in sheep and goats is acute and subacute. Incubation period- from 6 to 15 days, depending on the dose and virulence of the virus. In an acute course, the disease begins with an increase in body temperature to 41-41.5 ° C, anxiety of animals. Then note the oppression of the general condition, deterioration or lack of appetite. The nasal mirror becomes dry, the hair grows dull, the mucous membranes are inflamed. In the zone of inflammation of the mucous membranes of the oral and nasal cavities, zones of hyperemia first appear, then foci of necrosis, in the place of which ulcers form. The discharge from the nose and mouth is first muco-serous, then purulent with a putrid ichorous odor. Breathing is difficult, there are signs of pneumonia. On the 5th - 10th day of illness, animals usually die. In the subacute course, the disease develops more slowly and the first signs appear only on the 5th - 10th day in the form of fever, mild depression and serous discharge from the nasal and oral cavities. On the 15-18th day, the fever reaches its climax, signs of pneumonia and lesions of the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea) appear. With a fatal outcome, these signs progress, dehydration of the body occurs, and the animal dies in 2-3 weeks from the onset of the disease. With the initial appearance of ruminant distemper in previously safe areas, the destruction of all susceptible livestock is carried out. The diagnosis is made comprehensively on the basis of clinical, pathoanatomical, epizootological data and laboratory results.
Small cattle owners should:immediately notify the state veterinary service of all cases of disease, death, forced slaughter of animals; import, export, movement of livestock; purchase feed only with veterinary accompanying documents; maintain livestock facilities in a satisfactory sanitary condition; slaughter of animals for meat is carried out only after a clinical examination of the animal by a veterinarian; the sale of milk is carried out only with a veterinary certificate.