Research work. Theme of work Ideal paper airplane. How to make a paper plane? The simplest and most famous paper airplane pattern

Being the father of a practically high school graduate, he was embroiled in a funny story with an unexpected ending. It has an educational part and a touching life-political part.
Post on the eve of Cosmonautics Day. Physics of a paper plane.

Shortly before the new year, the daughter decided to check her own progress and found out that the physical student, when filling out the journal backdated, instructed some extra fours and the semi-annual grade hangs between "5" and "4". Here you need to understand that physics in grade 11 is, to put it mildly, a non-core subject, everyone is busy with training for admission and a terrible exam, but it affects the overall score. With a groaning heart, for pedagogical reasons, I was denied intervention - like sort it out yourself. She braced herself, came to find out, rewrote some independent one right there and got a six-month five. Everything would be fine, but the teacher asked, as part of resolving the issue, to register for the Volga Scientific Conference (Kazan University) in the section "Physics" and write some kind of report. The participation of a student in this shnyaga is taken into account in the annual certification of teachers, well, like "then we will close the year for sure." The teacher can be understood, normal, in general, an agreement.

The child loaded up, went to the organizing committee, took the rules of participation. Since the girl is quite responsible, she began to think and come up with some topic. Naturally, she turned to me, the closest technical intellectual of the post-Soviet era, for advice. There was a list of winners of past conferences on the Internet (they give diplomas of three degrees), this guided us, but did not help. The reports consisted of two varieties, one - "nanofilters in oil innovations", the second - "photographs of crystals and an electronic metronome". For me, the second kind is normal - children should cut a toad, and not rub glasses for government grants, but we didn’t have much ideas. I had to follow the rules, something like "preference is given to independent work and experiments."

We decided that we would make some kind of funny report, visual and cool, without zaum and nanotechnologies - we will amuse the audience, participation is enough for us. Time was a month and a half. Copy-paste was fundamentally unacceptable. After some thought, we decided on the topic - "Physics of a paper airplane". I once spent my childhood in aircraft modeling, and my daughter loves airplanes, so the topic is more or less close. It was necessary to make a completed practical study of physical orientation and, in fact, write a paper. Next, I will post the abstract of this work, some comments and illustrations / photos. At the end there will be the end of the story, which is logical. If you are interested, I will answer questions with already detailed fragments.

It turned out that the paper plane has a tricky stall at the top of the wing, which forms a curved zone similar to a full-fledged airfoil.

Three different models were taken for experiments.

Model No. 1. The most common and well-known design. As a rule, the majority imagines it when they hear the expression “paper plane”.
Model number 2. "Arrow", or "Spear". A characteristic model with a sharp wing angle and an assumed high speed.
Model number 3. Model with high aspect ratio wing. Special design, assembled on the wide side of the sheet. It is assumed that it has good aerodynamic data due to the high aspect ratio wing.
All planes were assembled from identical sheets of A4 paper. The mass of each aircraft is 5 grams.

To determine the basic parameters, a simple experiment was carried out - the flight of a paper airplane was recorded by a video camera against the background of a wall with metric markings. Since the frame interval for video shooting (1/30 second) is known, the gliding speed can be easily calculated. According to the drop in altitude, the glide angle and the aerodynamic quality of the aircraft are found on the corresponding frames.
On average, the speed of an airplane is 5–6 m / s, which is not so little.
Aerodynamic quality - about 8.

To recreate flight conditions, we need laminar flow up to 8 m/s and the ability to measure lift and drag. The classical method of such research is the wind tunnel. In our case, the situation is simplified by the fact that the airplane itself has small dimensions and speed and can be directly placed in a tube of limited dimensions. Therefore, we are not hindered by the situation when the blown model differs significantly in size from the original, which, due to the difference in Reynolds numbers, requires compensation during measurements.
With a pipe section of 300x200 mm and a flow rate of up to 8 m / s, we need a fan with a capacity of at least 1000 cubic meters / hour. To change the flow rate, an engine speed controller is needed, and for measurement, an anemometer with appropriate accuracy. The velocity meter does not have to be digital, it is quite possible to get by with a deflected plate with angle graduations or a liquid anemometer, which has greater accuracy.

The wind tunnel has been known for a long time, it was used in research by Mozhaisky, and Tsiolkovsky and Zhukovsky have already developed in detail the modern experimental technique, which has not fundamentally changed.

The desktop wind tunnel was implemented on the basis of a sufficiently powerful industrial fan. Mutually perpendicular plates are located behind the fan, which straighten the flow before entering the measuring chamber. The windows in the measuring chamber are equipped with glass. A rectangular hole for holders is cut in the bottom wall. Directly in the measuring chamber, a digital anemometer impeller is installed to measure the flow velocity. The pipe has a slight constriction at the exit to “boost” the flow, which reduces turbulence at the expense of speed reduction. The fan speed is controlled by a simple household electronic controller.

The characteristics of the pipe turned out to be worse than the calculated ones, mainly due to the discrepancy between the fan performance and the passport characteristics. The flow boost also reduced the velocity in the measurement zone by 0.5 m/s. As a result, the maximum speed is slightly above 5 m/s, which, nevertheless, turned out to be sufficient.

Reynolds number for pipe:
Re = VLρ/η = VL/ν
V (speed) = 5m/s
L (characteristic) = 250mm = 0.25m
ν (coefficient (density/viscosity)) = 0.000014 m^2/s
Re = 1.25/ 0.000014 = 89285.7143

To measure the forces acting on the aircraft, elementary aerodynamic balances with two degrees of freedom based on a pair of electronic jewelry scales with an accuracy of 0.01 gram were used. The aircraft was fixed on two racks at the right angle and mounted on the platform of the first scales. Those, in turn, were placed on a movable platform with a lever transmission of horizontal force to the second scales.
Measurements have shown that the accuracy is quite sufficient for basic modes. However, it was difficult to fix the angle, so it is better to develop an appropriate mounting scheme with markings.

When purging the models, two main parameters were measured - the drag force and the lifting force, depending on the flow velocity at a given angle. A family of characteristics was constructed with sufficiently realistic values ​​to describe the behavior of each aircraft. The results are summarized in graphs with further normalization of the scale relative to the speed.

Model No. 1.
Golden mean. The design corresponds to the material - paper. The strength of the wings corresponds to the length, the weight distribution is optimal, so a properly folded aircraft is well aligned and flies smoothly. It is the combination of such qualities and ease of assembly that made this design so popular. The speed is less than the second model, but more than the third. At high speeds, the wide tail is already beginning to interfere, which previously perfectly stabilized the model.
Model number 2.
Model with the worst flight characteristics. The large sweep and short wings are designed to work better at high speeds, which is what happens, but the lift does not grow enough and the plane really flies like a spear. In addition, it does not stabilize in flight properly.
Model number 3.
The representative of the "engineering" school - the model was specially conceived with special characteristics. High aspect ratio wings do work better, but the drag increases very quickly - the plane flies slowly and does not tolerate acceleration. To compensate for the lack of rigidity of the paper, numerous folds in the toe of the wing are used, which also increases the resistance. Nevertheless, the model is very revealing and flies well.

Some results on the visualization of vortices
If you introduce a source of smoke into the stream, you can see and photograph the streams that go around the wing. We did not have special smoke generators at our disposal, we used incense sticks. To increase the contrast, a photo processing filter was used. The flow rate also decreased because the density of the smoke was low.
Flow formation at the leading edge of the wing.

Turbulent tail.

Also, the flows can be examined using short threads glued to the wing, or with a thin probe with a thread at the end.

It is clear that a paper airplane is, first of all, just a source of joy and a wonderful illustration for the first step into the sky. A similar principle of soaring in practice is used only by flying squirrels, which are not of great national economic importance, at least in our lane.

A more practical equivalent of a paper plane is the "Wing suite" - a wingsuit for skydivers that allows horizontal flight. By the way, the aerodynamic quality of such a suit is less than that of a paper plane - no more than 3.

I came up with the theme, the plan - 70 percent, theory editing, pieces of iron, general editing, speech plan.
She collected the whole theory, up to the translation of articles, measurements (very laborious, by the way), drawings / graphs, text, literature, presentation, report (there were many questions).

I skip the section where, in general terms, the problems of analysis and synthesis are considered, which make it possible to construct the reverse sequence - the design of an airplane according to given characteristics.

Taking into account the work done, we can apply a coloring on the mind map indicating the completion of the tasks. Green indicates points that are at a satisfactory level, light green - issues that have some limitations, yellow - areas affected, but not adequately developed, red - promising, in need of additional research (funding is welcome).

The month flew by unnoticed - the daughter was digging the Internet, driving a pipe on the table. Scales squinted, airplanes were blown past theory. The output turned out to be 30 pages of decent text with photographs and graphs. The work was sent to the correspondence tour (only a few thousand works in all sections). A month later, oh horror, they posted a list of face-to-face reports, where ours was side by side with the rest of the nanocrocodiles. The child sighed sadly and began to sculpt a presentation for 10 minutes. They immediately ruled out reading - to speak, so vividly and meaningfully. Before the event, they staged a run-through with timing and protests. In the morning, a sleepy speaker with the right feeling “I don’t remember and don’t know anything” drank at KSU.

By the end of the day, I began to worry, no answer - no hello. There was such a shaky state when you don’t understand whether a risky joke was a success or not. I didn’t want the teenager to somehow get sideways this story. It turned out that everything was delayed and her report fell as much as 4 pm. The child sent an SMS - "she told everything, the jury laughs." Well, I think, okay, thanks at least do not scold. And about an hour later - "diploma of the first degree." This was completely unexpected.

We thought about anything, but against the backdrop of a completely wild pressure of lobbied topics and participants, getting the first prize for a good, but informal work is something from a completely forgotten time. After that, she already said that the jury (quite authoritative, by the way, no less than CFM) nailed zombie nanotechnologists with lightning speed. Apparently, everyone is so fed up in scientific circles that they unconditionally put up an unspoken barrier to obscurantism. It got to the ridiculous - the poor child read out some wild scientisms, but could not answer what the angle was measured in during his experiments. Influential scientific leaders turned a little pale (but quickly recovered), it is a mystery to me why they had to arrange such a disgrace, and even at the expense of children. As a result, all the prizes were given to nice guys with normal lively eyes and good topics. The second diploma, for example, was given to a girl with a model of the Stirling engine, who briskly launched it at the department, quickly changed modes and meaningfully commented on all sorts of situations. Another diploma was given to a guy who was sitting on a university telescope and looking out for something there under the guidance of a professor who clearly did not allow any outside "help". This story gave me some hope. In what is the will of ordinary, normal people to the normal order of things. Not a habit of a predetermined injustice, but a readiness for efforts to restore it.

The next day, at the award ceremony, the chairman of the selection committee approached the winners and said that they were all enrolled ahead of schedule in the Faculty of Physics of KSU. If they want to enter, they simply have to bring documents out of competition. This benefit, by the way, really existed at one time, but now it has been officially canceled, as well as additional preferences for medalists and Olympiads (except, it seems, the winners of Russian Olympiads), have been canceled. That is, it was a pure initiative of the Academic Council. It is clear that now there is a crisis of applicants and they are not eager for physics, on the other hand, this is one of the most normal faculties with a good level. So, correcting the four, the child was in the first line of enrolled. I can’t imagine how she will manage this, I’ll find out - I’ll unsubscribe.

Would a daughter pull such a job alone?

She also asked - like dads, I didn’t do everything myself.
My version is this. You did everything yourself, you understand what is written on each page and you will answer any question - yes. You know more about the region than those present here and your acquaintances - yes. I understood the general technology of a scientific experiment from the inception of an idea to the result + side studies - yes. Did a great job, no doubt. She put forward this work on a general basis without patronage - yes. Protected - ok. The jury is qualified - without a doubt. Then this is your student conference award.

I am an acoustic engineer, a small engineering company, I graduated from systems engineering in aviation, I still studied later.

In order to make a paper airplane, you will need a rectangular paper sheet, which can be either white or colored. If desired, you can use notebook, xerox, newsprint or any other paper that is available.

It is better to choose the density of the basis for the future aircraft closer to the average, so that it flies far and at the same time it is not too difficult to fold it (it is usually difficult to fix the folds on too thick paper and they turn out uneven).

We add the simplest figure of an airplane

It is better for novice origami lovers to start with the simplest airplane model familiar to everyone since childhood:

For those who failed to fold the plane according to the instructions, here is a video tutorial:

If you got tired of this option at school and you want to expand your paper aircraft building skills, we will tell you how to step by step perform two simple variations of the previous model.

long-haul aircraft

Step by step photo instruction

1. Fold a rectangular sheet of paper in half along the larger side. We bend the two upper corners to the middle of the sheet. We turn the resulting corner with a “valley”, that is, towards ourselves.

1. We bend the corners of the resulting rectangle to the middle so that a small triangle peeks out in the middle of the sheet.

1. We bend a small triangle up - it will fix the wings of the future aircraft.

1. We fold the figure along the axis of symmetry, given that the small triangle should remain outside.

1. We bend the wings from both sides to the base.

1. We set both wings of the aircraft at an angle of 90 degrees to fly far.

1. Thus, without spending a lot of time, we get a far-flying airplane!

Folding scheme

1. Fold a paper rectangular sheet along its larger side in half.

1. We bend the two upper corners to the middle of the sheet.

1. We wrap the "valley" corners along the dotted line. In the origami technique, a “valley” is the fold of a section of a sheet along a certain line in the direction “towards you”.

1. We add the resulting figure along the axis of symmetry so that the corners are outside. Be sure to make sure that the contours of both halves of the future airplane match. It depends on how it will fly in the future.

1. We bend the wings on both sides of the aircraft, as shown in the figure.

1. Make sure the angle between the airplane's wing and its fuselage is 90 degrees.

1. It turned out such a fast plane!

How to make the plane fly far?

Do you want to learn how to properly launch a paper plane that you just made with your own hands? Then carefully read the rules of its management:

If all the rules are followed, but the model still does not fly as you would like, try improving it as follows:

1. If the plane constantly strives to soar sharply upwards, and then, making a dead loop, abruptly goes down, crashing its nose into the ground, it needs an upgrade in the form of an increase in the density (weight) of the nose. This can be done by slightly bending the nose of the paper model inward, as shown in the picture, or by attaching a paper clip from below to it.
2. If during the flight the model does not fly straight, as it should, but to the side, equip it with a rudder by bending part of the wing along the line shown in the figure.
3. If an airplane goes into a tailspin, it urgently needs a tail. Armed with scissors, make it a quick and functional upgrade.
4. But if the model falls sideways during the tests, most likely the reason for the failure is the lack of stabilizers. To add them to the design, it is enough to bend the wings of the aircraft along the edges along the lines indicated by the dotted lines.

We also bring to your attention a video instruction for the manufacture and testing of an interesting model of an aircraft that is capable of not only far, but also an incredibly long flight:

Now that you are confident in your abilities and have already got your hands on folding and launching simple airplanes, we offer instructions that will tell you how to make a more complex paper airplane.

F-117 Stealth Plane ("Nighthawk")

bomber aircraft

Execution scheme

1. Take a rectangular piece of paper. We fold the upper part of the rectangle into a double triangle: to do this, we bend the upper right corner of the rectangle so that its upper side coincides with the left side.
2. Then, by analogy, we bend the left corner, combining the upper part of the rectangle with its right side.
3. Through the intersection point of the obtained lines, we perform a fold, which in the end should be parallel to the smaller side of the rectangle.
4. Along this line, we fold the resulting side triangles inward. You should get the figure shown in Figure 2. We outline a line in the middle of the sheet in the lower part, by analogy with Figure 1.

1. We denote a line parallel to the base of the triangle.

1. We turn the figure over to the back side and bend the corner towards ourselves. You should get the following paper design:

1. Again we shift the figure to the other side and bend the two corners up, after bending the upper part in half.

1. Turn the figure back and bend the corner up.

1. We fold the left and right corners, circled in the figure, in accordance with picture 7. Such a scheme will allow us to achieve the correct bending of the corner.

1. We bend the corner away from ourselves and fold the figure along the middle line.

1. We bring the edges inward, again fold the figure in half, and then on ourselves.

1. In the end, you will get such a paper toy - a bomber plane!

Bomber SU-35

Fighter "Pointed Hawk"

Step-by-step execution scheme

1. We take a piece of rectangular paper, bend it in half along the larger side and outline the middle.

1. We bend in the direction "towards ourselves" two corners of the rectangle.

1. We bend the corners of the figure along the dotted line.

1. We fold the figure across so that the acute angle is in the middle of the opposite side.

1. We turn the resulting figure on the reverse side and form two folds, as shown in the figure. It is very important that the folds are not folded to the midline, but at a slight angle to it.

1. We bend the resulting corner towards ourselves and at the same time turn the corner forward, which after all the manipulations will be on the back of the layout. You should get a shape, as shown in the figure below.

1. We bend the figure in half from ourselves.

1. We lower the wings of the airplane along the dotted line.

1. We bend the ends of the wings a little to get the so-called winglets. Then we spread the wings so that they form a right angle with the fuselage.

The paper fighter is ready!

Fighter Planing Hawk

Manufacturing instructions:

1. We take a rectangular piece of paper and outline the middle, folding it in half along the larger side.

1. We bend inward to the middle the two upper corners of the rectangle.

1. We turn the sheet over to the back side and bend the folds in the direction "towards ourselves" to the center line. It is very important that the upper corners do not bend. It should look like this figure.

1. We turn the upper part of the square diagonally towards us.

1. We fold the resulting figure in half.

1. We outline the fold as shown in the figure.

1. We refuel inside the rectangular part of the fuselage of the future airplane.

1. We bend the wings down along the dotted line at a right angle.

1. It turned out such a paper airplane! It remains to be seen how it flies.

Fighter F-15 Eagle

Aircraft "Concorde"

Following the given photo and video instructions, you can make a paper airplane with your own hands in a few minutes, playing with which will become a pleasant and entertaining pastime for you and your children!

Man will fly, relying not on the strength of his muscles, but on the strength of his mind.

(N. E. Zhukovsky)

Why and how an airplane flies Why can birds fly even though they are heavier than air? What forces lift a huge passenger plane that can fly faster, higher and farther than any bird, because its wings are motionless? Why can a glider that does not have a motor soar in the air? All these and many other questions are answered by aerodynamics - a science that studies the laws of interaction of air with bodies moving in it.

In the development of aerodynamics in our country, an outstanding role was played by Professor Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky (1847 -1921) - "the father of Russian aviation", as V. I. Lenin called him. Zhukovsky's merit lies in the fact that he was the first to explain the formation of the lift force of a wing and formulated a theorem for calculating this force. Zhukovsky not only discovered the laws underlying the theory of flight, but also paved the way for the rapid development of aviation in our country.

When flying on any aircraft there are four forces, the combination of which does not allow him to fall:

Gravity is the constant force that pulls the plane toward the ground.

Traction force, which comes from the engine and moves the aircraft forward.

Resistance force, opposite to the force of thrust and is caused by friction, slowing down the aircraft and reducing the lift of the wings.

lifting force, which is formed when the air moving over the wing creates a reduced pressure. Obeying the laws of aerodynamics, all aircraft rise into the air, starting with light sports aircraft

All aircraft at first glance are very similar, but if you look closely, you can find differences in them. They may differ in wings, tail, fuselage structure. Their speed, flight altitude, and other maneuvers depend on this. And each plane has only its own pair of wings.

To fly, you don't need to flap your wings, you need to make them move relative to the air. And for this, the wing just needs to report the horizontal speed. From the interaction of the wing with the air, lift will arise, and as soon as its value is greater than the weight of the wing itself and everything connected with it, the flight will begin. The matter remains small: to make a suitable wing and be able to accelerate it to the required speed.

Observant people noticed a long time ago that birds have wings that are not flat. Consider a wing whose bottom surface is flat and its top surface is convex.

The air flow on the leading edge of the wing is divided into two parts: one flows around the wing from below, the other - from above. From above, the air has to go a little longer than from below, therefore, from above, the air speed will also be slightly greater than from below. It is known that as the velocity increases, the pressure in the gas flow decreases. Here, too, the air pressure under the wing is higher than above it. The pressure difference is directed upwards, that's the lifting force. And if you add the angle of attack, then the lifting force will increase even more.

How does a real plane fly?

A real airplane wing is teardrop shaped, which means that the air passing over the top of the wing moves faster than the air passing through the bottom of the wing. This difference in air flow creates lift and the aircraft flies.

And the fundamental idea here is this: the air flow is cut in two by the leading edge of the wing, and part of it flows around the wing along the upper surface, and the second part along the lower. In order for the two streams to converge behind the trailing edge of the wing without creating a vacuum, the air flowing around the upper surface of the wing must move faster relative to the aircraft than the air flowing around the lower surface, since it has to travel a greater distance.

Low pressure from above pulls the wing in, while higher pressure from below pushes it up. The wing goes up. And if the lifting force exceeds the weight of the aircraft, then the aircraft itself hangs in the air.

Paper planes don't have shaped wings, so how do they fly? Lift is created by the angle of attack of their flat wings. Even with flat wings, you can see that the air moving over the wing travels a slightly longer distance (and moves faster). Lift is created by the same pressure as profile wings, but of course this difference in pressure is not so great.

The angle of attack of the aircraft is the angle between the direction of the speed of the air flow on the body and the characteristic longitudinal direction chosen on the body, for example, for an aircraft it will be the chord of the wing, it is the longitudinal construction axis, for a projectile or rocket it is their axis of symmetry.

straight wing

The advantage of a straight wing is its high lift coefficient, which allows you to significantly increase the specific load on the wing, and therefore reduce the size and weight without fear of a significant increase in takeoff and landing speed.

The disadvantage that predetermines the unsuitability of such a wing at supersonic flight speeds is a sharp increase in the drag of the aircraft.

delta wing

A delta wing is stiffer and lighter than a straight wing and is most often used at supersonic speeds. The use of a delta wing is determined mainly by strength and design considerations. The disadvantages of the delta wing are the emergence and development of a wave crisis.

CONCLUSION

If the shape of the wing and nose of a paper airplane is changed during modeling, then the range and duration of its flight may change.

The wings of a paper plane are flat. In order to provide a difference in air flow from above and below the wing (in order to form lift), it must be tilted to a certain angle (angle of attack).

Planes for the longest flights are not rigid, but they have a large wingspan and are well balanced.

Relevance: "Man is not a bird, but strives to fly" It so happened that a person has always been drawn to the sky. People tried to make wings for themselves, later flying machines. And their efforts were justified, they were still able to take off. The appearance of airplanes did not in the least diminish the relevance of the ancient desire ... In the modern world, aircraft have taken pride of place, they help people travel long distances, transport mail, medicines, humanitarian aid, put out fires and save people ... So who built the world's first airplane and made it to him a controlled flight? Who made this step, so important for mankind, which became the beginning of a new era, the era of aviation? I consider the study of this topic interesting and relevant.

Research objectives: 1. To study the history of the emergence of aviation, the history of the appearance of the first paper planes in the scientific literature. 2.Make airplane models from different materials and organize an exhibition: "Our airplanes"

Object of study: paper models of airplanes Problematic question: Which model of a paper airplane will fly the longest distance and the longest glide in the air? Hypothesis: We assume that the "Dart" airplane will fly the longest distance, and the "Glider" airplane will have the longest gliding in the air Research methods: 1. Analysis of the literature read; 2.Modeling; 3. Study of paper airplane flights.

The first aircraft that was able to independently take off the ground and make a controlled horizontal flight was the Flyer-1, built by the brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright in the USA. The first aircraft flight in history took place on December 17, 1903. The Flyer stayed in the air for 12 seconds and flew 36.5 meters. The brainchild of the Wrights was officially recognized as the world's first heavier-than-air vehicle, which made a manned flight using an engine.

The flight took place on July 20, 1882 in Krasnoye Selo near St. Petersburg. The aircraft was tested by the assistant of Mozhaisky mechanic I.N. Golubev. The device ran up a specially built inclined wooden flooring, took off, flew a certain distance and landed safely. The result, of course, is modest. But the possibility of flying on an apparatus heavier than air was clearly proven.

The history of the appearance of the first paper airplanes The most common version of the time of invention and the name of the inventor is 1930, Jack Northrop, co-founder of Lockheed Corporation. Northrop used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the construction of real aircraft. Despite the seeming frivolity of this activity, it turned out that launching airplanes is a whole science. She was born in 1930, when Jack Northrop, co-founder of Lockheed Corporation, used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the construction of real aircraft. 1930 Jack NorthropLockheed Corporation

Conclusion In conclusion, I want to say that while working on this project, we learned a lot of new interesting things, made a lot of models with our own hands, and became more friendly. As a result of the work done, we realized that if we are seriously interested in aeromodelling, then perhaps one of us will become a famous aircraft designer and design an airplane on which people will fly.

1. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper airplane...ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper airplane annews.ru/news/detailannews.ru/news/detail opoccuu.com htmopoccuu.com htm 5. poznovatelno.ruavia/8259.htmlpoznovatelno.ruavia/8259.html 6. ru.wikipedia.orgwiki/Wright Brothersru.wikipedia.orgwiki/Wright Brothers 7. locals.md2012/stan-chempionom- mira…samolyotikov/locals.md2012/stan- chempionom- mira…samolyotikov/ 8 stranamasterov.ru from MK aircraft modulesstranamasterov.ru from MK aircraft modules

Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution

secondary school №41 with. Aksakovo

municipal district Belebeevsky district

I Introduction ______________________________________________ pages 3-4

II. The history of aviation _______________________pages 4-7

III _________pages 7-10

IV.Practical part: Organization of an exhibition of models

aircraft from different materials and holding

research ____________________________________________ pages 10-11

V. Conclusion ______________________________________________ page 12

VI. References. _________________________________ page 12

VII. Application

I.Introduction.

Relevance:"Man is not a bird, but strives to fly"

It just so happened that a person has always been drawn to the sky. People tried to make wings for themselves, later flying machines. And their efforts were justified, they were still able to take off. The appearance of airplanes did not at all diminish the relevance of the ancient desire .. In the modern world, aircraft have taken pride of place, they help people overcome long distances, transport mail, medicines, humanitarian aid, put out fires and save people . So who built and made a controlled flight on it? Who made this step, so important for mankind, which became the beginning of a new era, the era of aviation?

I consider the study of this topic interesting and relevant.

Objective: study the history of aviation and the history of the appearance of the first paper airplanes, explore models of paper airplanes

Research objectives:

Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky built in 1882 an "aeronautical projectile". So it was written in the patent for it in 1881. By the way, the aircraft patent was also the first in the world! The Wright brothers patented their apparatus only in 1905. Mozhaisky created a real aircraft with all the parts that were due to him: a fuselage, a wing, a power plant of two steam engines and three propellers, a landing gear, and a tail unit. It was much more like a modern aircraft than the Wright brothers' airplane.

Takeoff of the Mozhaisky plane (from a drawing by the famous pilot K. Artseulov)

specially constructed inclined wooden deck, took off, flew a certain distance and landed safely. The result, of course, is modest. But the possibility of flying on an apparatus heavier than air was clearly proven. Further calculations showed that Mozhaisky's aircraft simply lacked the power of the power plant for a full-fledged flight. Three years later he died, and for many years he himself stood in the Krasnoye Selo under the open sky. Then he was transported near Vologda to the Mozhaisky estate, and already there he burned down in 1895. Well, what can I say. It's a pity…

III. The history of the appearance of the first paper planes

The most common version of the time of invention and the name of the inventor is 1930, Northrop is a co-founder of Lockheed Corporation. Northrop used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the design of real aircraft. Despite the seeming frivolity of this activity, it turned out that launching airplanes is a whole science. She was born in 1930, when Jack Northrop, co-founder of the Lockheed Corporation, used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the construction of real aircraft.

And the Red Bull Paper Wings paper plane launching competitions are held at the world level. They were invented by Briton Andy Chipling. For many years he and his friends were engaged in the creation of paper models and eventually in 1989 founded the Paper Aircraft Association. It was he who wrote the set of rules for launching paper planes. To create an airplane, a sheet of A-4 paper should be used. All manipulations with the airplane must consist in bending the paper - it is not allowed to cut or glue it, and also use foreign objects for fixing (paper clips, etc.). The competition rules are very simple - teams compete in three disciplines (flight range, flight time and aerobatics - a spectacular show).

The World Paper Airplane Launch Championship was first held in 2006. It takes place every three years in Salzburg, in a huge glass-spherical building called "Angar-7".

The Glider plane, although it looks like a perfect raskoryak, glides well, so at the World Championship, pilots from several countries launched it in the competition for the longest flight time. It is important to throw it not forward, but up. Then it will descend smoothly and for a long time. Such an aircraft certainly does not need to be launched twice, any deformation is fatal for it. The world gliding record is now 27.6 seconds. It was installed by American pilot Ken Blackburn .

While working, we came across unfamiliar words that are used in construction. We looked into the encyclopedic dictionary, here's what we learned:

Glossary of terms.

Aviette- small-sized aircraft with a low-power engine (engine power does not exceed 100 horsepower), usually one or two-seat.

Stabilizer- one of the horizontal planes that ensures the stability of the aircraft.

Keel- This is a vertical plane that ensures the stability of the aircraft.

Fuselage- the body of the aircraft, which serves to accommodate the crew, passengers, cargo and equipment; connects the wing, plumage, sometimes the chassis and the power plant.

IV. Practical part:

Organization of an exhibition of aircraft models from different materials and testing .

Well, which of the children did not make airplanes? I think these people are very hard to find. It was a great joy to launch these paper models, and it was interesting and easy to make. Because the paper plane is very easy to make and does not require material costs. All that is needed for such an aircraft is to take a sheet of paper, and after spending a few seconds, become the winner of the yard, school or office in the competition for the farthest or longest flight.

We also made our first airplane - the Kid at the technology lesson and launched them right in the classroom at recess. It was very interesting and fun.

Our homework was to make or draw a model of an airplane from any

material. We organized an exhibition of our aircraft, where all the students performed. There were drawn planes: with paints, pencils. Application from napkins and colored paper, aircraft models made of wood, cardboard, 20 matchboxes, plastic bottle.

We wanted to learn more about airplanes, and Lyudmila Gennadievna suggested that one group of students learn who built and made a controlled flight on it, and the other - history of the first paper planes. We found all the information about the aircraft on the Internet. When we learned about the paper plane launching competition, we also decided to hold such competitions for the longest distance and the longest planning.

For participation, we decided to make airplanes: “Dart”, “Glider”, “Kid”, “Arrow”, and I myself came up with the airplane “Falcon” (aircraft diagrams in Appendix No. 1-5).

Launched models 2 times. The plane won - "Dart", he is a prolem.

Launched models 2 times. The plane won - "Glider", it was in the air for 5 seconds.

Launched models 2 times. An airplane made from office paper won

paper, he flew 11 meters.

Conclusion: Thus, our hypothesis was confirmed: the Dart flew the farthest (15 meters), the Glider was in the air the longest (5 seconds), the airplanes made of office paper fly best.

But we liked learning everything new and new so much that we found a new aircraft model from modules on the Internet. The work, of course, is painstaking - it requires accuracy, perseverance, but very interesting, especially assembling. We made 2000 modules for the aircraft. Aircraft Designer" href="/text/category/aviakonstruktor/" rel="bookmark">Aircraft Designer and will design an aircraft that people will fly on.

VI. References:

1.http: //ru. wikipedia. org/wiki/Paper airplane...

2. http://www. *****/news/detail

3 http://ru. wikipedia. org›wiki/Aircraft_Mozhaisky

4. http://www. ›200711.htm

5.http://www. *****›avia/8259.html

6. http://ru. wikipedia. org›wiki/Wright Brothers

7. http:// locals. md› 2012 /stan-chempionom-mira…samolyotikov/

8 http:// *****› from modules MK aircraft

APPENDIX

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