How to count the number of printed sheets. What is a printed sheet
It is difficult to imagine what humanity could be like if paper and paper had not been invented. technological process typography. Works of art are published on paper, printed scientific works, published interesting news. However, despite the amazing variety of books, newspapers and magazines, it is easy to see that there are not so many different page sizes of different publications. How can you measure the size of a sheet of a particular format? The basis for considering this issue is a printed sheet.
Here we will try to unbiasedly look at this situation through the eyes of ordinary person. What paper formats real life does he see around him? Let's briefly list them. These are standard sheets of newspaper sheets in several versions, several different book formats. How to bring this diversity to one basis? If we took a standard sheet of paper as a basis, then how to express others based on it? But here the traditional solution to this issue comes to the rescue. It so happened historically that a printed sheet measuring sixty centimeters by ninety centimeters, which was called a "conditionally printed sheet", was chosen as the base size. Usually books, newspapers and magazines measure their format in relation to it. The standard is a printed sheet filled with text on one side. This concept must be distinguished from the concept of "physical printed sheet", which means the actual printed sheet of the publication.
Thus, the volume of any printed publication, for example, books, newspapers or magazines, can be estimated in relation to a conditional printed sheet. Let's try to show this with an example. Suppose we are talking about a book whose format is 70cm x 100cm /16, which has 192 pages. In order to calculate the volume of the book, you need to carry out the following calculations. The conditionally printed sheet has an area equal to 60x90 = 5400 square centimeters, the physical printed sheet - 70 cm x 100 cm = 7000 square centimeters. The conversion factor is 7000/5400 = 1.29. The final calculation looks like this: (192/16)x1.29=15.48. So, in our case, we can say that the volume of the book under consideration is 15.48 conditional printed sheets. Thus, it is customary to indicate the volume of the printed edition.
To complete the picture in this question, it should be noted that two more are common standard view printed sheet. This is an author's printed sheet and an accounting and publishing sheet. The first of them has several measurement methods (40,000 printed characters with spaces or 700 lines of poetic text or 22-23 ordinary typewritten pages) and is designed to measure the volume of the author's work provided for printing. The second occupies the same size as the author's printed sheet, but its volume does not include the one present in this edition.
The printed sheet, as it turned out, happens different types which are useful to understand. This concept plays a big role in book publishing. It allows you to realistically assess the amount of typographic work performed when publishing a book.
Publications such as "Pravda" or "Literary", A3 - "Arguments and Facts") were published and continue to be published).
To calculate the same number of printed sheets, the ratio of the area of the publication to its size.
So, in order to calculate the volume of a publication in printed sheets, you will need initial data on the length and width of its page (or, as they say in the publishing business, stripes). Multiply the length of the strip by its width. The result of this arithmetic operation will be the area of one strip. For example, for an edition with a stripe width of 20 cm and a length of 30 cm, this is 600 sq. cm.
The area of a printed sheet is also easy to calculate. Just multiply 70 by 90 and you get 6300 sq.cm.
Find the conversion factor for this edition. It is the ratio of the area of an actual book page or newspaper page to the area of a conventional printed sheet. Find it using the formula k=S1/S2. The result obtained is enough to round up to hundredths.
Count amount printed sheets throughout the edition. Count amount book pages or newspaper pages. Multiply the resulting number by the coefficient k. This calculation is convenient for publications typed in a standard font on a sheet with standard formatting.
With the advent of computer prepress technology, the method of counting texts by printed sheets has become very inaccurate. Until about the 90s, it was believed that about 16,000 characters could fit on a regular A3 newspaper page. In fact, even then, most often there were no more than 13 thousand. A modern newspaper page of the same format most often contains from 6 to 10 thousand characters, and sometimes less. Therefore, a printed sheet is rarely used to determine volumes.
Much more accurate is another old unit of measurement - the author's sheet. It is accurate primarily because it is calculated not from the area, but from the number of characters, which allows you to measure virtually any text. The author's sheet contains 40,000 characters without spaces. For a poetic text, this is 700 lines. In principle, this method is not much different from those that are currently used in most editorial offices, publishing houses and translation agencies.
Handwritten books did not have any stable formats. Their size was determined by the customer's requirements and purpose, for example, the altar Gospel was larger than a book intended for everyday home use.
Some orderliness was introduced by the use of paper, now the size of the paper sheet was taken as the basis for the size of books. But paper manufacturers also set the sizes of sheets arbitrarily.
Printing, aimed at the mass production of books, required the unification of their sizes. Then the question of book formats arose.
In the 16-19 centuries. in Western European publishing, four formats were used: in-plano (in a whole sheet), in-folio (in half a sheet), in-quatro (in a quarter of a sheet) and in-octavo (in 1/8 of a sheet). The latter format was introduced in the 16th century by the Venetian publisher A. Manutius, who sought to make books a more accessible commodity - inexpensive and easy to handle.
Until the middle of the 19th century, there were three varieties of the in-octavo format: large (book height 250 mm), medium (200 mm) and small (185 mm). In the 17th century, the Elsevier format (80 by 51 mm), named after the book publisher Elsevier, became widespread.
In Russia, the beginning of the use of small book formats dates back to the era of Peter I. In the 18th century, books appeared in the format of 1/12, 1/16 and even 1/32 sheets.
In 1895, the question of standardizing book formats was first raised in Russia, and in 1903 Russian society The printing industry established a system of 19 formats, but its practical application was difficult due to competition between publishers.
In 124, a standard was introduced in the USSR, including eight formats.
Modern formats of printed publications
Currently in Russian Federation book formats are used, combined into five groups: extra large, large, medium, small and extra small.
The format of the book edition is indicated on the last page along with the date of signing for printing, paper type, circulation and other data. It is written as follows: 84 × 108/16 or 70 × 100 1/32. The first number in this formula indicates the width of the original paper sheet, the second - its height, and the third, which in some cases is expressed - the number of parts into which the sheet was divided.
Sources:
- Print formats
- Standard Book Sizes
Everything is pretty simple.
1. If an article or book has not yet been published, then instead of printed sheets, so-called author's sheets(although they are often listed as printed). The author's sheet, according to GOST 7.0.3-2006, is 40 thousand characters, including spaces. You can find out the number of characters in the text different ways, but the easiest way is in Microsoft Word: select the Review menu tab, then select Statistics and see the number of characters with spaces there. If you need to evaluate many files, you can not open each one: select in the explorer windows file Microsoft Word with the text of the publication, right click on it, select "Properties", go to the "Details" tab, scroll down a little and you will see the options "Words, quantity" and "Signs, quantity" - this is what you need. These parameters must be added (because the Characters parameter does not include spaces), and then divided by 40,000. For example, if there are 77853 characters and 13658 words, then adding 77853 and 13658, we get 91511, then dividing 91511 by 40000, we get 2.29 - this is the author's sheets. You can roughly estimate the number of author's sheets, if you know that 1 author's sheet is approximately equal to 16.3 A4 text sheets using single line spacing, 14 size, all margins are 2 cm. Accounting and publishing sheets, if you need to specify somewhere, are equal to the author's ones.
Tables, diagrams and illustrations can be counted separately at the rate of 1 printed sheet = 3000 cm² of such material and then added to the author's sheets of text. To do this, you need to print a table (or diagram, illustration), measure its width and length in centimeters with a ruler, multiply the width and length and divide by 3000. For example, for a 10 × 15 cm diagram, you need to multiply 10 and 15, you get 150, and divide by 3000 , you get 0.05 of the author's sheet.
2. If an article or book has already been printed, then its volume can be considered in conditional printed sheets. This is a little more complicated, but usually more profitable than author's sheets. To do this, you need to find the edition format, which is usually indicated on the last page of a book or the title page of a magazine, for example: Format 60×84 1/8 or (same) Format 60×84/8. Here 60×84 is the size of the typographic printed sheet in centimeters; 1/8 means that 1 page of this edition takes up 1/8 of this large printed sheet. Now let's say that your article in the magazine takes 11 pages, then dividing 11 by 8, we get 1.38 - so many typographic (they are also called physical) printed sheets is occupied by your article. But since the printing sheets themselves come in different sizes, the result still needs to be reduced to a standard (60 × 90 cm) printed sheet, which is called conditional printed sheet.
To bring different printing sheets to the standard, use the following table of coefficients:
Format | Coefficient
60×70 | 0.78
60×84 | 0.93
60x100 | 1.11
60×108 | 1.20
61×86 | 0.97
70×75 | 0.97
70×84 | 1.09
70×90 | 1.17
70×100 | 1.3
70×108 | 1.4
75x90 | 1.25
80×100 | 1.48
84×90 | 1.4
84×100 | 1.56
84×108 | 1.68
90×100 | 1.67
A4 | 0.1155
A5 | 0.05755
In our example, with a sheet of 60 × 84, you need to use a factor of 0.93, that is, you need to multiply 1.38 by 0.93, and we will get 1.28 - this is the final result. The volume of the publication is 1.28 conditional printed sheets, this figure must be indicated in the documents.