The concept of truth is leading in the philosophy of the name. All problems of the philosophy of the theory of knowledge concern either the means and ways of achieving truth, or the forms of its realization, the structure of cognitive relations, and so on.

The concept of truth is one of the most important in the general system of worldview problems. It is on a par with such concepts as "justice", "good", "meaning of life". The problem of truth, like the problem of theory change, is not as trivial as it might seem at first glance. One can be convinced of this by recalling the atomistic concept of Democritus and its fate. Its main position is: “All bodies are made up of atoms. Atoms are indivisible, is it true or false from the point of view of the science of our time? If we consider it a delusion, then wouldn't that be subjectivism?

How can a concept that has proven to be true turn out to be false in practice? In this case, will we come to the recognition that today's theory (theories) - sociological, biological, physical, philosophical - are only true "today", and in 100-300 years they will already be delusions? The alternative assertion that the concept of Democritus is a delusion must also be discarded. So, the atomistic concept of the ancient world, the atomistic concept of the XVII-XVIII centuries. neither truth nor error.

1.1 Truth and the scope of its problems

The dictionary of modern philosophy defines the concept of “truth” as follows: “Truth (Greek aletheia, lit. “unhiddenness”) is knowledge corresponding to its subject, coinciding with it. Among the main properties, signs of truth are: objectivity in its external source and subjectivity in its internal ideal content and form; procedural nature (truth is a process, not a “bare result”); the unity of the absolute, stable (i.e., “eternal truths”) and the relative, changeable in its content; the relationship between the abstract and the concrete (“truth is always concrete”). Any true knowledge (in science, philosophy, art, etc.) is determined in its content and application by given conditions of place, time, and many other specific circumstances. The opposite of truth, and at the same time the necessary moment of the movement of knowledge towards it, is delusion. The criteria of truth are divided into empirical (experience, practice) and non-empirical (logical, theoretical, as well as such as simplicity, beauty, inner perfection of knowledge, etc.)”. But this definition is rather incomplete, and it should be developed in more detail. Particular attention, I believe, should be given to such an issue as the criteria of truth.

There are truths empirical and theoretical. Empyria is experience. From experiments we derive the idea of ​​any particular empirical truths. Most often they are superficial, do not claim the status of law and can be easily refuted by various situations. Theoretical truths are the exact opposite of empirical ones. They are contained in the strict formulations of the law, that is, they express not an accidental and superficial, but a deep connection of things.

1.2 The development of trends in the study of truth

A person cannot live and develop without comprehending truths, without comparing his subjective images with what is happening around him. Therefore, the question of truth arose in the most ancient times. Along with the question, various answers arose, in which truth itself, the conditions for its discovery, and its position in being were understood in completely different ways.

Firstly, in all periods of history, starting from deep antiquity, there was a direction skepticism(or otherwise, relativism). Skeptics believe that the search for a single truth for all is a fruitless and thankless task. On practically any question, be it nature or morality, two directly opposite opinions can be formulated, and both of them will be equally justified. This is clearly seen in philosophical statements about the world as a whole. The propositions “the world is finite” - “the world is infinite”, “God exists” - “There is no God”, “freedom exists” - “there is no freedom and everything is necessary” - collect equivalent arguments for both affirmation and denial . Therefore, skeptics believe, there is no need to fight in contradiction, and it is best to refrain from judgments about the truth. He who believes that he owns the truth is afraid to lose it. He who has not found the truth suffers from not having it. Only the sage does not rush about in fruitless searches, he is imperturbable and with an ironic smile watches people who imagine that they know the essence of things.

The second major trend in the understanding of truth is connected with the teachings that are usually called objective idealism. Its essence is expressed in the concept of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. Plato believed that there is a world of objective ideas (eidos), and our everyday life is only its shadow, an incomplete display. The ideas of Beauty, Justice, Love, etc. constitute true being. They are the truth, the core, the pattern for everything else.

Another direction in understanding the truth is the so-called subjective idealism. It manifested itself especially clearly in the works of the eighteenth-century English bishop George Berkeley. Berkeley believed that the only truth we can know with certainty is the truth of our sensations. Everything else is mental constructions. According to D. Berkeley, the world is my feeling, and there should not be any general concepts that claim to be a general truth. Everything is singular. Berldy's views, leading to the opinion that "the whole world is the creation of my feelings," were so absurd that at the end of his life he himself departed from them. But at the beginning of the 20th century they were revived again within the framework of modern positivism, the philosophy of science.

Finally, the ideas of the 17th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant are of great heuristic (promoting cognition) value. Kant developed the idea of ​​activity of consciousness and cognition. He considered our cognitive ability to be a complex tool with the help of which the image of the world is consistently constructed by ourselves. But the material from which the cognitive ability creates this image is taken from the external world - the world "in itself". The images of the world that exist in our head do not reflect, according to Kant, extrahuman realities, and we do not know and will never know what reality looks like outside the human eye, but still knowledge would be impossible without relying on objectivity . The material from which consciousness molds its picture does not depend on consciousness itself. Thus, the truth turns out to be subjective-objective, including both moments coming from the world itself and forms of human perception.

On this proposition, dating back to Kant, the most diverse philosophical schools converge today. Knowledge is our model of the world. Subjective and objective create a kind of unity here. Objective knowledge, truth, is therefore called theoretical concepts well tested by experience, shared by the absolute majority of specialist scientists. This means that “true knowledge” is such a logical model, which is considered the most successful expression of the objective state of things at the moment, as far as it is generally possible within the framework of human knowledge.

1.3 Concepts of truth

In modern philosophy, three concepts of truth stand out especially clearly: the concept of correspondence (correspondence), coherence and pragmatism.

According to conformity concepts, truth is a form of correlation between the psyche of the subject and the object. Aristotle believed that the true false is not in things, but in thought. Quite often, a simple scheme of direct correspondence of a feeling or thought to an object is not sufficient. Separate judgments acquire meaning only in a system of judgments. Where multi-link logical constructions are in use, one has to take into account the sequence, coherence, systemic reasoning and statements. In this regard, they talk about coherent conception of truth. Coherence is understood as the mutual correspondence of statements. A significant contribution to the development of the coherent concept of truth outside Leibniz, Spinoza, Hegel. The concept of the coherence of truth does not cancel the concept of correspondence, but a number of accents in the understanding of truth are put differently.

The concept, in which the criterion of truth is practice, is called pragmatic conception of truth, which originates in Greek sophistry and ancient Chinese philosophy. A significant contribution to the development of the pragmatic concept of truth was made by supporters of Marxism and American pragmatism. Marxists believe that truth reflects the objective state of affairs; Phagmatics, on the other hand, understand truth as the efficiency of feelings, thoughts, ideas, their usefulness in achieving the desired goal.

The idea of ​​the American philosopher N. Rescher seems to be very valuable, according to which the three concepts of truth do not cancel, but complement each other. All attempts to exclude from philosophy the problems of one of the concepts of truth end in failure.

1.4. Truth Criteria

Studies repeatedly undertaken by scientists and methodologists at the present stage of development of scientific rationality lead to the assertion that an exhaustive list of truth criteria is impossible. This is true in connection with the constantly progressing development of science, its transformation, entry into a new, post-non-classical stage, in many respects different from the previous classical and non-classical ones. To fill the niche of criteria, they point to such newfangled concepts as progressivism or non-triviality, reliability, criticism, justification. The previously identified criteria, among which the first places are subject-practical activity, objectivity, and on the second - logical consistency, as well as simplicity and aesthetic organization, also correspond to the list of true knowledge criteria.

The problem of the criterion of truth has always been central in the theory of knowledge, because identifying such a criterion means finding a way to separate truth from error. Subjectivist-minded philosophers are unable to correctly resolve the question of the criterion of truth. Some of them argue that the criterion of truth is profit, utility and convenience (pragmatism), others rely on universal recognition (the concept of “socially organized experience”), others limit themselves to the formal-logical criterion of truth, I agree new knowledge with the old, bringing them into line with previous ideas (the theory of coherence), the fourth generally consider the truth of knowledge to be a matter of conditional agreement (conventionalism). In any of these cases, the criterion of truth (if it is recognized) is not taken out of the mind, so that knowledge closes in on itself. The criterion of truth does not go beyond the limits of consciousness even in the case when it is limited as a one-sided influence of the object on the sense organs of the subject. However, firstly, an increasing number of indirectly obtained scientific concepts and provisions do not possess and, therefore, cannot be subjected to verification with the help of sensory experience. Secondly, the sensory experience of the individual subject is insufficient; the appeal to the sensory experience of the masses of people means nothing more than the same notorious universal recognition, the opinion of the majority. The assertion of those who considered accuracy and rigor, clarity and obviousness to be the measure of truth is also unjustified. History did not spare these views either: the whole of the 20th century. passes under the sign of a certain devaluation of mathematical precision and formal-logical rigor in connection with the discovery of paradoxes in set theory and logic, so that the accuracy of the so-called “descriptive”, ordinary sciences turned out to be in a sense more “solid” than the accuracy of the most “exact” sciences - - mathematics and formal logic.

So, neither empirical observations, which are not characterized by the universality so necessary for the criterion of truth, nor the essentially rationalistic stake on the clarity of axioms, initial principles and the rigor of logical proofs, are able to provide a reliable, objective criterion of truth. Such a criterion can only be material activity, i.e. practice, understood as a socio-historical process. Acting as a criterion of truth, practice has all the properties necessary for this: activity directed towards the object and going beyond the sphere of knowledge; universality, since practice is not limited by the activity of an individual subject of knowledge; the necessary sensory specificity. In short, practice involves a transition from thought to action, to material reality. At the same time, success in achieving the goals set indicates the truth of the knowledge on the basis of which these goals were set, and failure indicates the unreliability of the original knowledge. The sensuous concreteness of practice does not mean that it must confirm the truth of every concept, every act of cognition. Practical confirmation is received only by individual links in the reasoning of one or another cognitive cycle; most of the acts of cognition are carried out by deriving one knowledge from another, previous one; the process of proof often proceeds in a logical way. The logical criterion always accompanies the criterion of practice as a necessary condition for the realization of the latter. And yet, logical proof acts only as an auxiliary criterion of truth, in the end having a practical origin itself. The specific weight of the formal-logical criterion of truth (or rather, accuracy and consistency) in the sphere of mathematical knowledge is great. But even here, only in the field of fundamental, “pure” mathematics, it acts as a direct criterion for the truth of mathematical constructions. As for applied mathematics, here practice is the only criterion for the truth of mathematical models, their effectiveness.

The relativity of practice as a criterion of truth lies in the fact that, being always historically limited, it is not able to fully, completely prove or disprove all our knowledge. Practice is able to realize this only in the process of its further development.

“Uncertainty”, the relativity of practice as a criterion of truth is in unity with its opposite - certainty, absoluteness (in the end, in principle, in a trend). Thus, the relativity of practice as a criterion of truth corresponds to relative truth, the nature of the knowledge that humanity has at this stage of its historical development.

Search

1) The criteria of truth include the correspondence of knowledge to the laws of logic.

2) The most important criterion of truth is the correspondence of the acquired knowledge to the interests of the cognizing subject.

3) The criteria of truth make it possible to distinguish its true knowledge from delusion.

4) The criterion of truth can be the correspondence of the acquired knowledge to previously discovered laws.

5) The truth of the judgment cannot be verified in practice.

Explanation.

1) The criteria of truth include the correspondence of knowledge to the laws of logic. YES, right. Logic is the science of truth.

2) The most important criterion of truth is the correspondence of the acquired knowledge to the interests of the cognizing subject. NO, it's not true.

3) The criteria of truth make it possible to distinguish its true knowledge from delusion. YES, right.

4) The criterion of truth can be the correspondence of the acquired knowledge to previously discovered laws. YES, right.

5) The truth of the judgment cannot be verified in practice. NO, incorrect

Answer: 134

Alexey Polyansky 09.12.2018 14:32

why 2 is not correct?

Ivan George

Truth must be objective, and if knowledge corresponds to the interests of the cognizing subject, then it becomes subjective knowledge.

Choose the correct judgments about the truth and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

Explanation.

1) Absolute truth is such a content of knowledge that exists by itself and does not depend on a person. No, it is not true, this judgment reflects the objectivity of truth, and not its absolute character.

2) Truth is knowledge corresponding to its subject, coinciding with it. Yes, that's right, that's the definition of truth.

3) Truth is one, but it has objective, absolute and relative aspects. Yes, that's right, those are two kinds of truth.

4) Relative truth is incomplete, inaccurate knowledge corresponding to a certain level of development of society, depending on certain conditions, place, time and means of obtaining knowledge. Yes, that's right, this judgment contains the definition of relative truth.

5) Relative truth is always subjective. No, it is not true, the truth is objective, and first of all, opinion is subjective.

Answer: 234.

Answer: 234

1) Truth is knowledge corresponding to the properties of the object being known.

2) Absolute truth, unlike relative truth, is an exhaustive knowledge of a subject.

3) The only criterion for true knowledge is its evidence for any person.

4) True knowledge always has an abstract and generalized character.

5) Truth is conditioned by reality, social practice.

Explanation.

The main goal of knowledge is the achievement of scientific truth.

In relation to philosophy, truth is not only the goal of knowledge, but also the subject of research. We can say that the concept of truth expresses the essence of science. Philosophers have long been trying to develop a theory of knowledge that would allow us to consider it as a process of obtaining scientific truths. The main contradictions along this path arose in the course of opposing the activity of the subject and the possibility of him developing knowledge corresponding to the objective real world. But truth has many aspects, it can be considered from a variety of points of view: logical, sociological, epistemological, and finally, theological.

The limited practical capabilities of a person is one of the reasons for the limitedness of his knowledge, i.e. it is about the relative nature of truth. Relative truth is knowledge that reproduces the objective world approximately, incompletely. Therefore, the signs or features of relative truth are proximity and incompleteness, which are interconnected. Indeed, the world is a system of interconnected elements, any incomplete knowledge about it as a whole will always be inaccurate, coarsened, fragmentary.

1) Truth is knowledge corresponding to the properties of the object being known - yes, that's right.

2) Absolute truth, unlike relative truth, is an exhaustive knowledge of the subject - yes, that's right.

3) The only criterion for true knowledge is its evidence for any person - no, it's not true.

4) True knowledge always has an abstract and generalized character - no, it is not true.

5) Truth is conditioned by reality, social practice - yes, that's right.

Answer: 125.

Answer: 125

Choose the correct judgments about the truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) The objectivity of truth is manifested in its correspondence to the interests of the cognizing subject.

2) True knowledge always corresponds to the object being known.

3) In scientific knowledge, absolute truth is an ideal, a goal.

4) Only relative truth reveals patterns and laws according to which the studied objects function.

5) Practice, according to a number of philosophers, is the main criterion of truth.

Explanation.

Scientists have proposed various criteria for how to distinguish true from false.

1) The objectivity of truth is manifested in its correspondence to the interests of the cognizing subject - no, it is not true.

2) True knowledge always corresponds to the object being known - yes, that's right.

3) In scientific knowledge, absolute truth is the ideal, the goal - yes, that's right.

4) Only relative truth reveals patterns and laws according to which the studied objects function - no, it is not true.

5) Practice, according to a number of philosophers, is the main criterion of truth - yes, that's right.

Answer: 235.

Answer: 235

Choose the correct judgments about the truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) True knowledge adequately reflects the surrounding reality.

2) The criterion of true knowledge is the correspondence to the interests of the cognizing subject.

3) Relative truth is knowledge that can change as the possibilities of cognition develop.

4) Truth is connected with the conditions of place, time, etc., which must be taken into account in the process of cognition.

5) Absolute truth, unlike relative truth, is practice-oriented knowledge.

Explanation.

The main goal of knowledge is the achievement of scientific truth. In relation to philosophy, truth is not only the goal of knowledge, but also the subject of research. We can say that the concept of truth expresses the essence of science. Scientists have proposed various criteria for how to distinguish true from false.

1) Sensualists rely on the data of the senses and consider sensory experience as the criterion of truth. In their opinion, the reality of the existence of something is verified only by feelings, and not by abstract theories.

2) Rationalists believe that the senses are capable of misleading us, and see the basis for testing statements in the mind. For them, the main criterion of truth is clarity and distinctness. Mathematics is considered an ideal model of true knowledge, where each conclusion requires clear evidence.

3) Rationalism finds further development in the concept of coherence (from the Latin cohaerentia - coupling, connection), according to which the criterion of truth is the consistency of reasoning with the general system of knowledge. For example, "2x2 = 4" is true not because it coincides with a real fact, but because it is in agreement with the system of mathematical knowledge.

4) Supporters of pragmatism (from the Greek pragma - business) consider the effectiveness of knowledge to be the criterion of truth. True knowledge is proven knowledge that successfully "works" and allows you to achieve success and practical benefits in daily affairs.

5) In Marxism, the criterion of truth is practice (from the Greek praktikos - active, active), taken in the broadest sense as any developing social activity of a person to transform himself and the world (from worldly experience to language, science, etc.). Only a statement verified by practice and experience of many generations is recognized as true.

6) For supporters of conventionalism (from Latin convcntio - agreement), the criterion of truth is the general agreement on the statements. For example, scientific truth is what the overwhelming majority of scientists agree with.

1) True knowledge adequately reflects the surrounding reality - yes, that's right.

2) The criterion of true knowledge is the correspondence to the interests of the cognizing subject - no, it is not true.

3) Relative truth is knowledge that can change as the possibilities of cognition develop - yes, that's right.

4) Truth is connected with the conditions of place, time, etc., which must be taken into account in the process of cognition - yes, that's right.

5) Absolute truth, unlike relative truth, is practice-oriented knowledge - no, it's not true.

Answer: 134.

Answer: 134

Choose the correct judgments about the truth and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Absolute truth is an exhaustive knowledge of a subject.

2) Truth - knowledge obtained as a result of an adequate reflection of the object by the cognizing subject.

3) One of the criteria for the truth of knowledge is its understanding and acceptance by the majority of people.

5) Relative truth is characterized by subjectivity.

Explanation.

Signs of truth: objectivity (independence from human consciousness), concreteness, this is a process. Types of truth: absolute (complete, exhaustive knowledge about the subject), relative (changing knowledge as knowledge develops; it is replaced by a new one or becomes a delusion). The criterion of truth is practice.

1) Absolute truth is exhaustive knowledge about a subject - yes, that's right.

2) Truth - knowledge obtained as a result of an adequate reflection of the object by the cognizing subject - yes, that's right.

3) One of the criteria for the truth of knowledge is its understanding and acceptance by the majority of people - no, it is not true.

5) Relative truth is characterized by subjectivity - no, not true.

Answer: 12.

Daniil Minibaev 21.07.2017 10:53

The 5th answer is correct, please correct.

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

The KIM developers do not agree with you. Although the issue is debatable. certainly.

Choose the correct judgments about the truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Absolute truth, in contrast to relative truth, is theoretically substantiated knowledge.

2) The only criterion for true knowledge is an authoritative source of information.

3) There are phenomena that are inaccessible to practical influence on them, but their truth can be established in other ways.

5) Truth is always objective.

Explanation.

Truth is knowledge corresponding to its subject, coinciding with it.

Signs of truth: objectivity (independence from human consciousness), concreteness, this is a process. Types of truth: absolute (complete, exhaustive knowledge about the subject), relative (changing knowledge as knowledge develops; it is replaced by a new one or becomes a delusion). The criterion of truth is practice. But there are phenomena that are inaccessible to practical influence on them, but their truth can be established in other ways.

1) Absolute truth, unlike relative truth, is theoretically substantiated knowledge - no, it is not true.

2) The only criterion for true knowledge is an authoritative source of information - no, not true.

3) There are phenomena that are inaccessible to practical influence on them, but their truth can be established in other ways - yes, that's right.

5) Truth is always objective - yes, that's right.

Answer: 345.

Diana Zyatkova 13.03.2017 21:16

It's just .. a nightmare, as I already doubt the reliable information of your site .. Well, how can this be understood, look at task 58 please "5) Relative truth is subjective. Answer 5 is correct." I'm truly more delusional

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

58 is obsolete. We will delete

Nikita Moskovsky 12.11.2018 06:50

Truth is subjective!

Cat M 29.01.2019 09:32

so why is 5 true if truth is subjective!

Ivan Ivanovich

Objectivity is the property of truth, subjectivity is the property of opinion.

Choose the correct judgments about the truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

2) Practice, according to a number of philosophers, is the main criterion of truth.

3) Truth is knowledge that reproduces a cognizable object as it exists, regardless of human consciousness.

4) Truth is always concrete.

5) The only criterion of truth is compliance with existing scientific theories.

Clear-no-no.

Is-ti-na - knowledge, corresponding to its own pre-me-tu, co-pa-y-y-y with it.

Signs of is-ti-na: object-ness (not-for-vis-si-bridge from the consciousness of a person), concreteness, this process. Types of is-ti-na: ab-so-lute-naya (complete, is-cher-py-va-yu-sche knowledge about the subject), from-no-si-tel-naya (from-men-chi-knowledge as it develops in-knowledge; for-me-nya-is-for a new one or becomes-but-wit-sya for-wandering -eat). Cri-te-riy is-ti-ny - practice-ti-ka. But there are phenomena that are inaccessible to practical influence on them, but their truth can be established in other ways.

1) Only that knowledge can be considered true, some-time-de-la-et most of the people - no, not true.

2) Prak-ti-ka, according to the opinion of a number of fi-lo-so-fov, is-la-et-sya the main cr-te-ri-em is-ti-na - yes, that's right.

3) Is-ti-na - this is knowledge, re-pro-from-in-dia-sche-knowing-va-e-my-object as it exists-is-not-behind -vi-si-mo from the co-knowledge of a person-lo-ve-ka - yes, that's right.

4) Is-ty-for all-gda con-cret-on - yes, that's right.

5) The only kri-te-riy is-ti-na - co-response to the su-stu-stvo-u-schim on-scientific theo-ri-yam - no, not-belief -but.

Answer: 234.

Diana Zyatkova 13.03.2017 21:24

Pfff I mean the only criterion???????? How so? And logic, evidence, objectivity, and you don’t just need to say that these are signs, in many tasks they are immediately distinguished by criteria. Just absurd.

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

Attention is the main criterion for success in the exam....... according to some philosophers, that is, not all, and then everything is correct.

You-take those correct judgments about the truth and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Cri-te-ri-em of truth can be its recognition by authoritative persons.

2) Kri-te-ri-em of truth may be its correspondence to previously discovered laws of science.

3) Is-ti-well cannot be established as go-lo-so-va-ni-em, it can also be on the side of the minority.

4) A true statement is recognized as verified by the practice and experience of many generations.

5) Truth is not an element of knowledge, which in the future can be refuted.

Clear-no-no.

1) The criterion of truth can be its recognition by authoritative persons - no, not-true-but.

2) The criterion of truth can be its compliance with the previously discovered laws of science - yes, that's right.

3) Truth cannot be established by voting, it can also be on the side of the minority - yes, that's right.

4) A statement that has been verified by practice and the experience of many generations is recognized as true - yes, that's right.

5) Truth is not an element of knowledge that can be refuted in the future - no, not-true-but.

Answer: 234.

Answer: 234

The criterion of truth can be its correspondence to the previously discovered laws of science - true, but why, if, firstly, in task 8983, an explanation is given that: "The criterion of truth is practice", - and only, and secondly, when Giordano Bruni announced that the earth is round did not correspond to any previously discovered law, but it was true.

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

Criteria of truth - that which certifies truth and distinguishes it from error.

1. compliance with the laws of logic;

2. compliance with previously discovered laws of science;

3. compliance with fundamental laws;

4. simplicity, economy of the formula;

5. paradoxical idea;

6. practice.

Oleg Ivantsov 26.04.2017 10:14

Choose the correct judgments about the truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) True knowledge, unlike false, corresponds to the subject of knowledge.

2) The only criterion for true knowledge is its acceptance by the community of scientists.

3) Relative truth is limitedly true knowledge.

4) Only absolute truth is characterized by objectivity.

5) True knowledge is formed in the unity of sensory and rational knowledge.

Explanation.

1) True knowledge, unlike false, corresponds to the subject of knowledge - yes, that's right.

2) The only criterion for true knowledge is its acceptance by the community of scientists - no, wrong, practice.

3) Relative truth is limitedly true knowledge - yes, that's right.

4) Only absolute truth is characterized by objectivity - no, not true, relative too.

5) True knowledge is formed in the unity of sensory and rational knowledge - yes, that's right.

Answer: 135.

Diana Zyatkova 13.03.2017 21:34

Here again, 4 explain, contradict yourself, please: task 58.

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

What do you not understand? Objectivity is inherent in any truth.

Are the following statements about truth correct?

BUT. True knowledge reflects a subjective attitude towards the world.

B. True knowledge always corresponds to the ideas of most people.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Explanation.

Judgment A is wrong, since true knowledge reflects objective attitude towards the world.

Judgment B is wrong, because the true ones do not always coexist with the ideas of most people. For example, many mythological, everyday ideas that are widespread are not true.

The correct answer is numbered: 4

Answer: 4

Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 06/10/2013. main wave. Ural. Option 4.

BUT. Relative truth may change over time.

B. Truth contains valid information about the object.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Explanation.

Relative truth is incomplete but in some respects correct knowledge about the same object. TRUE, correspondence of knowledge to reality; the objective content of empirical experience and theoretical knowledge. Respectively. both judgments are correct.

Answer: 3.

Answer: 3

Are the following statements about truth correct?

BUT. Truth always corresponds to the interests of the cognizing subject.

B. Compliance with the laws of logic is one of the criteria of truth.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Explanation.

Truth is knowledge corresponding to its subject, coinciding with it.

Signs of truth:

1. objectivity - independence from human consciousness

2. concreteness

3. it's a process

Criteria of truth - what certifies the truth and allows you to distinguish it from error.

1. compliance with the laws of logic;

2. compliance with previously discovered laws of science;

3. compliance with fundamental laws;

4. simplicity, economy of the formula;

5. paradoxical idea;

6. practice.

Based on this, 1 is false, 2 is true.

Answer: 2.

Answer: 2

Are the following statements about truth correct?

BUT. Truth is the result of the cognitive activity of a scientist; it is impossible for an artist and a poet to achieve it.

B. Relative truth is knowledge that is reliable, but incomplete, limited by the cognitive capabilities of a person.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Explanation.

Truth is a true reflection of objective reality in the human mind.

Objective truth is such a content of knowledge that does not depend either on man or on humanity; it exists by itself, outside and independently of man and his consciousness.

Relative truth is incomplete, inaccurate knowledge corresponding to a certain level of development of society, which determines the ways in which this knowledge is obtained; it is knowledge that depends on certain conditions, place and time of its receipt.

The correct answer is numbered: 2.

Answer: 2

Subject area: Man and society. The concept of truth, its criteria

Guest 16.06.2012 12:40

Why is A wrong? After all, one of the main signs of truth is objectivity. And the result of the activity of an artist, a poet is always subjective.

Anastasia Smirnova (St. Petersburg)

For example, imagine that a person comes to a store and sees bread on the store shelf. Now imagine that this person is a poet. Do you think he will not be able to comprehend this truth?

Are the following statements about truth and its criteria correct?

BUT. Truth is an adequate reflection of the object by the cognizing subject, its reproduction as it exists in itself, outside and independently of the person and his consciousness.

B. Practice, according to a number of philosophers, is the main criterion of truth.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Explanation.

And yes, that is the definition of truth.

B is right. Practice is one of the main criteria of truth.

Answer: 3.

The concept of truth is complex and contradictory. Different philosophers, different religions have their own. The first definition of truth was given by Aristotle, and it has become generally accepted: Truth is the unity of thought and being. I will decipher: if you think about something, and your thoughts correspond to reality, then this is the truth.

In everyday life, truth is synonymous with truth. “Truth is in wine,” said Pliny the Elder, meaning that under the influence of a certain amount of wine, a person begins to tell the truth. In fact, these concepts are somewhat different. truth and truth- both reflect reality, but truth is more a logical concept, and truth is sensual. Now comes the moment of pride in our native Russian language. In most European countries, these two concepts are not distinguished, they have one word ("truth", "vérité", "wahrheit"). Let's open the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by V. Dahl: “Truth is ... everything that is true, authentic, accurate, fair, that is; ... truth: truthfulness, justice, justice, rightness. So, we can conclude that the truth is a morally valuable truth ("We will win, the truth is with us").

Theories of truth.

As already mentioned, there are many theories, depending on philosophical schools and religions. Consider the main theories of truth:

1. empirical: truth is all knowledge based on the accumulated experience of mankind. Author - Francis Bacon.
2. sensationalistic(Hume): Truth can only be known by sensation, sensation, perception, contemplation.
3. Rationalist(Descartes): all truth is already contained in the human mind, from where it must be extracted.
4. Agnostic(Kant): truth is unknowable in itself ("thing in itself").
5. Skeptical(Montaigne): nothing is true, a person is not capable of obtaining any reliable knowledge about the world.

Truth criteria.

Truth Criteria- these are the parameters that help to distinguish truth from falsehood or error.

1. Compliance with logical laws.
2. Compliance with previously discovered and proven laws and theorems of science.
3. Simplicity, general availability of the wording.
4. Compliance with fundamental laws and axioms.
5. Paradoxical.
6. Practice.

In modern world practice(as a set of experience accumulated by generations, the results of various experiments and the results of material production) is the first most important criterion of truth.

Kinds of truth.

Kinds of truth- a classification invented by some authors of school textbooks on philosophy, based on their desire to classify everything, put it on the shelves and make it publicly available. This is my personal, subjective opinion, which appeared after studying many sources. Truth is one. Breaking it down into types is stupid, and contradicts the theory of any philosophical school or religious teaching. However, truth has different Aspects(what some see as "kinds"). Here we will consider them.

aspects of truth.

We open almost any cheat sheet site created to help pass the exam in philosophy, social science in the "Truth" section, and what will we see? Three main aspects of truth will stand out: objective (one that does not depend on a person), absolute (proven by science, or an axiom) and relative (truth from only one side). The definitions are correct, but consideration of these aspects is extremely superficial. If not to say - amateurish.

I would single out (based on the ideas of Kant and Descartes, philosophy and religion, etc.) four aspects. These aspects should be divided into two categories, not dumped all in one heap. So:

1. Criteria of subjectivity-objectivity.

objective truth is objective in its essence and does not depend on a person: the Moon revolves around the Earth, and we cannot influence this fact, but we can make it an object of study.

subjective truth depends on the subject, that is, we explore the Moon and are the subject, but if we did not exist, then there would be neither subjective nor objective truth. This truth is directly dependent on the objective.

The subject and object of truth are interconnected. It turns out that subjectivity and objectivity are facets of the same truth.

1. Criteria of absoluteness-relativity.

absolute truth- the truth, proven by science and beyond doubt. For example, a molecule is made up of atoms.

Relative truth- what is true at a certain period of history or from a certain point of view. Until the end of the 19th century, the atom was considered the smallest indivisible part of matter, and this was true until scientists discovered protons, neutrons and electrons. And in that moment, the truth changed. And then scientists discovered that protons and neutrons are made up of quarks. Further, I think, you can not continue. It turns out that the relative truth was absolute for a certain period of time. As the creators of The X-Files convinced us, the truth is somewhere nearby. And yet where?

Let me give you one more example. Seeing a photograph of the Cheops pyramid from a satellite at a certain angle, it can be argued that it is a square. And a photo taken at a certain angle from the surface of the Earth will convince you that this is a triangle. In fact, it is a pyramid. But from the point of view of two-dimensional geometry (planimetry), the first two statements are true.

Thus, it turns out that absolute and relative truth are as interconnected as subjective-objective. Finally, we can conclude. Truth has no types, it is one, but it has aspects, that is, what is true from different angles of consideration.

Truth is a complex concept, which at the same time remains single and indivisible. Both the study and understanding of this term at this stage by a person has not yet been completed.

> > > Choose the correct judgments about the truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1. Relative truth, in contrast to absolute truth, determines the essence of social and natural phenomena

Choose the correct judgments about the truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1. Relative truth, in contrast to absolute truth, determines the essence of social and natural phenomena

Choose the correct judgments about the truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1. Relative truth, unlike absolute truth, determines the essence of social and natural phenomena.

2. True knowledge always corresponds to the object being known.

3. In scientific knowledge, absolute truth is an ideal, a goal.

4. Relative truth, unlike absolute truth, can change over time.

5. Absolute truth, unlike relative truth, is practice-oriented knowledge.

The first judgment is erroneous, any truth determines the essence of social and natural phenomena.

The second judgment is correct and reflects the essence of truth.

The third judgment is correct and fixes the idea of ​​absolute truth as a goal.

The fourth judgment is correct, it reflects the difference between relative truth and absolute truth.

The fifth judgment is erroneous, any truth is knowledge, connection with practice is not necessary.

Lecture:

Truth objective and subjective

From the previous lesson, you learned that knowledge about the world around you can be obtained through cognitive activity using the senses and thinking. Agree, a person who is interested in certain objects and phenomena wants to receive reliable information about them. The truth is important to us, that is, the truth, which is a universal value. What is truth, what are its types and how to distinguish truth from lies, we will analyze in this lesson.

Main term of the lesson:

Trueis knowledge that corresponds to objective reality.

What does this mean? Objects and phenomena of the surrounding world exist on their own and do not depend on human consciousness, therefore objects of knowledge are objective. When a person (subject) wants to study, explore something, he passes the subject of knowledge through consciousness and derives knowledge corresponding to his own worldview. And, as you know, each person has his own worldview. This means that two people studying the same subject will describe it differently. That's why knowledge about the subject of knowledge is always subjective. Those subjective knowledge that correspond to the objective subject of knowledge and are true.

Based on the foregoing, one can distinguish between objective and subjective truth. Oobjective truth called knowledge about objects and phenomena, describing them as they really are, without exaggeration and understatement. For example, MacCoffee is coffee, gold is a metal. subjective truth, on the contrary, are called knowledge about objects and phenomena, depending on the opinions and assessments of the subject of knowledge. The statement "MacCoffee is the best coffee in the world" is subjective, because I think so, and someone does not like MacCoffee. Common examples of subjective truth are omens that cannot be proven.

Truth is absolute and relative

Truth is also divided into absolute and relative.

Every scientist strives to get as close as possible to absolute truth. However, often due to the insufficiency of methods and forms of cognition, the scientist manages to establish only relative truth. Which with the development of science is confirmed and becomes absolute, or refuted and turns into a delusion. For example, the knowledge of the Middle Ages that the Earth is flat with the development of science was disproved and began to be considered a delusion.

There are very few absolute truths, much more relative ones. Why? Because the world is changing. For example, a biologist studies the number of animals listed in the Red Book. While he is doing this research, the population changes. Therefore, it will be very difficult to calculate the exact number.

!!! It is a mistake to say that absolute and objective truth are one and the same. This is not true. Both absolute and relative truth can be objective, provided that the subject of knowledge has not adjusted the results of the study to fit his personal beliefs.

Truth Criteria

How to distinguish truth from error? To do this, there are special means of testing knowledge, which are called criteria of truth. Consider them:

• The most important criterion is practice – this is an active objective activity aimed at understanding and transforming the world around. The forms of practice are material production (for example, labor), social actions (for example, reforms, revolutions), scientific experiment. Only practically useful knowledge is considered true. For example, on the basis of certain knowledge, the government carries out economic reforms. If they give the expected results, then the knowledge is true. On the basis of knowledge, the doctor treats the patient, if he is healed, then the knowledge is true. Practice as the main criterion of truth is a part of cognition and performs the following functions: 1) practice is a source of cognition, because it is it that pushes people to study certain phenomena and processes; 2) practice is the basis of cognition, because it permeates cognitive activity from beginning to end; 3) practice is the goal of knowledge, because knowledge of the world is necessary for the subsequent application of knowledge in reality; 4) practice, as already mentioned, is the criterion of truth, necessary to distinguish truth from error and falsehood.

• Compliance with the laws of logic. Knowledge obtained by proving should not be confusing and self-contradictory. It must also be logically consistent with well-tested and credible theories. For example, if someone puts forward a theory of heredity that is fundamentally incompatible with modern genetics, it can be assumed that it is not true.

• Compliance with fundamental scientific laws . New knowledge must comply with the Eternal laws. Many of which you study in the lessons of mathematics, physics, chemistry, social science, etc. These are such as the Law of universal gravitation, the Law of conservation of energy, the Periodic law of Mendeleev D.I., the Law of supply and demand, and others. For example, the knowledge that the Earth is kept in orbit around the Sun corresponds to I. Newton's Law of universal gravitation. Another example, if the price of linen fabric rises, then the demand for this fabric falls, which corresponds to the Law of Supply and Demand.

• Compliance with previously discovered laws . Example: Newton's first law (the law of inertia) corresponds to the law previously discovered by G. Galileo, according to which the body remains at rest or moves uniformly and rectilinearly until it is affected by forces that force the body to change its state. But Newton, unlike Galileo, considered motion more deeply, from all points.

For the greatest reliability of testing knowledge for truth, it is best to use several criteria. Statements that do not meet the criteria for truth are delusions or lies. How do they differ from each other? A delusion is knowledge that does not actually correspond to reality, but the subject of knowledge does not know about it until a certain moment and takes it as truth. A lie - this is a conscious and deliberate distortion of knowledge, when the subject of knowledge wants to deceive someone.

Exercise: Write in the comments your examples of truth: objective and subjective, absolute and relative. The more examples you give, the more help you will provide to graduates! After all, it is the lack of specific examples that makes it difficult to correctly and completely solve the tasks of the second part of KIM.