4.2. Responsibilities of responsible specialists for the operation and maintenance of lifting machines An engineering and technical worker for supervision of the safe operation of hoisting machines is obliged to:

Carry out inspection of hoisting machines and mechanisms (registered and not registered with the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia);

Comply with schedules for periodic inspections and repairs;

Monitor the availability of production instructions and their implementation by service personnel.

The engineering and technical worker responsible for the maintenance of lifting machines in good condition is obliged to:

Ensure timely maintenance and repair by trained and certified personnel.

Owners and heads of organizations operating cranes should be responsible for the safe performance of work by cranes on persons from among the foremen, superintendents, site managers, and also on foremen. At the warehouses of materials, as such responsible persons, in agreement with the bodies of the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia, warehouse managers can be appointed. Persons responsible for the safe operation of cranes must be appointed in each workshop, at each construction site or other area of ​​​​work with cranes and in each shift.

Responsibility for ensuring the safe performance of work with cranes at each work site during each shift should be assigned to only one employee. The names of these persons must be indicated on a sign posted in a conspicuous place of the permanent work site.

The person responsible for the safe performance of work with cranes is obliged to:

Provide service personnel (crane operators, operators, slingers) with the time required to receive and hand over a shift;

Provide slingers with distinctive signs and protective equipment;

Organize the work of cranes in accordance with safety rules, projects for the production of work, technical conditions and technological regulations;

Instruct crane operators and slingers on the safe performance of the upcoming work;

Do not allow untrained and non-certified personnel to service cranes; determine the number of slingers, as well as the need to appoint signalmen during crane operation;

Do not allow unmarked, faulty or non-corresponding to the nature and weight of cargo removable load-handling devices and containers to be used, remove defective devices and containers from the place of work;

Indicate to crane operators and slingers the place, procedure and dimensions of cargo storage;

Directly supervise the loading and unloading of gondola cars; moving cargo with several cranes, near power lines; moving cargo by cranes over ceilings, under which production or office premises are located, in which people can be; movement of cargo for which slinging schemes have not been developed, as well as in other cases provided for by the projects for the production of works;

Monitor compliance with the brand system during the operation of overhead cranes;

Do not allow work to be carried out without a work permit in cases provided for by the Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Load-Lifting Cranes;

Provide workers with the necessary means and devices for the safe performance of work with cranes;

Monitor the implementation by crane operators and slingers of production instructions, projects for the production of work and technological regulations;

Do not allow the installation of self-propelled jib cranes and loader cranes on sites with a slope exceeding the passport value for this crane, on freshly poured uncompacted soil, and also near slopes of pits (trenches) at an unacceptable distance;

Hang out at the place of work a list of goods transported by crane with an indication of their mass. When conducting construction and installation work, crane operators and slingers servicing self-propelled jib cranes, such a list must be handed out; in the absence of individual goods in the list, it is necessary to give the crane operator information about their weight;

Determine the places for storing goods, provide them with the necessary technological equipment and devices (cassettes, pyramids, racks, ladders, stands, linings, gaskets, braces, etc.) and instruct crane operators and slingers regarding the order and dimensions of cargo storage;

Require the crane operator to install a self-propelled jib crane on additional supports, when required by the load characteristics, to prevent the operation of a crane that is not installed on all supports;

Ensure the safety of control loads for checking the load limiters of tower cranes;

Do not allow the crane to work if there is no record of its serviceability in the waybill or logbook;

Ensure that at the work sites, cranes hang out or hand out to crane operators and slingers graphic images of the methods of tying and hooking loads;

Do not allow the crane to move bricks over people;

Do not allow people to be in the cab and body of the vehicle during its loading and unloading;

Do not allow the supply of materials, products into window and other openings without receiving platforms;

Follow the instructions of the inspector of the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia and the engineering and technical worker to supervise the safe operation of hoisting machines;

Identify and protect hazardous areas, prohibit work in hazardous areas;

Inform employees of emergencies and take corrective action.

test questions

1. What are the main tasks of technical supervision?

2. What types of technical supervision exist and how do they differ?

3. What is the procedure for appointing maintenance personnel and responsible persons for the safe operation of lifting machines?

Chapter 5. PRODUCTION OF WORKS

5.1. Preparation for slinging and rigging

Slinging and rigging work is carried out in accordance with the construction organization project (POS), the project for the production of works, technological maps or technological schemes.

The construction organization project serves as the basis for planning capital investments, providing construction with appropriate labor and material resources. In the construction organization project, they consider general issues of organizing work at construction and installation sites, indicate the dates for the start and completion of construction, provide schedules for the movement of labor, information about temporary buildings and structures, access roads, etc.

The project for the production of works is a working project, according to which the entire installation of an object or structure is directly carried out.

The project for the production of works is developed in accordance with the POS, the requirements of the current building codes and regulations (SNIP), GOST, OST, technical specifications (TU) and other regulatory documents.

The work project includes:

List of design materials;

Explanatory note;

Sheets of mounting equipment, rigging fixtures, manual machines, materials, scope of work (equipment, metal structures and pipelines);

Schedules for the production of installation work and the movement of labor, the timing of submission of equipment, metal structures and pipelines for installation;

Statements of demand for energy resources;

Technological schemes for the installation of equipment, metal structures and pipelines with slinging units;

Working drawings of fixtures and individual rigging equipment;

Basic provisions and measures for labor protection, ensuring the necessary living conditions and fire safety;

Passport of the object being mounted;

Wiring diagrams for temporary power supply (electricity, water, steam, compressed air and welding gases).

Technological maps or technological schemes contain:

Technical solutions and instructions for the method of installation of individual complex types of equipment, building structures, reinforced units or blocks of technological pipelines;

Ways to control the position of equipment, structures and elements of rigging and align them according to installation and assembly tolerances;

Solutions for the mechanization of labor-intensive manual operations;

Requirements for ensuring safe working conditions;

Ways of slinging of mounted equipment or structures;

Specifications for mounting and sling-rigging equipment (including mechanized tools and small-scale mechanization equipment) and materials;

Cargo slinging schemes;

Types of cranes, their lifting capacities and installation locations;

Masses of the transported cargo and type of load gripping device;

The procedure for the production of work, indicating the location of the slinger and rigger.

Prior to the start of work and the use of lifting machines, the person responsible for the safe production of work by cranes is obliged to conduct a lesson with crane operators, slingers, riggers, installers to study the PPR, technological maps and diagrams.

An entry is made about the conduct of the lesson (instruction) in the crane operator's watch log and the briefing log.

Loading and unloading operations must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Rules for the Design and Safe Operation of Hoisting Cranes, SNiP 12-03-2001, SNiP 12-04-2002 "Labor Safety in Construction" and other regulatory legal acts and regulatory technical documents adopted in the established order, the observance of which ensures the safety of work (in accordance with GOST 12.3.002-76, GOST 12.3.009-76, GOST 12.3.020-76).

If when working with hazardous substances, molten metals and alloys, defined by the Federal Law "On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities" dated 21.06.97 No. 116-FZ as hazardous production facilities, permanently installed lifting mechanisms and other production equipment are used, then industrial safety requirements.

The person in charge of loading and unloading operations is obliged to:

Before starting work, provide a security zone in the places of work, check by external inspection the serviceability of lifting mechanisms, rigging and other handling equipment. Work on faulty mechanisms and with faulty inventory is prohibited;

Check that the employees carrying out the work have the appropriate certificates and other documents for the right to carry out these works;

Ensure that the choice of methods of loading, unloading, moving goods meets the requirements of safe work;

In case of emergencies or dangerous injury to workers, immediately stop work and take measures to eliminate the danger.

Slinging and installation and other work using lifting machines must be carried out according to the project for the production of works, technological maps developed taking into account the requirements of GOST 12.3.009-76, which provides for:

Compliance of cranes with the work performed in terms of carrying capacity, lifting height of the load, boom reach;

Safe installation of a crane for working near buildings, storage areas, slopes of pits and in other conditions;

Compliance with safe distances from networks and overhead power lines, including city contact networks, etc.

When loading and unloading with cranes, observe the following safety requirements:

Perform work on lifting mechanisms and mechanisms for moving the crane at the signal of the slinger;

First, lift the load by 200...300 mm and make sure that it is slinged correctly and securely;

Immediately suspend work on the signal "Stop", regardless of who gave it;

Lifting, lowering, moving the load, braking during all movements, perform smoothly, without jerks;

Before lifting or lowering the load, make sure that there is no slinger or other persons near the load, stack, railway coupler, wagon, car and other place of lifting or lowering the load, as well as between the load and these objects;

Sling and unhook the load after the load rope has completely stopped, it has been loosened and with the hook suspension or traverse lowered;

Attach the unused branches of the sling to the crane hook;

Use special devices to bring slings under the load;

Cargo slinging is carried out in accordance with the slinging scheme for this cargo;

For long loads, use braces;

The load during the movement must be lifted at least 0.5 m above the objects encountered on the way and at least 1 m above the ground;

Lower the load to the place intended and prepared for it on linings that ensure the stable position of the load and the ease of extracting slings from under it;

It is forbidden to sling a restrained load.

Loading and unloading operations should be carried out by mechanized methods using lifting and transport equipment and mechanization.

The mechanized method is mandatory when lifting loads weighing more than 50 kg, as well as when lifting loads to a height of more than 3 m.

The movement of goods weighing more than 20 kg in the technological process should be carried out using built-in lifting and transport devices or mechanization. The movement of goods in the technological process over a distance of more than 25 m must also be mechanized.

test

2. Supervision and maintenance of hoisting cranes: the duties of engineers for supervision of the safe operation of hoisting machines, the procedure for testing the knowledge of maintenance personnel, the procedure for maintaining a logbook

For the organization of technical supervision over the safe operation of hoisting machines, it is necessary to appoint responsible persons for supervision:

Lifting machines in good condition;

For safe work with cranes.

In addition, you need:

Establish a service for carrying out repairs of hoisting machines and determine the procedure for the acquisition or manufacture of removable load-handling devices and containers;

Appoint a permanent examination committee to test the knowledge of service personnel;

Establish a commission to conduct a quarterly inspection of the state of operation of machines;

Regulate the operation of cranes near power lines;

Establish a procedure for the exchange of prearranged signals for communication between slingers and crane operators.

To work with hoisting machines, persons (crane operators, slingers, etc.) are allowed at least 18 years old who have passed a medical examination, training in training plants, courses according to a special program agreed with the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia. Persons who successfully passed the exams are issued a certificate of the established form. The crane operator servicing the crane with an electric drive, in addition, must be certified for the electrical safety group.

Re-testing the knowledge of the service personnel by the qualification commission should be carried out:

Periodically at least once a year;

When an employee moves to another place of work;

At the request of an engineering and technical worker (ITR) for supervision or an inspector.

This verification is carried out within the scope of the instructions marked in the certificate.

Before putting the lifting machine into operation, you must have the following documentation:

Passport;

Technical description;

Operating Instructions;

Installation instructions (if installation is required);

Crane log (including watch and periodic inspections);

Journal of accounting for manufactured SGZP and containers;

Journal of periodic inspections of SGZP and containers;

Schedule of technical examinations of cranes;

Acts of preliminary inspections and checks of the crane before the survey;

Instructions for the inspection, repair and rejection of SGZP and containers;

Job and production instructions.

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the Russian Federation Decree of Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia

RD 10-40-93 Standard instruction for engineering and technical workers on supervision of the safe operation of hoisting machines (with Amendment No. 1)

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. In accordance with the safety rules, heads of organizations and individual entrepreneurs - owners of hoisting machines, hoisting devices, crane tracks and containers, as well as heads of organizations and individual entrepreneurs operating hoisting machines, must appoint an engineering and technical worker (service) to supervise the safe operation of hoisting machines. machines, lifting devices, crane rails and containers.

1.2. The size of the supervision service and its structure should be determined by the owner of lifting machines, taking into account their number, operating conditions, and agreed with the state technical supervision authority. The functions of the supervision service for hoisting machines should be set out in the Regulations on production control at a hazardous production facility of the organization.

1.3. If the owner does not have the appropriate specialists, then, in agreement with the state technical supervision authority, the performance of the duties of an engineering and technical worker to supervise the safe operation of hoisting machines may be assigned to employees of a specialized organization.

1.4. An engineering and technical worker for supervision of the safe operation of hoisting machines is appointed by order after checking his knowledge of safety rules and job descriptions by a commission with the participation of a representative of the state technical supervision body.

1.5. Periodic testing of the knowledge of an engineer and technical worker on supervision of the safe operation of hoisting machines should be carried out at least once every 3 years by a commission with the participation of an inspector of the State Gortekhnadzor.

1.6. The engineering and technical worker for supervision of the safe operation of hoisting machines must be subordinate to the chief engineer (technical manager) of the enterprise or his deputy for safety. If the owner does not have such officials, the subordination of the engineering and technical worker for supervision is determined by the owner in agreement with the state technical supervision body.

1.7. The engineering and technical worker for the supervision of the safe operation of hoisting machines must work according to a plan approved by the official to whom he is subordinate. The work plan should include activities taking into account the job responsibilities of the supervisory engineer. On the implementation of the work plan, the engineering and technical worker for supervision must submit a monthly report to the official to whom he is subordinate.

1.8. The engineering and technical worker for supervising the safe operation of hoisting machines also supervises the safe operation of removable load-handling devices, containers and crane tracks.

1.9. During a vacation, business trip, illness or in other cases of absence of an engineering and technical supervisor for supervision, the execution of his duties should be assigned by order to another employee who has the appropriate qualifications and who has passed the test of knowledge of the Rules.

1.10. The engineering and technical worker for supervision of the safe operation of hoisting machines must know:

3) job description;

4) requirements of instructions for the operation of hoisting machines of manufacturers;

5) job descriptions for engineering and technical workers responsible for maintaining hoisting machines in good condition, persons responsible for the safe performance of work with cranes, and production instructions for personnel servicing hoisting machines;

6) instructions for supervising the manufacture, repair and installation of lifting structures;

7) guidelines for the inspection of hoisting machines that have completed their standard service life;

8) information letters and other instructions of the state technical supervision bodies on the prevention of accidents and accidents during the operation of hoisting machines.

2. RESPONSIBILITIES

2.1. An engineering and technical worker for supervision of the safe operation of hoisting machines is obliged to:

1) supervise the technical condition and safe operation of hoisting machines, removable load-handling devices, containers, crane tracks and take measures to prevent violations of safety rules;

2) carry out an inspection of hoisting machines and issue a permit for their operation in cases provided for by safety rules, as well as keep records and conduct an examination of hoisting machines and removable load-handling devices that are not registered with the state technical supervision bodies in cases where these duties are not assigned to other persons;

3) to control the implementation of the instructions issued by the state mining supervision bodies and their own instructions, as well as other instructions of the state mining supervision bodies for the prevention of accidents and accidents during the operation of lifting structures;

4) monitor compliance with repair schedules, maintenance and periodic inspections of hoisting machines, crane tracks and inspection of removable load-handling devices and containers;

5) participate in commissions for certification and periodic testing of the knowledge of maintenance and repair personnel, as well as for testing the knowledge of engineering and technical workers responsible for maintaining lifting machines in good condition and for the safe performance of work with cranes;

6) check compliance with the procedure for allowing personnel to service lifting machines established by the safety rules, as well as the knowledge of the personnel at the workplace;

7) control the availability and implementation of instructions by maintenance personnel and engineering and technical workers responsible for maintaining lifting machines in good condition and for the safe performance of work with cranes;

8) check compliance with the requirements of safety rules, projects for the production of work and technological maps in the production of work by hoisting machines, paying particular attention to:

correct installation of cranes and hoists during their operation;

compliance with work permits when performing work near power lines and on crane tracks of overhead and cantilever mobile cranes;

the correctness of the applied methods of slinging loads and the choice of removable load-handling devices and containers;

compliance with the dimensions of the warehousing of goods;

application by workers of the correct methods of work and their observance of measures of personal safety;

9) control the conduct of surveys of hoisting machines that have completed their standard service life by specialized organizations within the established time limits;

10) check at the work site for the availability of technical documentation for the operation of lifting machines and its compliance with safety rules;

11) control compliance with the procedure for putting hoisting machines into operation established by safety rules;

12) check compliance with the procedure established by the owner for the allocation and direction of self-propelled jib cranes and loader cranes to objects;

13) hold at least once every 3 months meetings (conferences) with service personnel and engineering and technical workers associated with the operation of hoisting machines, on the state of accidents and injuries, as well as with an analysis of violations during the operation of hoisting machines at the enterprise;

14) be present at inspections of the state of technical safety of hoisting machines by representatives of the state technical supervision bodies or specialists of an engineering center that has the appropriate permit (license) to carry out such work.

2.2. An engineering and technical worker for supervision of the safe operation of hoisting machines should not allow their work if, during the check, he found that:

1) maintenance of the lifting machine is carried out by an uncertified crane operator, operator, hoist driver, slinger;

2) engineering and technical workers responsible for the maintenance of lifting machines in good condition and for the safe performance of work with cranes have not been appointed;

3) the term for the technical examination of the hoisting machine or the special inspection of the machine that has completed its standard service life has expired;

4) the instructions issued by him or by the state technical supervision bodies to ensure the safe operation of hoisting machines have not been fulfilled;

5) technical malfunctions were detected on the lifting machine: cracks or deformations of metal structures, loosening of fasteners in the joints of metal structures, malfunction of safety devices and devices, malfunction of the control system, unacceptable wear of hooks, ropes, chains, malfunction of mechanisms and brakes, malfunction of the crane track, malfunction of grounding or electrical equipment;

6) there are no removable load-handling devices and containers corresponding to the mass and type of transported goods or they are faulty;

7) work is carried out without projects for the production of work, technological maps, work permits;

8) the measures for the safe conduct of work, set out in the projects for the production of work, technological maps, work permits, have not been completed;

9) missing, lost the passport of the hoisting machine or information about its registration with the bodies of the state technical supervision;

10) work with the use of lifting machines is carried out with dangerous violations of the rules and instructions, which can lead to an accident or injury to people.

3. RIGHTS

3.1. An engineering and technical worker for supervision of the safe operation of hoisting machines has the right to:

1) visit at any time, in accordance with the procedure established at the enterprise, the areas where hoisting machines operate, check their technical condition, operating conditions, as well as compliance by engineering and technical workers and maintenance personnel with safety rules and production instructions;

2) stop (with a seal) the work of lifting machines in the cases specified in clause 2.2 of this Model Instruction;

3) require from the technical services of the enterprise, engineering and technical workers responsible for maintaining hoisting machines in good condition and for the safe performance of work with cranes, to present for verification documents on issues related to the operation of hoisting machines;

4) give instructions binding on the administration of shops, sections and set deadlines for the elimination of identified violations;

5) raise a question before the administration of the enterprise (organization) on the removal of untrained and non-certified persons from the service of lifting machines, as well as persons violating safety rules and instructions;

6) raise the issue of punishing employees responsible for violations of safety rules and instructions.

4. RESPONSIBILITY

4.1. The engineering and technical worker for the supervision of the safe operation of lifting machines is responsible in accordance with applicable law for:

1) violation of safety rules and failure to comply with the job description;

2) failure to take measures to prevent the operation of hoisting machines with dangerous violations of safety rules and instructions that can lead to an accident or injury to people.

The text of the document is verified by:
official publication

Sat. documents. Series 10.
Regulatory documents on safety,
supervisory and licensing activities in
areas of boiler supervision and supervision of
lifting facilities. Issue 14. -

M.: State Unitary Enterprise "NTC "Industrial Safety", 2002

The basis of all materials, fabrics and knitted fabrics are fibers. Fibers differ from each other in chemical composition, structure and properties. The existing classification of textile fibers is based on two main features - the method of their production (origin) and chemical composition, since they determine the main physical, mechanical and chemical properties of not only the fibers themselves, but also products obtained from them.

Fiber classification

Taking into account the classification features, the fibers are divided into:

• natural;
• chemical.

to natural fibers include fibers of natural (plant, animal, mineral) origin: cotton, linen, wool and silk.

to chemical fibers refers to factory-made fibers. At the same time, chemical fibers are divided into artificial and synthetic.

artificial fibers obtained from natural macromolecular compounds that are formed during the development and growth of fibers (cellulose, fibroin, keratin). Artificial fiber fabrics include: acetate, viscose, modal, staple. These fabrics are breathable, stay dry for a very long time and are pleasant to the touch. Today, all these fabrics are actively used by manufacturers of the textile industry, and, thanks to the latest technologies, they can replace natural ones.

Synthetic fibers obtained by synthesis from natural low molecular weight compounds (phenol, ethylene, acetylene, methane, etc.) as a result of a polymerization or polycondensation reaction, mainly from oil, coal and natural gas processing products.

Natural plant fibers

Cotton Cotton is the name given to the fibers that grow on the surface of the seeds of annual cotton plants. It is the main raw material of the textile industry. Raw cotton (cotton seeds covered with fibers) harvested from the fields goes to ginneries. Here, its primary processing takes place, which includes the following processes: cleaning of raw cotton from foreign weed impurities (from particles of stems, bolls, stones, etc.), as well as separating the fiber from seeds (ginning), pressing cotton fibers into bales and their packaging. Cotton is delivered in bales for further processing at cotton spinning mills.

Cotton fiber is a thin-walled tube with a channel inside. The fiber is somewhat twisted around its axis. Its cross section has a very diverse shape and depends on the maturity of the fiber.

Cotton is characterized by relatively high strength, heat resistance (130-140 ° C), medium hygroscopicity (18-20%) and a small proportion of elastic deformation, as a result of which cotton products are strongly wrinkled. Cotton is highly alkali resistant. The resistance of cotton to abrasion is low.

Cotton fabrics include chintz, calico, satin, poplin, taffeta, thick baize, thin cambric and chiffon, denim.

Linen fiber- Flax fiber is obtained from the stem of a herbaceous plant - flax. To obtain fiber, flax stems are soaked in order to separate the bast bundles from each other and from neighboring tissues of the stem by destroying pectin (adhesive) substances by microorganisms that develop when the stem is wet, and then crushed to soften the woody part of the stem. As a result of such processing, raw flax, or crumpled flax, is obtained, which is subjected to scutching and combing, after which technical flax fiber (striped flax) is obtained.

The flax elementary fiber has a layered structure, which is the result of the gradual deposition of cellulose on the fiber walls, with a narrow channel in the middle and transverse shifts along the length of the fiber, which are obtained during the formation and growth of the fiber, as well as in the process of mechanical influences during the primary processing of flax. In cross section, the elementary fiber of flax has a pentagonal and hexagonal shape with rounded corners.

Linen products are very durable, do not wear out for a long time, absorb moisture well and at the same time dry quickly. But when worn, they wrinkle very quickly .. To reduce the "wrinkle" polyester is added to the linen thread. Or mix linen, cotton, viscose and wool.

Linen fabrics are produced in austere, semi-white, white and dyed.

Natural fibers of animal origin

Wool- Wool is the hair of sheep, goats, camels and other animals. The bulk of the wool (94-96%) for the textile industry is supplied by sheep breeding.

Wool taken from sheep is usually very heavily soiled and, moreover, very heterogeneous in quality. Therefore, before sending wool to a textile enterprise, it is subjected to primary processing. The primary processing of wool includes the following processes: quality sorting, loosening and scutching, washing, drying and baling. Sheep wool consists of four types of fibers:

• fluff- very thin, crimped, soft and strong fiber, round in cross section;
• transitional hair- thicker and coarser fiber than down;
• awn- fiber, more rigid than the transitional hair;
• dead hair- very thick in diameter and coarse non-crimped fiber, covered with large lamellar scales.

Wool, which consists mainly of fibers of one type (down, transitional hair), is called homogeneous. Wool containing fibers of all these types is called heterogeneous. A feature of wool is its ability to felting, which is explained by the presence of a scaly layer on its surface, significant crimp and softness of the fibers. Due to this property, rather dense fabrics, cloth, drapes, felt, as well as felt and felted products are produced from wool. Wool has low thermal conductivity, which makes it indispensable in the production of winter clothes.

Silk- silk is called thin long threads produced by the silk glands of a silkworm (silkworm) and wound around a cocoon. Cocoon thread consists of two elementary threads (silk) glued together with sericin, a natural adhesive produced by the silkworm. Silk is especially sensitive to the action of ultraviolet rays, so the service life of natural silk products in sunlight decreases dramatically. Natural silk is used in the manufacture of fabrics and, in addition, is widely used in the production of sewing threads. Silk fabrics are light and durable. The strength of a silk thread is equal to that of a steel wire of the same diameter. Silk fabrics are created by twisting threads in various ways. This is how crepes, satin, gas, fi, chescha, velvet are obtained. They absorb moisture well (equal to half their own weight) and dry very quickly.

Chemical fibers

The production of chemical fibers and threads includes several main stages:

• obtaining raw materials and their pre-treatment;
• preparation of spinning solution and melt;
• spinning threads and fibers;
• their finishing and textile processing.

In the production of artificial and some types of synthetic fibers (polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl chloride), a spinning solution is used, in the production of polyamide, polyester, polyolefin and glass fibers, a spinning melt is used.

When forming threads, the spinning solution or melt is evenly fed and forced through spinnerets - the smallest holes in the working bodies of spinning machines.

The jets flowing out of the spinnerets solidify to form filaments, which are then wound onto the take-up devices. Upon receipt of the thread from the melt, their solidification occurs in the chambers, where they are cooled by a stream of inert gas or air. When obtaining threads from solutions, their solidification can occur in a dry environment in a stream of hot air (this method of spinning is called dry), or in a wet environment in a spinning bath (this method is called wet). Drawers can be of various shapes (round, square, triangular) and sizes. In the production of fibers in the spinneret, there can be up to 40,000 holes, and in the production of complex threads - from 12 to 50 holes.

The threads formed from one spinneret are combined into complex ones and subjected to drawing and heat treatment. As a result, the threads become stronger due to the better orientation of their macromolecules along the axis, but less extensible due to the greater straightening of their macromolecules. Therefore, after drawing, the threads undergo heat setting, where the molecules acquire a more curved shape while maintaining their orientation.

Finishing of threads is carried out in order to remove foreign impurities and contaminants from their surface and give them some properties (whiteness, softness, silkiness, removal of electrification).

After finishing, the threads are rewound into packages and sorted.

artificial fibers

Viscose fibers- these are fibers from an alkaline solution of xanthate. By its structure, viscose fiber is uneven: its outer shell has a better orientation of macromolecules than the inner one, where they are arranged randomly. Viscose fiber is a cylinder with longitudinal strokes formed during uneven solidification of the spinning solution.

Viscose is popular all over the world among leading fashion designers and buyers because of its silky luster, ability to dye in bright colors, softness and high hygroscopicity (35-40%), feeling cool in the heat.

Fiber Modal(Modal)- this is a modernized 100% viscose spinning fiber that meets all environmental requirements, is produced exclusively without the use of chlorine, does not contain harmful impurities. Its tensile strength is higher than that of viscose, and in terms of hygroscopicity it surpasses cotton (almost 1.5 times) - qualities that are so necessary for fabrics for bed linen. Modal and fabrics with Modal remain soft and supple even after repeated washes. This is because Modal's smooth surface prevents impurities (lime or detergent) from remaining on the fabric, making it hard to the touch. Products with Modal do not require the use of softeners when washing and retain their original colors and softness, giving a skin-to-skin feeling even after numerous washes.

Bamboo fiber(Bamboo)- regenerated cellulose fiber made from bamboo pulp. Thinness and whiteness resembles viscose, has high strength. Bamboo fiber eliminates odors, stops the growth of bacteria and kills them. The antibacterial substance of bamboo (“bambu ban”) has been isolated. The ability of bamboo fiber to stop growth and kill bacteria is maintained even after fifty washes.

There are two ways to produce bamboo fiber from bamboo, each of which is preceded by shredding the bamboo.

Chemical processing- hydrolysis-alkalinization: Caustic soda (NaOH) converts bamboo pulp into regenerated cellulose fiber (softens it). Carbon disulfide (CS2) is used for hydrolysis-alkalinization combined with multi-phase bleaching. This method is not environmentally friendly, but is used most often due to the speed of fiber production. Toxic residues from the process are washed out of the yarn during post-processing.

Mechanical restoration(same as flax and hemp): Bamboo pulp is softened with enzymes, after which individual fibers are combed out of it. This is an expensive method, but environmentally friendly.

Fiber Lyocell (Lyocell) are cellulose fibres. First manufactured in 1988 by Courtaulds Fibers UK in the S25 pilot plant. Lyocell is produced under various commercial names: Tencel® (Tenzel) - Lenzing company, Orcel® - VNIIPV (Russia, Mytishchi).

Lyocell fiber production is based on the process of direct dissolution of cellulose in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide.

Fabrics with Lyocell fibers are used in the manufacture of various clothing, mattress and pillow covers, bed linen.

Lyocell fabrics have a number of advantages: they are pleasant to the touch, durable, hygienic and environmentally friendly, more elastic and hygroscopic than cotton. It is believed that fabrics made from lyocell can seriously compete with fabrics made from natural fibers.

Lyocell belongs to a new generation of cellulose fibers. It absorbs moisture well and passes air, has high strength in a dry and wet state, and keeps its shape well. It has a soft sheen, inherent in natural silk. It is well painted, does not roll, does not change shape after washing. It does not require special care.

Synthetic fibers

Polyamide fibers- kapron, anide, enanth - the most widespread. The feedstock for it are the products of coal or oil processing - benzene and phenol. The fibers have a cylindrical shape, their cross section depends on the shape of the spinneret opening through which the polymers are pressed. Polyamide fibers are characterized by high tensile strength, resistance to abrasion, repeated bending, high chemical resistance, frost resistance, resistance to the action of microorganisms. Their main disadvantages are low hygroscopicity and light resistance, high electrification and low heat resistance. As a result of rapid “aging”, they turn yellow in the light, become brittle and hard. Polyamide fibers and threads are widely used in the production of knitwear mixed with other fibers and threads.

Polyester fiber - lavsan are produced from oil refinery products. In cross section, lavsan has the shape of a circle. One of the distinguishing properties of lavsan is its high elasticity, with an elongation of up to 8%, the deformations are completely reversible. Unlike nylon, lavsan is destroyed by the action of acids and alkalis on it, its hygroscopicity is lower than nylon (0.4%), therefore, lavsan in its pure form is not used for the production of household fabrics. The fiber is heat-resistant, has low thermal conductivity and high elasticity, which makes it possible to obtain products from it that retain their shape well; have little shrinkage. The disadvantages of the fiber are its increased rigidity, the ability to form pilling on the surface of products and strong electrification.

Lavsan is widely used in the production of fabrics mixed with wool, cotton, linen and viscose fiber, which gives the products increased resistance to abrasion and elasticity.

Polyacrylonitrile fiber - nitron. Polyacrylonitrile fibers are produced from acrylonitrile, a product of coal, oil or gas processing. Acrylonitrile polymerization turns into polyacrylonitrile, from the solution of which the fiber is formed. The fibers are then drawn, washed, oiled, crimped and dried. The fibers are produced in the form of long threads and staples. In appearance and feel, long fibers are similar to natural silk, and staple fibers are like natural wool. Products made from this fiber after washing completely retain their shape, do not require ironing. Nitron fiber has a number of valuable properties: it surpasses wool in terms of heat-shielding properties, has low hygroscopicity (1.5%), is softer and silkier than nylon and lavsan, resistant to mineral acids, alkalis, organic solvents, bacteria, mold, moths, nuclear radiation . In terms of abrasion resistance, nitron is inferior to polyamide and polyester fibers.

Polyurethane fiber - elastane or spandex. Fiber with low hygroscopicity. A feature of all polyurethane fibers is their high elasticity - their breaking elongation reaches 800%, the share of elastic and elastic deformation is 92-98%. It is this feature that determines the scope of their use. Spandex is mainly used in the manufacture of elastic products. With the use of this fiber, fabrics and knitted fabrics are produced for items of women's clothing, sportswear.