Popov V.L.

"Forensic Ballistics"

1. Determination of shot distance………………………… 1

2. Gunshot damage at close range.

Point-blank shot ………………………………………………….. 4

3. The first zone of close range shot……………….. 11

4. The second zone of close range shot………………… 11

5. The third zone of close range shot………………… 14

6. Damage from smoothbore shots

(hunting) weapons………………………………………….. 15

7. Damage from shots with blank cartridges…….. 42

8. Damage when fired from weapons with a silencer…. 47

9. Damage from construction and assembly pistols ... .. 53

10. Damage from pneumatic weapons……………….. 55

11. Forensic examination of traces

long-term gunshot wounds…………………. 58

12. Features of the inspection of the scene during

gunshot injuries………………………………… 59

13. Metals of shot products and their sources……………… 68

14. Distinctive features of stab and bullet

damage………………………………………………………… 69

15. Distinctive features of cut, chopped

and tangential gunshot injuries……………… 71

16. Signs of entry and exit bullet holes

on the skin when shot from a distance………….. 72

17. Differential diagnostic signs

inlet and outlet on woven fabrics

clothing when fired from close range…………….. 74

18. The sequence of the formation of firearms

damage………………………………………………………… 75

19. Verification of the shooter…………………………………………….. 75

20. Substantiation of conclusions during the examination of firearms

damage……………………………………………………….. 77

21. Examination of the corpse (description of the gunshot

damage……………………………………………………… 88

SHOT DISTANCE DETERMINATION

Determining the distance of a shot is one of the main issues to be resolved in the examination of gunshot injuries. The distance of a shot is usually determined according to three groups of signs: but the presence and nature of traces of a close shot, according to the degree of dispersion of automatic burst bullets; in case of wounds from a smooth-bore hunting weapon, according to the degree of dispersion of the shot charge.

close such a distance is considered when, in addition to a firearm, traces of a close shot are found on the target. This distance is determined by the maximum flight range and deposits in the area of ​​the input gunshot damage to powder grains and their residues. For most types of bullet firearms loaded with a cartridge with smokeless powder, this distance is determined within the range of up to 150-200 cm, particles of hunting rifles smoke gunpowder fly a little further (up to 300 cm). On a horizontal surface, particles are found at a distance of up to 500-600 cm.

The detection of at least single particles of gunpowder on the body or clothing makes it possible to positively resolve the issue of a close shot distance. However, establishing the fact of a close shot is only the first step in estimating the distance of a shot. Depending on the presence, nature, degree of severity, as well as the combination of individual traces (mechanical and chemical action of powder gases, soot, powder and metal particles, etc.), it is necessary to specify this distance, i.e., determine which zone of a close shot matches the nature of the gunshot wound.

first zone, its length is determined by the presence of traces of the mechanical action of gases. Within this zone, almost all or almost all factors of a close shot are realized. It distinguishes a shot at point-blank range and from a very close distance.

The nature and extent of gunshot damage when fired at point-blank range depends on many conditions, in particular, on the pressure of powder gases at the muzzle of the weapon, the presence or absence of a compensator, the density of contact between the muzzle end of the weapon and the body, the presence or absence of clothing, and also on the characteristics of the damaged part of the body .

For a point-blank shot, characteristic skin ruptures with detachment of the formed flaps and their sooting from the inside, the presence of a skin defect in the center of the wound, a small area of ​​sooting of the edges of the wound, slightly exceeding the diameter of the muzzle of the weapon, the presence of soot in the initial part of the wound channel and along it, the absence of traces of the action of powder particles along the edges of the wound if they are present in the depth of the wound channel. In other cases, the mechanical action of powder gases acquires a predominantly penetrating character - the entrance wound has a round shape with uneven scalloped raw edges, a skin defect that significantly exceeds the caliber of the bullet, with small radial skin ruptures, the deposition of soot along the edge of the wound in the form of a narrow saturated ring, sooting of the initial parts of the wound channel; there are no traces of the action of powder grains along the edges of the wound, since they, following the firearm and powder gases, penetrate directly into the wound channel.

One of the signs of a point-blank shot is the pronounced hydrodynamic effect of powder gases. When fired from this distance to the head, the damage is in the nature of destruction; injury to the chest and abdomen may be accompanied by extensive ruptures of internal organs.

An undoubted sign of a point-blank shot is a stamp-imprint. Depending on the device of the compensator, the soot, when fired at close range, can be deposited either eccentrically in the direction up and to the right (AKM), or on the sides of the inlet, respectively, to the side windows of the compensator (AK-74). More clearly, this sign is observed in the area of ​​input damage on clothing fabrics.

An increase in the volume of damage by powder gases along the wound channel can also serve as a sign of a point-blank shot. Such a picture is characteristic of wounds of thin parts of the body - hands and feet. With a tight stop to the palmar surface of the hand or the rear of the foot, the wound channel begins with a typical inlet with a skin defect, edge breaks, and a small amount of soot deposition. Towards the outlet due to expanding gases, the amount of tissue damage increases and the outlet is a lacerated wound with extensive skin ruptures of a cruciform, X-shaped or irregularly stellate shape, sometimes with soot deposits on the inner surface of the flaps and a skin defect in the center. On the radiograph of such a wound, a defect in soft tissues and bones is noted throughout the wound channel.

A sign of a point-blank shot is also damage such as complete or incomplete shooting of the end phalanges of the fingers. This type of damage is observed when firing from a weapon with a high pressure of powder gases at the muzzle (7.62-mm rifle, carbine, Kalashnikov assault rifle).

A close distance is understood as such a distance when not only a bullet affects the body, but also additional factors of a shot: flame, gases, soot, powders, gun oil. As you move away from the weapon, additional factors are considered in the form of a cone expanding in the direction of the bullet's flight. At the time of the shot, a flame appears at the muzzle of the weapon due to the explosion of products of incomplete combustion of gunpowder when they come into contact with atmospheric oxygen, the nature and magnitude of the muzzle flame depend on the type of gunpowder. Black or smoky powder produces a considerable flame and a large amount of red-hot unburned powders, which, having a thermal effect, can cause singing of hair and even clothing. The thermal effect of smokeless powder is much less pronounced. In this case, only the singing of the pile of clothing and fluffy hair of the skin may differ. Hot powder gases, flying out of the bore along with soot particles and powders, cause the formation of parchment stains around the inlet - the so-called bruising effect. These spots have a brownish color and are observed when shot at a distance of up to 8-10 cm. The soot spreads to a distance of 20-40 cm. The closer the distance, the more intense the soot coating and the smaller the diameter of the soot circle.

The inlet hole when fired at close range has a round or oval shape (depending on the angle of the shot) with a tissue defect in the circumference of the hole, a coating of soot and powder or only powder is detected (depending on the distance of the shot). When fired from lubricated weapons, additional factors include gun oil particles that are found around the inlet when fired at close range. In the absence of additional factors of a shot in the conclusion, the forensic expert indicates that no signs of a shot were found at close range.

Shot from a short distance (from a long distance)

Shot with not close distance- this is a shot from such a distance when only a bullet acts on the body, and additional factors of the shot are not detected. The inlet hole when fired from a short distance has a round or oval shape. The tissue defect is due to the penetrating effect of the bullet; the rim of the wound occurs as a result of the concussive action of the bullet, which upsets the edges of the inlet.

In addition, the need to take into account the possibility of the Vinogradov effect, when the bullet forms a belt of wiping (contamination) along the edges of the inlet as a result of the fact that, passing through the bore, it carries away particles of lubricating oils on its surface and in the so-called vacuum tail (pulley space), soot, metal. The deposition of these particles occurs on the second layer of the multilayer barrier.

Thus, summing up the issue under consideration, it should be noted that in forensic medicine and forensic science there are three distances of a shot: a shot at close range, a shot at close range (from a long distance). Determination of the distance of the shot is based on the study of the parameters of the entrance wound and the wound channel, as well as adjacent areas for the presence and nature of the deposition of additional factors of the shot.

A firearm is a specially designed and manufactured device designed to mechanically hit a target at a distance with a projectile that receives directed movement due to the energy of a powder or other charge.

Gunshot damage is the damage that occurs as a result of a shot from a firearm.

Firearms are divided into types (civilian, service, military), according to the length of the barrel (long-barreled, medium-barreled and short-barreled), according to the cutting of the barrel (rifled, smooth-bore). Small-caliber weapons are called weapons with an internal bore diameter of 5-6 mm, medium-caliber - 7-9 mm, large-caliber - 10 mm or more.

A cartridge for a military weapon consists of a firearm (bullet), a cartridge case, a charge of gunpowder and a primer. A cartridge for hunting weapons consists of a brass, plastic or cardboard sleeve, a projectile covered with a wad, gunpowder covered with a cardboard gasket and a wad, and a primer. The projectile in a hunting cartridge can be shot, buckshot, special bullets. Hunting cartridges are loaded with black powder. Wads are made from felt, cardboard, plastic, etc. Capsules in hunting cartridges are similar to combat ones.

The damaging factors of a shot are divided into the main ones (bullet, shot, buckshot, wad, fragments of an exploding projectile) and additional ones (pre-bullet air, powder gases, soot, powder particles, microparticles from the barrel, primer, gun grease).

When a bullet impacts an object, secondary projectiles can be formed: fragments of an obstacle, fragments of clothing, fragments of bones. In some cases, the muzzle end and moving parts of the weapon, buttstock, fragments of an exploding weapon can be affected.

Due to the high speed and hence the high kinetic energy of a firearm, it is capable of causing damage in any part of the outer ballistic trajectory. Additional factors can cause damage only at a certain distance when flying out of the weapon's barrel. If the damage is inflicted within the reach of additional factors of the shot, they speak of a close distance of the shot, and outside of their action, when the damage is inflicted only by the bullet, it is said to be not close.

With a gunshot wound, through, blind and tangential bullet wounds can form.

A through bullet wound is called a wound that has an input and output gunshot wounds connected by a wound channel. Penetrating wounds arise from the action of a bullet with high kinetic energy, or when wounding thin parts of the body or only soft tissues.

A typical entrance gunshot wound is small in size, round in shape, in the center of it there is a skin defect (minus-tissue), which has the form of a cone, the apex facing inward, the edges are uneven, with short radial ruptures of the surface layers of the skin that do not extend beyond the belt of deposition, surrounding defect. If the bullet penetrates the body at an angle close to a straight line, then the width of the belt of deposition along its entire perimeter is the same and amounts to 1–3 mm. If the bullet penetrates the body at an acute angle, then the girdle will be wider on the side of the bullet flight, since in this place the contact area between the skin and the bullet is the largest. The belt of sedimentation looks like a dark narrow strip along the edge of the skin wound. The outer diameter of the belt of sedimentation is approximately equal to the caliber of the firearm. The surface of the belt of deposition is contaminated with the metal of the bullet surface. Hence the other names: pollution belt, metallization belt, rubdown belt.

Exit gunshot wounds are more variable in shape, size and nature of the edges. They usually do not have a sedimentation belt and a metallization belt. The defect in the area of ​​the exit wound is either absent or has the shape of a cone with its apex facing outward.

The main distinguishing feature of the entrance gunshot injury on the flat bones of the skull is a chip of the inner bone plate, forming a funnel-shaped defect, opened in the direction of the bullet's flight. Output gunshot injury is characterized by a chipping of the outer bone plate.

When a through wound is formed, it is necessary to differentiate the inlet from the outlet. Differential diagnosis should be based on a comparative assessment of the entire set of morphological features.

Inlet features:

1) the shape of the hole is round or oval due to the presence of a defect, occasionally crescentic or irregular;

2) the shape of the defect is cone-shaped with an inward-facing apex, sometimes irregularly cylindrical or similar to an hourglass;

3) dimensions - a defect in the dermis is always smaller than the diameter of the bullet; a defect in the epidermis approximately equal to the diameter of the bullet;

4) wound edges - the edges of the defect in the dermis are often finely scalloped, sometimes even and sloping;

5) the belt of deposition is usually well-defined, 1-3 mm wide, its outer diameter is approximately equal to the diameter of the bullet;

6) there is a wiping belt either on the skin or on clothing; when injured through clothing, the edges may be contaminated with threads of clothing;

7) metallization of the edges is usually available according to the rubdown belt; may sometimes be absent in wounds through thick clothing;

8) the imprint of the fabric of clothing in the form of small abrasions is not found.

Exit signs:

1) the shape of the hole is irregularly stellate, slit-like, arcuate, often without tissue defects, sometimes round or oval with a slight tissue defect;

2) the shape of the defect (if any) is cone-shaped with the apex facing outward;

3) size - often larger than the size of the inlet, sometimes equal to it or less than it;

4) edges - usually uneven, often turned outward;

5) the belt of deposition is often absent, sometimes well expressed due to the impact of the edges on the clothes;

6) wiping belt, as a rule, is absent, the edges may be contaminated with threads of clothing;

7) metallization of the edges - often absent;

8) an imprint of the fabric of clothing in the form of small abrasions is sometimes found around the hole or near one edge of it.

The wound channel can be:

1) rectilinear;

2) broken - with an internal ricochet from the bone or fascia, the bullet abruptly changes direction, resulting in the formation of bone fragments, secondary projectiles;

3) girdle - meeting dense tissues along a tangent trajectory, the bullet describes an arcuate trajectory;

4) intermittent - during the flight, the bullet consistently damages different parts of the body (thigh - thigh, arm - torso, etc.) and forms two wound channels;

5) step-like - due to the displacement of organs (for example, intestinal loops) after a bullet lesion.

Blind is called such a bullet wound, in which the firearm remained in the body. Blind wounds are usually caused by bullets with low kinetic energy due to its low initial speed, unstable flight, design features that lead to its rapid destruction in the tissues, a large distance to the target, preliminary interaction of the bullet with an obstacle, damage to a large array of dense and soft tissues in the body , internal rebound, for example in the cranial cavity.

Tangential bullet wounds occur if the bullet does not penetrate the body and forms an open wound channel in the form of an elongated wound or abrasion. The entrance end of the wound is rounded, with a defect in the skin and small radial skin ruptures that do not go beyond the semicircular sedimentation. The greatest depth of the wound at its input end. The general shape of the wound is in the form of a gutter, thinning towards the exit end.

Tissue damage is accompanied by the transfer of a part of its energy by the bullet. The resulting sharp fluctuation of tissues increases damage along the wound channel and causes new ones in places remote from it. This effect is more pronounced when a bullet passes through a full stomach, brain (hydrodynamic effect).

Passing through clothing, skin and other formations, the bullet moves the embossed tissue along the wound channel. There is a "skid" of the tissue in places that are unusual for the location.

Damage caused by bullets fired from modern models of hand-held small-caliber combat firearms has certain morphological features: more often than when fired from medium-caliber weapons, blind wounds are formed, in a gunshot wound there can be many metal fragments of a destroyed fragmented bullet, exit gunshot wounds are very extensive, and often represented by one or more small lesions. These features of damage depend on the ability of the bullets fired from these weapons to give all or almost all of their kinetic energy to the affected tissues. This is due to the high muzzle velocity of the bullet, combined with its low stability in flight, as the center of gravity of the bullet is shifted towards its tail. As a result, the head of the bullet in flight performs rotational movements of large amplitude.

Shot at close range

When fired at close range, tissue damage is caused by the main and additional damaging factors.

Additional factors of a shot within close range have a different effect depending on the distance between the muzzle of the weapon and the object being struck. In this regard, a point-blank shot is distinguished, when the muzzle of the weapon at the time of the shot is in contact with the surface of clothing or a damaged part of the body, and three conditional zones, when the muzzle at the time of the shot is at some distance from the object being struck.

I - zone of predominant mechanical action of powder gases.

II - a zone of pronounced action of shot soot, powder grains and metal particles.

III - zone of deposition of powder grains and metal particles.

In the I zone of a close shot, the entrance gunshot wound is formed due to the bursting and concussive action of powder gases and the penetrating action of a bullet. The edges of the wound may be torn. If there are no ruptures, then the wound is surrounded by a wide annular sedimentation (a bruising effect of gases). The effect of powder gases in zone I is limited to skin damage and does not extend into the depth of the wound channel. Around the wound there is an intense deposition of dark gray, almost black soot and powder grains. The area of ​​deposition of soot and powder grains increases as the distance from the muzzle of the weapon to the target at the time of the shot increases. According to the area of ​​soot deposition, the thermal effect of powder gases may appear in the form of shedding of vellus hair or clothing fibers. Around the entrance wound, when using ultraviolet rays, splashes of gun grease in the form of multiple luminescent small spots can be detected. The length of zone I depends on the power of the weapon used: for a Makarov pistol, this zone is about 1 cm, for a Kalashnikov assault rifle with a caliber of 7.62 mm - up to 3 cm, for a rifle - about 5 cm, AK-74U - up to 12–15 cm.

In the II zone of a close shot, the wound is formed only by a bullet. Soot, powder grains, metal particles, splashes of gun grease are deposited around the entrance wound. As the distance from the muzzle of the weapon barrel to the object being struck increases, the area of ​​deposition of additional factors of the shot increases, and the intensity of the soot color decreases. For many samples of modern handguns II, the close shot zone extends up to 25–35 cm. Soot and powder grains fly in the direction opposite to the direction of the shot, settling within a radius of 30–50 cm, and sometimes even 100 cm.

In the III zone of a close shot, the wound is formed only by a bullet. Powder grains and metal particles are deposited around it. When fired from a Makarov pistol, these particles can be detected at a great distance - up to 150 cm from the muzzle, from a Kalashnikov assault rifle - up to 200 cm, from a rifle - up to 250 cm. On a horizontal surface, particles are found at a distance of up to 6–8 m. increasing the distance, the number of powder grains and metal particles reaching the target becomes less and less. At extreme distances, as a rule, single particles are detected.

Point-blank shot

When fired point-blank at a right angle to the body surface, the pre-bullet air and part of the powder gases, acting compactly, pierce the skin, expand in all directions in the initial part of the wound channel, exfoliate the skin and forcefully press it against the muzzle end of the weapon, forming a bruise in the form of its imprint, stamp. Sometimes there are breaks in the skin. Together with powder gases, soot, powders and metal particles rush into the wound channel. Penetrating into the wound channel, powder gases interact with blood and form oxy- and carboxyhemoglobin (bright red color of tissues). If the powder gases reach the hollow organs, then, sharply expanding, they cause extensive ruptures of the internal organs.

Signs of a point-blank shot:

1) the inlet on clothing and skin - star-shaped, less often - angular or rounded;

2) a large defect in the skin, exceeding the caliber of the firearm, as a result of the penetrating action of powder gases;

3) detachment of the skin along the edges of the entrance gunshot wound, ruptures of the edges of the skin as a result of the penetration of powder gases under the skin and their explosive action;

4) abrasion or bruising in the form of a stamp - an imprint of the muzzle end of the weapon (punching mark) due to the sticking of skin on the barrel, exfoliated by powder gases that have penetrated under the skin and expanded (an absolute sign);

5) extensive ruptures of internal organs as a consequence of the explosive action of powder gases that have penetrated into cavities or hollow organs;

6) skin ruptures in the area of ​​the exit wound in case of damage to thin parts of the body (fingers, hand, forearm, lower leg, foot) as a result of the explosive action of powder gases;

7) the presence of soot only along the edges of the entrance wound and in the depth of the wound channel due to a tight stop, making it impossible for them to penetrate into the environment;

8) light red coloration of the muscles in the area of ​​the entrance wound due to the chemical action of powder gases, which causes the formation of oxy- and carboxyhemoglobin.

When fired point-blank at a certain angle to the body surface, part of the powder gases, soot, powder has a damaging effect on the skin surface near the wound, which leads to the formation of unilateral skin ruptures and eccentric deposition of soot and powders near the edges of the entrance gunshot wound.

Shot at close range

A sign of a shot from a short distance is the absence of deposits of soot and powders around the inlet. The bullet forms a wound with the features described above.

However, there are cases of soot deposition on the inner layers of clothing and the skin of the body, covered with multilayer clothing (Vinogradov phenomenon). A similar phenomenon of a shot from a short distance must be preceded by the conditions:

1) the speed of the bullet at the moment of impact must be high, not less than 450 m/s;

2) the distance between the layers of clothing is 0.5–1.0 cm.

During the flight, small zones of air turbulence form around the side surface of the bullet, in which soot can spread along with the projectile. This soot, at the moment of formation of a hole in the surface layer of clothing by a bullet, reaches the deep layers of clothing or skin and is fan-shaped fixed around the inlet in them.

shot wound

After the shot, the shot charge usually flies as a single compact mass over a distance of one meter, then individual pellets begin to separate from it, after 2–5 m the shot charge completely crumbles. The shot range is 200–400 m.

A point-blank shot causes a significant amount of internal damage, such as the complete destruction of the head. When fired at point-blank range, extensive skin defects, an imprint of the muzzle of the 2nd barrel, soot in the depths of the wound channel and light red staining of the muscles are observed. With a loose stop and a very close distance, skin burns are observed from the pronounced thermal effect of black powder.

When shots within one meter, one entrance gunshot wound is formed with a diameter of 2-4 cm with uneven scalloped sooty edges. At a distance of 1 to 2-5 m, the main entrance gunshot hole of a similar size and nature is formed, around which there are separate round wounds with a small skin defect, raw and metallized edges. As the shot distance approaches 2–5 m, the number of such wounds increases. At distances exceeding 2–5 m, only separate small round wounds are formed from the action of single pellets. Shot wounds are usually blind.

When shot with a hunting shotgun cartridge, damage can be caused by wads, some of which (for example, felt ones) fly up to 40 m. Wads have a mechanical, and in some cases, local thermal effect.

Automatic burst wounds

Due to the high rate of fire, the mutual position of the weapon and the victim during the automatic burst practically does not change. When shot at close range, this can lead to the formation of connected (double or triple) wounds. Gunshot injuries caused by automatic burst bullets are characterized by a complex of the following distinctive features: multiplicity, one-sided, and sometimes close to each other location of input gunshot wounds, their similar shape and size, parallel or somewhat divergent direction of wound channels, as well as properties of input wounds, allowing their occurrence when fired from one distance. When firing in a short burst at a distance close to the stop, the wounds are located next to one another, when firing in a long burst from an insufficiently firmly fixed weapon, they are scattered. When fired in bursts from a short distance, the body is hit by one, less often by two bullets.

An explosion is a pulsed release of a large amount of energy as a result of physical or chemical transformations of matter.

In forensic practice, the most common injuries are from explosions of explosives. During the explosion, a detonation wave occurs, which is a chemical process of converting a solid explosive into gaseous products.

Instantly expanding, gases create powerful pressure on the environment and lead to significant destruction. At a short distance from the center of the explosion, they have a thermal and chemical effect. They are conditionally called explosive gases. Continuing to expand, they form a shock wave, at the front of which a pressure of up to 200–300 thousand atm is created. As the distance from the explosion center increases, the surface of the shock wave front gradually increases, while its velocity and pressure decrease.

As a result of detonation, individual particles can detach from the mass of the explosive, which, together with the shell and other elements of the explosive device, scatter at a separation speed of about 1000 m/s.

Explosive gases and a shock wave can destroy various obstacles, forming fragments of secondary projectiles.

The damaging factors of the explosion include:

1) explosive gases, explosive particles, explosion soot;

2) shock wave;

3) fragments and particles of an explosive device - fragments and parts of a fuse, fragments of an explosive device shell;

4) special damaging agents: elements of mechanical action (balls, rods, arrows, etc.), chemical substances, thermal substances (phosphorus, napalm, etc.);

5) secondary projectiles - fragments of destroyed barriers, surrounding objects, parts of clothing and footwear, destroyed and torn off parts of the body.

Damage resulting from the action of these factors is called blast injury.

Explosive gases act mechanically, thermally and chemically. The nature of the mechanical action depends on the magnitude of the charge and the distance from the center of the explosion. Explosive gases destroy skin at a distance of 2 times the explosive charge radius, and textile fabrics at a distance of 10 explosive charge radii. The destructive effect is expressed in extensive defects and crushing of soft tissues.

Skin ruptures from the action of explosive gases are observed at a distance of 10, and textile fabrics - 20 explosive radii. Explosive action is expressed in ruptures of the skin and stratification of soft tissues.

The damaging effect of explosive gases on the skin is observed at a distance of up to 20 charge radii. It manifests itself in the form of precipitation and intradermal hemorrhages, sometimes repeating the shape of the folds of the victim's clothing.

The thermal effect of gases is expressed in the form of hair loss and rarely superficial skin burns, and the chemical effect is in the formation of oxy-, sulfo-, meth- and carboxyhemoglobin in destroyed soft tissues.

Explosive particles are capable of exerting local mechanical (small abrasions, bruises, superficial wounds), thermal and chemical effects (burns). Explosion carbon black usually impregnates the superficial layers of the epidermis.

The consequences of the action of the shock wave are similar to injuries from blows with a blunt solid object with a wide flat traumatic surface. A pressure drop in the front of the shock wave of 0.2–0.3 kg/cm2 can lead to rupture of the eardrums, 0.7–1.0 kg/cm2 can cause fatal damage to internal organs.

The lungs on the side facing the center of the explosion are more likely to suffer. In the parenchyma of the lungs, hemorrhages are observed mainly in the region of the apexes, the hepatic surface and in the root zone. Under the pleura of the lungs, multiple punctate hemorrhages are visible, located in accordance with the intercostal spaces.

Passing from the air into the liquid media of the body, the shock wave, due to the high density and incompressibility of these media, can increase the speed of its propagation and lead to significant damage. This phenomenon is called an inward explosion.

Fragments and parts of an explosive device have different energies depending on their mass and density, the power of the explosion and the distance from its center. Therefore, shrapnel damage is very variable.

Depending on what factors had a damaging effect, three distances are distinguished:

1) very close (contact explosion or contact) - detonation products, shock wave and fragments act;

2) relatively close - damage is formed from the combined action of a shock wave and fragments;

3) not close - only fragments act.

Damage from secondary projectiles can occur at any of the three ranges.

Concepts - distance and shot distance.

shot distance- this is a qualitative characteristic, which is manifested by the presence or absence of products associated with a shot in the area of ​​​​the entrance gunshot wound or on clothing, as well as some morphological features of the entrance gunshot wound.

Shot distance- this is an absolute value, defined in units of measurement - centimeters, meters, kilometers, etc.

In forensic practice, the concept of a shot distance is used.

There are the following shot distances:

• - distant distance;
• - close distance;
• - point blank: dense and loose (Fig. 7).

Rice. 7

The infliction of gunshot damage outside the range of products accompanying the shot, only by a bullet, indicates a shot from a long distance.

In the case of damage within the reach of additional factors of the shot, but without contact between the muzzle and the target, one speaks of a close shot distance.

If at the time of the shot the muzzle of the barrel was in close or loose contact with the target surface (skin, clothing), they speak of point-blank distance.

The mechanism of formation of a gunshot wound at different distances of the shot.

When fired from distant distances only the bullet has a damaging effect. It has a predominantly mechanical effect. Depending on the kinetic energy, when in contact with the surface of the skin, the bullet has either a penetrating, or a wedge-shaped or bruising effect. A bullet with high kinetic energy, when fired from a long distance, forms a typical entrance gunshot wound - small, round or oval in shape, in the center of its skin defect: “minus” tissue, uneven edges, with short, not extending beyond the belt of deposition, radial breaks in the superficial layers of the skin. The outer diameter of the belt of precipitation (Fig. 8) is approximately equal to the caliber of the firearm (bullet diameter). The surface of the belt of precipitation is contaminated with the metal of the surface of the bullet, hence the other names - the belt of contamination, the belt of metallization, the belt of rubbing.

Rice. eight

After initial contact with the skin, after 0.0005 s, a penetrating projectile transfers a significant amount of energy to the soft tissues. At the point where the projectile passes from a less dense medium (air) to a more dense one (soft tissues), a temporary pulsating cavity is formed, which reaches its largest size after 0.005 s, then gradually pulsates with decreasing amplitude, and decreases by 0.08 second. The pulsating cavity begins to form during the passage of the bullet. Temporary pulsating cavity- this is a wave-like process in the soft tissues around the wound channel, which occurs at the moment of energy transfer to them by a firearm during the formation of damage. It is expressed by a sharp increase, and then a sharp decrease in pressure in the tissues and has the following properties:

• - significantly exceeds the diameter of the bullet,
• - accompanied by a wave-like process of pressure change in the zone of this "cavity",
• - accompanied by the formation of vacuum cavities in the tissues - the phenomenon of cavitation;
• - forms a significant area of ​​soft tissue microdamage around the wound channel.

The time of existence of a pulsating cavity can exceed the time of passage of a bullet through the entire wound channel by tens of times. The dimensions of the cavity, the duration and number of pulsations, the amount of pressure on the surrounding tissues depend on the amount of energy absorbed by the tissues. Firearms with a speed of 400 m / s lead to two pulsating movements of the temporary cavity with a duration of 0.02 s, at 730 m / s - to five pulsations with a duration of 0.2 s, and at 990 m / s - to eight movements duration 0.25 s.

In case of bullet wounds from far and in the 3rd zone of close range (outside the zone of action of soot), inflicted through clothing, on the skin or on the second layer of clothing, a gray soot deposit may form (Fig. 9), similar to soot from a close shot (phenomenon Vinogradov). It occurs when there is a free gap of 1-5 cm between a thin layer of clothing and the body or between two layers of clothing, and there is a sufficient amount of soot on the surface of the bullet. In this case, the bullet leaves a significant part of the soot and other contaminants at the edges of the hole in the first layer of clothing, mainly in the form of a wiping belt. Due to the rarefaction of air behind the bullet and the sharp oscillatory movements of the edges of this hole, particles of soot and other contaminants break off from the edges of the hole, rush after the bullet and settle around the inlet on the second layer of fabric or on the skin. Small scraps of thread fibers from the edges of the first hole are attached to these particles. The method of color prints in these deposits reveals traces of metal, similar to the metal of the wiping belt.

Rice. nine Sign of Vinogradov: a) rubdown belt on the first layer of clothing; b) deposition of soot on the second layer of the barrier (shooting distance 10 m)

These deposits differ from the soot of a close shot by a paler shade, small size (its diameter is 1.5–3.5 cm), a jagged or radiant peripheral border, and sometimes the presence of a narrow light gap along the edges of the hole. Their main difference is the absence of traces of a close shot on the first layer of clothing.

When fired from close range acting: bullet and additional factors of the shot. Additional shot factors within close range have a different effect depending on the distance between the muzzle of the weapon and the target. When fired at close range, they distinguish three zones(Fig. 10), which differ in the action of various products accompanying the shot and infliction of various amounts of damage in the area of ​​the entrance gunshot wound:

I -- zone predominant mechanical action of powder gases;

II -- zone pronounced action of shot soot, powders and metal particles;

III -- zone deposits of powders and metal particles.

Schematic representation of close shot zones

AT I zone close shot, the entrance gunshot wound is formed due to the explosive and concussive action of powder gases, the penetrating action of the firearm. The action of powder gases is often limited by a skin rupture that does not extend into the depth of the wound channel through which the firearm passes. If ruptures are not formed, then the wound is formed by the action of the projectile. The skin around the wound is surrounded by a wide annular abrasion due to the concussive effect of gases - the ring of "air precipitation". Around the wound there is an intense deposition of dark gray, almost black soot and powders. The area of ​​deposition of soot and powders increases as the distance from the muzzle of the weapon to the target at the time of the shot increases. According to the area of ​​soot deposition, the thermal effect of powder gases can manifest itself in the form of scorching of fluffy hair or clothing fibers. Around the entrance wound, when using ultraviolet rays, multiple small luminescent drops (spots) can be detected - splashes of gun grease. The length of zone I depends on the power of the type of weapon used, for example: for a Makarov pistol, this zone is about 1 cm, Kalashnikov assault rifle caliber 7.62 mm - up to 3 cm, for a rifle -- about 5 cm.

In II zone a close shot wound is formed only by a bullet. Soot, powders, metal particles, spray drops of gun grease are deposited around the entrance wound. As the distance from the muzzle of the weapon barrel to the object being struck increases, the area of ​​deposition of additional factors of the shot increases, and the intensity of the soot color decreases. For many samples of modern firearms, the II close-range zone extends up to 25-35 cm. Soot and powders also fly in the direction opposite to the direction of the shot, settling on the shooter, the people around him and objects within a radius of 30-50, and sometimes 100 cm. Taking into account the fact that the nature of deposits of soot, powders and metal particles depends on many factors, in order to determine the distance of a shot in each case, experimental shooting is carried out in a ballistic laboratory in compliance with the conditions of the incident and its results are compared with the nature of the damage under study.

AT III zone a close shot wound is formed only by a bullet. Powders and metal particles are deposited around it. When fired from a Makarov pistol, these particles can be detected on the target at a great distance - up to 150 cm from the muzzle, Kalashnikov assault rifle - up to 200 cm, rifles - up to 250 cm. On a horizontal surface, particles are found at distances up to 6-8 m. As the distance increases, the number of powders and metal particles reaching the striking object becomes less and less. At the limiting (max) distances, as a rule, single particles are detected.

When fired point blank at a right angle to the surface of the damaged part of the body (Fig. 11), the pre-bullet air and part of the powder gases emitted in front of the bullet from the bore, acting compactly, pierce the skin and, expanding in all directions in the initial part of the wound channel, begin to destroy the subcutaneous fat. The main volume of powder gases after passing the bullet continues to destroy fatty tissue, exfoliates the skin and hits it with force on the muzzle end of the weapon, forming a “stamp-imprint” (stamp mark) of the muzzle.

Rice. eleven

Sometimes the strength limits of the skin are exhausted and its gaps are formed in the radial directions. Together with powder gases, shot soot, powders and metal particles rush into the wound channel. Penetrating into the wound channel, powder gases interact with blood-rich tissues and form carboxyhemoglobin, carboxymyoglobin, methemoglobin and other compounds in them. If powder gases with high pressure reach cavities and hollow organs, then, expanding sharply, they can cause extensive ruptures in the tissue of internal organs.

The described mechanism is the basis for understanding the essence of the following morphological features of a point-blank shot:

• - a large defect in the skin, as a result of the penetrating action of powder gases;
• - detachment of the skin along the edges of the entrance gunshot wound, ruptures of the edges of the skin as a result of the penetration of powder gases under the skin and their explosive action;
• - abrasion or bruising in the form of a stamp-imprint of the muzzle end of the weapon due to impact and pushing on the muzzle of the barrel of the skin, exfoliated by penetrating under the skin and expanding powder gases,
• - extensive ruptures of internal organs - a consequence of the explosive action of powder gases that have penetrated into cavities or hollow organs;
• - skin ruptures in the area of ​​the exit wound in case of damage to thin parts of the body (fingers, hand, forearm, shin, foot) as a result of the explosive action of powder gases;
• - the presence of soot only in the cavity of the wound channel due to a tight stop, making it impossible for them to penetrate into the environment;
• - bright red color of the muscles in the area of ​​the entrance wound due to the chemical action of powder gases.

Due to the design features of the muzzle end of the barrel of some types of weapons (windows-holes for the removal of powder gases, obliquely cut muzzle end, etc.), individual signs of a point-blank shot may be absent.

When fired at stop at a certain angle (loose stop) to the surface of the damaged part of the body, the bulk of the powder gases, soot, powder penetrates into the wound channel, some of these additional factors of the shot have a damaging effect on the skin surface near the wound. This leads to the formation of unilateral skin ruptures and an asymmetric deposition of soot and powders near the edges of the entrance gunshot wound.

In a number of cases, an eccentric, butterfly-shaped, three- or six-petal arrangement of soot near the edges of a gunshot wound (Fig. 12) is determined by the design of the muzzle of some weapons (the presence of a muzzle brake, a flame arrester, etc.).

Rice. 12

b - Entrance gunshot wound when fired at "point-blank range" from 7.62-mm AKM - "eccentric" soot deposition.

c - Inlet gunshot hole on clothing when fired at point-blank range from a 5.56-mm M-16 rifle - "six-petal" soot deposits

Morphological features of typical entry bullet gunshot wounds formed at different shot distances weapons without muzzle brakes, flame arresters and other devices.

All entry gunshot wounds inflicted by a bullet with high kinetic energy at different firing distances have similar morphological features: the shape of the wound is round or oval, the “minus tissue” defect, and the circular band of deposition. However, depending on different shot distances, different shot factors can act on the target, which determine the presence or absence of additional damage.

At long range shot, the entrance gunshot wound (Fig. 13) has the following differential morphological features:

• - defect "minus fabric",
• - the absence of factors of a close shot (soot, powders, metal particles) on the skin around the wound.

Rice. thirteen

When fired corresponding 3rd close range zone

• - the shape of the wound is round or oval less than the diameter of the bullet,
• - defect "minus fabric",
• - circular belt of sedimentation and wiping (contamination) of the edge,
• - the presence of factors of a close shot around the wound at considerable distances, in the form of single unburned powders that have penetrated the skin, visible to the eye, as well as metal particles in the skin, detected by X-ray.

When fired corresponding 2nd close range zone, the entrance gunshot wound has the following differential morphological features:

• - the shape of the wound is round or oval less than the diameter of the bullet,
• - defect "minus fabric",
• - circular belt of sedimentation and wiping (contamination) of the edge,
• - the presence of close shot factors on the skin around the wound in the form of gray-black soot of varying intensity, the introduction of single unburned powders visible to the eye, as well as metal particles in the skin, detected by x-ray.

When fired corresponding 1st close range zone, due to the mechanical action of powder gases, the entrance gunshot wounds have a significant variability in shape and have the following differential morphological features (weapons without muzzle brake devices, flame arresters, etc.):

• - the shape of the wound is linear or stellate with a round or oval “minus tissue” defect in its central part when the edges are brought together, without skin detachment,
• - the size of the defect "minus the fabric" is less than the diameter of the bullet,
• - a circular belt of air precipitation on the skin around the wound,
• - a circular belt of shedding and wiping (contamination) of the edge around the “minus tissue” defect,
• - the presence of close shot factors on the skin around the wound in the form of gray-black soot, the introduction of single unburned powders visible to the eye, as well as metal particles in the skin, detected by x-ray.

Shot point blank is determined by the following morphological features of the entrance gunshot wound (weapons without muzzle brake devices, flame arresters, etc.):

• - the shape of the wound is round, corresponds to or exceeds the diameter of the bullet, with radial linear breaks in the edges (subject to the underlying bone, for example, on the head), with an average length of 0.5-1 cm to 3.5-5 cm, depending on the type of weapon.
• - stamp-imprint (stamp mark) of the muzzle of the barrel of a firearm,
• - the edges of the wound are uneven, crushed,
• - the presence of factors of a close shot in the cavity of the wound channel in the form of an overlay of gray-black soot with the presence of unburned powders and metal particles.

Shot in position loose stop gives the following morphological features of the entrance gunshot wound (weapons without muzzle brake devices, flame arresters, etc.):

• - the shape of the wound is irregularly rounded or oval, corresponds to or exceeds the diameter of the bullet (in terms of the minimum diameter), with radial linear ruptures of the edges located asymmetrically.
• - destruction of subcutaneous fat with skin detachment,
• - a fragment of a stamp-imprint (stamp mark) of the muzzle of the barrel of a firearm,
• - defect "minus tissue" in the center of the wound when the edges are brought together,
• - circular belt of sedimentation of the edge,
• - the presence of asymmetrically located factors of a close shot around the gunshot wound in the form of an overlay of grey-black soot with the presence of unburned powders and metal particles.
• - the presence of factors of a close shot in the cavity of the wound channel in the form of an overlay of grey-black soot, unburned powders and metal particles.
• - bright red staining of muscles and soft tissues in the initial section of the wound channel due to the chemical action of powder gases.

Bullet with low kinetic energy at long range shot, forms an entrance gunshot wound, similar to a wound from the action of a stabbing object, and has the following differential morphological features:

• - the shape of the wound is slit-like or star-shaped, larger than the diameter of the bullet,
• - no “minus fabric” defect,
• - slight edging of the edges,
• - absence of factors of a close shot (soot, powders, metal particles) on the skin around the wound,
• - blind, short wound channel.

Characteristics of exit gunshot wounds.

Exit gunshot wounds are formed at the moment of exit of the firearm from the tissues (Fig. 14), they are more variable in shape, size, and have the following morphological features:

• - the shape of the wound is linear (slit-like) or stellate,
• - the absence of a belt of sedimentation,
• - no “minus fabric” defect.

Rice. fourteen Exit gunshot wound: a) before matching the edges, b) after matching the edges

The belt of rawness at the exit wound occurs under special conditions - when the body area in the area of ​​the exit wound is pressed against a dense barrier at the time of the lesion. This leads to the impact of the edges of the exit wound on the surface of the barrier and the formation of abrasions. For the formation of sedimentation of the edges of the exit wound, it is enough to have such an obstacle as a waist belt. Differential diagnosis of input and output gunshot wounds is based on a comparative assessment of the entire set of differential morphological features.

Morphological signs of entry and exit bullet wounds on the skin when shot from a short distance are reflected in table No. 5:

Table 5

Examining the wound and suspecting self-mutilation, the doctor will first of all face the question of the distance from which the shot was fired. It is impossible to answer this essential question without special knowledge, without having an idea about the methods for determining the distance. Knowing how helpless doctors, non-forensic doctors and even surgeons are in this respect, observing gunshot wounds almost daily, it is necessary to point out the main elementary signs that characterize a shot from various distances from handguns.

In forensic practice, the following distances are distinguished from which a shot can be fired: 1) Point-blank shot. 2) Shot at close range. 3) Shot from a short or long distance.

All three distances can take place in self-mutilation.

1. When fired at close range, the weapon is attached directly to the body (or clothing). With this position of the weapon, in addition to the bullet, gases, soot and powders also act on the tissues. The action of these components of the shot (the so-called "secondary factors of the shot") can be detected by examining the wound, as well as clothing, and is therefore evidence of a point-blank shot.

Gases break out of the bore under very high pressure and, penetrating after the bullet into the bullet channel, stretch, delaminate and tear the body tissues in the area of ​​the inlet (skin and deeper tissues). The strength of the gases depends on the amount of gunpowder in the cartridge, and therefore on the weapon system. When fired point-blank from a revolver of the Nagant system or a TT pistol, the effect of powder gases will be more pronounced than when fired from a Korovin pistol. When fired at point-blank range from a rifle, carbine, light machine gun, the explosive action of gases will give a much greater effect than when fired from revolvers and pistols. In the same way, the depth of action of gases on tissues depends on the size of the powder charge. The greater the charge of gunpowder in the cartridge, the more widespread and deeper the gases will act. So, when fired from a rifle at point-blank range in the chest, the explosive effect of gases can even affect the skin at the exit hole on the back, while when fired from a revolver or pistol, it can be limited to tissue damage only in the area of ​​​​the inlet.

The effect of gases on soft tissues is especially strong when shots are fired at such parts of the body where the bone is close under the skin (head, lower leg). In these cases, gases penetrating into the bullet channel behind the bullet, encountering an obstacle in the form of a dense tissue (bone), spread to its surface, exfoliate soft tissues, lift them up and break them. When shot at point-blank range, after the bullet, along with gases, soot and powders penetrate into the bullet drip, which can be detected when examining the wound at the edges and in its depths on the bones, muscles and tendons. If the weapon at the time of the shot was firmly attached to the surface of the body, then there may not be soot in the circumference of the inlet, but in depth, the wound, along the bullet channel, the tissues will be abundantly stained with soot, which is better detected after bleeding stops. If the weapon is not attached close, but at an angle or only touches the skin, then in the circumference of the wound along its edges there is a rather intense blackening of the skin from the layering of soot that breaks through between the end of the barrel and the skin.

By the shape of the soot belt around the inlet, one can determine the position of the weapon and the angle at which it was attached to the surface of the body at the time of the shot.

The explosive effect of gases on tissues and the introduction of soot and powders into the bullet channel can be observed not only when shot at close range, but also when shot at a distance of several centimeters (5-9), mainly when shot from a rifle.

When fired from a weapon placed close to the surface of the body, gases breaking through into the bullet channel lift the skin from the inside and press it against the barrel, due to which the muzzle imprint, the so-called “stamp mark”, sometimes remains on the skin. Thus, the signs of a point-blank shot are:

a) breaks in the edges of the inlet; b) the presence of soot and powders on the tissues in the depths of the zero channel; c) the imprint of a weapon on the skin at the inlet (relatively rare). Breaks in the skin and stamp marks do not always occur when shot at point-blank range. Soot and powders in the depths of the wound are found necessarily.

2. Shot at close range. Such a shot is spoken of in those cases when, in addition to the bullet, the action of the so-called additional factors of the shot also affects: gases, flames, soot and powders. When fired, powder gases escape from the barrel, carrying soot and partially burnt or completely unburned powders along with them for some distance. The distance at which the action of additional factors of the shot may affect practically does not exceed 1 meter (100 cm). The range of action of individual factors is not the same. Gases cease to act first, then flames, soot, and finally powders. The weapon system is also significant. Pistols of the Korovin system have shorter close shot limits than a revolver of the Nagant system, a TT pistol or a rifle.

Let us analyze the effect of individual additional factors of the shot.

Gases. The action of powder gases was described in the analysis of a point-blank shot.

Flame. The action of the flame when fired from handguns can only take place if the cartridges are supplied with black powder. And since the cartridges of modern weapons, which are in service with the army, are supplied with smokeless or low-smoke gunpowder, the action of the flame when fired from this type of weapon at close range does not take place. This can be seen if a number of shots are fired at close range from various weapon systems into flammable objects (cotton wool, tow, fabrics). The main mistake of both doctors and military investigators is that they turn all their attention to searching for traces of a burn, find a "burn" where it cannot be, and fix such a "burn" in the examination protocols and in medical certificates. It must be firmly established that shots at close range from modern hand-held combat weapons do not burn or ignite tissue.

Soot. The effect of soot on the fabric is at a distance of up to 20-30-35 cm, depending on the weapon system and the quality of the gunpowder. When flying out of the barrel, the soot and powders are dispersed in the form of a cone with its base facing the direction of the bullet's flight. As the distance increases, the base of the cone, and hence the area of ​​blackening of the skin from soot, increases. At the same time, the intensity of tissue staining with soot decreases. When shot at a very close distance (3-5 cm), the soot is located around the inlet in the form of a narrow band of black or dark gray. As the distance increases, the intensity of the blackening belt decreases and a light gray zone appears outside of it. As the distance increases, the staining of fabrics with soot becomes more uniform. Against the background of the soot belt, one can observe the alternation of lighter and darker concentric circles of soot. This is due to the fact that the column of soot, hitting the surface, then spreads over it in waves. Radial streaks of soot are explained by the influence of rifling in the bore. When the distance increases up to 20-35 cm, the soot stops its action and the traces of soot disappear. Therefore, if traces of soot are found around the wound, then it can be concluded that the shot was fired from a distance of no more than 20-35 cm. On light fabrics of clothing, the effect of soot is detected much better than on the skin. On dark fabrics (overcoat cloth, etc.), soot and powders are more difficult to distinguish.

Powders. The combustion of gunpowder in the cartridge when fired is never complete. Some of the powders burn out incompletely, some remain completely unburned. When fired, unburned and burnt powders fly out of the barrel along with the gases and rush forward after the bullet. When fired at close range, the powders, together with soot, penetrate into the wound, where they can be found. With an increase in the distance between the end of the barrel and the surface into which the shot was fired, the powders begin to disperse, like soot, in the form of a cone with its base turned towards the direction of the bullet's flight. At close range, the powders act like small projectiles. They can embed themselves in the skin or rebound from it, leaving behind small, reddish-colored lesions in the epidermis. At a very close distance (3-5 cm), the powders densely cover the skin in the circumference of the inlet and are clearly visible against the background of soot. With increasing distance, the scattering area of ​​the powders increases, and their number decreases. With an increase in the distance of more than one meter, the action of the powders practically ceases.

Thus, a sign of a shot at close range is the presence of soot and powders in the circumference of the wound.

All of the above also applies to shots through clothing or objects that mask a close shot. In these cases, signs of a point-blank or close-range shot will be expressed on clothing or on the object through which the shot was fired (see above).

3. Shot at a long distance.

If the shot is fired from a distance of more than one meter, then the additional factors of the shot - gases, soot and powders - no longer have their effect, and the expert, therefore, is deprived of the opportunity to accurately determine the distance from which the shot was fired. In his opinion, he can only indicate that there were no signs of a shot at close range and no circumferential inlet.

The effect of additional shot factors for some systems

modern military weapons

The data on the action of additional factors of a shot for some systems of modern military weapons are as follows: 1.

Three-line rifle model 1891/30 Ordinary ammo.

Tears in clothing fabrics, as well as in skin, are possible and observed when shots are fired from a distance of up to 10 cm.

Light gray soot is clearly visible up to a distance of 15 cm and weakly - up to a distance of 25 cm. When shot from a distance of more than 25 cm, soot is no longer visible.

Powders are clearly visible in the circumference of the inlet up to a distance of 50 cm, over 50 cm and up to 100 cm there are only single powders. 2.

Self-loading rifle model 1940

The self-loading rifle is equipped with a muzzle brake, which reduces the effect of recoil on the shooter's shoulder. Through the slots of the muzzle brake, part of the gases, and consequently, soot and powder, goes to the sides, which explains some of the features of the action of additional factors when firing from a self-loading rifle.

Tears in the fabrics of clothing and skin are observed only when shot at point-blank range and to a much lesser extent than when shot from a rifle of the 1891/30 model.

The soot is clearly visible up to a distance of 10 cm, 15 cm and barely noticeable at a distance of 20 cm. When shot from a distance of more than 20 cm, the soot is no longer visible.

Powders are clearly visible up to 25 cm. At a distance of 30 to 50 cm, single powders can be seen around the inlet. From 70 to 100 cm, single powders are difficult to detect. When shot from a distance of more than one meter, there are no powders. 3.

Pistol - machine gun model 1940 (PPD).

Tears in the fabrics of clothing and skin only with point-blank shots.

The soot is clearly visible when shot from a distance of 15 cm, from 15 to 20 cm the soot is hardly noticeable. At a distance of more than 20 cm, there is no soot.

Powders are clearly visible up to a distance of 20 cm. At a distance of 30 cm, single powders are found in the circumference of the inlet. When shot from a distance of 50 cm and above, the powders can no longer be detected. 4.

The submachine gun of the 1941 model (PPTTT) has a casing ending with a muzzle brake. There is a free gap between the muzzle and the front surface of the muzzle brake, therefore, in fact, when fired at close range, this weapon is attached not by the muzzle, but by the front surface of the muzzle brake. This explains the features of the IIIIITT action. As in a self-loading rifle, through the holes of the muzzle brake, part of the gases, soot and powders go to the sides, which is why the effect of additional factors of the shot is less pronounced than with PPD.

Tears in clothing fabrics when fired at close range are either absent or very weakly expressed. It can therefore be assumed (we are not in a position to verify this experimentally) that skin ruptures when fired at point-blank range will also be absent or very weakly expressed.

The soot is clearly visible when fired from a distance of up to 10 cm, faintly visible at a distance of 15 cm and absent when fired from a distance of 20 cm.

Powders are clearly visible up to a distance of 10 cm, weakly with shots from 10 to 20 cm and from 20 to 30 cm single powders are noticeable. At a distance of more than 30 cm, there are no powders. 5.

Model 1930 pistol (TT)

Tears in clothing and skin only when shot at close range. The gaps, like those of a submachine gun and a self-loading rifle, are much less than with shots from a three-line rifle.

The soot is clearly visible up to a distance of 15 cm, from 15 to 30 cm it is hardly noticeable. When shot from a distance of more than 30 cm, there is no soot.

Powders are clearly visible up to a distance of 20 cm. At a distance of 30 cm, single powders are found. When shot from a distance of 50 cm and above, the powders are not detected. 6.

Model 1895 revolver ("Nagant")

Tears in the fabrics of clothing and skin are observed only with point-blank shots.

The soot is clearly visible at a distance of up to 15 cm, from 15 to 20 cm there are faint traces of horsetail. When shot from a distance of more than 20 cm, there is no soot.