PETER I ordered the Admiralty to open schools for training in maritime affairs, in which only Russian citizens were allowed to enter.

Coronation of Emperor PAUL I in Moscow.

Paul I on the day of his coronation proclaimed the Decree on the restriction of corvee
This legislative act became one of the most important reforms of the Pavlovian era, distinguished by decisiveness and extraordinary intensity of legislative activity.

According to this decree, the landowners were strictly forbidden to force the peasants to work on Sundays: "so that no one under any circumstances would dare to force the peasants to work on Sundays." In addition, the decree proclaimed that henceforth the corvee, until that moment almost daily, was reduced to three days.

True, the manifesto was for the most part advisory in nature and, as a rule, was not implemented. Nevertheless, this was still the first attempt by the government to limit the exploitation of the peasants.

Russian historian Vasily Klyuchevsky wrote:

“Legislation has never gone at such an accelerated pace, perhaps even under Peter I: changes, new charters, regulations, new exact rules, strict accountability everywhere.”

N. G. CHERNYSHEVSKY finished work on the novel “What is to be done?”. The question posed by him is still trying to be solved.

1866 145 years ago

The revolutionary terrorist D.V. KARAKOZOV at the Summer Garden shot at Emperor ALEXANDER II, but missed. Osip KOMISSAROV, a worker from the peasants of the Kostroma province, prevented him. So Kostroma residents saved the sovereign's life for the second time. The assassin was immediately arrested and placed in Alekseevsky ravelin. Later, the court sentenced him to death by hanging, the government reaction intensified, which, in particular, led to the closure of the Sovremennik and Russkoye Slovo magazines.

1898
The first edition of the works of A. M. GORKY "Essays and Stories" was published.

1905

The first Russian trade union, the Union of Printing Workers, was created in St. Petersburg. Their heirs believe that everything is wrong, and are going to celebrate the anniversary in the fall.

1924
A monument to V. I. LENIN was laid at the Finland Station in Leningrad. The famous "Lenin on an armored car" by sculptor YEVSEEV and architect SCHUKO will be opened on the 9th anniversary of the October Revolution.

1926 85 years ago
The newspaper "Zarya Vostoka" (Tiflis) published a poem by V. MAYAKOVSKY "To Sergei Yesenin", which polemicized with YESENIN's dying essay and ended with the lines:

It is not difficult to die in this life.
Make life much more difficult.

The Central Executive Committee of the USSR introduced the honorary title of Hero of the Soviet Union - the highest degree of distinction for services to the state associated with the accomplishment of a heroic deed. In a few days the names of the first heroes will be announced. The first person to be awarded this title was the pilot Anatoly LYAPIDEVSKY, who was awarded him, like six of his comrades, for rescuing the crew members and passengers in distress on the Chelyuskin steamer.

Anatoly Lyapidevsky

1945

The beginning of the Berlin operation of the troops of the 1st, 2nd Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian fronts.

1947

Former adviser to US President Franklin Delano ROOSEVELT, financier Bernard Baruch, speaking before the legislature of the state of South Carolina, for the first time described relations between the US and the Soviet Union as "a state of cold war." The expression was picked up by New York Tribune journalist Walter LIPPMAN. When in the autumn his articles were published as a separate book with the title “Cold War. About US foreign policy”, this expression has become firmly established in everyday life and has become a characteristic of world politics in subsequent decades.

1970

Negotiations between the USSR and the USA on the limitation of strategic arms began in Vienna.

The Lenin Memorial opened in Ulyanovsk.

The memorial Museum of the Red Latvian Riflemen was opened in Riga. Now the exposition of the museum has changed, and it is called the Museum of the 50-year occupation of Latvia, and the former heroes are trampled into the mud not only at home, but also in Russia, regardless of their beliefs.

1990

The next issue of the magazine "Soviet Screen" has been signed for printing, in which the results of the traditional poll of readers who have named the best films and actors of the past year for the 32nd time have been summed up.

So, the best film of 1989 was named "Intergirl" by Pyotr TODOROVSKY.

Following him are Solovki Power, Frenchman, Black Rose - the emblem of sadness, red rose - the emblem of love, SIR, Arsonists, Dolly, Needle, For Beautiful Ladies, Scorched by Kandahar", "Kill the Dragon", "Fountain", "Shock", "Fatal Mistake", "Two Arrows".

Finally, the best foreign films were named first - “Romancing the Stone” (USA), “Crocodile Dundee - 2” (Australia), “Escape” (France), “Once Upon a Time in America” (USA), “Italian Marriage” "(Italy), and then the paintings of the socialist countries are modestly highlighted - "The Cat Trap" (Hungary), "The 13th Bride of the Prince" (Bulgaria), "The Peacock Princess" (China), "Hon Gil Don" (DPRK), "Wonderful Forest (Yugoslavia)".

Elena YAKOVLEVA (“Intergirl”) was named the actress of the year, Viktor Tsoi (“The Needle”) was named the actor, followed by Natalya ANDREICHENKO and Alexander Abdulova, who played the heroes of the film “Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District”.

The best among foreign actors were Liza MINNELLI (“Cabaret”) and Michael DOUGLAS (“Romancing the Stone”).

The worst film was "The Ship" by Alexander IVANOV-SUKHAREVSKY.

Alexander KARELIN became the European heavyweight champion in Greco-Roman wrestling for the 12th time. This victory came to him in Moscow.

Born on this day

1881 130 years ago
Sergei Sergeevich KAMENEV
(1881 - 25.8.1936),
commander of the 1st rank, second commander in chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic.

1901 110 years ago
Nikolay Pavlovich AKIMOV
(1901 - 6.9.196,
director and theater artist. In 1935-49 and since 1955 he was the chief director of the Leningrad Comedy Theater. The director became famous back in 1932 with the production of Hamlet, which interpreted Shakespeare's play in a very unusual way (in particular, the ghost of the king-father was staged by Hamlet to achieve his goals, and Ophelia drowned after a drunken orgy).

1912
Evgeny Valerianovich SAMOILOV
(1912 - 17.2.2006),
theater and film actor ("Shchors", "Hearts of Four", "At six o'clock in the evening after the war"), People's Artist of the USSR (1974). Father of Tatyana Samoilova.

1914
Mark Lazarevich GALLAY
(1914 - 14.7.199,
Honored Test Pilot of the USSR, Hero of the Soviet Union, writer.

1929
Zoya Borisovna BOGUSLAVSKAYA
(1929),
writer, playwright, theater and film critic, CEO of the Triumph Independent Prize Foundation.

1933
Vera Samoilovna KREPKINA
(1933),
Honored Master of Sports.

One of the best Soviet sprinters (in 1958, she was the first in the USSR to become the world record holder in the 100 m - 11.3 seconds) repeatedly became the champion of the country, was the European champion in the relay race, competed twice at the Olympics, but with the greatest success achieved at her third Olympics. In 1960, she got into the team that went to the Olympics in Rome at the last moment. A year before her, Krepkina was removed from the national team due to Botkin's illness. In addition, she was the only mother in the team, and then it was “not recommended” for the athletes. She was taken to Rome... as a long jumper. On August 31, the athletics program of the Olympics began with this type. Already reaching the final of the competition was considered a great success for Krepkina, and in the fifth attempt she set a new Olympic record - 637 cm and, unexpectedly for everyone, became the champion. An interesting coincidence: Krepkina's height is 159 cm, and she got this number in the team. After the victory, weightlifter Yuri VLASOV picked it up and carried it around the stadium on one arm. Later, he also became the champion and one of the heroes of the Games, and the athletes of the USSR national team won 11 gold medals in these competitions. Krepkina was awarded the Order of Lenin. It is strange that in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia the name of Krepkina is mentioned only in a review article, and in the reference book "Stars of Sports" there is not a word about her victory and award, which was almost mandatory in those days when athletes became national heroes, and the state spent in this targeted policy.

1941 70 years ago
Sergei Petrovich NIKONENKO
(1941),
film actor.

1945
Nikolai Nikolaevich MERZLIKIN
(1945 - 3.1.2007),
film actor ("Zosya", "Without the right to make a mistake").

1964
Irina MINH
(1964),
basketball player, Olympic champion in 1992, silver medalist of the 1988 Olympics.

1973
Oksana ERMAKOVA
(1973),
fencer, two-time Olympic champion. In Sydney and Athens, she won the team epee competition.

passed away

1113
SVYATOPOLK IZYASLAVICH
(1050 - 1113),
Grand Duke of Kyiv (since 1093). Prior to taking the throne, he reigned in Polotsk, Novgorod, and Turov. He was cruel, greedy and power-hungry without mind and firmness. On his death, the boyars and the whole squad wept, but the chronicler did not mention a word about the cry of the people.

1913
Gabdulla TUKAY/Gabdulla Mukhamedgarifovich TUKAEV/
(April 26, 1886, the village of Kushlauch, now the Arsk region of Tatarstan - 1913, Kazan),
Tatar poet, publicist.

1979
Anatoly A. KHARLAMPIEV
(29.10.1906, Smolensk - 1979),
one of the creators of sambo wrestling, its main promoter, Honored Master of Sports, Honored Trainer of the USSR.

2005
Vyacheslav Ivanovich DYOGTEV
(10.8.1959 - 2005),
writer.

On the one hand, he is a laureate of the Andrey Platonov Prize (although it is not clear who established it and for what it is awarded), on the other hand, in 2003 he was nominated for a more famous, all-Russian (and even more) scale, but completely inconsistent with its name award " National Bestseller".

Used materials from the site "This day in history"

Surely many of you are interested in the history of the world and your country, the distant and recent past, past events, memorable dates, significant and significant development successes and all kinds of discoveries, as well as folk signs, as we are sure, everyone does not mind knowing which of the famous and successful people was born April 16, in different years and eras.

Below you will find out how certain past and real events on April 16 influenced the course of world history, or of a particular country, what the date of this day was remembered for, what kind of incident, something unusual, this day was remembered for, and also what is remarkable the date of this day, who was born and died from famous people and much more. In a word - we will help you to understand all this in more detail and to our advantage. You will find on this page all the answers to these topics of interest, we have tried to put together as many materials as possible for this day of the year.

Who was born on April 16

Evgeny Valerianovich Samoilov. Born on April 3 (16), 1912 in St. Petersburg - died on February 17, 2006 in Moscow. Soviet and Russian theater and film actor. People's Artist of the USSR (1974)

Anatole France (fr. Anatole France; real name - Francois Anatole Thibaut, April 16, 1844, Paris, France - October 12, 1924, Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire, France) - French writer and literary critic. Member of the French Academy (1896). Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1921), the money of which he donated to the benefit of the starving Russia

Edmond Jabes (fr. Edmond Jabès, April 16, 1912, Cairo - January 2, 1991, Paris) - French poet

Zoya Boguslavskaya (04/16/1929 [Moscow]) - Soviet and Russian writer, prose writer, essayist, playwright

Conchita Martinez (April 16, 1972 [Monzón]) is a Spanish professional tennis player.

Lara Datta (04/16/1978 [Ghaziabad]) - Indian model and actress

Henri (04/16/1955) - Grand Duke of Luxembourg

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (April 16, 1947 [Manhattan]) is a legendary American basketball player, coach, actor, and writer.

Margrethe II (04/16/1940 [Amalienborg]) - Queen of Denmark from 01/14/1972 and head of the Danish state

Edie Adams (04/16/1927 [Kingston, Pennsylvania] - 10/15/2008 [Los Angeles]) - American actress, singer

Dusty Springfield (04/16/1939 [London] - 03/02/1999) - British singer

Radiy Pogodin (04/16/1925 [Duplyovo village, Novgorod region] - 03/30/1993 [Leningrad]) - Soviet writer, artist, poet, screenwriter

Tsal Melamed (04/16/1910 - 07/03/1992) - Latvian Soviet satirist writer

Ernst Telman (04/16/1886 - 08/18/1944) - leader of the German and international labor movement

Nikolai Vvedensky (04/16/1852 [v. Kochkov] - 09/16/1922) - an outstanding Russian physiologist

Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun (04/16/1755 [Paris] - 03/30/1842 [Paris]) - French artist

Treintier Keever (04/16/1616 [Edam] - 07/22/1633) - the tallest woman

John II of France (04/16/1319 - 04/08/1364) - French king from the Valois dynasty

in 1889, Charlie Chaplin, the greatest comedian of all time, the creator of the image of a little man with a cane, was born in London

Peter Ustinov was born in London in 1921 and played Batiatus in Spartacus and Poirot in Death on the Nile.

in 1941, actor Sergei Nikonenko was born in Moscow, who played Viktor Gordeev in the TV series "Kamenskaya", Nikolai Romakhin in the film "Tomorrow there was a war" and Roman Glodov in the film "The Sixth"

Ellen Barkin, an actress born in New York in 1954, played Annette Atkins in Killer Beauties, Joyce Victor in Changelings, and Empress in Endgame from Hell.

Actor Martin Lawrence was born in Frankfurt am Main in 1965. He played Marcus Barnett in Bad Boys, Malcolm in Big Momma's House and Jamal Walker in Black Knight.

Jon Cryer was born in New York in 1965 and played Alan Harper in the TV series Two and a Half Men and the movie Back to Back.

in 1969, the actor Alexander Semchev was born in Vyshny Volochek, who played Yemelyanov in the film "Election Day", Trepko in the film "Hunting for the Manchurian Deer" and Major Bondarenko in the film "Toys"

Akon was born in Missouri in 1973.

David Lyons was born in Melbourne in 1976 and played Sebastian Monroe in the TV series Revolution and Turney in the movie Safe Haven.

in 1978, the actor Ivan Urgant was born in Leningrad, who played Boris in the films "Christmas Trees", Danya in the film "Freaks" and Garik in the film "Three and a Snowflake"

Gina Carano was born in Dallas in 1982 and played Riley in Fast & Furious 6, Veretta in Blood and Bone, and Ava in Blood Vengeance.

Actress Claire Foy was born in Stockport in 1984. She played Kate Balfour in Skull and Bones, Miss Carp in Vampire Academy, and Dawn in The Busters.

Lorraine Nicholson, an actress born in Los Angeles in 1990, played Alana Blanchard in Soul Surfer, Samantha Newman in Click: Remote for Life, and Princess Lorraine in The Princess Diaries 2.

Dates April 16

In Bulgaria - Lawyer's Day

In Denmark - Queen Margrethe's birthday

According to the folk calendar, this is Nikita Vodopol or Treat of the Water

On this day, they either drowned a stolen horse, or to appease the merman, they threw coins into the water and poured oil

Also on April 16, bread crumbs, fish from the first catch, a pinch of tobacco, and the remains of wine were thrown into the water.

When they realized that Vodyanoy had calmed down, it was possible to go fishing

But great grief awaited people if Vodyanoy did not accept the treat and left the reservoir - it was believed that then a good catch would no longer have to wait

Events took place on April 16 - historical dates

Isaac Newton was knighted in 1705 for correctly interpreting the impact of a fallen apple

Georges Buffon died in 1788, a naturalist who made one of the first attempts to classify animal species, the author of the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe birth of the Earth after a comet collided with the Sun

Vasily Chichagov, Russian navigator and admiral, died in 1809

Francisco Goya, a Spanish graphic artist and draftsman, died in 1828, author of the engravings "The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters" and "Caprichos"

in 1871, Berlin becomes the capital of Germany, a city whose symbol is considered a bear

in 1934 the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was established

in 2011, an agreement on a visa-free regime was signed between Russia and Turkey, the tourists were delighted.

April 16 events

April 16, 1618 - English scientist William Harvey outlined a new theory of the circulatory system in the body of warm-blooded animals, which was later confirmed in practice.

On that day, a well-known scientist and physician announced the development of a new theory of the circulatory system in humans and warm-blooded animals. After the experiments and experiments, he made an unexpected conclusion that human blood moves in two circles: large and small.

Ten years later, the scientist published a major publication detailing his theory. Harvey's works overturned all ideas about the structure of the circulatory system, based up to that point on the conclusions of the ancient healer Claudius Galen, who believed that not one blood flows in the human body, but two completely different liquids.

April 16, 1797 - The coronation of Paul the First and the publication of his Decree on the limitation of corvee

On the day of his coronation, Emperor Paul the First issued a Decree on the weakening of the corvee. This reform became one of the most important in the Pavlovsk period. According to the new legislative act, the landowners were strictly forbidden to force the peasants to work on Sundays. Moreover, now work on the land of the landowner could be carried out no more than three times a week.

Many landowners were naturally dissatisfied with the law and were in no hurry to follow the new rules. And let Paul's Decree on the weakening of the corvee was more of a recommendatory character, but it was he who initiated the shift to improve the peasant's existence.

Signs April 16 - the day of Nikita Vodopol, Count

They said that it was on Nikita that Vodyanoy woke up. Moreover, he was in a very bad mood.

Therefore, on April 16, the peasants brought tribute to him at midnight and asked him not to frighten good people and, especially, children, not to expel fish from rivers and ponds.

The people on April 16 were called nothing more than the Treat of the Waterman, Nikitin's Day, Vodopol, Nikita the Icebreaker, Agafya the Icebreaker. All this was connected with the flood of the rivers and the awakening of the Waterman. From hunger and annoyance, this spirit tortured small fish to death and crushed the ice, and therefore, they tried to appease him.

It was believed that for three days the spirit was waiting for gifts from people, and at that time it was possible to appease him, otherwise the Vodyanoy would exterminate the fish and leave for other reservoirs. However, usually the fishermen tried to prevent this and on April 16 they performed rituals that, it was believed, helped appease the spirit. For example, they could, without haggling, buy the worst and oldest horse together.

For the rest of the time, she was fattened, and on the last evening she was smeared with salt and honey, woven red ribbons into her mane, tied her legs with ropes and fastened old millstones around her neck. Then at midnight they went to the river, and. if that night the ice had not yet melted, then the horse was lowered into the hole.

If the river was clean, then the animal was simply pushed to the middle of the reservoir. At that time, one of the fishermen listened to the water and gave signs when the horse could be drowned - this was announced by a dull sound or a groan, and the water began to splash.

After the horse drowned, the fisherman poured oil into the river and told the waterman to treat himself well, after which he would not cause trouble to people. Also, Vodyanoy could be treated with millet porridge, a loaf of bread, and chicken giblets. Then the fishermen regaled the Waterman once more if they failed to take part in the night ritual.

On April 16, bread crumbs, fish from the first catch, a pinch of tobacco, and the remains of wine were thrown into the water. When they understood that Vodyanoy had calmed down, it was possible to go fishing. But great grief awaited people if Vodyanoy did not accept the treat and left the reservoir - it was believed that then a good catch would no longer have to wait.

Police Day in Armenia

On April 16, the Armenian police celebrate their professional holiday - Police Day, which was announced in connection with the adoption of the law "On Police" in 2001 on April 16. According to this Law, the police of Armenia were assigned the tasks of ensuring human security - the prevention, prevention and suppression of crimes of administrative offenses, as well as conducting a preliminary investigation of criminal cases and detecting crimes.

Constitution Day in Bulgaria

Bulgaria April 16 - Constitution Day - the supreme law of the country, which in 1879 was adopted by the First Great People's Assembly of the country and was at that time the most progressive Constitution. It secured for Bulgaria the state structure of a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary legislative power. The powers of the monarch then steadily increased, and in 1934 the Constitution was completely violated by the regime of personal power of Boris III. All parties and the cabinet of ministers in Bulgaria were banned. And only after September 9, 1944, the Constitution of Bulgaria was briefly restored, but after the referendum in 1946, the Great National Assembly was again convened.

Unusual holidays

Have you ever celebrated the Day of the transformation of a monkey into a man? Today, April 16, you can think about the process of turning a monkey into a man.

Monkey to Human Day

Do you know why apes don't turn into humans now? But this is a very topical issue today for those people who are opponents of Darwinism. Some scientists believe that the process of turning a monkey into a man is long and ranges from 3 to 5 million years. I wonder how fast the reverse process goes?

Church holiday according to the folk calendar

Nikita Vodopol, Treat the water man

The day of April 16 was popularly called the day of Nikita Vodopol or Treat of the water in honor of the Confessor, hegumen - the monastery of Nikita of Media, who lived in the 8th-9th centuries.
The rapid melting of snow began with the feast of Nikita. On this day, ice floes rush along the river with might and main, and if the river overflows its banks, then the flood can bring a lot of trouble - the river will sweep away everything that is in its path.
It was very important for the peasants at that time to understand in advance how much water would spill. The height of the flood among the people was often determined by the height of the bird's nest of the sandpiper or by the holes of moles, because they never dig the ground below the flood level.
On this day, our ancestors believed that the water one wakes up from hibernation, so they tried to appease him with all sorts of treats - some with porridge, some with bread, and some with chicken offal. If the water does not eat this food, then the peasants said that in the spring it would be useful to the creatures that live in the depths of the river.
On this day, the fishermen especially tried to appease the merman, they asked for good luck in fishing, pouring oil into the river. The most superstitious peasants considered it the worst sign if the waterman did not accept the gift.
Name day April 16 at Nikita
April 16 is also celebrated:
- Charlie Chaplin Day
— Cinnamon Wind Day.

April 16 in history

1932 - The production of equipment for the radio center is being established at the Leningrad Radio Plant and the first domestic televisions are manufactured.
1934 - The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was established.
1936 - Creation of the Union of Artists of Dagestan.
1944 - The Red Army liberated the city of Yalta from the Nazis.
1944 - Soviet troops crossed the Dniester.
1945 - The Red Army launched the Berlin offensive.
1945 - American troops take Nuremberg
1963 - Great Britain granted political asylum to pianist Vladimir Ashkenazy.
1975 - Former chairman of the KGB, chairman of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions A. N. Shelepin was removed from the Politburo.
1996 - During the First Chechen War, the 245th motorized rifle regiment of the Russian army was ambushed near the village of Yaryshmardy. According to official figures, 53 servicemen were killed, 52 wounded.
2001 - Due to unprofitability, the Segodnya newspaper, owned by V. Gusinsky, was closed.
2009 - From 00:00 the regime of the counter-terrorist operation in Chechnya is lifted

In 1607, British ships anchored in the Chesapeake Bay off the coast of North America. They belonged to a private London company, which received from the English king James the First the right to develop land in the area of ​​​​the current state of Virginia.

Soon, the first English settlement in North America, Jamestown, was founded north of Roanoke Island. England sent a governor to govern the colony. After 5 years, tobacco began to be grown in these places, the trade in which brought huge profits. One of the settlers gratefully wrote: "Never were heaven and earth so agreed in creating a place for human habitation."

This event was the finale of the last Scottish rebellion of 1745–46. The denouement of the tragedy occurred early in the morning on the heather-covered peat bogs of Culloden Moor. Tired of the night march, hungry and discouraged, the 6,000-strong rebel army, which consisted mainly of highlanders, met with the 12,000-strong government army of the Duke of Cumberland. The forces were unequal, the losses of the highlanders are huge. The “enlightened humanist” Sir Cumberland ordered the wounded rebels who remained on the battlefield to be sure to finish off without missing a single one.

The result of the suppression of the uprising was the famous act of suppressing the identity of the Scots. From now on, they could not wear traditional clothes, speak the Gaelic language, and generally lead the way of life bequeathed by their ancestors. In fact, this was the beginning of a new path for the development of Scotland....

In 1756, the life of the mechanic, inventor and sculptor Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov ended.

A master who could "create machines with machines" was spoken of.
Nartov is an associate of Lomonosov at the Academy of Sciences, the creator of original machine tools of various designs, a specialist in the field of coinage and Russian artillery. Finally, the personal turner of Peter the Great and the author of the memoirs Memorable Narratives and Speeches of Peter the Great.

In 1797, the solemn coronation of Emperor Paul I took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

In the ceremony dedicated to the day of Easter, the divine status of what was happening was emphasized in every possible way. The most important moments - the laying of the crown, the presentation of regalia - were accompanied by bells and cannon fire. “On the day of the coronation of Emperor Paul the First,” historians noted, “three festivities were combined: church, state and royal.”

Actor and director Charles Spencer Chaplin was born in 1889. A poet and a vagabond, a "pilgrim of the century", a living target for countless blows of fate, which he fearlessly resisted.
He said: "I became rich by playing the poor." The extraordinary talent of a mime, polished on the stage of London variety shows, gave his image the scale of a Shakespearean jester. Since 1915, fame has accompanied him, and the character he created is inscribed in the Book of Cinema.

Chaplin "created a new form of laughter," wrote Jean Cocteau. - Laughter, which oppresses, like suffering.

Even during his lifetime there were legends about him. For example, it was said that the American Institute of Public Opinion calculated the three most famous people of all time: Jesus Christ was in the first place, Charlie Chaplin was in the second, Napoleon Bonaparte was in the third ... The great comedian himself called himself "The Eighth Wonder of the World." He became the father of the last, eleventh, child at the age of 80. Upon learning of Chaplin's death, Bob Hope, himself a "living Hollywood legend", was brief: "We were lucky to be his contemporaries."

The main task of the census was to record the food resources of the country. Subsequently, the researchers critically assessed the results of this event. Untrained personnel from among the villagers were involved as scribes. Many were indifferent to the matter, their work sinned with illiteracy and inaccuracies. In addition, a significant number of men were in the army, so women were often interviewed, who, due to ignorance, could not give accurate information.

As a result, there was an underestimation of the registered phenomena. The second agricultural census was carried out in the summer and autumn of 1917 according to a more extensive program. The next one, held in 1920, reflected the fundamental changes in the agricultural sector after the October Revolution.

In 1921, the actor, director, journalist, writer and public figure Peter Ustinov was born.

He said: "I was born an Englishman without a drop of English blood." Father is a Russian citizen of German origin, mother is the niece of Alexander Benois. At the age of 18, Ustinov first appeared on the stage, at 19 he wrote his first play; at 24, he sold his first screenplay, and at 25, he directed his first film.

He was called one of the most brilliant British actors and the first wit in all of England. Sir Peter's humorous oral stories have become legendary. He once said: "I am irrevocably engaged to laughter, the sound of which has always seemed to me the most civilized music."

In 1941, the actor and director Sergei Nikonenko was born into a family of workers. Today he is one of the most sought-after actors in Russian cinema. The number of paintings in which Sergey Petrovich starred exceeded a hundred. And in the creative baggage of Nikonenko, the director, there are 12 films.

His first notable acting work was the role of Yuri Pavlov in Sergei Gerasimov's film People and Beasts, which was released in 1962. The hero, played by Nikonenko, opens his heart to a person with a difficult fate, because he is sure that humanity and the need for truth will certainly win. After the films “Shurka Chooses the Sea” and “It Happened in the Police” (both 1963), Nikonenko risked becoming an actor of one role, embodying on the screen the images of young heroes, his contemporaries. He was suitable for the roles of good and simple guys: good looks, an open face, but his acting possibilities were much wider. In addition, in the mid-60s, directors no longer needed "poster" heroes.

Cinema has entered another era. Alexander Mitta felt the unrealized potential of Sergei Nikonenko and invited him to play the role of pioneer leader Petya in the film “They are calling, open the door!”. This was followed by the role of the editor of the provincial newspaper Sasha Reutov in the film "Journalist". This role was written by Sergei Gerasimov specifically for Nikonenko, the image of Reutov became one of the most memorable in the film. Well, then there were the roles of soldiers of the Great Patriotic War in the films “So I Came”, “I Was Nineteen”, “Liberation”, the roles of policemen and detectives in the films “Theme”, “Inspector of the Traffic Police”, “Children of Monday”, “Chinese Service” , the roles of the major military leaders Frunze and Voroshilov in "The Commissioner of the Revolution", "The Feasts of Belshazzar, or Night with Stalin" and many, many others ...

In 1945, the victorious Berlin operation began with the forces of three fronts, the commanders were Zhukov, Rokossovsky and Konev.

The grouping of troops consisted of 2.5 million people, more than 6 thousand tanks and self-propelled guns, 7.5 thousand combat aircraft. On the German side, she was opposed by about a million people, one and a half thousand tanks and a little more than 3 thousand aircraft. For the first time in the history of the war, before the start of the offensive, Soviet troops simultaneously turned on 150 powerful anti-aircraft searchlights that illuminated the battlefield. A little more than three weeks remained until the end of the war ...

April 16 events.

April 16 - Peter I ordered the Admiralty to open schools for training in navigation, in which only Russian citizens were allowed.

On April 16, 1722, Peter I ordered the Admiralty to open schools for training in navigation, in which only Russian citizens were allowed
To create a powerful state, Peter I paid much attention to the organization of a new regular army and the creation of the Russian navy. During his travels in Europe, the king studied the organization of European armies and their weapons. From England and Holland, he brought to Russia about 700 military specialists who made an invaluable contribution to the creation of the Russian fleet.
However, for a combat-ready army, a trained officer corps was required. If earlier Western officers were recruited to staff the regiments, who were attracted by high salaries and various privileges, then for the regular army, Peter needed Russian military specialists.
Initially, he considered the only correct system, in which the future officer began his service as a private and grew up as his qualities were shown. However, the tsar understood that such a system could not exist forever, and he took care of teaching military science to the Russian people and the creation of military schools.
Peter consciously relied on Russian personnel. Back in 1697, 150 stewards, sergeants and soldiers were sent abroad to study military science. Accelerated training of officers was going on in Russia as well. Young nobles and officers of city regiments were summoned to Moscow from the estates, where they were taught the basics of military science and, after checking for suitability for officer service, were appointed to command positions in the newly formed units.
In 1701, by decree of Peter the Great, the Navigation School was opened in Moscow, which laid the foundation for the creation of a domestic system of military education. Then came the Academy of the Naval Guards, engineering schools, artillery school, where children of the nobility studied.
The king's special concern was the training of naval officers and engineers. Already in the first years of the creation of the fleet, Peter sought to replace the foreigners who served in the fleet and shipyards with Russian people as soon as possible, and he tried to give the main command posts only to Russian officers. Due to the rapid development of the fleet, the need for qualified personnel was constantly growing.
(5) On April 16, 1722, Peter I ordered the Admiralty to open schools for training in maritime affairs. But only Russian subjects were allowed to enter these educational institutions. He also strongly encouraged the retirement of foreigners serving in the navy, seeking to get rid of the foreign element as soon as possible. I never felt complete confidence in them.
By the end of the reign of Peter I, there were already 50 different military specialized schools. Thus, he created a powerful regular army, where a special role was assigned to Russian command personnel, and Russia became one of the most powerful powers, both on land and at sea. Russian naval commanders won the first brilliant naval victories under Peter I.

On April 16, 1797, on the day of his coronation, Emperor Paul I proclaimed a Decree on the restriction of corvée. This legislative act became one of the most important reforms of the Pavlovian era, distinguished by decisiveness and extraordinary intensity of legislative activity.
According to this decree, the landowners were strictly forbidden to force the peasants to work on Sundays: "so that no one under any circumstances would dare to force the peasants to work on Sundays." In addition, the decree proclaimed that henceforth the corvee, until that moment almost daily, was reduced to three days.
True, the manifesto was for the most part advisory in nature and, as a rule, was not implemented. Nevertheless, this was still the first attempt by the government to limit the exploitation of the peasants.
Russian historian Vasily Klyuchevsky wrote:
“Legislation has never gone at such an accelerated pace, perhaps even under Peter I: changes, new charters, regulations, new exact rules, strict accountability everywhere.”

On April 16, 1934, the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR established the honorary title of Hero of the Soviet Union - the highest degree of distinction for personal or collective services to the state associated with the accomplishment of a heroic deed. The regulation on the title of Hero was approved on July 29, 1936. This honorary title was awarded for accomplishing a feat or outstanding merit both during hostilities and in peacetime.
On April 20, 1934, 7 pilots (A. Lyapidevsky, S. Levanevsky, V. Molokov, N. Kamanin, M. Slepnev, M. Vodopyanov, I. Doronin) became the first Heroes of the Soviet Union, who evacuated those in distress from the ice camp to the mainland members of the expedition and members of the crew of the Chelyuskin steamer that sank in the Bering Sea.
Initially, no insignia for this title was provided, and only a letter was issued from the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. But the pilots who saved people were also awarded the Order of Lenin. All subsequent Heroes also began to receive the Order of Lenin, but this was legally enshrined only in 1936.
Another additional insignia for the Hero - the medal "Hero of the Soviet Union" - was established by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 1, 1939. Another Decree of October 16, 1939 approved the appearance of the medal, which was called the "Gold Star".
Since then, the Heroes of the Soviet Union have been awarded the Order of Lenin (the highest award of the USSR), the Gold Star medal and a diploma from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Moreover, now the possibility of multiple awarding with the "Gold Star" was envisaged, in contrast to the original Regulations. According to the legislation, the awardees had a number of benefits, and the deprivation of the title could only be done by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
The vast majority of Heroes of the Soviet Union appeared during the Great Patriotic War: 92% of the total number of awarded persons. In general, during the existence of the USSR, the title of Hero was awarded to more than 12.5 thousand people. Only one person was awarded this title four times - Marshal G.K. Zhukov. Deprived of the title for one reason or another (mainly for crimes) - 74 people.
After the collapse of the USSR, the title "Hero of the Soviet Union" was abolished. Currently in Russia there is the title of "Hero of the Russian Federation". Legally, the heroes of the Union have the same rights as the heroes of Russia.

1518 - Russian Tsar Vasily III and French King Francis I exchanged diplomatic messages for the first time.
1525 - The city of Zurich banned the celebration of Catholic masses.
1607 - English settlement of Virginia begins.
1648 - Battle of the Yellow Waters, the first major battle of the Khmelnytsky uprising
1705 - Isaac Newton was knighted by Queen Anne of England.
1710 - F. S. Orlyk was elected hetman of Zaporozhye.
1746 - Battle of Culloden between English troops and Scottish militia. Last attempt by the Stuarts to regain the English throne.
1797 - Coronation of the Russian Emperor Paul I in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Promulgation of the Decree on the succession to the throne, the "Institution of the Imperial Family", the Decree on the three-day corvee, the Ordinance on orders.
1797 - The Order of St. Anna is established in Russia.
1803 - Imperial Vilna University was founded by Alexander I.
1826 - transformation of the Law Drafting Commission into the II Department of His Imperial Majesty's own Chancery.
1848 - Serfdom is abolished in the Habsburg Empire.
1862 Northerners capture New Orleans during the Civil War.
1863 - The Plongeur (French for "Diver"), the largest submarine of the 19th century, was launched in France.
1866 - D. V. Karakozov's attempt on the life of Emperor Alexander II.
1871 - Adoption of the Constitution of the German Empire.
- Berlin is proclaimed the capital of Germany.
1887 - In Canada, between Lakes Erie and Ontario, the Welland Canal is opened for navigation.
1889 - A monument to Pushkin was unveiled in Odessa.
1898 - The first edition of Maxim Gorky's works was published.
1905 - The first trade union in Russia was created - the Union of Printing Workers.
1906 - Submarine cable between the US and China is completed.
1911 - In Sevastopol, for the first time, an experiment was conducted to escort ships by aircraft.
1912 - American Harriet Quimby became the first woman to fly across the English Channel in an airplane.
1913 - Start of the Jacques Schneider Naval Aviation Cup race.
1917 - Arrival of V. I. Lenin from exile to the Finland Station in Petrograd.
1919 - Beginning of the uprising of sailors on the ships of the French squadron on the Black Sea (until April 27).
1922 - Signing of the Soviet-German Treaty of Rapallo. Establishment of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Germany.
1932 - The production of equipment for the radio center was launched at the Leningrad Radio Plant and the first Russian televisions were manufactured.
1934 - Establishment by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of the honorary title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
1943 - Albert Hofmann discovered the psychotropic properties of LSD.
1945 - The sinking of the German transport "Goya" by the Soviet submarine "L-3". More than 6,000 people died in the shipwreck, making it one of the largest maritime disasters.
- Beginning of the Berlin operation during World War II.
1947 - American politician and financier Bernard Baruch was the first in the world to use the phrase "cold war" in the South Carolina Senate.
1948 - Conclusion of an international agreement on European economic cooperation in the framework of the "Marshall Plan" by 16 European countries and the western occupied zones of Germany. Establishment of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC).
1955 - The first issue of the Neva magazine was published.
1962 - The research station "North Pole-11" is organized under the leadership of N. N. Bryazgin.
1963 - Britain grants political asylum to pianist W. D. Ashkenazy.
1964 - American pilot Geraldine Mock landed in West Germany, becoming the first woman to fly around the globe.
1966 - Coca-Cola is sold for the first time in Israel.
1970 - The memorial Museum of the Red Latvian Riflemen was opened in Riga. Now the exposition of the museum has been changed, and it is called the Museum of the 50-year Occupation of Latvia.
1972 - The Electric Light Orchestra gave their first concert in the English city of Kippi.
- launched the fifth expedition under the program "Apollo" with a landing on the surface of the moon (held on April 20); commander - astronaut John Young.
1992 - Afghan President Muhammad Najibullah is overthrown.
1994 - The A.P. Ryabov Foundation for Saving the Erzya Language decided to coincide with the Day of the Erzya Language (Erzyan kelen chi) on the birthday of Ryabov A.P. Established in 1993, celebrated on May 23 on the day of the execution of Ryabov A.P.
1996 - during the First Chechen War, the 245th motorized rifle regiment of the Russian army was ambushed in a battle near the village of Yaryshmardy.
2000 - At a referendum, the majority of Ukrainians supported the idea of ​​reducing the Verkhovna Rada, depriving deputies of immunity and the right of the president to dissolve parliament.
- For the first time, a Russian bullfighter took part in a Spanish bullfight.
2001 - Due to unprofitability, the Segodnya newspaper, owned by V. A. Gusinsky, was closed.
- The Law “On Police” has been adopted in Armenia.
2003 - Japan's En-ti-ti Telephone Corporation announced its intention to eliminate nearly 100,000 public pay phones within the next year. The reason for this step was the rapid spread of mobile communications in the country.
2011 - An agreement on visa-free border crossing between Russia and Turkey came into effect.