Making a mini-turning machine for woodworking. The device of a lathe for turning wood Compliance with safety rules when working on a lathe is a prerequisite

Making a cylindrical part by handbetter quality is a challenge. Much faster and more accurately, you can make such a detail onlathe.

Lathes are designed for the manufacture (turning) of wooden products with a cross-sectional shape of a circle.

Lathes of various designs with foot and manualthe drive was used in ancient times (Fig. 29). Parts of spinning wheels, tables and chairs, dishes and many other products were turned from wood on them.

In Russia, the mechanic A.K. Nartov alone developed and produced about 40 designs of various lathes. One of which is shown in Fig. thirty.

At modern industrial enterprises, lathes of various designs and purposes are used, including automatic machines and machines with numerical control.

In school workshops, lathes of the TD-120 models (Fig. 31) and STD-120 M (Fig. 32) are used.

The TD-120 machine has a frame with guides 1 (Fig. 31). On the guides of the frame there is a headstock 2, in which a spindle 3 is installed, connected by a V-belt transmission 4 to an electric motor 5. A carriage with a handpiece 6 and a tailstock 7 are installed on the guides of the bed. The tailstock consists of a retractable sleeve (quills), screw gear, flywheel and tailstock center.

The spindle of the machine is installed in the headstock on ball bearings.

The machine is turned on and off with buttons 8 “start” and “stop”.

On fig. 32 shows the device of the STD-120M machine. A chuck (Fig. 33, a), a faceplate (Fig. 33, b) or a trident (Fig. 33, c) are screwed onto the machine spindles, in which the workpieces are fixed. The cartridge is used for fastening short and small diameter workpieces. The workpiece is fixed in the chuck with a screw (Fig. 34, a).

The trident is used to fasten long workpieces.with their compression by the center of the tailstock (Fig. 34, b). The preload is carried out by rotating the flywheel of the rear headstock, which moves the quill with the center with the help shchi screw transmission.

The blanks fixed in the cartridge and the trident are sharpened by moving the chisel along the axis of rotation of the blank. Such turning is calledlongitudinal.

If it is necessary to sharpen a workpiece of small length and large diameter, for example, for the manufacture of plates, caskets, disks, then it is fixed with screws to the faceplate (Fig. 35, a). (“Faceplate” in German means “flat disk.”) Under the screws, they are first marked, and then pierced with an awl or drilled blind (non-through) holes for the length of the screwed part of the screw.

To mark the position of the screws, the workpiece is applied to the faceplate and through the holes on its reverse side. outline the location of the screws (Fig. 35, a).

Screws must not be included in the machined partworkpieces, for which they outline on the workpiece, and then cut the line of the depth of the screws with a chisel (Fig. 35, b).

Flat blanks on the faceplate are machinedby moving the chisel perpendicular to the axis of rotation of thetovki. Such turning is calledtransverse (end, frontal), since the workpiece is processed from the end.

Details of a conical shape are sharpened while moving the chisel along and perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the workpiece. Such turning is called longitudinal-transverse.

The rotational movement of the workpiece when turning the nazvayut main movement cutting, since without it at all turning is not possible. Translational movement of the chisel called auxiliary movement, i.e. movement filing. The main cutting motion on the kinematic schemes denote V, auxiliary - Vs.

First, the workpiece is turned at a low speed ( n = 710 for TD-120 and n = 770 for STD-120M), until the beat subsides. At a low spindle speed, large-diameter workpieces are also processed.

Final and clean processing of blanks is carried outat high speed (n = 1000 for TD-120 and n = 1450 for STD-120M). Required speedspindle is obtained by installing a belt belt gears on pulleys of various diameters.

On the kinematic diagram of the lathe (Fig. 31, b) shows the electric motor "M", V-beltdacha, drive pulley mounted on the motor shaft, and a driven pulley located on the spindle. As seen from the diagram, the spindle is driven by an electricengine through a V-belt transmission.

The screw mechanism of the tailstock, shown in kinematic scheme, converts the rotation of the maho handlevetch in the translational movement of the center of the tailstock.

Safety regulations

1. Do not turn on the machine without the permission of the teacher.

2. Do not turn on the machine without guarded beltstransmission.

3. Do not lean on lathe parts.

4. Do not place tools or other objects on the machine.

5. About all malfunctions in the machine and electricalposting immediately report to the teacher.

Woodworking requires tools with different functions. Simple manual equipment may not be enough here. For a detailed study of wood products, a lathe is required, but it is difficult to find a suitable option that would be suitable in terms of cost and size. As a result, many craftsmen come to the conclusion that wood for the home is easier and more reliable.

Features of the lathe

Making a home lathe with your own hands is easy if you follow the recommendations of the experts who are involved in this business. This option will help save not only money, but also a lot of time that is spent looking for a suitable turning unit. Usually there are such problems:

• A small number of factories that sell or keep mothballed mini-woodworking machines.
• The equipment can lie in conservation for 10-25 years, which means that its condition leaves much to be desired.

Considering all the problems of buying and finding a lathe, it remains to make reliable and durable equipment for home use. It will exactly match the specified functions and not be inferior to the factory models in terms of technical indicators.

Before proceeding with the assembly of the device, you should study the various drawings and diagrams depending on the requirements for functions, as well as prepare all the necessary materials and tools. We must not forget about safety, because in the absence of any protective elements, the risk of injury increases significantly.

Structural details

Woodworking lathe device

The manufacture of cylindrical parts by hand is a labor-intensive and time-consuming work. And it's hard to get a good quality product. It is much faster and more accurate to make a cylindrical part on a lathe. On it, wood blanks are processed by turning. The main parts of the lathe are the bed, the headstock with an electric motor, the tailstock and the handpiece.

Woodworking lathe STD-120M and its parts:
1 - base; 2 - electric motor; 3 - bed; 4 - belt drive guard (casing); 5 - magnetic starter; 6 - headstock; 7 - spindle; 8 - handpiece; 9 - tailstock.

A spindle is installed in the headstock - a shaft that receives rotation from an electric motor using a belt drive, as well as bearings.

1 - headstock body; 2 - belt drive pulley; 3 - washer with locking screw; 4, 7 - shaped covers; 5 - thrust ring; 6 - spindle; 8 - special nut.

The end of the spindle has a thread, special devices are screwed onto it for fastening the left end of the workpiece. Depending on the size of the workpiece, different devices are used: a trident, a faceplate, a cartridge.

The tailstock serves as a support for the right end of long workpieces. The tailstock is brought to the workpiece along the bed guides and fixed motionless with a bolt and nut. Finally, the end of the workpiece is pressed with a special part - the center. It is moved by rotating the flywheel and secured with a clamp.

1 - body; 2 - center (Morse cone); 3 - quill; 4 - clamp handle; 5 - hole for lubrication; 6 - quill nut; 7 - quill screw; 8 - threaded bushing; 9 - flywheel; 10 - screw fastening to the frame; 11 - cracker.

The tool holder serves as a support for the cutting tool. It can move both along and across the bed, fixed by turning the handle.

The transmission of movements in mechanisms and machines is shown by conventional signs on kinematic diagrams.
They depict details that are directly involved in the transmission of movement. For clarity, the contours of other details are often given.
The kinematic diagram of the lathe is shown in the figure.

Turn on the lathe and work on it only with the permission of the teacher. Do not place tools or foreign objects on the machine bed. Parts of the belt drive of the machine must be protected
do not lean on parts of the lathe.
Report any malfunctions in the machine and wiring immediately to the teacher.

Modern factories are equipped with lathes (more complex and productive than those you will work on in a training workshop). They are serviced by machine operators of woodworking machines. In addition to mastering all the methods of turning on the machine, they must know the properties of wood, the design of machines, be able to read drawings and diagrams, sharpen tools, and set up the machine. Working on machines requires accuracy and precision, attentiveness and caution, consistency of hand movements.

You have already learned how to make cylindrical and conical parts with hand tools. It is easier, faster and more convenient to process such parts on lathes. Lathes are machines in which the workpiece rotates and the cutting tool moves along or across its axis.

In school workshops, students work on lathes for woodworking STD-120M. On such a machine, the following operations can be performed: turning of external and internal cylindrical, conical and shaped surfaces, drilling, grooving, processing of end surfaces, cutting off workpieces.

The largest diameter of the processed workpiece is 190 mm. The maximum turning length is 500 mm. The spindle of the machine has two speeds of rotation: 840 rpm and 1860 rpm. The height of the centers above the level of the bed is 120 mm. Machine dimensions: 1250 x 575 x x 550 mm. The mass of the machine is approximately 100 kg.

The STD-120M machine (Fig. 20) is installed on base 1, which is used as a special stand or table. The machine has a frame 3 with guides, on which all parts of the machine are mounted: headstock 7 with a spindle, which is driven by an electric motor 2 using a belt drive, tailstock 10, hand rest 9. The working area of ​​the machine is protected from all sides by a fence with a protective screen 11 made of organic glass.

Rice. 20. Lathe for woodworking: 1 - base (table); 2 - electric motor; 3 - bed with guides; 4 - belt drive guard; 5 - push button switch; 6 - lamp; 7 - headstock: 8 - spindle; 9 - handpiece; 10 - tailstock; 11 - protective screen

For local illumination of the cutting zone, lamp 6 is used. On the push-button switch 5, the on button is painted black, and the off button is red.

In the headstock (Fig. 21, a) there is a spindle 3 - a shaft mounted in ball bearings 4 and receiving rotation from an electric motor using a belt drive 1, 2. The end of the spindle has a thread onto which the necessary devices are screwed for fastening the left end of the workpiece.

Rice. 21. The main parts of the SGGD-120M machine: a - headstock: 1 - V-belt of a belt drive; 2 - two-stage pulley; 3 - spindle; 4 - ball bearing; 5 - fixing screw; b - tailstock: 1 - pin; 2 - center; 3 - clamp handle; 4 - screw mechanism; 5 - flywheel; 6 - fixing screw; in - handpiece assembly: 1 - handpiece; 2 - carriage (holder); 3 - stopper handle; 4 - carriage attachment handles

The tailstock (Fig. 21, b) can move along the guides of the bed and is fixed motionless with a fixing screw 6. The right end of a long workpiece is pressed by the center 2, located in the quill (retractable sleeve) 1 of the tailstock. The center is moved using the screw mechanism 4 by rotating the handwheel 5 and fixed with the clamp handle 3.

The handpiece (Fig. 21, c) serves as a support for the cutting tool (chisel). It is located in the carriage (holder) 2, can be rotated and fixed with the stopper handle 3. The carriage can move along the guides both along and across the frame and be fixed in the desired position by turning the handles 4.

For fastening workpieces, the following devices are used, which are screwed onto the threaded end of the spindle: cartridge, trident, faceplate. The cartridge (Fig. 22, a and 23, a) is used to fix small short workpieces in it. The workpiece from one end is processed into a cone, screwed with this end into the cartridge and heeled with a screw.

Rice. 22. Devices for fixing workpieces: a - cartridge; b - trident; c - faceplate

The trident (Fig. 22, b and 23, b) serves to secure long workpieces, the second end of which is pressed by the rear center. To securely install the trident in the left end of the workpiece, a hacksaw cut to a depth of 5 ...

Rice. 23. Fastening the workpiece: a - in the chuck with a screw: b - with the help of a trident of the rear center: c. d, e - on the faceplate: 1 - blank; 2 - faceplate; 3 - awl; 4 - screwdriver: 5 - screws; 6 - spindle; 7 - handpiece; 8 - cutting tool (chisel)

The faceplate (Fig. 22, c and 23, cd) is designed to fix flat workpieces of large diameter and small length, for example, workpieces for the manufacture of decorative plates, vases, caskets, etc. The faceplate is applied to the workpiece and the centers of the mounting holes are marked with an awl (see Fig. 23, c). After that, in the marked centers, they pierce with an awl or drill blind holes with a depth equal to the length of the screwed part of the screw (usually 15 ... 20 mm). Then, with screws (self-tapping screws), the workpiece is fastened to the faceplate (see Fig. 23, d) and the faceplate with the workpiece is screwed onto the machine spindle (see Fig. 23, e). To prevent the screwed screws from falling into the cutting zone of the workpiece, a line of the depth of the screws is marked on it.

There are several types of turning. Longitudinal, in which the cutting tool (chisel) moves along the axis of the workpiece during the rotation of the part (Fig. 24, a). Transverse, when the chisel moves across the axis of the workpiece (Fig. 24, 6). Longitudinal-transverse, in which the tool moves simultaneously both along the axis and across the axis of rotation of the workpiece (Fig. 24, c).

Rice. 24. Turning pitchfork: a - longitudinal; b - transverse; c - longitudinal-transverse

The STD-120M machine can be connected to a chip and wood dust collector, which reduces the amount of garbage in the workshop.

Be careful when working on a lathe. The slightest negligence in operation, failure to follow the rules of safe operation and maintenance can lead to equipment damage and serious injury.

Rules for safe work

1. Do not turn on the machine without the permission of the teacher.
2. It is possible to work on the machine only in overalls and goggles.
3. Operate only with the protective screen lowered.
4. Do not lean on the machine, do not place tools and workpieces on it.
5. Do not move away from the turned on machine.

Currently, enterprises use automatic lathes and automatic lines that operate according to a given program in the required modes. Serve such machines and perform turning work turners.

Getting to know professions

A turner is one of the most common working professions for working wood and metal. The turner must know the design of machine tools, be able to read drawings, know the purpose and methods of using various tools and devices, be able to use instrumentation, understand the properties of wood, metals, alloys, etc.

Practical work No. 9

Studying the device of a lathe for woodworking

1. Familiarize yourself with the lathe device according to figures 20 and 21 or posters available in the workshop.
2. Check that the machine installed in the workshop is appropriate for your height. Adjust the footrest so that the palm of the right hand, lowered and bent at an angle of 90 °, is not lower than the center of the barre.
3. Check with the teacher that the protective screen of the machine is working properly.
4. With the machine turned off, consider the headstock, handpiece and tailstock.
5. Guided by figures 21, c and 24, a, b, install and secure the handpiece first for longitudinal and then for transverse turning.
6. Consider the cartridge, trident and faceplate. Insert a short workpiece into the chuck and secure it with a screw. Screw the chuck onto the threaded end of the spindle until it stops.
7. With the permission of the teacher, turn on the machine with the “start” button * and stop the spindle rotation with the “stop” button (red).
8. Complete the table in your workbook.

Find on the Internet the history of the emergence of a lathe, consider modern machines. Compare them.

New words and concepts

Lathe, headstock, tailstock, handpiece, chuck, trident, faceplate, turning: longitudinal, transverse, longitudinal-transverse; turner.

Checking our knowledge

1. Name the main parts of a wood lathe. What operations can be performed on this machine?
2. What is the tailstock used for?
3. How to install a handpiece for longitudinal and transverse turning?
4. Tell us about the purpose of the cartridge, trident, faceplate.

The device of lathes for woodworking is similar in basic parameters to metalworking equipment. They also have a front and rear headstock, a caliper, a spindle with cutters. The purpose of the equipment depends on its weight, equipment with additional devices and automated control systems.

Woodworking lathe device

The device of a wood lathe differs from metal equipment in that it does not require a cooling system, due to this there is no coolant supply system. The power of a woodworking lathe for manual control is less, but it has rotation speed control. To work on manual wood lathes that are not intended for the production of one type of goods, special devices are used - cutters and a removable faceplate.

Main knots

The faceplate serves to securely fix the material of the maximum allowable diameter, and the cutter is used for manual work on equipment that does not have a permanently installed support. They are more often used for the manufacture of plain blanks for painting, turning the cuttings necessary for the household for shovels, ax handles and other household utensils.

A school wood lathe gives a complete picture of how you can make household utensils, beautiful souvenirs. A machine operating at low speeds will allow the novice master to understand the basic principle of operation of all turning units and mechanisms. The skills acquired at school will help to master more complex CNC turning equipment.

One of the most common equipment in mass production of woodworking shops is a wood lathe. For its work, devices are needed - stencils, according to the outline of which the outline of the object will be created.

Classification of woodworking machines

Many types of equipment are used in the woodworking industry. The main features by which the classification is made are the technological process and design features.

Technological features:

1. cutting;
2. Gluing and assembly;
3. Presses;
4. Finishing;
5. Drying.

Different in design equipment for carrying out the same operations may differ in the technology of work.

• Processing 1 or many items;
• Number of threads;
• 1-coordinate or 4-coordinate;
• By the number of spindles;
• Along the trajectory of movement of the processed material;
• By the nature of the presentation.
• By cyclicity.

The scheme of work on a lathe is as follows:

1. At the top of the bed, on special fasteners, a stencil made of wood is installed - a copier.
2. The overrunning roller moves along the outer side of the copier.
3. Due to the connection of the roller with the cutting tool by the method of rigid fastening, the cutter transfers the movement of the roller along the copier to the tree with accuracy. Where there is a recess on the copier, there will be a convex element on the tree, and a protrusion on the stencil will affect the recess in the finished wooden object.

For the production of identical elements of wooden decor, a machine with a copier is the most convenient solution.

The lathe, on which processing is carried out with the help of hand tools: reyer, meisel, scraper, is not particularly accurate. When manufacturing several similar parts from wood with the same density characteristics, one has to rely only on the skill of the turner and his eye, but still it is very difficult to give a 100% guarantee that they will be identical. The use of different types of wood in the production implies that cutters and fixtures will be required different from each other.

The lathe and copying machine for wood is distinguished by the accuracy of reproduction of the embedded data. The copier is a kind of CNC prototype. One copier allows an infinite number of times to make identical things, which is necessary for the manufacture of balusters for railings or legs for cabinet furniture sets. In workshops where production is put on stream, it is more expedient to use copy machines equipped with CNC.

When working with wood, there is always a manual process of bringing the detail to perfection with sandpaper. Grinding is done at the stage while the object is in a fixed form between the headstock of the lathe. The rotation is programmed at a lower speed than those at which the cutting was performed.

Lathes are used to turn oblong-shaped wooden elements. The workpiece is mounted on a spindle with approximately equal weight distribution. To do this, holes are drilled in the center of the end ends of the wooden blank - this is necessary so that the rotation of the shaft is uniform. Most often, a cylindrical tree or a bar with planed corners is used. Cutting is carried out not only on the outer, but also on the inner surface of the workpiece. The shapes of finished products can be complex, conical, cylindrical - symmetrical about the center of the product.

A desktop wood lathe equipped with a computer programming system has a high accuracy in reproducing a complex pattern. It can create very complex thread elements.

Classification

Lathes are divided into:

• center, having a mechanized feed. It is possible to perform work on this equipment using manual cutting tools (when a special handpiece is installed on the frame). The oblong piece of wood is held by a spindle and a movable tailstock. The longitudinal feed of the caliper is mechanized. On these machines, you can work with a copier. When working with short, light workpieces, the tailstock mount may not be used. When processing the inside of a wooden part, a faceplate serves as a fastener. The moving elements in the operating mode on these lathes are the cutters moving along the processed piece of wood and the rotating spindle.
• frontal lathes are used to produce parts on a flat, wide wooden base. Beautiful multi-level carving, bas-reliefs, high reliefs - this is what can be done on machines that work with a wide faceplate, on which the workpiece is attached. Work is carried out only on the front of the part. The rest of the revision will be done manually.
• round sticks process a tree, giving it a shape with a round section. When working on this equipment, the workpieces do not rotate or move. The only moving parts of the machine are the heads with cutters. There are also machines in this group for processing long products. Then they will feed blanks with rollers under the cutters.

Wood is shaped by rotating the material being processed and using a cutting tool.

Device and equipment

Woodworking lathes differ in the type of caliper feed and the shape of the manufactured items.

1. On a lathe with a handpiece, wooden blanks are processed, not exceeding 40 cm in diameter, and 1 m, 60 cm in length.
2. Lathes with a mechanical support feed are adapted to the processing of wooden blanks with the same size restrictions as hand cutting fixtures.
3. The device for disk-shaped wooden blanks has the ability to place parts up to 3 m in diameter on the working surface. The thickness of the tree is limited by the parameters set by the machine manufacturer.

Scheme of a lathe having a mechanical feed of a caliper equipped with an attached frontal device:

• bed on 2 pedestals;
• front and rear headstock;
• calipers;
• spindle rotated by 2-speed motor;
• V-belt transmission connecting a 3-speed gearbox with a motor;
• a pulley mounted on the spindle drives the longitudinal support;
• cutters are mounted in a rotary holder;
• the main - transverse and additional - longitudinal calipers set the direction of the cutters.

When working with hand cutters, it is necessary to install a handpiece on the guide beds. The support at this stage of processing is retracted outside the working area to the stop.

Accessories for lathes Tools for wood lathes

The frontal device also has a swivel holder. This device is used for processing workpieces with a diameter of up to 60 cm, fixed on one side on a faceplate connected to the spindle, and fixed by the tailstock of the machine. When machining a short workpiece, the clamp may not be used, which simplifies the internal processing of parts.

The speed of cutting the edge of the tree at different points is different, which is determined by the distance of the cutter from the axis of rotation. This is most clearly seen when working with a copier. The spindle speed is determined by the diameter of the processed wood material and its strength.